LIVRO TEXTO - Fundamentos de Eletromagnetismo PDF

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© 2011, Wagner Corradi; Rodrigo Dias Társia; Leonardo Fonseca; Maria Carolina Nemes; Wanderson Silva www.editora.ufmg.br editora@ufmg.br educacaoadistancia@ufmg.br
de Oliveira; Karla Balzuweit
© 2011, Editora UFMG
Este livro ou parte dele não pode ser reproduzido por qualquer meio sem a autorização escrita do Editor.
Fundamentos de Física I / Wagner Corradi ...[et al.]
- Belo Horizonte ; Editora UFMG, 2011
p. – Il (Educação a Distância)
Inclui referências.
ISBN:
1. Física. 2. Eletricidade. 3. Eletromagnetismo

I. Corradi, Wagner II. Série.
CDD:
CDU:
Elaborada pela DITTI – Setor de Tratamento da Informação

Biblioteca Universitária da UFMG
Este livro recebeu o apoio financeiro da Secretaria de Educação a Distância do MEC.
ASSISTÊNCIA EDITORIAL Eliane Sousa e Euclídia Macedo

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REVISÃO DE PROVAS
FORMATAÇÃO
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x0 "#! x0 "#! x0 " #!
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# r 2 sen" (rP & r cos " ) r 2 r rp sen" d" 2 r rp cos " 2r rp sen" d"
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J2K"9"%'<#$2-"01" E I1'.&." r A",-./'(0-"(6($W-G"
148 149
&'2'!:1&!37'!;!F%7'?!1!0'8:1!/1&'!215!0#7#F2&15!<'8K;8!53&.!F%71)!
!"#$#%&%'()*,(
N'815!2#4#2#&!1!2#501!38!'F;#5!01F0OF<&#015!3!0'70%7'&!1!0'8:1!37;<&#01!F1!:1F<1!=!
#F<3$&'F21!51K&3!<1215!15!'F;#5)! L'!/#$%&'!()P! 35<B1!&3:&353F<'215!35535!'F;#5)!H!
0'&$'!21!'F37!;!2'2'!:1&,!
! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! dq = & dA = & 2 # r dr , !
"#$%&'!()*+,!-&./#01!23! E !43&5%5! r )! 1F23! dA ;! '! .&3'! 21! 'F37! 37383F<'&)! 6! 0'8:1! 37;<&#01! :&12%Q#21! :1&! %8'! 'F37! R.!
6!4'71&!8.9#81!:'&'!1!0'8:1!37;<&#01!;!2'21!:'&'! r = 0,030 m 3!4'73,! /1#! &35174#21?! %<#7#Q'F21! 3553! &35%7<'21! :123815! 350&343&! 1! 0'8:1! 37;<&#01! dE
0181,!
$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! E max = = 1,2 ! 10 4 N C . ! z & 2 # r dr &z 2 r dr
2 # r" 0 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! dE = = .!
3 3
4" 0
!
( 2
4#" 0 z + r
p )
2 2
(z 2
p + r2 ) 2
!"#$#%&%'()*+( ='&'!0'70%7'&! E !K'5<'!#F<3$&'&!51K&3!<12'!'!5%:3&/G0#3!21!2#501?!1%!53R'?!#F<3$&'F21!

38!&37'AB1!S!4'&#.437! r 23! r = 0 '! r = R )!H55#8!<3815,!
=37'!/#$%&'!()>?!:123815!43&!@%3!1!0'8:1!37;<&#01!<38!2#&3AB1!&'2#'7)!
R
C'D! E1F5#23&3815! %8'! 5%:3&/G0#3! 23! -'%55! 0#7GF2&#0'! 23! 018:&#83F<1! !! 3! &'#1! &z
= ! dE = ! (z )
2 %3 2
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! E p + r2 2 r dr. !
rp < a )!H:7#0'F21!'!73#!23!-'%55!:'&'!37'?!<3815,! 4" 0 0
! TF<3$&'7!2355'!/1&8'!R.!/1#!&35174#2'!38!'%7'5!'F<3&#1&35?!3!1!&35%7<'21!;!2'21!:1&,!
q
!A
E • nˆ da = E (2# r p L) = enc = 0
"0 R
- *
& z + zp + r
2
(
2
)
%1 2
( ' zp $
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! E =
& % " )!
:1&@%3!FB1!I.!0'&$'!37;<&#0'!F'5!&3$#J35!38!@%3!"#$%& + ( = %%1 % "
4" 0 +
%
1 ( 2"0
& z 2p + R 2 "#
KD! L3553! 0'51?! '! 5%:3&/G0#3! 23! -'%55! <3&.! %8! &'#1! r p 3! 3F41743&.! %8'! 0'&$'! <1<'7 ,+ 2 )( 0
% q . MF<B1?!'!3@%'AB1!'0#8'!F15!2.,! (
%q !"#$#%&%'()*-(
E (2# rp L) =
"0 6! 0'8:1! 37;<&#01! F'! &3$#B1! #F<3&#1&! 2'5! :7'0'5! ;! '! 518'! 43<1&#'7! 215! 0'8:15!
$3&'215!:1&!0'2'!%8'!2'5!:7'0'5)!L1!5#5<38'!23!011&23F'2'5!2'!/#$%&'!()P?!<3815,!
1%,!
!
q 1 q $ ! ! ! ! !
E= % =% =% E = E + + E % = E + iˆ + E % ( %iˆ) = E + % E %
2# rp L" 0 2 # " 0 rp L 2 # " 0 rp
6! 5#F'7! F3$'<#41! 815<&'! @%3! 1! 0'8:1! 37;<&#01! 35<.! ':1F<'21! 21! 0#7#F2&1! 39<3&#1&! M8!@%3!15!GF2#035!:15#<#41!3!F3$'<#41!#F2#0'8!'5!:7'0'5)!H!39:&355B1!21!8U2%71!21!
:'&'!1!#F<3&#1&)! 0'8:1! 37;<&#01! 23! 0'2'! :7'0'! ;! 2'2'! :37'! 3@%'AB1! /#F'7! 2'! H<#4#2'23! ()V)! L37'?! '!
0D!L3553!0'51?!'!5%:3&/G0#3!23!-'%55!<3&.!%8!&'#1!"'()!E181!'!0'&$'!<1<'7!3F03&(( 011&23F'2'!)&2343!53&!5%K5<#<%#2'!:1&!*?!:15<1!@%3!1!3#91!:'&'7371!'1!0'8:1!'$1&'!
150 151
!" #" $%&#" !"'" ()*$+,#" )" -#+.)" /)0)" #" -)1/#" $1" 21" /#+.#" ,$+.0#" ,)" 0$3%4#" ,)5" "
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" E = ."
/6)-)57"-#1"-##0,$+),)""7"#8.$1#59" 2! 0
" ˆ #" "
E= i# (# iˆ) = " J%=%,%+,#"G'N"/#0"G'H"$"5285.%.2%+,#"#"=)6#0",$" E ".$1#59"
2! 0 2! 0 !0
" q" 2! mg tan $
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" = mg tan $ % " = 0 '"
! 2! 0 q
"#$%$&'&(!)*+!
!
:" ,%5.0%82%;4#" ,$" -)03)" +$5.$" /0#86$1)" !" $<2%=)6$+.$" )" 21)" /6)-)" -)00$3),)" -#1"
21)",$+5%,),$"52/$0>%-%)6",$"-)03)" " "1)%5"21",%5-#"-%0-26)0"-#1"0)%#"?"-)00$3),#" "#$%$&'&(!)*,!
-#1" 21)" ,$+5%,),$" 52/$0>%-%)6" ,$" -)03)" " # " '" @" -)1/#" /0#,2*%5#" /$6)" /6)-)"
@"-)1/#"$6$.0%-#"+#"%+.$0%#0"$"$&.$0%#0",$"21)"$5>$0)"-)00$3),)"OD">#%"-)6-26),#"+)5"
! !
-A)1)0$1#5" ,$" E placa " $" #" -)1/#" /0#,2*%,#" /$6#" ,%5-#" ,$" E disco 7" 2.%6%*)+,#" #" )26)5")+.$0%#0$5'"@"-)1/#",$=%,#"Q"$5>$0)"H"!9"
/0%+-B/%#",)"52/$0/#5%;4#"/#,$1#5"$5-0$=$09" "
! ! !
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" Etotal = E placa + E disco '" q1 q1 & R # q1
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""" E1 = r1 = $ != ."
4&!0 R 3 4&!0 R 3 % 2 " 8&!0 R 2
C.%6%*)+,#"#5"0$526.),#5"#8.%,#5"$1").%=%,),$5")+.$0%#0$57"#"-)1/#"5$0D",),#"/#09"
F"#"-)1/#",)"$5>$0)"N"!9"
! & " #
"""""""""""""""""" E total = $
(# " ) &
$
z # ˆ
!k =
"z
$ 2! !! k + 2! $1 #
ˆ kˆ. "
! "
% 0" 0 % z2 + R2 " 2! 0 z 2 + R 2
q2 q2
"#$%$&'&(!)*)! """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" E1 = = '"
4&!0 r 2 4&!0 (1,5R )
2
:"$5>$0)">)*"21"E+326#" $ "-#1")"/6)-)'"F5.)+,#"$1"$<2%6B80%#7")5">#0;)5"5#80$")"
:"0)*4#"$+.0$")5"-)03)5"5$0D9"
$5>$0)",$=$1"5$")+26)0'":">%320)"G'HI"%625.0)")5">#0;)5"<2$").2)1"+)"$5>$0)'""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
q2 9
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" = = 1,125. "
q1 8
"
"""""""""""""""""""""
"(%320)"G'HI9"J%)30)1)",$">#0;)5"<2$").21)"+)"$5>$0)'"
!
K#,$1#5",$-#1/#0")".$+54#"+)"-#0,)"$")/6%-)0")"-#+,%;4#",$"$<2%6B80%#7" ' F = 0 '"
:55%1".$0$1#59"
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" T cos $ = mg """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""LG'HM"
$"
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" Tsen $ = qE . """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""LG'NM"
@"-)1/#"-0%),#"/#0"21)"/6)-)"OD"!"-#+A$-%,#"$".$1"1P,26#9"
152 153
!"#$%$&'('
'
&"&)*#%'+,-&".#%/'&/0-)#.%'&'+,-&".#%/'&/0-)#.,'
!"#$ %&'("()#$ "&*)+',+)#$ )#*%("-,#$ ,$ ."-/,$ )01*+'.,$ 2)+"(,$ /,+$ ('3)+#"#$

!
('#*+'4%'56)#$()$."+2"7$!,$)&*"&*,8$()3'(,$9$#%"$ &"*%+):"$3)*,+'"08$,$.;0.%0,$()$ E $
*,+&"<#)$ .,-/0'."(,7$ !)#*"$ %&'("()$ .,-)5"+)-,#$ ,$ )#*%(,$ ()$ %-"$ 2+"&():"$
)#."0"+=$!"#!$%&'()*"%*+$,('!8$>%)$/)+-'*'+;$."0.%0"+$,$."-/,$)01*+'.,$()$?,+-"$-"'#$
#'-/0)#-$@&*)#$()$('#.%*'+$,$.,&.)'*,$()$A,*)&.'"0$?"+)-,#$%-"$"&;0'#)$(,$*+"4"0B,$
+)"0':"(,$ /)0"$ ?,+5"$ )01*+'."$ &,$ ()#0,."-)&*,$ ("#$ ."+2"#$ )$ ("$ )&)+2'"$ /,*)&.'"0$
)01*+'."$ "##,.'"("$ .,-$ "$ .,&?'2%+"5C,$ ()$ ."+2"#$ )-$ #'#*)-"#$ ('#.+)*,#$ ,%$
.,&*D&%,#7$A,+$E0*'-,8$"/+)&()+)-,#$"$+)0"5C,$)&*+)$,$."-/,$)01*+'.,$)$,$/,*)&.'"0$
)$('#.%*'+)-,#$%-"$2)&)+"0':"5C,$("$&,5C,$()$)&)+2'"$)0)*+,#*;*'."7$$
154 155
!"#!$%&$'(')*+!$,-.'(/+!#$'#0.)+/!$ !
:"(/,#/";) ") =>?@?ABC$ >D?AEF?GC$ HC>) Fe ) #") &'$6"-,+'#/") &,) -,(.,) qo ) ,/(,39$) &")
$ -,+0").'(,&")0'6,)-,(.,) Q )9H)
-12'.+3-4$
B! ! Qq o B 1 Qq o B dr
W AB = ! Fe • ds = ! rˆ • rˆ dr = !
• 5'6+(+)$!$'(')*+!$,-.'(/+!#$'#0.)+/!$ A 4#$ o A r2 4#$ o A r2 )
• /!#/"#!)$ !$ '(')*+!$ ,-.'(/+!#$ '#0.)+/!$ ,!)!$ 5+4.)+1"+78'4$ 4+9,#'4$ 5'$
'+)J*')7%N'+"$;)0,(,)$%+06%7%-,(),)#"/,15";),)$'.*%#/')$*A$/%/*%15"H)
/!)*!4$'#0.)+/!4$
! !
" ! ! rP " rQ
$ r = rP " rQ e rˆ = ! ! )
rP " rQ
%:;$.)!1!#<-$'$'(')*+!$,-.'(/+!#$'#0.)+/!$
-@ID>JD$ KLD$ WAB $ M$ LN?$ OLPQRC$ ?HDP?I$ G?$ GEI=SPTE?$ DP=>D$ ?I$ T?>U?I$ DV$
!"#$%&'(')*+,)-,(.,) Q )$%/*,&,)'+)*+)0"#/")&")'$0,1")-*2")3'/"(40"$%15")
HC>=?P=CV$EPGDHDPGD$GC$T?NEPBC$LI?GC$H?>?$T?ATLA?>$?$EP=DU>?A$GD$AEPB?$GD$!$
! !
('6,/%3"),)*+)&,&")('7'('#-%,6)!)$'2,) rQ . 8$/,)-,(.,)-(%,)*+)-,+0")'69/(%-") E )'+) ?=M$ 1:$ 'P=RCV$ HCGDNCI$ TCPTALE>$ KLD$ ?$ OC>Q?$ /CLACN@E?P?$ M$ LN?$ OC>Q?$
! TCPID>J?=EJ?:$
"*/(")0"#/"):)&")'$0,1";)&')3'/"(40"$%15") rP <)=+,)-,(.,) q 0 , $%/*,&,)'+):;)$"7('(>)
! B$$%+;)J*,#&") qo )$')&'$6"-,)&')B),/9)O;)0"&'+"$;),$$"-%,(),")/(,A,6M")(',6%N,&")0"()
*+,) 7"(1,) '69/(%-,) Fe ) '?'(-%&,) 0'6") -,+0") '69/(%-") &') @) $"A(') '6,<) B) C%.*(,) D<E)
! ! !
Fe ;)*+,) !"#$%&'(#()*+,'-&.(#/+,0 "J*')$P)&'0'#&')&"$)0"#/"$)B)')O;)&')/,6)7"(+,)
+"$/(,) ") ('7'('#-%,6) !;) "$) 3'/"('$40"$%15") rQ ' rP &,$) &*,$) -,(.,$) ('6,/%3,+'#/')
! ! J*') ,) 3,(%,15") &,) '#'(.%,) 0"/'#-%,6) U B " U A '#/(') "$) 0"#/"$) 1$ D$ !) $'2,) %.*,6) ,&'
,") ('7'('#-%,6;) ,$$%+) -"+") ") 3'/"(40"$%15") F rP " rQ ) &") 0"#/") :) ('6,/%3,+'#/') G)
-,(.,)@.) #(*,.+1&' 2&' .),3,04&' WAB ' )(,0+5,2&' -(0,' !&)$,' (06.)+/,' #&' 2(70&/,8(#.&' 2,'
/,)*,'2('9',.6':; )
B! !
U B " U A = "W AB = " ! Fe • ds FD<QK)
))))))))))))))))))))))))))) A ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
#DN@>DWID$KLDV$PC$4+V$?$LPEG?GD$GD$DPD>UE?$D$=>?@?ABC$M$C$2CLAD$X2Y:$$
'Z'9,#-$%:;$
)
R,) 7%.*(,) D<S;) $*0"#M,) J*') *+,) -,(.,) qo = +4,5 n C ) $') &'$6"J*') '+) *+,)
C%.*(,)D<EH)I$)3'/"('$40"$%15")&,)-,(.,)@)')&")0"#/"):)
!
) B)7"(1,)'69/(%-,)J*'),)-,(.,)@)'?'(-')$"A(') q0 é:)
('.%5") "#&') ") -,+0") '69/(%-") $'2,) &,&") 0"() ( )
E = 2,00 %103 N / C ˆj <) !,6-*6') ,)
3,(%,15")&,)'#'(.%,)0"/'#-%,6) &U )J*,#&") qo )3,%)&'H)
! !
! ! 1 Qq o rP " rQ
Fe = qo E = ! ! ) F,K)B)0,(,)O<)))))))))FAK)O)0,(,)!)))))))F-K)B)0,(,)!<)
4#$ o " ! 2
rP " rQ )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))FD<EK
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) rP " rQ
8$$,) '?0('$$5") +"$/(,) J*') ,) 7"(1,) '69/(%-,) &'0'#&') ,0'#,$) &,) &%$/L#-%,))
! !
rP " rQ '#/(') ,$) -,(.,$) ') '$/>) $'+0(') &%(%.%&,) ,") 6"#.") &,) 6%#M,) J*') ,$) *#'<)
156 157
OB 3 3
cos # = = = = 0.83
AB 2 +32 2
13
J5,3-:
!
( )( )
U B $ U A = $WAB = $ 4,5"10-9 C 2,0"103 N/C (0,83) 2,0 "10$2 m 2 + 3,0 "10$2 m2 ( ) (
2
)
2
U B $ U A = $ 2,7 " 10 -7 J !
! !
"#$%&'!()*!
8A! K%'5.-! qo ! /4! .4/7-0'! .4! E! 6'&'! >! -! ,&'8'7:-! &4'7#;'.-! 647'! <-&2'! 479,&#0'! 9!
!"#$%&"'( .'.-!6-&!
+'&'! ,-.-/! -/! 0'/-/! '! 1'&#'23-! .'! 454&$#'! 6-,450#'7! 45,&4! -/! 6-5,-/! '//#5'7'.-/! C ! !
W BC = ! q o E • ds
6-.4! /4&! -8,#.'! ',&'19/! .-! ,&'8'7:-! &4'7#;'.-! 647'! <-&2'! 479,&#0'! '-! .4/7-0'&! qo !
B !
! !
45,&4!-/!.-#/!6-5,-/)!+-&,'5,-=! C C
W BC = ! q o (2,0 " 10 3 N/C) ˆj • ds = qo (2,0 " 10 3 N/C) ! ˆj • ds !
B B
B! !
W AB = ! Fe • ds ! C
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! A
WBC = q o (2,0 " 10 3 N/C)! cos % ds !
B
! !
>-?-! Fe = q o E @! ! !
-5.4@! 6'&'! 4/,4! 0'/-@! % ! 9! -! H5$%7-! 45,&4! E ! 4! ds )! L.45,#<#G%4! 4//4! H5$%7-! 5'!
! !
B
W AB = ! q o E • ds
! !
<#$%&'!()*)!M4?8&4!G%4!9!/4?6&4!-!?45-&!H5$%7-!45,&4!-/!14,-&4/! E e ds . J5,3-=!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! A !
'A!6'&'!'!,&'B4,C&#'!.4!D!6'&'!E@! WBC = (4,5 " 10 -9 C)(2,0 " 10 3 N/C) cos % ! ds !

C
B
B !
W AB = ! q o (2,0 " 10 3 N/C) ĵ • ds ! W BC = (4,5 " 10 -9 C) (2,0 " 10 3 N/C) cos 135 o 4,2 " 10 -2 m 2 ! ( )
!!!!!!!! A
B !
W AB = q o (2,0 " 10 3 N/C) ! ĵ • ds ! W BC = $2,6 " 10 $7 J !
A
! U C $ U B = $WBC = +2,6 " 10-5 J !

F8/4&14!',45,'?45,4!647'!<#$%&'!G%4! ĵ • ds = (ds )cos# , o5.4! # !9!-!H5$%7-!45,&4!
! !
! !
0A!F!14,-&! E !9!64&645.#0%7'&!'-!14,-&! ds !4?!G%'7G%4&!6-5,-!.'!,&'B4,C&#'!4!.4//4!
E !4! ds )!
?-.-! -! ,&'8'7:-! &4'7#;'.-! 647'! <-&2'! 479,&#0'! .4! D! 6'&'! >! 9! 5%7-)! J?! -%,&'/!
B
!!!!!!!!! W AB = q o (2,0 " 10 N/C)! cos# ds !
3
6'7'1&'/@!'!.#<4&452'!.4!454&$#'!6-,450#'7!479,&#0'!45,&4!>!4!D!9!5%7')!
A
C ! !
B W AC = ! q o E • ds !
W AB = (4,5 " 10 -9 C) (2,0 " 10 3 C) cos # !A
ds
!
A
C
I'/=! W AC = (4,5 " 10 -9 C) (2,0 " 10 3 N/C) cos & ! A
ds !
158 159
" " #K="*&$"&"#",(>.&1%+"#/>.*<&+","9%!&)9.&"#",(>.&1%+"#/>.*&>#?>#>+.3&
!"#$%& ! &%&'#()*%&"#+,"& E &"& ds &-).#$%& qo &!"&$"!*%/.&$"&0&1.,.&23&4#+5%6&
"
C 2%9%&.&?%,C.& Fe &D&.&?%,C.&-)"&.+).&"#+,"&$).!&/.,(.!<&.&"#",(>.&1%+"#/>.*&D&
!
-9 3 o
W AC = (4,5 # 10 C) (2,0 # 10 N/C) cos 90 ds &
A
)9.&?)#C5%&$%&/%#Q)#+%&$.!&/.,(.!3&0!!>9<& (6,"7".,''&-,"%!/!'2,0"&2"&(&'*$!"
WAC = 0& +,-&(.$!/" #&" 82!" .!'*!" !+&(!03& 4#+,"+.#+%<& -).#$%& +,.+.9%!& $"& /.,(.& "*D+,>/.&
"9&)9&/.91%&"*D+,>/%&L%&-).*&D&(",.$%&1%,&)9.&%)&=G,>.!&%)+,.!&/.,(.!M<&1%$"9%!&
UC $U A = 0 & ?.*.,& #.& "#",(>.& 1%+"#/>.*& $"& )9.& /.,(.& L1%,& "8"91*%<& qo M& "9& )9& 1%#+%& J& $%&
/.91%& "*D+,>/%<& "9& ,"*.C5%& .& )9& $.$%& #K="*& $"& "#",(>.& 1%+"#/>.*3& R>/.<& "#+5%<&
&
!)@"#+"#$>$%& -)"& .& "#",(>.& 1%+"#/>.*& D& $%&!>!+"9.& /%#!+>+)K$%& 1"*.& /.,(.& qo & "& .!&
!"#$#%!%&'()*'
%)+,.!&-)"&(",.9&%&/.91%&#%&-).*&"!+G& qo 3&
7%& 48"91*%& :3;<& =",>?>-)"& !"& %& +,.@.*A%& ,".*>B.$%& 1"*.& ?%,C.& #%& $"!*%/.9"#+%& $.&
S%9.#$%& .& "#",(>.& 1%+"#/>.*& "9& )9& 1%#+%& 0<& U A = 0 <& 1.,.& )9& 1%#+%& J&
/.,(.&$"& 0&.+D&E<&1.!!.#$%&1"*%&1%#+%&F<&$G&%&9"!9%&=.*%,&-)"&?%>& /.*/)*.$%&#%&
48"91*%3' -).*-)",&1%$"9%!&"!/,"=",6&
P" "
U P = $ q o ! E • ds &
& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& A &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&L:3TM
+&,-&'&'.&-+/,%!'& '
! ()M'&,&.3#!'+/"&,4#!1'&1N".#4!'%&'%O!-'4!.3!-'+/,"O!#-'
F&-)"&./%#+"/",>.&/%9& U B $ U A &"& WAB &!"& E = $2,0 # 10 $3 ˆj N/C?&
J.,.& %@+",& .& "#",(>.& 1%+"#/>.*& "*D+,>/.& $"& )9& !>!+"9.& /%#!+>+)K$%& 1%,& )9.&
! !
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A 4&' o l
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2 2
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r1 = 49d 2 + %
4
=1/41% P1 é:
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V1 =
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1 , + e ( !e ) )
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178 179
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+'*(4*"!0$/)$+!.5!$)#-(.,+!$
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1 ' dx
" V (rP ) =
4"! 0 ! r (11.2)
1 dq <==>=?"
V = ! dV =
4" ! o ! r
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P)5-0*"==>=;"P)$"0&%)+4'&$"K$.$5D'&$"
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181 182
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1 ! dx 1 - l2 + y2 + l * 1 - 1 + y 2 / l 2 + 1*
dV ( y ) = $ V ( y) = ! ln + (= ! ln + (. $
4"# 0 2
x +y 2
4"# o +, l 2 + y 2 $ l () 4"# o +, 1 + y 2 / l 2 $ 1()
%#$A.%$ r $B$0$-&17C,!&0$%,7+%$"$%/%#%,7"$-%$!0+40$ dq $%$"$*",7"$82$D,7;"5$!"#"$0$ $

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2
1' y$
1 l dx 1+ y2 / l 2 % 1+ % "
V ( y) =
4"# 0
! ! $l
x2 + y2
$ 2& l #
$
A.%$/%H0-0$,0$%'*+%11;"$-"$*"7%,!&0/$,"1$-K@$
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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ & y + l $ l # $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$<EE2F> V ( y) =
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V ( y) = ! +ln%% 2
+ 1""(
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ln(1 + & ) = 1 + +!
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V ( y) % ! ln%% "" $
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183 184
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1 & 2l # 1 & 2l # Solução: H")'#%1,"+%

V ( y) ! V ( y 0 ) = V ( y ) ! 0 = " ln$$ !! ! " ln$$ !!
2#$ o % y " 2#$ o % y0 " % 1 dq
V (r ) =
4#$ 0 - r
',+%
I"J$% '% "9")"/*'% 0"% 7')5(8)"/*'%0'% $(7'% 7')'% )'#*($0'% /$% D8>,($% EE?F?% H")'#%
" , & 2l # & 2 l #)
V ( y) = *ln$ ! ! ln$$ !!'
2#$ o + $% y !" % y 0 "(
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$'%($8'%!%0'%$(7'=%A")+%
-").($/0'%1,"+%
" %2 R "
&a#
V (r ) =
4#$ 0 -% R
d%' =
4#$ 0
(%2 ! %1 ) %
ln a ! ln b = ln $ ! %
1
%b" %
K'*"%1,"%'#%</>,9'#%#6'%)"080'#%")%($08$/'#L
*"(")'#%1,"+%%
%
1 &y #
V ( y) = " ln$$ o !! % !1232454+'(()6'
2#$ o % y"
2.*"/3$%'%A$9'(%0'%5'*"/78$9%/'%7"/*('%0'%$(7'%1,$/0'%'%</>,9'%#,."/*"/080'%5"9'%
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7')%,)$%0"/#80$0"%98/"$(%0"%7$(>$%7'/#*$/*"% " (figura 11.4).
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08#*</78$% r ' = R 2 + x 2 %0'%5'/*'%;=%0$0'%5'(+%
185 186
dq 1 !!"#$$%&'()*+,-$(-.'/+*&$0($0+1'/+23+45(1$6&-37.'/+*,1$0($
dV ( x) = !
4!" 0 r ' *,/8,$
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020608:/! ,0! .'&$'! dq ! ;! ,',/! 4/&! dq = % r # d$ # dr # )! <8:0$&'8,/! '! 0=%'>?/! '.#6'!
/5:06/-+!
2! R % r#
V ( x) = ! d$ #! dr # !
0 0 4!" 0 r# + x2
2
9=%#7!'!#8:0$&'2!06! d$ # !4/,0!-0&!@0#:'!#60,#':'608:0!0!3'20! 2! )!A8:?/+!
2! % R r#
V ( x) =
4!" 0 !
0
r# + x2
2
dr # !
!
9!#8:0$&'2!06! r # !;7!@0#:'!'!4'&:#&!,'!-%5-:#:%#>?/+!
"#$%&'!(()K+!L//&,08','-!,/!020608:/!,0!G&0'!
u = x 2 + r #2 & du = 2 r # dr #. !
D/!-#-:06'!,0!.//&,08','-!,'!"#$%&'!(()K7!:06/-+!
B5:06/-7!08:?/7!4'&'! V ( x) !'!0C4&0--?/+!
rP = z r = R 2 + z 2 ' 2 R z cos$ # !
x2 + R2
% ' u 1/ 2 $
V ( x) =
% 1 du
! = % "
2 " 0 2 u 4 " 0 & 1/ 2 # x 2
=
%
2 "0
[x 2
+ R2 ' x ] A8:?/+!
1 dq
dV ( z ) =
% 4!" 0 2 2
R + z ' 2 R z cos$ #
V ( x) = [ x 2 + R 2 ' x]
2" 0 !
H'6/-! %-'&! .//&,08','-! 0-@;&#.'-! 4'&'! &0-/230&! /! 4&/5206'! ,'! #8:0$&'>?/! ,'!
/%7 como % = Q / ! R 2 , 306+! 0=%'>?/!'.#6'M!:06/-!7!08:?/7!=%0+!
Q q
V ( x) = [ x 2 + R 2 ' x]. ! dq = % dA = % R 2 sin$ # d$ # d) # 0 %=
2!" 0 R 2 4! R 2
187 188
!""#$%& C@& 2-,-& 2/()/"& %&'(#"& .-& *"3*,-& z < R & *& )/$-$/"& /& "#(-1& (*+-)#5/& .-& ,-#6&
74-.,-.-%&74*&3#9-0&
% R 2 sin ! & d! & d" &
dV (rP ) = ,
4#$ 0 2 2
R + z ' 2 R z cos! &
& ( R ' z) 2 = R ' z &
'()*+,-(./%&)*$/"0& &
A()B/0
% 2# # R 2 sin ! & R%
V ( z) =
4#$ 0 !0
d" & !
0
R + z 2 ' 2 R z cos! &
2
d! & & V ( z) =
2$ 0 z
[( R + z ) ' ( R ' z )]
&
!& #()*+,-1& *$& " & & 2/.*& "*,& *3*)4-.-& #$*.#-)-$*()*%& 4$-& 5*6& 74*& /& #()*+,-(./& R%
V ( z) = (r * R ). &
#(.*2*(.*&.*& " & 8&!&#()*+,-1&*$& ! & "*&3-6&9/$&-&$4.-(:-&.*&5-,#;5*10& /40&&&
$0
& )
x = 2 R z cos! & ( dx = '2 R z sin! & d! & & *(+,+%$%&)--./)
D*)*,$#(-,%&-&2-,)#,&./"&,*"41)-./"&./&A=*$21/&EE8F%&/&2/)*(9#-1&*1G),#9/&.*(),/&*&
/&74*&.;0&
3/,-&.*&4$-&9-"9-&*"3G,#9-&9/(.4)/,-&.*&,-#/&H8)
V ( z) =
%
4#$ 0
R 2 ) 2# !
+2 Rz
2 Rz
' dx/2 Rz
=
% R
R 2 + z 2 ' x 4$ 0 z
2 R2 + z 2 ' x [ ]
'2 Rz
+ 2 Rz & )
))))))))*(+,+%$%&)--.0)
=
%R
2$ 0 z
[R 2 2
+ z + 2R z ' R + z ' 2R z & 2 2
] I-:-& 4$& *"C/:/& ./& +,;3#9/& ./& 2/)*(9#-1& *1G),#9/& 2-,-& 2/()/"& .*(),/& *& 3/,-&
.*& 4$-& 9-"9-& *"3G,#9-& 9/(.4)/,-& 9-,,*+-.-& *1*),#9-$*()*& 9/$& .*("#.-.*&
=
%R
2$ 0 z
[ (R + z) 2
' (R ' z) 2 . & ] "42*,3#9#-1&.*&9-,+-& % &*&,-#/& R 8)
)
<*")*& 2/()/& .*5*$/"& )*,& 94#.-./& -/& *=),-#,& -& ,-#6& 74-.,-.-%& 94>/& 5-1/,& .*5*& "*,&
)
4$&(?$*,/&,*-10&&
-@&2-,-&2/()/"&!"#$&.-&*"3*,-%& z > R &*&)/$-$/"&/&"#(-1&2/"#)#5/&.-&,-#6&74-.,-.-%& )
74*&3#9-0& )
2
(R ' z) = z ' R & )
A()B/0& )
R% )
V ( z) = [( R + z ) ' ( z ' R)]
2$ 0 z
)
/40& )
2
R% )
V ( z) = (r > R)
$0z &
)
189 190
!"#$%#&'#()%*"+&','#(,'#('&-.-,',"#($!%$%#&'#( R' RQ 1 Q
V ( R) = = =
#0 4"# 0 R 2 4"# 0 R
(
'&-.-,',"(//0/(
'&-.-,',"(//03(
!"#$%"&'($)&*+'$%',%'-./.)#+"'.)0.).1"'-"%"',%'0."'.)0.).1"'2,$'("&&,.',%'
+*."' R ' -"%"' &,3$+$'*'0.3,+*' 44565' 7' ("1$)-.*/' #$',%' -./.)#+"' .)0.).1"'-*++$3*#"'8' R' 0.3,+*' 4454H' %"&1+*' ,%' $&F"O"' #"&' 3+N0.-"&' #"' -*%("' $/81+.-"' $' #"'
&$%$/9*)1$' *"' (+"#,:.#"' ("+' ,%' 0."' .)0.).1";' -")1,#"' -*/-,/*%"&' "' ("1$)-.*/' (*+*' ("1$)-.*/' $/81+.-"' (*+*' (")1"&' #$)1+"' $' 0"+*' #$' ,%*' -*&-*' $&08+.-*' -")#,1"+*'
(")1"&' $%' 2,$' y > R 5' <$&&$' -*&"' ("#$%"&' 1"%*+' -"%"' )=>$/' #$' ("1$)-.*/' *' -*++$3*#*5'
'
&,($+0=-.$'#"'-./.)#+"?'")#$' y = R . @$&&*'0"+%*'1$+$%"&A'
1 & R#
V= ! ln$$ !! '
2"# o % y"
'
( B.3,+*' 4454HA' S+N0.-"&' #"' -*%("' $/81+.-"' $' ("1$)-.*/' $/81+.-"' #$' ,%*' $&0$+*'
B.3,+*'4456A'C./.)#+"'.)0.).1"'-*++$3*#"5' -*++$3*#*5'
'
'
<"' .)1$+."+' #*' $&0$+*' "' -*%("' $/81+.-"' 8' ),/"?' &$)#"' "' ("1$)-.*/' -")&1*)1$5'
'&-.-,',"(//01( !*+*'(")1"&'0"+*'#*'$&0$+*'"'-*%("'8'.)>$+&*%$)1$'(+"("+-.")*/'*"'2,*#+*#"'#$' r
D$'"'E)3,/"'&,F$)1$)#.#"'8'#$'GHI?'*'0.3,+*'445J')"&'%"&1+*'2,$' % 1 = $35 ° ?'$)2,*)1"'"'("1$)-.*/'8'.)>$+&*%$)1$'(+"("+-.")*/'*' r 5''

(
e % 2 = +35 ° 5'K)1L"?'
'&-.-,',"(//04(
! "
V (0) = (% 2 $ %1 ) = 9 & 10 9 N m2 / C 2 &10 & 10 $3 C &[35º $($35º )] & 7F1.>$%"&' )"' KP$%(/"' 445Q' "' ("1$)-.*/' $/81+.-"' (*+*' (")1"&' .)1$+."+$&' $'
4"# 0 180º
$P1$+."+$&' *',%*' -*&-*' $&08+.-*' -")#,1"+*' -*++$3*#*5' !*+*' (")1"&'0"+*' #*' -*&-*'"'
K%' 2,$' "' M/1.%"' 1$+%"' #N' *' 1+*)&0"+%*OL"' #$' 3+*,&' (*+*' +*#.*)"&5' ("1$)-.*/'8'.)>$+&*%$)1$'(+"("+-.")*/'*'#.&1E)-.*'#"'-$)1+"'#*'-*&-*5'K'(*+*'(")1"&'
<,%$+.-*%$)1$?'$)1L"?'1$%"&A' #$)1+"'#*'-*&-*'"'("1$)-.*/'8'-")&1*)1$5'T$U*'*'0.3,+*'44544A'
'
V(0) = 1,75 &10 V $2
'&-.-,',"(//02(
C"%"'*'$&0$+*'8'%$1N/.-*?'*'-*+3*'$/81+.-*'&$'#.&1+.F,.')*'&,*'&,($+0=-.$5'K)1L"?'#$'
*-"+#"'-"%'"'KP$%(/"'445Q?'"'("1$)-.*/'#$)1+"'#*'$&0$+*'8'"'%$&%"'2,$')*'&,*'
&,($+0=-.$A'
191 192
0'!B%382Q/!'423&#/&!83!/!23&7#4'5!1/8#2#H/!03!%7'!035'8!382#H3883!37!./42'2/!./7!
/!23&7#4'5!1/8#2#H/!0'!/%2&'?!
!
#*#&+,+-'%!(#!.-*)/0'!
! ! ! !
V(()(;!KU234M'!/!1/234.#'5!3562&#./!37!%7!1/42/!9!8#2%'0/!4/!3#R/!03!%7!'435!03!
&'#/!#$%'5!'!(X!.7!.'&&3$'0/!%4#-/&7373423!./7!.'&$'!03!(=S!4Y!'!%7'!0#82<4.#'!
03!@X!.7!0/!83%!.342&/)!
!
"#$%&'! (()((*! +&,-#./! 0/! 1/234.#'5! 3562&#./! 1'&'! %7'! .'8.'! 38-6&#.'! !
.'&&3$'0')!
V(()@;!Z7!-#/!&32#5G43/!03!./71&#7342/!#$%'5!'!(X!7!382,!#8/5'0/!3!.'&&3$'0/!./7!
! !9
%7'!.'&$'! Q = !6,2 " 10 C )!Z7!3562&/4!6!'U'40/4'0/!1&[R#7/!'/!.342&/!0/!-#/!'!
"#$%#!#!&#%"'$()!
%7'!0#82<4.#'!03!@=@!.7)!!
!
9:(()(;!!9'&'!1/42/8!8#2%'0/8!'!%7'!0#82<4.#' z >> R =!/!1/234.#'5!03!%7'!381#&'! '; K! B%3! 83! 1/03! 0#>3&! 8/U&3! /! 7/H#7342/! 0/! 3562&/4! 4/8! 1&#73#&/8! (X! 8! 03!
.'&&3$'0'!83!&30%>!'/!03!%7'!.'&$'!1%42#-/&73?!! 7/H#7342/?!
! U; KU234M'! %7'! 3R1&388Q/! 1'&'! '! '.353&'LQ/=! H35/.#0'03! 3! 0385/.'7342/! 0/!

9:(()@;! A3! -#>3&7/8! /! &'#/! 03! %7! 0#8./! .'&&3$'0/! ./7! %7'! .'&$'! Q ! -/&! 7%#2/! 3562&/4!43883!#423&H'5/!03!2371/)!
$&'403=!B%'5!6!/!1/234.#'5!3562&#./!37!%7!1/42/!8#2%'0/!C!0#82<4.#'! z 0/!.342&/!0/! .; \323&7#43!'!343&$#'!0/!3562&/4!37! t = 10 s )!
0#8./!D z << R) ?!
0; F! 1/88GH35! /U23&! %7'! &35'LQ/! 1'&'! /! 0385/.'7342/=! 1'&'! '! H35/.#0'03! 3!
! !
'.353&'LQ/!1'&'!B%'5B%3&!#482'423!03!2371/?!]%82#-#B%3!8%'!&381/82')!
9:(()E;! F! 1/88GH35! -'>3&! %7! '&&'4I/! 03! .'&$'8! 1%42#-/&738! 831'&'0'8! 1/&! %7'!
0#82<4.#'! -#4#2'! 03! 7/0/! B%3! '! 343&$#'! 1/234.#'5! 3562&#.'! 83I'! #$%'5! C! 343&$#'! 3; \323&7#43! '! 0#-3&34L'! 03! 1/234.#'5! 342&3! /8! 1/42/8! x0 ! D/403! /! 3562&/4! 6!
1/234.#'5!B%'40/!'!0#82<4.#'!342&3!'8!.'&$'8!-/&!#4-#4#2'?! 8/52/;!3! x10 !D/!1/42/!/403!/!3562&/4!1'88'!'1[8!(X8;)!
!
9:(()J;!K!'2&#2/!0/!'&!./7!/!.'&&/!03H#0/!'/!7/H#7342/!1&/0%>!%7'!0#-3&34L'!03! !
1/234.#'5!03!'5$%48!7#5M'&38!03!H/528)!N%'40/!H/.O!2/.'!'!5'2'&#'!4388'8!./40#LP38! V(()E;! Z7! 0#8./! ./7! &'#/! R = 11cm 382,! .'&&3$'0/! ./7! .'&$'! Q = 3,0nC )! Z7'!
1/03!83&!B%3! 53H3!%7!13B%34/!.M/B%3)!A3!H/.O!4/!342'42/!2/.'!37!%7'!5#4M'!03!
38-3&'! 7'.#L'! .'&&3$'0'! ./7! .'&$'! q = !6,0nC =! &'#/! r = 2,5 cm 382,! 4/! 3#R/! 0/!
2&'487#88Q/! ./7! %7! 1/234.#'5! ./71'&,H35=! /! .M/B%3! 83&#'! -'2'5)! 9/&! B%3! 3R#823!
0#8./!'!%7'!0#82<4.#'!0/!83%!.342&/)!
388'!0#-3&34L'?!
! '; \323&7#43!/!1/234.#'5!3562&#./!4/!.342&/!0/!0#8./)!
9:(()S;! T! 0#-3&34L'! 03! 1/234.#'5! 342&3! 0/#8! 23&7#4'#8! 03! %7'! 1#5M'! TT! 6! 03! (=S! U; N%'5!6!/!1/234.#'5!3562&#./!4/!1/42/!760#/!342&3!/!0#8./!3!'!38-3&')!
H/52)!N%'40/!0%'8!1#5M'8!TT!8Q/!5#$'0'8!37!86&#3!03!7/0/!B%3!/!23&7#4'5!1/8#2#H/!
.; \323&7#43! '! 0#-3&34L'! 03! 1/234.#'5! 342&3! 0/#8! 1/42/8! 8#2%'0/8! '! %7'!
03! %7'! 0'8! 1#5M'8! 3823I'! 37! ./42'2/! ./7! /! 23&7#4'5! 43$'2#H/! 0'! /%2&'=! B%'5! 6! '!
0#82<4.#'! r1 = 3,5 cm !3! r2 = 8,5 cm !0/!.342&/!0'!38-3&'!B%3!/!5#$'!'/!.342&/!0/!0#8./)!
0#-3&34L'! 03! 1/234.#'5! 342&3! /8! 0/#8! 23&7#4'#8! 5#H&38! 0388'! ./7U#4'LQ/?! VR15#B%3!
83%!&'.#/.G4#/)! !
!
!
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193 194
r ! ! z $ ! $
!"#!$%&$$$'(#!)*+$(,-'($.!/0+$($0+-(,.1!#$(#2-'1.+$ V ( z ) = " ! E • ds = " ! ( k • kˆ) ds = " z"
r0 0 2# 2 #0
0
+34(-15+6$
"
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$7(-('/1,!'$!$'(#!)*+$(,-'($0+-(,.1!#$($.!/0+$(#2-'1.+$
!-1517!7($%&8%$
$ C&0.%0#" )" +),#-./&0" #1" %1" +)-,)" :" 8/,%&*)" L" */8,E-./&" J" *#" %1" ;/)" /-;/-/,)" .)1"
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"
$ !"#$%&'()"*)"+),#-./&0"-)"+)-,)"!"#$%$&'"*#"%1".&1+)"#02,3/.)4"
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VP = ! dV = " ! E • ds
A (12.1) (7" L" */8,E-./&" &" *)" .#-,3)" *#0&7" 8%+)-*)" &" #8+/3&" .&33#<&*&" +)8/,/6&1#-,#" .)1"
%1&"*/8,3/D%/'()"0/-#&3"%-/;)31#"*#".&3<&8="
#1" $%#" !" 2" )" -56#0" *#" +),#-./&07" -)8" *9" &" 3#0&'()" #-,3#" )" +),#-./&0" #" )" .&1+)"
"
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+)-,)" :" $%&-*)" .)-?#.#1)8" )" .&1+)" #02,3/.)" -#8,#" +)-,)=" @#A&1)8" &0<%-8" N)0%'()4"G".&1+)"#02,3/.)"<#3&*)"+)3"%1&"#8+/3&"./3.%0&3"*#"3&/)"("#1"%1"+)-,)"
#B#1+0)8"*#"8%&"&+0/.&'()=" *#"8#%"#/B)"#"L"*/8,E-./&"&"*#"8#%".#-,3)"24"
"
Q z
(9(/0#+$%&8%$ E( z) = kˆ
4%# 0 ( R 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2
0:;<=>?@A$B<$CD@$B?E;F?GC?HI:$JA@=@$?=K?=?;@$B<$>@FL@$
!
>-,()7".)1" ds = dz kˆ 7")"+),#-./&0"-)"+)-,)":7"3#0&,/6)"&)"/-;/-/,)7"24"
C&0.%0&3" )" +),#-./&0" #02,3/.)" <#3&*)" +)3" %1&" */8,3/D%/'()" +0&-&" /-;/-/,&" *#" .&3<&""
#1"%1"+)-,)":"8/,%&*)"&"%1&"*/8,E-./&"&"*&"*/8,3/D%/'()=" ! ! z Q z Q z z
V ( z ) = " ! E • ds = " ! (kˆ • kˆ) dz = " ! dz "
& 4%# ( R 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2 4%# & (R 2 + z 2 )3/ 2
6:ACHI:M$"F)1&-*)"%1"8/8,#1&"*#".))3*#-&*&8".)1")3/<#1"-)"+0&-)"*#".&3<&8"#" 0 0
#/B)" GH" .)1" */3#'()" +#3+#-*/.%0&3" &" #0#" I)8" #/B)8" GB" #" GJ" #8,()" 8/,%&*)8" -)" )%7".)1"&"1%*&-'&"*#"6&3/96#04"
!
+0&-)K7",#1)8"$%#" rP = z #4"
u = R2 + z 2 ! du = 2 z dz z =&!u =& z = z ! u = R2 + z 2 "
rp ! !
V ( z ) = " ! E • ds 6#14"
r0
R2 + z2
#1" $%#" r0 se refere" L" +)8/'()" *)" -56#0" *#" +),#-./&0=" M)" .&8)" *)" +0&-)" /-;/-/,)7" 2" Q 1 R2 + z 2 du Q 1 2 Q 1
V ( z) = "
4%# 0 2 !
& u 3/ 2
="
4%# 0 2
" 1/ 2
u &
=
4%# 0 R + z2
2
"
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#B+3#88()" &./1&7" .)-?#.#1)8" )" .&1+)" #02,3/.)" <#3&*)" +#0)" +0&-)" /-;/-/,)=" >0#" 2" $
%-/;)31#"#"2"*&*)"+)34" "
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2# 0
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#1" $%#"k̂ " 2" )" %-/,93/)" *)" #/B)" GH=" !88/17" )" +),#-./&0" #1" %1" +)-,)" :IB7J7HK" *)" %1&"*/8,3/D%/'()"0/-#&3"%-/;)31#"*#".&3<&8="
! $
#8+&')"8#397".)1" ds = ds kˆ 4"
196 197
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$&,!-./0%'1!'2#0'!34!50'1/!%6,5/.0'.055!7010' q Q r3
= " q= '
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39;<=>9?'<+/(0=' ! 1 Q
E= r rˆ (r # rP )
rP ! ! 4$% 0 R 3
V (rP ) = " ! E • ds
!
L('.+0#($"/+,*('.(')(,*('8'9 r = rP :4'"*2'"'0%)+&1?$-+' r = R '*+/(0'>%+='
+/'>%+'(',?7+#'.+'+,+&5-"')(*+,$-"#'1(-'+0$(#@-.('0 -*%".(',('-,1-,-*(;'8"&"'%/')(,*('
R ! ! Q R !
8' .(' $"/)(4' "' .-0*A,$-"0' rP ' "(' $+,*&(' ."' +01+&"4' *"-0' >%+' R # rP < ! , (' $"/)(' V ( R) " V (rP ) = " ! E • ds = " ! r (rˆ • ds ) '
rp 4$ % 0 R 3 rP
+#2*&-$('2='
!
! M"04',('.+0#($"/+,*('.+'N'"*2' rP , rˆ • ds = dr e, então:
1 Q
E= rˆ (R # rP < ! )'
4$% 0 r 2 R ! ( R 2 " rP2 %
! Q R Q
V ( R ) " V ( rP ) = " ! E • ds = " ! r dr = " & #
8"&"'%/')(,*('8'-,*+&-(&'B'+01+&"'9 0 # rP # R :4''('$"/)('+#2*&-$('2'.".(')(&='
rP 4$ % 0 R 3 rP 4$ % 0 R &' 2 #$
3
! O(5(='
1 q
E= rˆ (0 # rP # R )
4$% 0 r 2 V ( rP < R) = V ( R) " [V ( R ) " V (rP )] =
1 Q Q ( R 2 " rP2 %
+/' >%+' q 2' "' $"&5"' ."' +01+&"' @9A8BC:' CDA8E9' C9' E:B9' r # rP +' r̂ ' 2' (' %,-*C&-(' V ( rP < R ) = V ( R ) " [V ( R ) " V (rP )] = + && ##
4$% 0 R 4$ % 0 R 3 ' 2 $
.-&-5-.('.('$+,*&(')"&"'"'0%)+&1?$-+'."'+01+&"')(&> %+'"'$"&5"'2')(0-*-7"; D0*"0'.%"0'
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V ( rP < R) = & ## '
,?7+#' ,(' -,1-,-*(4' 7"/(0' .-7-.-&' (' )&(H#+/"' +/' .(-0 =' $"#$%#"/(0' (' )(*+,$-"#' ,"' 8$% 0 &' R3 $
0%)+&1?$-+' ."' +01+&"' +' 0(/"/(0' 9"#5+H&-$"/+,*+:' ' (' &+0%#*".(' B' .-1+&+,3"' .+'
)(*+,$-"#'+,*&+'(')(,*('8'-,*+&-(&'B'+01+&"'$"&&+5" ."'+'B'0%)+&1?$-+=' '
()*)'&F,!-1&'&'.0#$&'!%6,5/.&'0'$05,/5'1&'$&,!-./0%'
V ( rP < R ) = V ( R ) " V (!) " [V ( R ) " V (rP )] & V ( R ) " [V ( R ) " V ( rP )]
' I'+>%"3G('9PQ;P:'
J')(*+,$-"#',"'0%)+&1?$-+'."'+01+&"'KC',(0'2'1"/-#- "&='
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J(+(!%+!/+!'&7&'-4()!*%!78&'&0!78&5&0!%!7&)&8%8&0<!! V = Ed !
'&+7(! %824)-'(! %54)%! (0! '(5*/4()%09! &7%5&0! &! %01%)&! '(5*/4()&! -54%)5&:! ;! '&+7(!
%824)-'(!')-&*(!7%8(!'(5*/4()!-54%)5(!2!)&*-&8<!*&*(!7%8&!%=/&>6(! V 500V
E= = !
d 3,0 " 10 !3 m
%
Q
E= rˆ
4#$ 0 r 2 ! E = 1,7 " 10 6 V / m !
$&!*%1-5->6(!*%!'&7&'-4?5'-&!4%+(0@! $0
K4-8-L&5*(!&!%=/&>6(!CM:M<!! u = E2
2 !
Q = C &V !
(8,85 " 10 !12 F / m)(1,7 " 10 6 V / m) 2
A<!7()4&54(<!(!B&8()!*(!'&+7(!%824)-'(! E !&!/+!7(54(!0-4/&*(!&!/+&!*-04?5'-&! r !*(! u=
2 !
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E=
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!
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','-./.$01!&'!2$,"340!
E1 =
(0,63 " 10 !12
)
F / m (220V )
ACM:C#! N/&8! *%B%! 0%)! &! '&)O&! %824)-'&! *&0! 78&'&0! *%! /+! '&7&'-4()! *%! '&7&'-4?5'-&!
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E1 = 1,7 " 10 2 V / m !
! ACM:G#! $%4%)+-5%! &! '&7&'-4?5'-&<! &! *-1%)%5>&! *%! 7(4%5'-&8! %54)%! 0/&0! 78&'&0! %! (!
A!%+!)G!D!HI!++@!
+V*/8(!*(!'&+7(!%824)-'(!%54)%!&0!78&'&0!*%!/+!'&7&'-4()!'(+!78&'&0!7&)&8%8&0!*%!
(0,63 "10 !12

)
F / m (220V ) W)%&! -O/&8!&!PS!++G<!'(+! '&)O&!-O/&8!&! I<P!5J!%! *-04?5'-&!%54)%!&0!78&'&0!-O/&8!&!
E2 = C<P!+!
( )(
4# 8,85 " 10 !12 F / m 97 " 10 !3 m ) 2
!
!
E2 = 1,3 " 10 2 V / m ACM:M#!$%4%)+-5%@!
! &#!&!'&7&'-4?5'-&!7()!/5-*&*%!*%!'(+7)-+%54(!*%!/+!'&7&'-4()!'-8X5*)-'(!%+!=/%!(!
!
'(5*/4()!-54%)5(!4%+!)&-(!G<S!++!%!(!'(5*/4()!%34%)5(!M<P!++:!
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;"0%)B%!=/%!=/&5*(! b >> a @! /+!7(4%5'-&8!P<S!T!+&-0!%8%B&*(!*(!=/%!(!7(4%5'-&8!*(!'(5*/4()!-54%)5(!

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a &a# ACM:Y#! $%4%)+-5%! &! )&L6(! %54)%! (0! )&-(0! *%! /+! '&7&'-4()! '-8X5*)-'(! %+! =/%! 0/&!
% 0 e ln$ ! % 1
b %b" !!! '&7&'-4?5'-&!7()!/5-*&*%!*%!'(+7)-+%54(!2!-O/&8!&!IS!7QZ+:!
220 221
M/&/! $/0$'0/&! /! $/-/$%(N.$%/! ,I'%6/0,.(,! /! ,**,*! 7)%*! $/-/$%()&,*! C1 ! ,! C 2 +!
!"#!$%&$$$$!''()*!+,($-.$)!/!)*0(1.'$
6/#)*!-&%#,%&/#,.(,!$/0$'0/&!/!7%9,&,.>/!7,!-)(,.$%/0!,.(&,!/*!-0/$/*!7,0,*<!M/&/!)!
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$(23.0*4($ -&%#,%&)!$/-/$%()&!(,#)*3!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "V1 = V y ! V x , !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

)!#)"#!1$!$)!/!)*056)*!$.7"*4!#.60.$-.$!''()*!+8.'$-.$)!/!)*0(1.'$
!,!-/&/!)!*,8'.7)3!
$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "V 2 = V z ! V y . !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!C!7%9,&,.>/!7,!-)(,.$%/0!,.(&,!)*!-).()*! z !,! x !:3!
%&9%$:$!''()*!+,($.;$'<1*.$-.$)!/!)*0(1.'!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "V = " V1 + " V 2 = V z ! V x . !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
"#!$%&$'%()*+!&,-&,*,.(/&,#)*!)*!$/-/$%()&,*!-,0)*!*1#2)0)*3! (>$?=C=?GHF@I>$I>HJF$>KNLIHGEF>$=$EGOI@IBP=>$EI$CFHIB?G=D$EGOI@IBHI>!#/*!)!
$/-/$%()&! ,I'%6/0,.(,! 7,6,! ,*(/&! *'2#,(%7)! H! 7%9,&,.>/! 7,! -)(,.$%/0! "V <! G)#)! )!
$/-/$%()&! ,I'%6/0,.(,! 7,6,! (,&! /! #,*#/! $/&8/! Q ! I',! )*! $/-/$%()&,*! 0%8/7)*! ,#!
! !
*:&%,+!7,6,#)*!(,&3!
$'4/*! 0%.5/*! 6,&(%$/%*! &,-&,*,.(/#! )*! $).7'()&,*! 0%8/7)*! /! 9%)*! 7,! '#! $%&$'%()!
,0:(&%$)+!&,-&,*,.(/7)!-,0/*!0%.5/*!5)&%;).(/%*<! Q Q Q
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "V = = "V1 + "V2 = + . !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
C C1 C2
=/! /**)$%/>?)! ,#! *:&%,+! '#/! 7/*! -0/$/*! 7,! '#! $/-/$%()&! :! $).,$(/7/+! -)&!
#,%)!7,! 9%)*! $).7'()&,*+! /! '#/! -0/$/! 7,! '#! )'(&)!$/-/$%()&! $)#)! %0'*(&/! /! 9%8'&/! C**%#+!/!$/-/$%(N.$%/!,I'%6/0,.(,!)2,7,$,!H!,I'/>?)3!
@A<@<!
1 1 1
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! = + , !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!O@A<PQ!
! C C1 C2
!I$Q$!"#$%$EF$RKI$=$?=C=?GHSB?G=$EF>$?=C=?GHF@I>$GBEGTGEK=G><!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
.U.;/#($%&9%$
!!!!!!!!!!!B%8'&/!@A<@3!C**)$%/>?)!,#!*:&%,!7,!$/-/$%()&,*<!
! C!9%8'&/!@A<P!#)*(&/!'#/!/**)$%/>?)!7,!$/-/$%()&,*<!D/2,.7)!I',!/!$/&8/!,0:(&%$/!
D,! $)0)$/&#)*! '#/! $/&8/! ,0:(&%$/! .,8/(%6/! ! Q ! ./! -0/$/! 7)! $/-/$%()&! C1 +! .)*! $/-/$%()&,*! :! Q = 50,0 µC ! ,! I',! /*! $/-/$%(N.$%/*! 7)*! $/-/$%()&,*! *?)+!
0%8/7/! -,0)! 9%)! /)! -).()! E+! /-/&,$,&F+! -)&! %.7'>?)+! '#/! $/&8/! %8'/0! ,! 7,! *%./0! &,*-,$(%6/#,.(,+! C1 = 5,0 µF +! C2 = 6,0 µF ,! C3 = 3,0 µF +! $/0$'0,! /! 7%9,&,.>/! 7,!
$).(&F&%)! + Q ! ./! -0/$/! 7/! 7%&,%(/! 7)! $/-/$%()&<! G)#)! ,*(/! -0/$/! ,*(F! 0%8/7/! -)&! -)(,.$%/0! .)*! (,&#%./%*! 7,! $/7/! $/-/$%()&! ,! /! $/-/$%(N.$%/! ,I'%6/0,.(,! 7/!
)'(&)! 9%)+! H! -0/$/! 7/! ,*I',&7/! 7)! $/-/$%()&! C 2 +! (/#2:#! -)&! %.7'>?)! /-/&,$,&F! /**)$%/>?)<!
'#/! $/&8/! ! Q ! .,*(/! -0/$/<! =)6/#,.(,! -)&! %.7'>?)+! *'&8%&F! '#/! $/&8/! + Q ! ./!
-0/$/! 7/! 7%&,%(/! 7)! $/-/$%()&! C 2 . C**%#+! =>$ ?=@A=>$ B=>$ CD=?=>$ EF>$ ?=C=?GHF@I>$
!
>I@JF$ GAK=G>$ IL$ LMEKDF<! J! ,*(,! )! &/$%)$1.%)! *%#-0,*! I',! 0,6/! H*! ,E-&,**K,*!
'*'/0#,.(,!7,7';%7/*!.)*!$'&*)*!,0,#,.(/&,*<!L/$%)$%.,!*,#-&,!)!#/%*!I',!-'7,&! B%8'&/!@A<P3!C**)$%/>?)!7,!$/-/$%()&,*!
,!(,.(,!BJF$EI?F@=@$,**/*!,E-&,**K,*<!
222 223
!"#$%&"'( Q2
! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C 2 = . !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
"#$%&!'(#)!
"Vxz
!
Q 50,0 µ C !!!!!!!!!*! ;AD@A( E"EA#! CA>( I#A;A>( B">( ;AIA;?E"D=>! J( A( >"<A( BA>( ;AD@A>( C">(
V1 = = = 10,0 V
C1 5,0 µ F ;AIA;?E"D=>(?CB?K?B$A?>)!
Q 50,0 µ C !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Q = Q1 + Q2 , !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

V2 = = = 8,3 V
C2 6,0 µ F #!#&&,!4!,!+,6;,!9%!+,-,+./%6!#'(.2,3#1/#>!
Q 50,0 µ C *!+,-,+./01+.,!#'(.2,3#1/#!4!9,9,!-%6)!
V31 = = = 16,7 V
C3 3,0 µ F
Q C "V + C 2 "Vxz
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C = = 1 xz , !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
*!+,-,+./01+.,!#'(.2,3#1/#!4)! "Vxz "Vxz
!
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 %(!&#K,7!
= + + = + + = (0,20 + 0,17 + 0,33) ( µ F ) !1 = 0,70 ( µ F ) !1
C C1 C 2 C 3 5,0 µ F 6,0 µ F 3,0 µ F
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C = C1 + C 2 . !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!L<=>?M!
%()! C = 1,4µ F !
!!!!!!!!!N,6,!+,-,+./%6#&!3.;,9%&!#$!-,6,3#3%7!,!+,-,+./01+.,!9%!+,-,+./%6!#'(.2,3#1/#!
! J(>=<ID=(<A?"D(B"(L$=(A>(;AIA;?EMC;?A>(?CB?K?B$A?>>!
)*+,(-(.!!/01.23/(45(6.7.848/(94(0.6.01:/74!( !
(
4N4568/()*+,(
5&! +,-,+./%6#&! #$!-,6,3#3%7!#&/8%!.3(&/6,9%&!1,!:.;(6,!<=>?>!@%+A!+%1&#;(#!
O,3+(3#! ,! +,-,+./01+.,! #'(.2,3#1/#! 9%! +.6+(./%! $%&/6,9%! 1,! :.;(6,! <=>=7! 1,&!
-#1&,6!1#&/,!+,&%!%!'(#!2,.!&#6!;"<$<!,%&!9%.&!+,-,+./%6#&B!C%/#!#$!&#;(.9,!'(#!
&#;(.1/#&!+%19.EP#&)!,M!*!+Q,2#! S !#&/G!,R#6/,S!RM!*!+Q,2#! S !#&/G!:#+Q,9,>!
#&&#!4!%!.1;6#9.#1/#!:D&.+%!9,!9#$%1&/6,E8%!9,!:F6$(3,!$,/#$G/.+,>!C8%!,!9#+%6#H!
4#=>( >&"( #?@AB">( B=( <AC=?DA( A( =>EAD=<( >$F<=E?B">( G( <=><A(

B?H=D=C%A(B=(I"E=C;?A#+((
I.;(6,!<=>=)!*&&%+.,E8%!9#!+,-,+./%6#&>!
!/8O23/'(
(
I.;(6,!<=>?)!*&&%+.,E8%!#$!-,6,3#3%!9#!+,-,+./%6#&>( ,M! C%&! #T#6+D+.%&! #12%32#19%! 2G6.%&! +,-,+./%6#&! ,! -6.$#.6,! +%.&,! ,! :,U#6! 4!
.9#1/.:.+,6!'(,.&!#&/8%!3.;,9%&!#$!&46.#!#!'(,.&!#&/8%!3.;,9%&!#$!-,6,3#3%>!C%!+,&%!
J1/8%7!-%9#$%&!#&+6#2#6!'(#)!
,+.$,7!+%$!,!+Q,2#! S !,R#6/,7!2#$%&!.$#9.,/,$#1/#!'(#! C1 !#! C4 !#&/8%!#$!&46.#!#!
Q1
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C1 = !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C2 !#! C3 !/,$R4$!#&/8%!#$!&46.#>!5&!+,-,+./%6#&!#'(.2,3#1/#&!,! C1 !#! C4 !#!,! C2 !#!
"Vxz
C 3 !#&/,68%!#$!-,6,3#3%>!J1/8%7!-6.$#.6%!-6#+.&,$%&!9,&!+,-,+./01+.,&!#'(.2,3#1/#&!
#!
224 225
!"#$%&'&%()"*+#$+,$#-*(+.$ /'L#$8,$'"8%"$!+$F30+?*&$#(,'3+#$"?)+,"#.$
1 1 1 C1C 4 (C1 + C2 )(C3 + C4 )

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ = + ! C1,4 = $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ C = . $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
C1,4 C1 C 4 C1 + C 4 (C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 )
+$ 9")+$ :8+;$ "8)*&$ 2+=;$ "$ 3(,()+$ !+$ )"!"#$ "#$ %&'&%()"*+#$ (08&(#$ M+$ (08&(#$ &$ C" B$ 1"#$
7"*1+%+.$
1 1 1 C 2 C3
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ = + ! C 2,3 = . $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
C 2,3 C 2 C3 C 2 + C3 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ C = C ". $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
/0"*&$+##+#$1"2"#$!"(#$%&'&%()"*+#$ C1,4 $+$ C 2,3 $!+2+,$#+*$&##"%(&!"#$+,$'&*&3+3"4$
5"*)&1)"$&$%&'&%()61%(&$7(1&3$*+#83)&1)+$-$!&!&$'"*.$
!"#$#%!%&'()*('
C1C4 CC
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ C = C1,4 + C2,3 = + 2 3 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /$7(08*&$NO4P$,"#)*&$8,&$&##"%(&EI"$!+$%&'&%()"*+#4$@&?+1!"$:8+$&$ !(7+*+1E&$!+$
C1 + C4 C2 + C3
'")+1%(&3$ 1"#$ )+*,(1&(#$ !"#$ 7("#$ -$ NQ;Q$ R$ +$ :8+$ &#$ %&'&%()61%(&#$ !"#$ %&'&%()"*+#$
9")+$ :8+$ #+$ )"!"#$ "#$ %&'&%()"*+#$ )(2+*+,$ &$ ,+#,&$ %&'&%()61%(&$
#I";$ *+#'+%)(2&,+1)+;$ C1 = 5,0 µF ;$ C2 = 6,0 µF +$ C3 = 3,0 µF ;$ %&3%83+$ &$ %&*0&$ +,$
C1 = C 2 = C 3 = C 4 = C " ;$)+*+,"#.$
%&!&$%&'&%()"*$+$&$%&'&%()61%(&$+:8(2&3+1)+$!&$&##"%(&EI"4$
2 2
C" C"
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ C = + = C ". $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
2C " 2C "
<&=+*$ 3(,()+#$ #(,'3+#$ '&*&$ )+#)&*$ &$ *+#'"#)&$ &$ :8&3$ %>+0&,"#$ -$ #+,'*+$ 8,&$ ?"&$
+#)*&)-0(&$'&*&$&%>&*$+**"#$!+$%"1)&4$@+$>"82+*$&308,$+**"$!+$%"1)&;$+,$?"&$'&*)+$ $
!&#$2+=+#;$+3+$'"!+$#+*$!+)+%)&!"$7&=+1!"A#+$8,$3(,()+$%"1>+%(!"4$
<(08*&$NO4P.$/##"%(&EI"$+,$'&*&3+3"$!+$%&'&%()"*+#
?B$C$:8+$,8!&$:8&1!"$7+%>&,"#$&$%>&2+$ S D$/$!(7+*+1E&$!+$'")+1%(&3$+1)*+$ C1 $+$

&+&,-./'()*0'
C 2 $ #+*F$ &$ ,+#,&;$ 1+##&#$ %"1!(EG+#;$ (#)"$ (,'3(%&$ (,+!(&)&,+1)+$ :8+$ "$ %"1H81)"$$
J&3%83+$&$%&'&%()6%(&$+:8(2&3+1)+$!"#$%&'&%()"*+#$+,$#-*(+$!&$7(08*&$NO4S;$+,$:8+$
+#)&*F$ +,$'&*&3+3";$&##(,$%","$ C 3 $+$ C 4 4$C#$*+#'+%)(2"#$%&'&%()"*+#$ +:8(2&3+1)+#$
&$ #+EI"$ (1)+*1&$ )+,$ %",'*(,+1)"$ !;$ '"!+1!"$ #+$ ,"2(,+1)&*$ 2+*)(%&3,+1)+4$
+#)&*I"$+,$#-*(+$8,&$2+=$:8+$&$!(7+*+1E&$!+$'")+1%(&3$+1)*+$+3+#$!+2+$#+*$&$#",&$ T"#)*+$:8+$&$%&'&%()61%(&$+:8(2&3+1)+$1I"$!+'+1!+$!&$'"#(EI"$!&$#+EI"$%+1)*&34$
!&#$!(7+*+1E&#$!+$'")+1%(&3$!"#$%&'&%()"*+#$+:8(2&3+1)+#4$
J&3%83+,"#$+1)I";$'*(,+(*"$&$%&'&%()61%(&$+:8(2&3+1)+$+1)*+$ C1 $+$ C2 $+$+1)*+$
C 3 $+$ C4 .$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ C1,2 = C1 + C 2 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
+.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ C 3,.4 = C 3 + C 4 . $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

$
<(08*&$NO4S.$J&'&%()"*+#$+,$#-*(+$
+$'+3"$*&%("%K1("$&%(,&.$
'
1 1 1 1 1 1/.234/5$ $ U+,"#$ !"(#$ %&'&%()"*+#$ +,$ #-*(+V$ "$ '*(,+(*"$ %"1#(#)+$ 1&$ '3&%&#$
$ = + = + $
C C1,2 C3,4 C1 + C2 C3 + C4 #8'+*("*+#$+$"$#+081!";$1&#$(17+*("*+#4$U+,"#;$+1)I";:8+.$
226 227
1 1 1 '+42+&# x #"# z #$# Vxz = 50V A#
= +
C C1 C2
!"#!#$#%#&"'%(%)*+#,%&#'-%.%&#&/'"(0+("&1#%#.%'%.0234.0%#,+#.%'%.02+(#&/'"(0+(#$5# %?#H"2"(904"#%#.%'%.0234.0%#":/0<%-"42"#,"&&%#.+9I04%)*+A#
!0 A
C1 =
h I?#M%-./-"#+#9;,/-+#,%#.%(C%#"9#.%,%#.%'%.02+(A#
6#%#,+#.%'%.02+(#047"(0+(#$5#
!0 A .?#H"2"(904"#%#,07"("4)%#,"#'+2"4.0%-#"42("#+&#'+42+&# x #"# y A#
C2 = #
a " (b + h)
642*+5#
1 h a "b"h a "b
= + =
C !0A !0 A !0 A
804%-9"42"5#
!0 A
C=
a "b #
6&2%# ":/%)*+# 9+&2(%# :/"# %# .%'%.0234.0%# 4*+# ,"'"4,"# ,%# '+&0)*+# ,%# &")*+# 9;<"-#
80C/(%#DEAL#%&&+.0%)*+#,"#2(K&#.%'%.02+("&
."42(%-=# "-%# ,"'"4,"# %'"4%&# ,%# ,09"4&*+# -04"%(# >"?# ,"&2%# &")*+# "# ,%# &"'%(%)*+#
>#?#"42("#%&#'-%.%&#70@%&A
!"#$#%!%&'()*+'
B/%2(+# .%'%.02+("&# ,"# .%'%.0234.0%&# C1 = 5,0 µF , C 2 = 5,0 µF 1# C3 = 3,2 µF "#
C 4 = 3,2 µF # "&2*+# "9# /9# .0(./02+# .+47+(9"# 9+&2(%# %# 70C/(%# DEAFA# G# ,07"("4)%# ,"#
'+2"4.0%-# "42("# +&# '+42+&# x # "# z # $# Vxz = 50V A# H"2"(904"# %# .%'%.0234.0%#
":/0<%-"42"#,"&&%#.+9I04%)*+A#
80C/(%#DEAF#%&&+.0%)*+#,"#:/%2(+#.%'%.02+("&
!"#$#%!%&'()*,'
J(K&#.%'%.02+("&#,"#.%'%.0234.0%&# C1 = 5,0 µF , C 2 = 5,0 µF #"# C3 = 3,2 µF #"&2*+#"9#

/9# .0(./02+# .+47+(9"# 9+&2(%# %# 70C/(%# DEALA# G# ,07"("4)%# ,"# '+2"4.0%-# "42("# +&#
228 229
!"#$%#&'#(()%*"+&','#((,'#(('&-.-,',"#($!%$%#&'#( 'B!:%!&'('&)*#+,%! C1 !,! C2 ,%*-#!,$!('+'.,.#!,1*+,!%)!,!,$!%5+),!&#$!#!&'('&)*#+! C3
(
'&-.-,',"(/01/( ;!<1*-#!'!&'('&)*01&)'!,23)4'.,1*,!9,%%'!&#$?)1'C-#!56!
!
"#$#!#%!&'('&)*#+,%!,%*-#!,$!('+'.,.#/!'!&'('&)*01&)'!,23)4'.,1*,!56! 1 1 1
!
= + !
C eq C1 + C 2 C3
C = C1 + C2 + C3 = 5,0 µF + 56,0 µF + 3,0 µF = 14,0 µF !
! 1 1 1
7!&'+8'!,$!&'9'!&'('&)*#+!56! = + !
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322 323
$ 12,0 V D'0-4.0'.36+640.'B':3.;0..+20':37)';0..3143' i R /'<-3'B@'
if = = = 6,67 ! 10 # 2 A = 66,7 mA. !""#$%&'
Rs 180,0 "
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'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' i R = = = 0,2 A = 200 mA. '
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RS 2 120,0 "
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324 325
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= + = = #
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1 1 1 1 21 1
= + + = = # # ####################### RS 2 a = 50 ! + 50 ! = 100 !
R S 50 ! 50 ! 80 ! 400 ! 19 !
############!#0*"'"/14&'$#/%/$A#FC#
%7C# RS = 19 ! .#
1 1 1 18 1
# J"/*"# 2%'"# 0*"7A/$2%"# '42*+*42*.# 2$# %02*.# *.# G7*# "5%# &%A%&$2%"# %"# = + = =
R PSa 80 ! 100 ! 800 44,4 !
2'3*0*4/*"#0*"'"/%0*"9#
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#
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>:D#E$# +0'.*'0$# "'/7$(5%# %# 0*"'"/%0# 2*# KL ! # F# %# +0'.*'0%# 0*"'"/%0<# *.# "F0'*# $#PA/'.$#"'/7$(5%C#
&%.# %# &%4M74/%# 2%"# 2%'"# 0*"'"/%0*"# 2*# NL ! # $""%&'$2%"# *.# +$0$A*A%9#
# ###################### RS 2b = 80 ! + 50 ! = 130 ! ####
O*.%"#*4/5%<#&%.%#4%#*H*.+A%#889:<#
1 1 1 1 ###########*#$#0*"'"/14&'$#/%/$A#FC#
= + =
RP 2 a 50 ! 50 ! 25 ! 1 1 1 18
# ################# = + = ##
RPSb 50 ! 130 ! 650 !
########################%7C######################### RP 2 a = 25 ! #
##########%7# RPSb = 36,1 ! #9#
########################!#0*"'"/14&'$#*G7'-$A*4/*#/%/$A#"*0BC#
# J"/*"#2%'"#0*"7A/$2%"#+%2*.#"*0#*4&%4/0$2%"#7"$42%#$#*G7$(5%#889:S9#
# ################################### RSPa = 80 + 25 = 105 ! #9#
# #
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J.# 0*"7.%<# %"# -$A%0*"# *4&%4/0$2%"<# &%.# /%2$"# $"# "*'"# &%43'670$()*"# +%"",-*'"#
0*"'"/%0*"#2*#NL ! #*#*""*#&%4M74/%#F#A'6$2%#*.#"F0'*#$%#%7/0%#0*"'"/%0#2*#
3%0$.#:KL ! <#:T ! <#:LN ! ,#KL<K ! <#UU<U ! #*#=V<: ! 9#
%#0*"'"/%0#2*#NL ! 9#!""'.#/*.%"C#
326 327
!"#$#%!%&'(()(' , J$.), *'$*), /"(('#.', -'(/"((', ", ('$%$."(, &', "%.'#.), "D*$, ', $', &%=%&', '*,
' &;)$,/"(('#.'$,%&3#.%/)$,:;',-'(/"(('*,"$,('$%$."('$,&',/%#:C'#.),"D*$>,
!"#$%&'()*"$+,-(%*'%()*'#.',),)$$"/%)01",'*,$2(%',&"$,.(3$,('$%$."('$4, iSPa
, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, i SPa80 = i SPa = 114 mA ,', iSPa50 = = 57,1 mA 4,
, 2
56, 7'$.', /)$"+, "$, .(3$, ('$%$."('$, ', ), 8"#.', $1", -'(/"((%&"$, -'9), *'$*), /"(('#.'+, K6 7), $'@;#&), "-01", ", ('$%$."(, &', /%#:C'#.), "D*$, 2, /"9"/)&", '*, $2(%', /"*, ),
:;', 2, &)&), -'9), ()<1", '#.(', ), 8"(0), '9'.("*".(%<, ', ), ('$%$.3#/%), ':;%=)9'#.', #", )$$"/%)01", '*, -)()9'9", &", ('$%$."(, &', "%.'#.), "D*$, /"*, ", ";.(", ('$%$."(, &',
/%(/;%.">, /%#:C'#.),"D*$4,5,/"(('#.',:;',).()='$$),),8"#.',',",-(%*'%(",('$%$."(,2,&)&)+,
/"*",$'*-('+,-'9),8'*,&%=%&%&),-'9),('$%$.3#/%),&),)$$"/%)01">,
% 12 V
, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, i S = = = 6,67 " 10 $ 2 ! 66,7 mA 4,
RS 180 # 12 V
, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, i SPb = i SPb1 = = 1,49 " 10 =1 A ! 149 mA 4,
80,8 #
?6,!"*,"$,.(3$,('$%$."('$,'*,-)()9'9"+,),/"(('#.',:;',-)$$),-'9),8'*,2>,
, E$, &"%$, ('$%$."('$, )$$"/%)&"$, '*, -)()9'9", '$.1", $;F*'.%&"$, G, .'#$1",
% & 1 1 1 # 12 V -("&;<%&),-'9),8"#.',$;F.()L&),&),:;'&),&',.'#$1",#",-(%*'%(",('$%$."(4,J$.),:;'&),
iP = = 12 V " $$ + + !! = = 6,3 " 10 $1 A ! 630 mA 4,
RP % 50 # 50 # 80 # " 19 # 2, &)&), -'9), ('$%$.3#/%), &", -(%*'%(", ('$%$."(, *;9.%-9%/)&), -'9), /"(('#.', :;', ",
).()='$$)>,
, !)&), ('$%$."(, 2, -'(/"((%&", -"(, ;*), /"(('#.', %@;)9, )", =)9"(, &), 8'*, &%=%&%&",
-"(,$;),-(A-(%),('$%$.3#/%)4, , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, VSPb1 = R1 iSP = 7,43V 4,
, B$$", $%@#%8%/), :;', /)&), ('$%$."(, &', /%#:C'#.), "D*$, 2, -'(/"((%&", -"(, ;*),
, 5$,/"(('#.'$,#"$,&"%$,";.("$,('$%$."('$,$'(1"+,-"(.)#.">,
/"(('#.'>,
(12 $ 7,43) V
12 V , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, i SPb 2 = = 5,8 " 10 $ 2 A ! 58 mA ,
, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, i P 50 = = 2,4 " 10 $1 A ! 240 mA +, 80 #
50 #
',
'#:;)#.",",('$%$."(,&',"%.'#.),"D*$,2,-'(/"((%&",-'9),/"(('#.'>,
(12 $ 7,43) V
12 V , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, i SPb 3 = = 9,1 " 10 $ 2 A = 91 mA 4,
, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, i P 80 = = 1,5 " 10 $1 A ! 150 mA 4, 50 #
80 #
,
, EF=%)*'#.'+,),$"*),&'$$)$,.(3$,/"(('#.'$,2,%@;)9,G,/"(('#.',:;',-)$$),-'9),
J6 7), )$$"/%)01", &), 8%@;(), HH4IF+, /"#$%&'()#&", ", ('$%$."(, &', "%.'#.), "D*$, '*,
8"#.'4,
-)()9'9", /"*, ), )$$"/%)01", '*, $2(%',&"$, &"%$, &', /%#:C'#.), "D*$, ),/"(('#.', #),
,
8"#.',2,
!6,7),8%@;(),HH4I),/"#$%&'()*"$+,/"*",-(%*'%(),"-01"+,",('$%$."(,&',"%.'#.),"D*$,
% 12 V
9%@)&", '*, $2(%', /"*, ), )$$"/%)01", '*, -)()9'9", &"$, &"%$, ('$%$."('$, &', /%#:C'#.), i PSa = = = 2,70 " 10 $1 A ! 270 mA ,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
R PSa 44,4 #
"D*$4,
,
, 5, /"(('#.', :;', -'(/"((', ), 8"#.', 2, &)&), -"(, $;), 8"(0), '9'.("*".(%<, &%=%&%&),
-'9),('$%$.3#/%),':;%=)9'#.',&'$.),)$$"/%)01">,, ,,,E,('$%$."(,&',"%.'#.),"D*$,2,-'(/"((%&",-'9),/"(('#.'>,
12 V % 12 V
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, i SPa = = 1,14 " 10 $ 2 A ! 114 mA 4, i PSa 80 = = = 1,5 " 10 $1 A ! 150 mA ,
105 # ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
R PSa 80#
328 329
!"#$%"&'('()!*&%"&!(+%(,'))!"&!(-%**%(-')(%./'*('*()!*0*&')!*(+!(,0"#1!"&%('2.*3( #*#&+,+-'%!(#!.-*)/0'!
( ((((((((((((((((((( i PSa 50 = iPSa ! iPSa80 = (270 ! 150) mA = 120 mA 4( 5MM4GC( T.( )!*0*&')( +!( HM $ ( 9( 70:%+'( !.( -%)%7!7'( ,'.( $.( )!*0*&')( +!( MI $ ( !( '(
,'"U$"&'( 9( ,'"!,&%+'( %( $.%( <'"&!( +!( &!"*@'( +!( MVI( W4( X%C( R$%7( 9( %( )!*0*&?",0%(
(
!#$08%7!"&!( +%(%**',0%=@'(!.(-%)%7!7'O(X/C(R$%7(9(%(,'))!"&!(&'&%7( +%(,'./0"%=@'(
( 5*&!( 67&0.'( 8%7')( 9( 0:$%7( ;( <')=%( !7!&)'.'&)0>( +080+0+%( -!7%( )!*0*&?",0%( !.(-%)%7!7'O(X,C(R$%7(9(%(,'))!"&!(%&)%89*(+!(,%+%()!*0*&')O(
!#$08%7!"&!(;(+%(%**',0%=@'A(!.(*9)0!A(+!(+'0*()!*0*&')!*(+!(,0"#1!"&%('2.*4(
5MM4MC( Y'*&)!( #$!( #$%"+'( +'0*( )!*0*&')!*( *@'( 70:%+'*( !.( -%)%7!7'A( %( )!*0*&?",0%(
( !#$08%7!"&!( +%( ,'./0"%=@'( 9( *!.-)!( .!"')( +'( #$!( %( )!*0*&?",0%( +!( #$%7#$!)( $.(
BC D'"*0+!)%.'*A( <0"%7.!"&!A( $.( )!*0*&')( +!( ,0"#1!"&%( '2.*( 70:%+'( !.( -%)%7!7'( +'*()!*0*&')!*4(
,'.(%(%**',0%=@'(!.(*9)0!(+'()!*0*&')(+!('0&!"&%('2.*(,'.('('$&)'()!*0*&')(+!( 5MM4HC( E( ,'))!"&!( !.( $.( ,0),$0&'( +!( $.%( .%72%( !( $.%( )!*0*&?",0%( R ( 9( ZAI( E4(
,0"#1!"&%('2.*4( R$%"+'( $.%( )!*0*&?",0%( +!( MAI $ ( 9( 70:%+%( !.( *9)0!( ,'.( R A( %( ,'))!"&!( +0.0"$0(
5",'"&)%.'*(%(,'))!"&!(#$!(%&)%8!**%(%(<'"&!(+080+0"+'(%(<')=%(!7!&)'.'&)0>( -%)%(VAI(E4(R$%7('(8%7')(+!( R O(
-!7%()!*0*&?",0%(!#$08%7!"&!(+%(%**',0%=@'3(
5MM4VC([)?*()!*0*&')!*(+!(GA\I $ A(MAVI $ (!(VA]I $ (*@'(70:%+'*(!.(-%)%7!7'(%($.%(
% 12 V /%&!)0%( +!( M]AI( W( #$!( -'**$0( )!*0*&?",0%( 0"&!)"%( +!*-)!>F8!74( D%7,$7!( X%C( %(
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( i PSb = = = 3,3 # 10 !1 A " 330 mA 4(
RPSb 36,1 $ )!*0*&?",0%(!#$08%7!"&!(+%(,'./0"%=@'A(X/C(%(,'))!"&!(%&)%89*(+!(,%+%()!*0*&')A(X,C(
%(,'))!"&!(&'&%7(%&)%89*(+%( /%&!)0%A(X+C(%(8'7&%:!.( %&)%89*(+!(,%+%()!*0*&')A( X!C(%(
( E(,'))!"&!("'(-)0.!0)'()!*0*&')(+!(,0"#1!"&%('2.*(9(%(!"#(+080+0+%(-')(!*&%(
!"!):0%(+0**0-%+%(!.(,%+%()!*0*&')4(
)!*0*&?",0%( !( %( ,'))!"&!( #$!( -%**%( -!7'( )!*0*&')( +!( '0&!"&%( '2.*( !( -!7'( *!:$"+'(
)!*0*&')( +!( ,0"#1!"&%( '2.*( 9( %( ,'))!"&!( &'&%7( *$/&)%F+%( +%( ,'))!"&!( #$!( -%**%( "'( 5MM4ZC( T.%( 7^.-%+%( +!( \I( _( !( GMI( W( !( '$&)%( 7^.-%+%( +!( MII( _( !( GMI( W( *@'(
-)0.!0)'( )!*0*&')( '$( %( <')=%( !7!&)'.'&)0>( +080+0+%( -!7%( )!*0*&?",0%( !#$08%7!"&!( +%( ,'"!,&%+%*( !.( *9)0!( ,'.( $.%( <'"&!( +!( MVI( W4( `%/!.'*( #$!( %*( )!*0*&?",0%*( +%*(
70:%=@'(!.(*9)0!A(#$!(9(+!(GHI(J3( 7^.-%+%*( "@'( 8%)0%.( ,'.( %( ,'))!"&!4( X%C( D%7,$7!( %( ,'))!"&!( #$!( -%**%( "%*(
7^.-%+%*( !( X/C( +!&!).0"!( %( -'&?",0%( +0**0-%+%( !.( ,%+%( 7^.-%+%4( a/*!)8%=@'3( E(
% 12 V
( ((((((((((((((((((((((((( i SB 50 = = = 2,4 # 10 !1 A " 240 mA 4( +!*,)0=@'( +%( 7^.-%+%( <')"!,!( %( -'&?",0%( #$!( !7%( +0**0-%( #$%"+'( 9( 70:%+%( ;(
R50 50$
+0<!)!"=%(+!(-'&!",0%7(!*-!,0<0,%+%4(
% 12 V
( (((((((((((((((((( i SB130 = = i PSb ! i PSb 50 = = 9,23 # 10 ! 2 A " 923 mA 4(
R130 130 $
"#$%#!#!&#%"'$()!
KLMM4GC( K')( #$!( %*( 7$>!*( +!( $.( %$&'.N8!7( <0,%.( ,'.( -'$,%( 0"&!"*0+%+!( "'(
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KLMM4MC(E*(7$>!*(+!($.%(,%*%(,%!.(+!(0"&!"*0+%+!("'(.'.!"&'(!.(#$!(70:%.'*(%(
.P#$0"%(+!(7%8%)('$($.(<!))'(!79&)0,'4(K')(#$?O(
KLMM4HC( 5.($.%( 7%"&!)"%( ,'.( +$%*( -072%*A(!7%*( *@'( :!)%7.!"&!( 70:%+%*( !.( *9)0!4(
K')(#$!("@'(70:PQ7%*(!.(-%)%7!7'O(R$%7(*!)0%($.%(-'**F8!7(8%"&%:!.("%(,'"!S@'(+!(
-072%*(0+?"&0,%*(!.(-%)%7!7'O(
330 331
!"#!$%&$$'()'"(*+,$-.$/!(,$-.$"/!$/!#0!$ "+! ,*),$*'+! .#! ?*;$)#! FG9H! '(/+-! ')3-! ,+))(&'(-! .*-'*&'#-! (! .(8(/+-!
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332 333
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'
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 6,0 = (R S + 6,0 ) $ 10
!2
A. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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'
###################################### Rsp = 5,9 " 10 2 !. ###########################################+,-*./#
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############################################ R = 1,78 " 10 !. ############################################
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rG iG max
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i max # iG max
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+,-*L/# R p #6<@&'#&#,IJ?#JI,#"#J#:"R"$#)#:&')5#!"#G?#4&#"A@&=>)#,V*LB#
K)3#)#H&1)5#JI,#"4%)415&3)$# Rssp = 2,62 " 10 3 ! #"#1"3)$#)#H@4!)#!"#"$%&'&B# & 6 #

######################## i ps = $ + 1! " 10 = 5,05 " 10 3 A #
% 0,121 "
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######################## i sp = $ + 1! " 10 = 2,30 " 10 #3 A #
% 0,273 "
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3
& 6 #
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3 #2
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! ln % "= . !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%E'!
& q 0 # RC
!
! F)/4*).2!G5+-;*4+642!4.,04=40!-!,-01-!+)!,-3-,56)0!,)*)!G8+9:)!/)!64*3)!4!
,!-&%./0&1'S+5,5-;*4+64!4+,)+60-*).!)!=-;)0!/-!,)+.6-+64!/4!64*3)!/)!,50,856)B!
.8-!/405=-/-!64*3)0-;!784!>!-!,)004+64B!
!t
! RC = ( 200" ) # (3,00 # 10 3 µF ) = 200 # 2 # 10 ! 3 = 0,600s. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%H#'!!!!!
! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! q (t ) = q 0 e RC
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%HI'!
!!!!!!!!!!!
4! \4! -,)0/)! ,)*! -! 478-9:)! #$%HH2! )! =-;)0! *RK5*)! /-! ,)004+64! >! )! /-! ,)004+64!
!t
q 0 RC 5+5,5-;%!()*)! q 0 / C !>!-!64+.:)!5+5,5-;2!784!>!*RK5*-2!=4*).!784B!
! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! i =! e . !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%HH'!
RC
! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! i max = V0 / R = 10 / 200 = 50,0mA. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%HM'!
! J! ,-01-! +)! ,-3-,56)0! /5*5+85! 4K3)+4+,5-;*4+642! 1)=40+-/-! 34;-! *4.*-!
S18-;-+/)!-!4K3)+4+,5-;!+-784;-!478-9:)!-!I2#!"#IN'!4+,)+60-*).!)!5+640=-;)!/4!
,)+.6-+64! /4! 64*3)! /)! 30),4..)! /4! ,-01-%! L-+6)! -! ,-01-! 78-+6)! -! ,)004+64!
64*3)!/80-+64!)!78-;!-!,<-=4!340*-+4,4!+-!3).59:)!?@A2!4+78-+6)!)!,-3-,56)0!.4!
/5*5+84*!3-0-!-;1)!4*!60)+)!/4!M&N!/4!.48!=-;)0!5+5,5-;!4*!8*!5+640=-;)!518-;!-!
/4.,-0041-2!5.6)!>B!
8*-!,)+.6-+64!/4!64*3)%!
! t
! J! ,)004+64! 64*2! 4*! ,-/-! 5+.6-+642! 8*! =-;)0! 518-;! O! /5G404+9-! /4! 3)64+,5-;2! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0,2 = e Rc
( t = RC ln (5) = 1,61RC = 0,966 s %!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%H]'!
q (t ) / C 2! -3;5,-/-!-)! 04.5.6)02! /5=5/5/-! 34;)! =-;)0! /-! 04.5.6P+,5-%! Q.64! 04.8;6-/)! >!)!
J3Z.! 4.64! 64*3)2! 4*! 784! -! /5G404+9-! /4! 3)64+,5-;! +)! ,-3-,56)0! ,-5! 3-0-! #IN! /-!!
4.340-/)2!3)5.2!,)*)!G)5!04650-/-!-!G)+64!/)!,50,856)2!-34+-.!-! /5G404+9-!/4!3)64+,5-;!
5+5,5-;2!)8!.4^-2!#2II!!2!-!,<-=4!3-..-!3-0-!-!3).59:)!?-A2!4!)!,-3-,56)0!3-..-!-!.40!
/)!,-3-,56)0!>!-!04.3)+.R=4;!34;-!,)004+64!784!340,)004!)!04.5.6)0%!
,-0041-/)%!
! J;>*!/5..)2!)!.5+-;! /-! ,)004+64!4+,)+60-/-!>!+41-65=)%!S.6)! 784! 5+/5,-!7842!
!S18-;-+/)!4..-!*4.*-!4K3)+4+,5-;!-!I2_!)@64*).!)!5+640=-;)!/4!64*3)2! $ t a 2!4*!
/80-+64!-!/4.,-01-2!-!,)004+64!784!340,)004!)!,50,856)!64*2!,)*)!>!/4!.4!4.340-02!)!
784!-!;U*3-/-!340*-+4,4!-,4.-!/80-+64!-!/4.,-01-B!
.4+65/)!,)+60R05)!-)!5+/5,-/)!+-!G5180-!#$%H%!
! t
! !!!!!!!!! 0,5 =e Rc
( $ t a = RC ln(2 ) = 0,693RC = 0,416 s %!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%H_'!
!"!#$%&'()*+' \4..-! G)0*-! -! ;U*3-/-! 340*-+4,4! -3-1-/-! 3)0! 8*! 5+640=-;)! /4! 64*3)! 518-;! -!
Q*! /4640*5+-/)! .5.64*-! ?35.,-T35.,-A! 8.-T.4! 8*! ,50,856)! ,)*)! )! /-! G5180-! #$%H2! 0,916 RC = 0,550 s %!!
4*!784!)!04.5.6)0!>2!+-!=40/-/42!8*-!34784+-!;U*3-/-!4!-!,<-=4!>!8*!/5.3).565=)!
F-0-!4+,)+60-0*).!)!64*3)!/4!,-01-!/)!,-3-,56)0!/4=4*).!5+6410-0!-!478-9:)!#$%H!
-86)*R65,)!784!-;640+-!.8-!3).59:)2!6)/-!=4V!784!-!,)004+64!/5*5+85!3-0-!=5+64!3)0!
8.-+/)! ,)*)! ;5*564! 5+G405)0! /-! ,-01-2! .48! =-;)0! 78-+/)! )! 3)64+,5-;! -65+14! )! =-;)0!
357 358
!"#$!%&'(&'%$)&*%+,)-&.&/()0+,1'%&23&
&
10
C" ! q !t
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =e RC
. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&456-768&
C" ! q min 8
Tensão (V)
9(1//1#:1#'%& %)& ,(/!%)& '(),1& (;01<=%& (#>%#,/1!%)& 1& >1/?1& 4%0& %& @%,(#>$1+8& #%&
6
>1@1>$,%/3&
q mim + (C" ! q min )&$1 ! e RC #!. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&456-7A8&

!t
& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& q = 4
% "
B(/$*1#'%&(!&/(+1<=%&1%&,(!@%&(#>%#,/1!%)&1&(C@/())=%&@1/1&1&>%//(#,(3& 2
" ! Vmin !t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& i = e RC
. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&456-7D8&
R Tempo (s)
E%'(!%)& *(/& ;0(F& )(#'%& 5FGG& !& 1& ,(#)=%& !"#$!1& (& 75FG& !& 1& H(!& '%& >$/>0$,%F& 1& &
>%//(#,(& !IC$!1& '0/1#,(& 1& >1/?1& '%& >1@1>$,%/& 2& 1& !()!1& ;0(& (#>%#,/1!%)& #1& W$?0/1&56-Q3&&J&,(#)=%&#%&>1@1>$,%/&*1/$1&(#,/(&%&*1+%/&!"#$!%&'(&5FG&!&1%&*1+%/&!IC$!%&'(&
'()>1/?1-&J&>%//(#,(&>1$/I&@1/1&5GK&'(),(&*1+%/&(!&0!&$#,(/*1+%&'(&,(!@%&$'L#,$>%& 7G&!F&1+$!(#,1'%&@%/&0!1&H(!&'(&75&!&(&>%#,/%+1'%&@%/&0!1&>V1*(&10,%!I,$>1&;0(&1+,(/#1&
1%& '1& '()>1/?1F& ;0(& 2& ,(!@%& #(>())I/$%& @1/1& 1& (C@%#(#>$1+& 1,$#?$/& %& *1+%/& GF5-& )01&@%+1/$'1'(&;01#'%&1&,(#)=%&1,$#?(&%)&*1+%/()&+$!$,()-&
M)1#'%& (),(&*1+%/& '1& (C@%#(#>$1+& #1& (C@/())=%& '1& >1/?1& (#>%#,/1!%)&%&@%,(#>$1+&

!IC$!%&'0/1#,(&1&>1/?13& 60
&
40
Vmax = 0,2Vmin + 0,8" = 0,400 V + 9,6 V = 10,0 V . & &&&&""""""""""""""""""""""""""&&&&&456-7N8&

20
&
Corrente (mA)
O?01+!(#,(F& 1& +P!@1'1& @(/!1#(>(& 1>()1& @%/& 0!& $#,(/*1+%& '(& ,(!@%& $?01+& 1%& 0
(#>%#,/1'%&'0/1#,(&1&'()>1/?1-&&
-20
9()0!$#'%3& J& +P!@1'1& @(/!1#(>(& 1>()1& '0/1#,(& @%/& Q76& !)& (& 1@1?1'1& @%/& RRG&
!)F& ,1#,%& '0/1#,(& 1& >1/?1& '%& >1@1>$,%/& ;01#,%& '0/1#,(& 1& '()>1/?1-& J& ,(#)=%& #%& -40
>1@1>$,%/&*1/$1&(#,/(&%&!IC$!%&'(&'(S&*%+,)&(&%&!"#$!%&'(&'%$)&*%+,)-&
-60
T1&H$?0/1&56-Q&!%),/1!%)&1&(*%+0<=%&'1&,(#)=%&#%&>1@1>$,%/&(&#1&H$?0/1&56-R&1&'1& 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
>%//(#,(&#%&>$/>0$,%-&T(),1&U+,$!1&*(!%)&)(,1)&V%/$S%#,1$)&;0(&$#'$>1!&%)&!%!(#,%& Tempo (s)

(!& ;0(& 1& +P!@1'1& '($C1& '(& (!$,$/& +0SF& *%+,1#'%& 1& 1>(#'(/& ,%'1& *(S& ;0(& 1& >V1*(& &
1+,(/#1&)01&@%)$<=%-&
W$?0/1& 56-R3& X%//(#,(& #%& >$/>0$,%& '%& @$)>1Y@$)>1-& B0/1#,(& 1& >1/?1& '%& >1@1>$,%/& 1& >%//(#,(F&
& $#$>$1+!(#,(& >%!& *1+%/& '(& RG& #$F& '$!$#0$& 1,2& %& *1+%/& '(& 7G& #$-& T())(& $#),1#,(& 1& >V1*(&
1+,(/#1& )01& @%+1/$'1'(& @1/1& ;0(& %& >1@1>$,%/& )(& '()>1//(?0(-& J& >%//(#,(& @1))1& 1& )(/&
&
#(?1,$*1F& >%!& *1+%/& $#$>$1+& '(& RG& #$F& ;0(& '$!$#0$& 1,2& 7G& #$F& ;01#'%& '(& #%*%& %& >1@1>$,%/&
*%+,1&1&)(/&>1//(?1'%-&J)&)(,1)&!%),/1!&%)&$#),1#,()&(!&;0(&1&+P!@1'1&'($C1&'(&(!$,$/&+0S-&
359 360
+&,-.,"!,'/.0&1"!%!,'%!,'!"#$#%!%&,'-+.-.,"!,'
!"#$#%!%&'()*(' '
!"#"$%&#"'(%))"*%)'+,'(%-%(./0)'%/1'%'/"2#30'4"'5676'!8'9"'+#:##",0#'+,%';",'4"'
!"#$#%!%&'()*2'
5676'!'-%)%'(%))"*:&<07'0'/",-0'4"'(%)*%'#").%'.2;.2./08'=0)'.#/0'+/.<.>%,0#'+,%';",'
9+I#/./+%' t = " C ' 2%' "F+%A30' 5J8?6' "' ;%A%' 0#' (:<(+<0#7' <",I)%240' F+"' #"' 4"#"$%' 0'
4"'5?'!8'@+%<'0'/",-0'4"'(%)*%'2"#/%'#./+%A30'#"'#+%'(%-%(./B2(.%'1' C = 106 µF "'
-")("2/+%<' 4%' (%)*%' ,:K.,%' 20' /",-0' ",' F+"#/308' =0)' "K",-<0L'
#"'C:'+,%')"#.#/D2(.%'",'#1)."'(0,'"#/"'(+$%')"#.#/D2(.%'1'4"' R = 300 !. E'@+%<'0'
/",-0'2"("##:).0'-%)%' F+"'0'(%-%(./0)7'(0,'+,%' 4.;")"2A%' 4"' -0/"2(.%<' .2.(.%<' "2/)"' & #t

#
q(t ) = C$ $$1 # e RC !'
!
#+%#' -<%(%#' 4"' 5676' !' #"' 4"#(%))"*+"' %/)%G1#' 4%' )"#.#/D2(.%' .2/")2%' 4"' +,' % "
G0</H,"/)0'4"'G%<0)' RV = 47 k!. '%/1'%/.2*.)'%'/"2#30'4"'?766'!E'
& # RC
#
q(t = RC ) = C$ $$1 # e RC ! = C$ (1 # e #1 ) = C$ (1 # 0,368) = C$ (0,632 ) '
!
% "
'
q(t = RC )
' = 0,632 = 63,2% '
C$
' !"#$#%!%&'()*('
' M'(02#/%2/"'4"'/",-0'40'(.)(+./07'4+)%2/"'%'(%)*%'40'(%-%(./0)'1L'
' ' ''''''''''''''' " C = RC = 300 ! % 106 % 10

#6
F = 31,8 ms. '
' !"'%(0)40'(0,'%'"F+%A30'5J8N7'0'/",-0'4"'(%)*%'1'4%40'-0)L'
'
& #t
"c #
' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 20,0 V = 21,0 V $1 # e !'
' % "
' 4"'024"'/.)%,0#'0'.2/")G%<0'4"'/",-08'
' '''''''''''''''''''''''''' t = " c ln[21] = 3,04" c = 96,7 ms 8'
' O0,'0'(%-%(./0)'(%))"*%40'"'4"#<.*%40'40'(.)(+./07',"4.,0#'#+%'/"2#30'(0,'
+,' G0</H,"/)0'(+$%' )"#.#/D2(.%' .2/")2%' 1' 4"' 47 k!. 8' P"#/"'(%#07' %0' (0,"A%),0#'%'
'
,"4.A307' %' 4.;")"2A%' 4"' -0/"2(.%<' 1' 4"' 5676' Q' "' G%.' (%.240' 4"' %(0)40' (0,' %' 20G%'
' (02#/%2/"' 4"' /",-0' F+"' 1' 0' -)04+/0' 4%' (%-%(./B2(.%' 40' (%-%(./0)' -"<%' )"#.#/D2(.%'
' .2/")2%'40'G0</H,"/)0L'
3 #6
' '''''''''''''''''' " C = RC = 47 % 10 ! % 106 % 10 F = 4,98 s.
'
' R'/",-0'4"'4"#(%)*%'17'4"'%(0)40'(0,'%'"F+%A30'5J8?67'4%40'-0)L'
' #t
"c
' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1 = 20.e ,'
'
0+'#"$%'''''''''''''''''''''' t = " C ln(20,0 ) = 3,00" C = 14,9 s. '
'
361 362
!"#$"%"%&"$!'#()% !
! !&'12"3)$%()%4#-()("%
"#$%&'(! )*+,-.! */! 012324.05! */+! 6+4103+! 1! */! 7+8+734.0! 29.! :3;+-.2! 1/! 2<0315! .! "$%&'(! )*1! /I:438:.! -+! 7.,24+,41! -1! 41/8.! ! ! <! ! 41/8.! ,17122>03.! 8+0+! @*1! */!
012324.0! 3,=:*1,73+! +! 7+0;+! />?3/+! @*1! 8.-1! 210! +0/+A1,+-+! ,.! 7+8+734.0B! ".0! 7+8+734.0!3,373+:/1,41!-127+001;+-.!1/!*/!7307*34.!#E!2<031!21Q+!7+001;+-.!7./!XX!
@*CB!"+0+!@*1!210D1!.!012324.0B! Y!-+!7+0;+!=3,+:B!
"#$%&$(! "+0+! */+! 012324C,73+! /*34.! ;0+,-1! <! =>73:! 7.,240*30! */! 7307*34.! #E! 7./! !
*/+! 7.,24+,41! -1! 41/8.! -+! .0-1/! -1! +:;*,2! 21;*,-.2! .*! /3,*4.2&! E./.! 1221!
"$%&$(!Z.2401!@*1!.!80.-*4.! RC !8.22*3!-3/1,29.!-1!41/8.&!!
012*:4+-.! 8.-103+! 210D30! 8+0+! +! -1410/3,+F9.! -1! */+! 012324C,73+! 49.! ;0+,-1! @*1!
,9.!8*-1221!210!/1-3-+!7./!.2!3,240*/1,4.2!7./*,2B! !
% "$%&O(! P.! 7307*34.! /.240+-.! +6+3?.! R = 10 ". &! )*+:! <! +! 012324C,73+! 1@*3D+:1,41!
1,401! .2! 8.,4.2! [! 1! \B! ]37+^! T/+;3,1! @*1! .2! 8.,4.2! [! 1! \! 1249.! :3;+-.2! +! */+!
"*"&+,+-'$%("%.-*)/0'%
=.,41&!
!
$5L!#
\
G$%&'(! H/! 7+8+734.0! 7./! */+! 7+0;+! 3,373+:! q 0 ! <! -127+001;+-.! +40+D<2! -1! */!
012324.0&!)*1!/I:438:.!-+!7.,24+,41!-1!41/8.! ! !<!,17122>03.!8+0+!@*1!.!7+8+734.0!
R5L!# #
-127+001;*1!J+(!*/!410F.!-+!7+0;+!3,373+:K!J6(!-.32!410F.2!-+!7+0;+!3,373+:B!
%5L!#
!
G$%&$(! H/! 7+8+734.0! -1! 1 µF ! 7./! */+! 1,10;3+! 3,373+:! -1! L5ML! N! <! -127+001;+-.! [
O5L!#
+40+D<2!-1!*/!012324.0!-1! 1 M". &!J+(!)*+:!<!+!7+0;+!3,373+:!-.!7+8+734.0B!J6(!)*+:!<!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!_3;*0+!$%&%^!E307*34.!-.!80.6:1/+!$%&O&!
+!7.001,41!,.!012324.0!@*+,-.!+!-127+0;+!7./1F+B!
!
!
"$%&R(! P.! 7307*34.! /.240+-.! +6+3?.5! R1 = 20,0 ". 5! R2 = 10,0 ". ! 1! +! =.0F+!
G$%&O(!P*/!7307*34.!#E!2<0315! C = 1,80 µF 5! R = 1,40 M". !1! # = 12,0V &!J+(!)*+:!<!+!
1:140./.403A!-+!=.,41!3-1+:!<! # = 120 V &!]1410/3,1!+!7.001,41!,.!8.,4.!+!J+(!7./!
7.,24+,41!-1!41/8.B!J6(!)*+:!+!7+0;+!/>?3/+!@*1!.!7+8+734.0!8.-1!0171610!+.!210!
-127+001;+-.B!J7(!)*+,4.!41/8.!<!,17122>03.!8+0+!@*1!+!7+0;+!-.!7+8+734.0!+43,Q+! +81,+2!+!7`+D1! S1 !=17`+-+&!J6(!E./!+81,+2!+!7`+D1! S1 !1! S 2 !=17`+-+2!1!J7(!7./!
.!D+:.0!-1! C = 16,0 µF B! +2!40C2!7`+D12!=17`+-+2&!
! !
G$%&R(! H/! 012324.0! R = 850 ". ! <! 7.,174+-.! 7./! +2! 8:+7+2! -1! */! 7+8+734.0!
7+001;+-.! 7./! 7+8+734S,73+! -+-+! 8.0! C = 4,62 µF &! T/1-3+4+/1,41! +,412! -+!
7.,1?9.! 210! =134+5! +! 7+0;+! ,.! 7+8+734.0! <! U5'L! /E&! J+(! )*+:! <! +! 1,10;3+!
+0/+A1,+-+! 3,373+:/1,41! ,.! 7+8+734.0B! J6(! )*+:! <! +! 8.4C,73+! 1:<4037+! -32238+-+! ,.!
012324.0! 3/1-3+4+/1,41! +8V2! +! 7.,1?9.! 210! =134+B! J7(! )*+:! <! +! 8.4C,73+! 1:<4037+!
-32238+-+! ,.! 012324.0! ,.! 3,24+,41! 1/! @*1! +! 1,10;3+! +0/+A1,+-+! ,.! 7+8+734.0! 21! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!_3;*0+!$%&a^!E307*34.!-.!80.6:1/+!$%&R&!
01-*A3*!W!/14+-1!-.!D+:.0!7+:7*:+-.!,.!341/!J+(B!
363 364
!"#$%&' ()*)+,-.)' /' 01*2.3-/' 4-55-0/4/' ),' 6,' +)5-5*1+' 567)-*1' /' 6,/' 4)' 01*).3-/8'
31.5*/.*)'4)'9":';'5)'56/'+)5-5*2.3-/'<'4)'=/&' 5,0 !. ')'=>&' 10,0 !. $'
'
!"#$?&'@,/'>/*)+-/'01556-'6,/'A),' " ')'6,/'+)5-5*2.3-/' r $'B6/.41'6,'+)5-5*1+'4)'

5,0 !. ' <' 31.)3*/41' ).*+)' 5)65' *)+,-./-5C' /' 31++).*)' <' 4)' :C?:' D$' B6/.41' )55)'
+)5-5*1+'<'56>5*-*6E41'01+'16*+1' 11 !. C'/'31++).*)'0/55/'/'5)+':C"?'D$'()*)+,-.)'=/&'
/'A),' " ')'=>&'/'+)5-5*2.3-/'-.*)+./' r $'
'
!"#$#&'@,/'31++).*)'F'G'#C:'D'0/55/'01+'6,/'0/+*)'4)'6,'3-+36-*1C'31,1',15*+/41'
./' A-H6+/' "#$I$' D5' +)5-5*2.3-/5' 5J1' R1 = R2 = 2,0 R3 = 2,0 R4 = 4,0 !. $' B6/8' <' /'
31++).*)' i1 '.1'+)5-5*1+' R1 K'
'''''''''''''''L-H6+/'"#$IM'!/+*)'41'3-+36-*1'41'0+1>8),/'"#$#$'
'
!"#$I&' @,' A-1' 31,' 9' ,' 4)' 31,0+-,).*1' *),' 6,/' +)5-5*2.3-/' 4)' 0,3 !. $' N8)' <'
)5*).4-41' 6.-A1+,),).*)' /*<' 6,' 31,0+-,).*1' 4)' "' ,$' B6/8' 5)+O' /' 56/' .1P/'
+)5-5*2.3-/K'
365
!"#$%$&'(###' '
)%*+,'*%-"./#),' '
' '
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f 2,8 ! 106 rev / s
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90 º 90 º &
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"#$%$&"&'!()*+! T$%"&+' | ' |=| µ % B |= µ B sen& = µ B sen 30° '
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U0&' µ = NIA = 10(3 A)# (0,02)2 = 3,77 %10 $2 Am 2 '
(6)(290)' $%' .")-"' #"' 3)D."-7' (2E"' )06"' *09$' 5,1 % 10 $11 ' (%=' F' 4)$G2C-(60' #"'
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%0/-:.6("'$G26*09$-.$'#"'$9$.)"-=!
'
"2+'
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i = e f = (1,6 % 10 $19 C ) ( 6,8 % 1015 s ) = 1,1 % 10 $3 A '

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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 4b
%3.D(;.2,3-,F$'.).$($&,21J8K)8:D($9,$).1($ a A$
µ0 I
Ba = $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$L(*+#"*'&$*&$!"!()N$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 4a
G(;(F$8(2($ a = b / 2 F$.$139:*/($2.;3<-18.$9($&,218K)8:D($9,$).1($ a $<$2.1()$P:,$.$
$
9($&,218K)8:D($9,$).1($ b 6$%$139:*/($),&:D-.3-,$<F$,3-/(A$
=1;:).$>?6Â$=1(&$8(2$8()),3-,&$'.).D,D.&6$
µ0 I 1 1
BT = ( " ) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$L,3-).39($3($'.',DN$$$$$$$$$ $
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 4 a b
$$$$$$$$$U,$.8()9($8(2$P:,$I12(&$3($7W,2'D($>?6>F$($2_9:D($9.$139:*/($2.;3<-18.$
B(2($ a = b / 2 $I,2A$
3($01($[$<A$
µ I 2 1 µI
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ BT = 0 ( " ) = 0 $$$$$$$$$L,3-).39($3($'.',DN( µ0 iA
4 b b 4b BA = .$
2# R
$
!"#$ !"Q$
$ $
$$$$$$$$$$%$&'()*+$(,$-+./,$&,012345,$6)7$,3),$8+9.7$)&$5+&:.4&713+$ l $ (+$-4+$;$2<$ $
713=+>$ ! µi uˆT " uˆ R µ (i dl uˆT ) " uˆ R

$
B= 0
4! ! r 2
dl = 0
4! ! r2 $
! ! µ0 i A µ 0 i A iB l $
FAB = iB l " B A = iB l = .
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
2! R 2 ! R $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?@#ABC$ 7&$ 6)7$ 5+*+5,&+8$ +$ .7-7.7154,*$ 1+$ :+13+$ D$ +1(7$ (787L,&+8$ 5,*5)*,.$ +$ 5,&:+$
$ &,012345+<$ (7$ &+(+$ 6)7$ ,$ (483]154,$ 713.7$ ,8$ 5,.0,8$ 7$ 7837$ :+13+$ 7&$ 6),*6)7.$
$$$$$$$$$$D$(4.7/=+$7$+$87134(+$(,$-+./,$+97(757$,$.70.,$(,$&=+$(4.743,$:,.,$+$:.+()3+$ 4183,137$2$!$?^40).,$@#AHCA$
E73+.4,*$ ?!"#$% &'!'% (')(*+% !'+% #,*+*-')('% .//"0% 1*2')&"% "/% 3'/("/% #"-% *% $
-4"CA$$
%9E4,&7137<$5+&+$+$-4+$;$37&$5+..7137$7*23.45,<$+$5,&:+$&,012345+$07.,(+$
:+.$ 7*7$ 7F7.57.G$ )&,$ -+./,$ 8+9.7$ +$ -4+$ DA$ %$ &'()*+$ (,$ -+./,$ &,012345,$ 6)7$ +$
5,&:+$(7$;$7F7.57$8+9.7$+$5+&:.4&713+$ l $(+$-4+$D$2>$
$
! ! µ 0 iB µ 0 i A iB l $
FBA = i A l " BB = i A l = , ^40).,$@#AH>$_,.0,$7*23.45,$7&$&+E4&713+$07.,1(+$5,&:+8$7*23.45+$7$&,012345+$7&$DA$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2! R 2 ! R $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?@#AHC$$
$
$ $$$$$$$$$$$J,8<$(7$,5+.(+$5+&$,$37+.4,$(7$5+..7137$7*23.45,<$
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(4.743,$ :,.,$ +$ :.+()3+$ E73+.4,*<$ ,$ (4.7/=+$ (,$ -+./,$ 2$ ,$ &78&,<$ :+.2&$ +$ 87134(+$ 2$ ! !
i dl uˆT = ( j A) dl uˆT = j dV = n q v dV , $
+:+83+A$ K83+<$ ,*4G8<$ LG$ 7.,$ (7$ 87$ 78:7.,.$ :+.$ 5,)8,$ (,$ 37.574.,$ *74$ (7$ M7N3+1>$ ,8$
(),8$ -+./,8$ 8=+$ (7$ ,/=+$ 7$ .7,/=+A$ 5//.-0% 6"&'-"/% &.2'+% 78'% #"++')('/% $
! !
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$ 7*7&713+$ (7$ E+*)&7$ 6)7$ 5+132&$ ,8$ 5,.0,8$ 7*23.45,8$ 6)7$ 87$ &+E7&A$ _+&$ 788,$
$ 7F:.788=+<$,$41370.,*$(,$41()/=+$&,012345,$-45,>$
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9:;<:%:%=:<9>;?5%@ABC% $
O+48$-4+8$3.,18:+.3,1(+$5+..7137$8=+$:7.:71(45)*,.78$713.7$84A$D$5+..7137$(7$)&$-4+$ ! µ !
(i dl uˆT ) " uˆ R µ 0 ' q v " uˆT $
-*)4$E7.345,*&7137$:,.,$54&,$7$,$5+..7137$1+$-4+$P+.4Q+13,*$-*)4$P+.4Q+13,*&7137$:,.,$
B= 0
4! ! r2 =
4! ! & r 2 #
% " n dV ,
$
+$*7837A$R),*$2$,$(4.7/=+$(,$-+./,$&,012345,$1+$-4+$P+.4Q+13,*S$M+.37<$T)*<$U7837$+)$
$
%7837S$%)$1=+$7F4837$-+./,$&,012345,$*V6)4(,$8+9.7$+$-4+$P+.4Q+13,*S$
5+&+$ n dV 2$+$1`&7.+$(7$5,.0,8$7&$)&$E+*)&7$ dV (7$5+..7137$7*23.45,<$:+(7&+8$
$
!"#$%&%$#'%% +$ 37.&+$ 713.7$ :,.I137878$ (+$ 41370.,1(+$ 5+&+$ 871(+$ +$ 5,&:+$
$
&,012345+$07.,(+$:+.$)&,$5,.0,$1+$:+13+$DA$a13=+<$785.7E7&+8$6)7>$
@ABC%D5E9>%E5F;GHID>%F:=5?>%9>=%D5=F5%:E%E>JIE:;H>%
$
%
! µ q v! " uˆT
$$$$$$$$$$$W&,$5+..7137$7*23.45,$1,(,$&,48$2$6)7$+$&+E4&713+$(4.754+1,(+$(7$5,.0,8$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ B = 0 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?@#AbC$
4! r2
7*23.45,8X$,884&<$+$-,3+$(7$)&,$5+..7137$7*23.45,$07.,.$)&$5,&:+$&,012345+$41(45,$
$
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K% "% #*-6"% -*3)K(.#"% 3'+*&"% 6"+% 8-*% #*+3*% ',K(+.#*% q % '-% 8-% 6")("% 50% *%
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)&$75A*7&(:5$).$+.'8.$&$9$7BC*75$(5$%-.(5$%&'%&()*+,-.'$.$&2:.$-*(3.D$%.22.()5$ T,.()5$&2:,).752$.$-&*$)&$V5,-57KD$A*752$@,&$.$+5(2:.(:&$ K e D$@,&$.%.'&+&$(.$

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Fe = K e $
.4&:.)5$%&-5$75A*7&(:5$)&-.D$%5)&752$&2+'&A&'$@,&F$ r2
$ $&'.$ )&:&'7*(.).$ &C%&'*7&(:.-7&(:&$ .$ %.':*'$ ).$ )&4*(*6;5$ ).$ ,(*).)&$ )&$ +.'8.$
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E= uˆ R . $
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Ke = $
$ 4" ! 0
! ! ! 1 ! ! Q5'$ 5,:'5$ -.)5D$ .$ 45'6.$ 7.8(9:*+.$ @,&$ .:,.$ &(:'&$ )5*2$ 4*52$ '&:*-<(&52$ &$ -5(852D$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ B = µ 0 ! 0 v # E = 2 v # E , $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$H"=0=J$
c %&'+5''*)52$ %5'$ ,7.$ +5''&(:&$ &-9:'*+.$ &$ 2&%.'.)52$ )&$ ,7.$ )*2:X(+*.$ R D$ 9$ ).).$
$ %&-.$&@,.6;5$H"=0YJ$5,$H"=0>JF$
!"#$%&$'$(#)'*+,$#-.(#$,/$0'12,/$#)3.(40,$#$1'5-3.40,$5#('%,/$2#)'$0'(5'$ i A iB l
Fm = K m $
q $#1$1,641#-.,0$ 2" R
$$$$$$$$$$$$?.$&C%'&22;5$H"=0=JD$35,A&$.$2,K2:*:,*6;5F$
N-.$ +5(:97$ ,7.$ +5(2:.(:&$ )&$ %'5%5'+*5(.-*).)&$ K m $ @,&$ :.7K97$ 9$ &C%'&22.$ &7$
$
:&'752$)&$,7.$5,:'.$+5(2:.(:&$W.$%&'7*22*A*).)&$7.8(9:*+.$ µ 0 $P$%5'F$
1
c= = 2,9979 #108 $7L2$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$H"=0#MJ$
µ0 ! 0 µ0
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Km =
4" $
$
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$$$$$$$$$ K&7$)&4*(*).O$.22*7$D$5$A.-5'$)&$,7.$).2$+5(2:.(:&2$)&%&()&$)5$A.-5'$).$5,:'.0$1$
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H"=P=J$ 752:'.$ @,&$ &22&2$ +.7%52$ 2;5$ )5*2$ .2%&+:52$ )&$ ,7.$ %'5%'*&).)&$ +575$ .$ @,.':.$ ,(*).)&$ 4,().7&(:.-$ )5$ E]$ H.-97$ )5$ @,*-58'.7.D$ 7&:'5$ &$
4,().7&(:.-$ ).$ 7.:9'*.0$ Q5'$ *225D$ 9$ 7.*2$ +5''&:5$ ,2.'$ 5$ :&'75$ !"#$%& 2&8,()5JD$ .$ V5(4&'^(+*.$ _&'.-$ )&$ Q&252$ &$ `&)*).2$ )&$ #=YM$ .)5:5,D$ !"#$
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%&'()(*+"D$@,&$5$A.-5'$)&$ K m $)&A&$2&'F$
1$ &@,.6;5$ H"=0IJ$ A.-&$ @,.()5$ .$ A&-5+*).)&$ ).$ +.'8.$ 9$ 7,*:5$ 7&(5'$ @,&$ .$
K m = 10 $7 c 2 $
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.)*.(:&0$ 1 1
!0 = = = 8,854 # 1012 C 2 / N m 2 $
$ µ0 c 2 4 " #10 $7 c 2
$ ,&%(%"$&-!&#(,&)./0,&).&0$
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!
[
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dl = dx# iˆ rP = 0 iˆ ! y P ˆj r ' = x# iˆ $
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[
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1/ 2
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dl " (rP ! r ' ) = dx# iˆ " [(! x#) iˆ ! y P ˆj ] = ! y P dx# kˆ $
µ0 i b 2 µ0 i b
Bb = 2 = $
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$ a a2 +b2 [ ]
1/ 2
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[
$ b a 2 + b2 ]
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$
[
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!
D+-$'#! %+@%,&,+N7#%! q ! >#)! qm cos (#0 t ) ! $-! (5+-<?#! 012J4! >#)! (O(7>6#4!
i ($*#$,)-7#%! 5+(! (%,-! .+$<?#4! (! >#),-$,#! 5+-65+()! *#7@&$-<?#! 6&$(-)4! :! %#6+<?#!
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q = qm cos(#0t +$0 ) 4! G012SH!
>-%%-/(7! '(! +7-! *#))($,(! 5+(! *)&-! +7! *-7>#! 7-/$:,&*#! $#! &$'+,#)4! L 4! (! >)#'+=! +7!
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!"#$% &'% (!"')&")$'% qm % $% !0 % #$*$"#$+%#&'%(&,-&'%$%(!,,$")$'% .".(.&.'% #!% (.,(/.)!0%
i = # "0 qm sen("ot + !0 ) 0% I890NK%
12!%3%#.4.(.5%+!'),&,%6/$%&%$6/&72!%890:%3%'!5/72!%#&%$6/&72!%#.4$,$"(.&5%890;0%
% 1$')&% $O*,$''2!D% qm D% #$"!+."&#!% 1.2345678% 71% 91:;1% "!% (&*&(.)!,D% 3% !%
!"#$"%"%&"$!'#()%*+,-%
=&5!,% +PO.+!% &)."-.#!% *$5&% (&,-&% &(/+/5&#&% "!% (&*&(.)!,0% Q% =&5!,% #$% qm % $+%
)$,+!'%#!'%=&5!,$'%.".(.&.'%#&%(&,-&%$%#&%(!,,$")$%3%#&#!%*$5&%$6/&72!%
<!+!% =!(>% *!#$,.&% +!'),&,% 6/$% /+&% $6/&72!% #!% ).*!% q = A cos ("0 t ) % !/%
q = B sen ("0 t ) % '&).'4&?% &% $6/&72!% 890;@% A!'),$% 6/$% $''&'% #/&'% $6/&7B$'% '2!% qm = q02 + (i0 " 0 ) 0%
2
I890RK%
'!5/7B$'%#&%$6/&72!%890;0%
S&%$6/&72!%890N%)$+!'D%
%
i = # im sen("o t + !0 ) .% I890TK%
C".(.&5+$")$D%6/&"#!%5.-&+!'%!%(!")&)!%+E=$5%.%&!%)$,+."&5%/D%)$+!'%($,)&%
6/&").#&#$%#$%(&,-&%"!%(&*&(.)!,D% q0 D%$%#$)$,+."&#&%(!,,$")$D% i0 D%"!%(.,(/.)!0%F+&%

% U''.+%(!+!%&%(&,-&%"!%(&*&(.)!,D%&%(!,,$")$%&)."-$%/+%=&5!,%+PO.+!D%6/$%3%
(!+G."&72!% 5."$&,% #&% $6/&72!% 890:D% )&+G3+% '!5/72!% #&% $6/&72!% #.4$,$"(.&5% 890;% #$"!+."&#!%1.2345678%71%9<::8=58D% im 0%QG'$,=$%6/$%
6/$%$"4&).?&%$')$%4&)!%3H%
im = "0 qm .% I890VWK%
q = q0 cos("0t ) + (i0 "0 ) sen("0t) % I890JK%
U%,$5&72!%$"),$%!%=&5!,%#&%(!"')&")$%#$%4&'$%$%!'%=&5!,$'%.".(.&.'%#&%(&,-&%$%
%
#&%(!,,$")$%3%#&#&%*$5&%$6/&72!H%
!"#$"%"%&"$!'#()%*+,0%
# i0
tg (!0 ) = .% I890VVK%
<!+!%=!(>%*!#$,.&%+!'),&,%6/$%/+&%(!+G."&72!%5."$&,%#&%$6/&72!%890:D%#!%).*!% "0 q0
q = A cos ("0 t ) + B sen ("0 t ) % '&).'4&?% &% $6/&72!% 890;@% A!'),$% 6/$% $''&% $6/&72!% 3%
X&")!%!%=&5!,%#&%(&,-&%"!%(&*&(.)!,%"!%."')&")$% t = 0 D%(!+!%!%#&%(!,,$")$%"!%
'!5/72!%6/&"#!% A = qo %$% B = i0 "0 0%
(.,(/.)!D% "!'% '2!% 4!,"$(.#!'% *$5&% &+*5.)/#$% #&% (&,-&% $% *!,% !0 D% #$"!+."&#!%
% 9<=>51=58%78%?1>8%71%<>9431@A<0%
<!+!% &%(!,,$")$% "!% (.,(/.)!% 3%&% #$,.=&#&% #&% (&,-&% "!% (&*&(.)!,% $+% ,$5&72!% U'%$6/&7B$'%890J%$%8909%%+!'),&+%6/$%51=5<%1%91:;1%B61=5<%1%9<::8=58%
&!%)$+*!D%#$,.=&+!'%&%$6/&72!%890J%$%!G)$+!'H%% <>9431.% C1:.D=491.8=58E% <6% >8F1E% >86% 9<.2<:51.8=5<% 2<78% >8:% 78>9:45<%
2<:% 6.1% G=491%?6=@A<% C1:.D=491E% 9<.<% >A<% 78=<.4=171>% 1>% ?6=@H8>%>8=<%
dq
i= = # "0 q0 sen(" 0 t ) + i0 cos(" 0 t ) 0% I8909K% 8%9<>>8=<0%
dt
U% 4.-/,&% 890;% ,$*,$'$")&% /+&% !'(.5&72!% Y&,+Z".(&% y(t) = Ym cos ("0t + !0 ) %
L$% '/G').)/.,+!'% !% =&5!,% t = 0 % "&'% $6/&7B$'% 890J% $% 8909% $"(!"),&,$+!'% !'%
(!+%&%(!"')&")$%#$%4&'$%"/5&%$%!'%#$+&.'%*&,[+$),!'%$+%/".#&#$'%&,G.),P,.&'0%
=&5!,$'%.".(.&.'% q0 %$% i0 D%,$'*$().=&+$")$D%(!+!%3%#$%'$%$'*$,&,0%
%
A&".*/5&"#!% &% $6/&72!% 8909D% *!#$+!'% ,$$'(,$=>M5&% #$% 4!,+&% +&.'%
(!+*&()&D%%
538 539
/'B'/#=3&!:!73!#7;%=3&!.:Q'5!'B&3A#5';'5:7=:!#$%'#.8!%.'53.!'.!:D%'1R:.!()*S!:!
()*T!/35!3!C'03&!;'!/37.='7=:!;:!K'.:!:5!=3&73!;:! !0 = 7# 4 = $# 4 ,!
q = qm cos("0t + !0 ) 8!
i = $ im sen("o t + !0 ) *!
M37.#;:&'53.! D%:! '! /'&$'! U! B3.#=#C'! D%'7;3! '! B30'&#;';:! ;3! /'B'/#=3&! U! '!
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#7C:&=#;3*!
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"#$%&'! ()*+,! -./#0'123! 4'&567#/',! y(t) = Ym cos ("0t + !0 ) 8! /35! "0 = 1,0 9! Ym = 2,8 ! :!
/'&$'! 73! /'B'/#=3&! /37=#7%'&>! '! '%5:7='&8! '=U! '=#7$#&! %5! C'03&! 5>A#538! qm 8! 73!
!0 = 0 8!:5!%7#;';:.!'&<#=&>&#'.*!
535:7=3!:5!D%:!'!/3&&:7=:!.:!'7%0'*!
!
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:D%'123!()*E8!B'&'!'!/3&&:7=:8!/353,! 73! /'B'/#=3&8! '! /3&&:7=:! .:&>! 5>A#5'! :! #$%'0! '! $ "0 qm *! -! B&3/:..3! /37=#7%'! :! 3!
/'B'/#=3&! .:! /'&&:$'8! '$3&'! /35! /'&$'.! ;:! .#7'0! /37=&>&#3! '3! #7#/#'08! '=U! D%:! '!
i = "0 qm cos("o t + !0 + # 2) = im cos("o t + !0 + # 2) .! F()*G+H!
/'&$'8!;:!C'03&!#$%'0!'! $ qm 8!.:Q'!5>A#5'!:5!C'03&!'<.30%=3!:!'!/3&&:7=:!.:!'7%0:!
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( )
q0 = CV = 0,25 %10 $6 F (20V ) 8!
540 541
q0 = 5,0 µC !" " <($%()&.*%;" 41.;" 3%;;-F-2-4.4';" 3.&." tg "1 (" 1,74 ) :" 61'" ;M%" %;" ?(012%;" 4'"
KOC%"'"4'"ICC%"%1"P"JC%!"Q.;" cos ($0 ) = q0 q m "/"('0.)-D%:"3%&).()%:"'($%()&.*%;9"

#"$%&&'()'"*+,-*."/"."$.&0."*+,-*."*12)-32-$.4."3'2."5&'678($-.".(012.&9"
1 1 2%
im = ! 0 q m = qm :"3%-;" !0 = :" $0 = 120o = rad !"
LC LC 3
@$A"#".*32-)14'"4."$.&0."/"4.4."3'2."'61.LM%"IJ!R9"
"1
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im = 10 #10"3 H # 0,25 #10"6 F ) (5,0 #10 C ) :"
2 "6
2
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2
qm = q02 + (i0 !0 ) = 10 x10"6 C + 87 x10"3 A 5,0 x103 s "1 )2
= 20 µC !"
im = 0,10 A !"
<".".*32-)14'"4."4."$%&&'()'"3'2."'61.LM%9"
"
im = !0 qm "
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<*"1*"$-&$1-)%"=>"61'"%;$-2.:"."$.3.$-)?($-."/" 4'" 1,0 µF "'" ."-(41)?($-."4'"

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@.A'<*"!"B"C:"%"$.3.$-)%&"';).D.";'(4%"$.&&'0.4%"%1"4';$.&&'0.4%E" im = 0,10 A !"
@FA'G1.2"%"D.2%&"4."$%(;).()'"4'"5.;'E"
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1
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" i0 '"4-5'&'()';"$%(;).()';"4'"5.;'!""
tg ($0 ) = ,"
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" 87 #10"3 A
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'*,%"*-+./+()"(%),/:";%4"7,0/$"5"49,"*,$,*<%$=.<+*,"8,$<+*40,$"-%"*,-,"*+$*4+</">?3" q2
UE = :"
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1
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f 1 2
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2
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q2 1
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f 3
qm2 1
$%,$$,)R,9/."%.<,"S0<+9,"%&4,12/"%"%)*/)<$,9/."8,$,","*,8,*+<M)*+,","%N8$%..2/C"
U = cos 2 (!0t + $0 ) + L !02 qm2 sen2 (!0t + $0 ) ."
2C 2
(
C = 4" 2 f 2 L )
#1
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T/$<,)</"<%$%9/.C" */..%)Z+-%".2/"+-()<+*/.[",059"-+../3" ! 0 = q m im :"T/$<,)</3"8/-%9/."%.*$%7%$C"
C max = 90 pF " " "%"" C min = 8,7 pF :"

qm2
U =
2C
[ ]
cos 2 (!0t + $0 ) + sen2 (!0t + $0 ) ." DEF:G\H"
"
CDEFEGCG5+;<=H" "
O4,0" ,"#,+N," -%" 7,0/$%." -," *,8,*+<M)*+,"%9" 49" *+$*4+</" $%*%8</$" -%" $K-+/" %9" &4%" /4",+)-,3"
LK" 49" +)-4</$" -%" 2,0mH " -%" +)-4<M)*+," %" &4%" -%7%" .+)</)+J,$" %.<,1B%." */9"
#$%&'()*+,."%)<$%" 1, 2 MHz "%" 7,2 MHz :" qm2 1

U = = L im2 :" DEF:GFH"
2C 2
"
" I.<," -4,." %N8$%..B%." +)-+*,9" &4%" ," %)%$6+," </<,0" 5" 49," */).<,)<%" %" &4%"
;<=H+5I5JKEC+I:+LEJL?ED:+9L"
%.<," .%" ,0<%$)," %)<$%" %05<$+*," %" 9,6)5<+*," D&4,)-/" ," #4)12/" .%)/" %0%7,-," ,/"
" T,$," *,$$%6,$" 49" *,8,*+</$" 5" )%*%..K$+/" &4%" ,0649" ,6%)<%" %N<%$)/" $%,0+J%" &4,-$,-/"5")40,3"/"&4,-$,-/"-,"#4)12/"*/..%)/"5"9KN+9/"%"7+*%]7%$.,H:"T/$<,)</3"
<$,Q,0L/"8,$,".%8,$,$"*,$6,."-%".+),+."/8/.</.:"I.<%"<$,Q,0L/"5"+64,0"U"%)%$6+,"&4%"
544 545
!"#$%&'#'(&))*$+*',*'#$"-#'&'.#-&)'#/,&-"+&'%#'(#)0#'1'23452#'*'+&%#'#'*$*)05#'$&' U = 5,0 "10!5 J 8'
(5)("5+&'*,+3'#)2#6*$#%#'$&'(#7#(5+&)8'9&)'&"+)&'-#%&:'!"#$%&'#'(#)0#'$&'(#7#(5+&)'
,*' #$"-#:' #' (&))*$+*' 1'23452#' *'+&%#' #' *$*)05#' ,*' *$(&$+)#' $&' (#27&'2#0$1+5(&' T/,*).*'7*-#,'*!"#<U*,'
$&'5$%"+&)8' q = qm cos($0t +#0 ) '*' i = ! im sen($ot +#0 ) :'

' ;"#$%&' %*)5.#2&,' #' *!"#<=&' >?8@A' *2' )*-#<=&' #&' +*27&' *' 50"#-#2&,' &'
'
)*,"-+#%&'#'6*)&'*,+#2&,'*47)*,,#$%&'&'B#+&'%#'*$*)05#'+&+#-',*)'(&$,+#$+*C'
!"*',*'#'(#)0#'1' 23452#'$&' (#7#(5+&)'*'#'(&))*$+*'$&'(5)("5+&'1'$"-#'$&' 5$,+#$+*'
'
%*'+*27&'+MN:'#'(&$,+#$+*'%*'B#,*'1'$"-#:' #0 = 0 8'
dU q dq di d 2q q
= + Li = L 2 i + i = 0 8' I&0&:'$&' 5$,+#$%*'%*'+*27&'+'M'N:'+&%#'#' *$*)05#'*,+3'#)2#6*$#%#'$&'(#7#(5+&)8'
dt C dt dt dt C
9&)+#$+&:'
'
'
D5.5%5$%&' *,+#' *47)*,,=&' 7*-#' 5$+*$,5%#%*' %*' (&))*$+*' *$(&$+)#2&,'
$&.#2*$+*' #' *!"#<=&' >?8E8' 9&)+#$+&' *,,#' *!"#<=&' 7&%*' ,*)' *$(&$+)#%#' %*' %"#,' U = 5,0 "10!5 J :',*$%&' U E = 5,0 "10!5 J '*' U B = 0 :'7&5,' U = U E + U B 8'
B&)2#,' *!"5.#-*$+*,C' #7-5(#$%&' #' -*5' %#,' 2#-F#,' &"' 7*-&' ",&' *47-G(5+&' %#'
'
(&$,*).#<=&'%#'*$*)05#'$&'(5)("5+&8'
V=&' ,=&' $*(*,,3)5&,' (3-("-&,' 7#)#' (F*0#)2&,' W' (&$(-",=&' %*' !"*' *2' +' M'
'
OPE:'*'*2'+'M'O:'$&.#2*$+*'+&%#'#'*$*)05#'*,+#)3'#)2#6*$#%#'$&'(#7#(5+&):'"2#'
.*6' !"*' (#)0#' *' (&))*$+*' &,(5-#2' F#)2&$5(#2*$+*8' T' !"*' 2"%#' #7*$#,' 1' #'
!"!#$%&'()*+'
7&-#)5%#%*' $&' (#7#(5+&)' (&$B&)2*' *-*' 1' (#))*0#%&' *' %*,(#))*0#%&8' X3' :' $&,'
H&$,5%*)*'&'(5)("5+&'IH'%&'J4*27-&'>?8@:'&$%*' C = 0,25 µF :' L = 10mH '*'&'
5$,+#$+*,' +' M' OPA' *' +' M' >OPA' +&%#' #' *$*)05#' *,+#)3' #)2#6*$#%#' $&' 5$%"+&)'
(5)("5+&' 1' -50#%&' #' "2#' B&$+*' %*' 20V 8' K"7&$F#' !"*' &' (&$+#+&' ,' ,*L#' -50#%&' #&' 9&%*2&,'#5$%#'"+5-56#)'#,'*!"#<U*,:'
+*)25$#-'-'%#'B50")#'>?8@'$&'5$,+#$+*'%*'+*27&'+'M'N:'!"#$%&'#'(#)0#'$&'(#7#(5+&)'
q2 1 2
1'23452#'*'#'(&))*$+*'$"-#8'D*+*)25$*'#,'*$*)05#,'#)2#6*$#%#,'$&'(#7#(5+&):'$&' UE = '*' U B = L i Q
2C 2 '
5$%"+&)'*'#'*$*)05#'+&+#-'%&'(5)("5+&'$&,'5$,+#$+*,'%*'+*27&'+'M'N:'+'M'OPA:'+'M'OPE:'
+'M'>OPA'*'+'M'O:',*$%&'O'&'7*)G&%&'%#'&,(5-#<=&'*-*+)&2#0$1+5(#'$&'(5)("5+&8'' q m2 1
UE = cos 2 ($ 0 t ) '*' U B = L im2 sen 2 ($0 t ) :'
.&%/01&2' H&2&' $=&' F3' 7*)%#,' %*' *$*)05#:' 7&%*2&,' #B5)2#)' !"*' #' 2C 2
*$*)05#' 1' (&$,+#$+*' *:' 7&)+#$+&:' +*2' &' 2*,2&' .#-&)' *2' !"#-!"*)' 5$,+#$+*' %*' 7#)#'&/+*)'#,'*$*)05#,'$*,,*,'5$,+#$+*,'%*'+*27&8'
+*27&Q' #-12' %5,,&'#' *$*)05#' %*7*$%*' %#'(#7#(5+R$(5#:' %#' 5$%"+R$(5#' *'%#' +*$,=&'
J2'+'M'N:'+'M'OPE'*'*2'+'M'O:'(&2&'
#7-5(#%#'$&'(5)("5+&8'D#'*!"#<=&'>?8@?'+*2&,'
2%
qm2 1 T= :'
U = = L im2 8' $0
2C 2
U E = 5,0 "10!5 J '*' U B = 0 8'
S'(&))*$+*'23452#'$*,,*'(5)("5+&'1' 0,10 A 8'J$+=&'#'*$*)05#'+&+#-'%&'(5)("5+&'
1'' J2'+'M'OPA'*'*2'+'M'>OPA'
!5
1 U E = 0 '*' U B = 5,0 "10 J 8'
U =
2
(10 "10 !3 H )(0,10 A)2 '
'
546 547
!"#$#%!%&'()*('
+&,-.,"!'/.0&1"!%!'%!,'!"#$#%!%&,'-+.-.,"!,'
!" #$%&'(" )*+)" ,-./'(" 01" #-',(" 1.2&1,3/$4(" &," 4$'4&$/-" 56" 7-" 2&(8" -" !"#$#%!%&'()*2'
4-7/(/-"#-$"#149(0-"7-"$7./(7/1"01"/1,:-"/";"<+"=1.4-7.$01'1"2&(82&1'"'1.$./>74$(" (K"!"#'12&>74$("(7%&8('"C"0(0(":18("12&(@I-")*+)J"
17/'1" -." 181,17/-." 01..1" 4$'4&$/-+" ?(@(" &," 1.A-@-" 0-." 4(,:-.B" 18C/'$4-" 1"
1 1
,(%7C/$4-B"7-"4(:(4$/-'"1"7-"$70&/-'"7-."$7./(7/1."01"/1,:-"/";"DEFB"/";"DEGB"/";" #0 = =
)DEF" 1" /" ;" DB" .170-" D" -" :1'H-0-" 0(" -.4$8(@I-" 181/'-,(%7C/$4(+" ?(@(" /(,AC," &,"
LC (1,0 " 10 !3
)(
H 15 " 10 !6 F +" )
1.A-@-" 0(." 171'%$(.B" 18C/'$4(B" ,(%7C/$4(" 1" /-/(8B" 0-" 4$'4&$/-" :('(" -." ,1.,-."
#0 = 8,2"103 rad / s +"
$7./(7/1."01"/1,:-+"
AK"!"(,:8$/&01"0("4('%(":-01".1'"-A/$0(":18("12&(@I-")*+LJ"
2
qm = q02 + (i0 #0 ) = (2,0 x10 C) + (50 x10
!6 2 !3
A 8,2 x103 s !1 )
2
"
qm = 6,4 µC "
M"("(,:8$/&01"0("4-''17/1":-01".1'"-A/$0(":18("12&(@I-")*BN<B"
(
im = #0 qm = 8,2 "103 rad / s 6,4 " 0 !6 C )( ) B"
im = 53m C +"
" '
?$%&'(")*+)J"6$'4&$/-"56+" !"#$#%!%&'()*3'
" M.4'1O1,-." (" 4(:(4$/P74$(" 1," /1',-." 0-" O(8-'" 0(" $70&/P74$(" 1" 0(" #'12Q>74$(" 0(."
-.4$8(@R1.B"-A/1,-."
'
'
(
C = 4$ 2 f 2 L )
!1
."
S-'/(7/-"/1'1,-.J"
'
1
' Cmax = "
( ) (2
4$ 2 1,2 " 1012 s !1 " 2,0 " 10!3 H )
'
Cmax = 1,8 "10!11 F = 18 pF "
'
MB"
'
1
' Cmin = "
4$ (7,2 " 10 s
2 12 !1 2
) " (2,0 " 10 !3
H)
'
C min = 4,9 " 10 !13 F = 0,49 pF +"
'
'
'
548 549
!"#$#%!%&'()*+' GO#U7,"%V(# I7)# (#82)I7R%1$(#*(#"7'2(#)K'2)+$*(*)#*)&&(#8($K(# *)#82)I7R%1$(#&)S(#
!"# $%&'(%')# *)# ')+,"# '# -# .# /0# "# 1(,(1$'"2# )&'(23# 1"+,4)'(+)%')# *)&1(22)5(*"#)#
f = 0,55 MHz ;# T)')2+$%)# "# H(4"2# +3K$+"# ,(2(# (# 1(,(1$'Q1$(# *)# +"*"# I7)# (&#
'"*(# (# )%)25$(# )&'(23# 1"%'$*(# %"# 1(+,"# +(5%6'$1"# 12$(*"# ,)4"# $%*7'"20# 1"+"# 82)I7R%1$(&#*)#"&1$4(?W)&#,"&&(+#&)2#&)4)1$"%(*(&#*)%'2"#*"#$%')2H(4"#*(#G(%*(#*)#
+"&'2(#(#8$572(#9:;9;# 82)I7R%1$(#*)#23*$";#
#
E9:;XO# P+# 1(,(1$'"2# *)# 1(,(1$'Q%1$(# C = 0,5 µF # 6# $%$1$(4+)%')# 1"%)1'(*"# (# 7+(#
8"%')#*)#')%&@"#*)# 12V ;#E+#&)57$*(0#"#1(,(1$'"2#6#*)&1"%)'(*"#*(#8"%')#)#4$5(*"#(#
7+#$%*7'"2#*)#$%*7'Q%1$(# L = 2,0 H ;#
(O#T)')2+$%)#(#82)I7R%1$(#(%574(2#*(&#"&1$4(?W)&#)46'2$1(&;#
GO#T)')2+$%)#"#,)2J"*"#*(&#"&1$4(?W)&#)46'2$1(&;#
1O#B(4174)#(#1(25(#$%$1$(4#*"#1(,(1$'"2#)#(#&7(#1(25(#(,Y&# 0,015 s #')2#&$*"#4$5(*"#("#

# $%*7'"2;#
<$572(# 9:;9=# >&1$4(?@"# *(# 1(25(# )# 1"22)%')# )+# 7+# 1$217$'"# AB;# C# )%)25$(# ,)2+(%)1)#
*O#B(4174)#'(+G6+#(#1"22)%')#%"#$%*7'"2#(,Y&# 0,015 s #')2#&$*"#4$5(*"#("#1(,(1$'"2;#
1"%&'(%')0#(4')2%(%*"D&)#)+#)46'2$1(#)#+(5%6'$1(;#
# )O#E%1"%'2)#(#)%)25$(#(2+(Z)%*(#%"#1(,(1$'"2#)#%"#$%*7'"2;#
E+# '# -# F# /# (# )%)25$(# )&'(23# %"# 1(+,"# )46'2$1"# *"# 1(,(1$'"2;# >G&)2H)# I7)0# )+# #
1"+,(2(?@"# 1"+# "# $%J1$"# *"# 1$14"0# (# ,"4(2$*(*)# *"# 1(,(1$'"2# )&'3# $%H)2'$*(;# !)&&)#
E9:;9O#B"%&$*)2)#I7)#)+#7+#1$217$'"#AB#(#1"22)%')#+3K$+(#&)S(#*)# im = 0,90mA;#>#
+"+)%'"# (# 1(25(# ('$%5)# &)7# H(4"2# +3K$+"# )# (# 1"22)%')# 6# %74(L# "G&)2H)# (# 8$572(#
1(,(1$'"2#')+#1(,(1$'Q%1$(# C = 4,5 µF #)#"#$%*7'"20#$%*7'Q%1$(# L = 90 mH ;#
9:;9;#
E+# '# -# M# /# (# 1"22)%')# 6# +3K$+(# )# "# 1(,(1$'"2# )&'3# *)&1(22)5(*";# E%'@"# '"*(# (# (O#T)')2+$%)#(#1(25(#+3K$+(#%"#1(,(1$'"2;#
)%)25$(#)&'3#%"#1(+,"#+(5%6'$1"#*"#$%*7'"2;# GO#B(4174)#(#1(25(#%"#1(,(1$'"2#I7(%*"#(#1"22)%')#%"#$%*7'"2#6# 0,50 mA ;#
E+#7+#1$14"#1"+,4)'"0#I7(%*"#'#-#/0#"#1(,(1$'"2#)&'(23#%"H(+)%')#1(22)5(*"#)#(#
#
1"22)%')#%"#1$217$'"#6#%74(;#
E9:;[O# T)')2+$%)# (# 1(25(# %"# 1(,(1$'"2# *)# 7+# 7+# 1$217$'"# AB# I7(%*"# (# 1"22)%')#
C# 8$572(# 9:;9# '(+G6+# +"&'2(# 1"+"# (# )%)25$(# 6# '2(%&8"2+(*(# )+# )46'2$1(# )#
)&'3#H(2$(%*"#(#7+(#'(K(#*)# 2,5 mA #%"#$%*7'"20#*)#$%*7'Q%1$(# L = 700 mH 0#)+#I7)#
+(5%6'$1(#%"&#$%&'(%')&#*)#')+,"#*"#1$14"#(&&$%(4(*"&;#
(#1(,(1$'Q%1$(#*"#1(,(1$'"2#6# C = 3,5 µF ;#
'
#
&,&-./.#01'%&'2#,!340'
E9:;\O# E+# 7+# 1$217$'"# AB0# 1"+# L = 400 mH # )# C = 250 pF 0# (# 1"22)%')# +3K$+(# %"#
'
$%*7'"2#6# im = 1,5 A #*72(%')#(&#"&1$4(?W)&;#>G')%V(#(#)%)25$(#+3K$+(#(2+(Z)%(*(#
E9:;NO# P+# 23*$"# ')+# 7+# ,)I7)%"# 1(,1$'"2# *)# 1(,(1$'Q%1$(# H(2$3H)4# C = 5,0 pF ;#
%"#1(,(1$'"2#*72(%')#(&#"&1$4(?W)&#*)#1"22)%');#
P+(# G"G$%(# 6# 1"%)1'(*(# ("# 1(,($'"2# *)# +"*"# I7)# (# 82)I7R%1$(# *)# "&1$4(?@"# *"#
#
1$217$'"#AB#&)S(# f = 1,5 MHz #
E9:;:O#]"&'2)#I7)#(#)K,2)&&@"# L
(O#T)')2+$%)#(#$%*7'Q%1$(#*(#G"G$%(;# C #')+#7%$*(*)&#*)#')+,";#
550 551
!
"#$%&'!()*)!+,!-./0*0!10.!2),30.4!-5678920!-!,):;679204!;0!2)3)29708!-!;0!9;1+708!
1-!+,!2982+970!<=4!;0.!9;.7);7-.!1-!7-,30!7!>?4!7!>!@AB4!7!>!@AC4!7!>!#@AB4!7!>!@AD4!
7! >! E@AB4! 7! >! #@AC4! 7! >! &@AB! -! 7! >! @4! .-;10! @! 0! 3-8F010! 1)! 0.295)*G0!
-5-780,):;6792)%!()*)!7),/6,!+,!-./0*0!1).!-;-8:9).4!-567892)4!,):;6792)!-!707)54!
10!2982+970!3)8)!0.!,-.,0.!9;.7);7-.!1-!7-,30%!
552
dU
!"#!$%&$'()*#!+,-($-.$)*/)"*0'($-#10/*)'($**$ = ! R i2 ,
dt
$
dU q dq di
= + Li ,
'23-0*4'($ dt C dt dt
)567899:;98$5$<56758=>69:=5$;>$<>8?>$9$;>$<5889:=9$@A9$5B<CD>6$E>865:C<>69:=9$
•
dU q d 2q dq
96$A6$<C8<AC=5$/#)F$$ = i + L 2 i = ! R i 7!
dt C dt dt
• -:=9:;98$@A9$7>8=9$;>$9:98?C>$G$;CBBC7>;>$96$A6$<C8<AC=5$/#)F$
Q)>)/)8/-! +.4#! +<$#23-! 9+%-! >#%-1! /#! 0-11+84+! +! 1+#11#8O#8/-! .+$.! 4+1,-.!
$ +80-841#,-.! #! +<$#23-! /-! 0)10$)4-;! <$+!9-/+! .+1! )E$#%,+84+!+80-841#/#!9+%-! $.-!
/#!%+)!/#.!,#%=#.M!
%&FH$)*/)"*0'$/#)!
! d 2q dq q
L +R + = 0 7! R&K7LS!
! "#! #$%#! &'! ()*+,-.! #! /+.01)23-! /-! 0)10$)4-! 567! 6-,! -! )84$)4-! /+! (#*+1!
dt 2 dt C
91),+)1-!#!.)4$23-!,#).!.),9%+.!+! /+!,#).!(:0)%! 0-,91++8.3-;! ()*+,-.! #!.$9-.)23-!
! N!+<$#23-!&K7L!C!$,!9-$0-!,#).!0-,9%)0#/#!<$+!#!+<$#23-!&'7L;!/+>)/-!#-!
/+!<$+!83-!=#>)#!<$#%<$+1!1+.).4?80)#!8-!0)10$)4-7!
4+1,-!#/)0)-8#%;! )E$#%! T!1+.).4?80)#!/-!1+.).4-1!,$%4)9%)0#/#!9+%#! /+1)>#/#!4+,9-1#%!
! @,A-1#! +B).4#,! ,#4+1)#).! <$+;! #! A#)B#.! 4+,9+1#4$1#.;! #91+.+84+,! /#!0#1E#;!<$+;!0-,-!8-!0)10$)4-!56;!C!#!0-11+84+!8-!0)10$)4-7!
1+.).4)>)/#/+! 8$%#;! 83-! C! 9-..D>+%! #)8/#! 0-8.41$)1! 0-11)<$+)1#,+84+! 0)10$)4-.!
!
+%C41)0-.!4-4#%,+84+!).+84-.!/+!#%E$,#!1+.).4?80)#!+%C41)0#7!
! F#,-.! +843-! )841-/$*)1! $,! 1+.).4-1! 8-! 0)10$)4-! 56! +! 41#8.(-1,:G%-! +,! $,! I-J(-$-$/-(I'JK!$%&FH$
0)10$)4-! H56;! ,#).!91IB),-! /#! 1+#%)/#/+7! "-4+! <$+;! ,+.,-! <$#8/-! 83-! $4)%)*#,-.! 6-,-! .+1)#! 9-..D>+%! -A4+1! #! +<$#23-! &K7L! $.#8/-! #! 5+)! /#.! U#%=#.! 8-! 0)10$)4-!
$,!1+.).4-1!+.9+0D()0-!+,!$,!0)10$)4-;!-!91I91)-!)8/$4-1!#91+.+84#!$,#!1+.).4?80)#! H56V!
/+4+1,)8#/#;!<$+!9-/+!.+1!9+<$+8#;!,#.!83-!8$%#7!
!
!
! "->#,+84+;! %)E#,-.! -! 0-84#4-! ,I>+%! #-! 4+1,)8#%! >! +! +,! /+4+1,)8#/-!
,-,+84-!-!%)E#,-.!#-!4+1,)8#%!L;!+!0-,+2#,-.!#!0-84#1!-!4+,9-7!
! W#1#! +80-841#1! #! .-%$23-! /#! +<$#23-! &K7L! (#*+,-.! #! .$9-.)23-! /+! <$+! #!
0#1E#!.+O#!/#/#!9-1!$,#!($823-!/-!4)9-M!
q = Ae "t !
!
+,! <$+! /+>+,-.! /+4+1,)8#1! A ! +! " ! R>-0?! #91+8/+1:! 0-,-! -A4+1! #.! .-%$2X+.! /#!
J)E$1#! &K7LM! N-! 0)10$)4-! )/+#%)*#/-! /#! ()E$1#! &'7L! (-)! #01+.0+84#/-! $,! 1+.).4-1;! 1+.$%4#8/-!
+<$#23-!&K7L!+,!.+$!0$1.-!/+!6:%0$%-S7!
+,!$,!0)10$)4-!H56;!,#).!91IB),-!/-!<$+!-0-11+!+,!$,!0)10$)4-!1+#%7!
! Y$A.4)4$)8/-!+.4#!+B91+..3-!8#!+<$#23-!&K7L;!+80-841#,-.!$,#!+<$#23-!/+!
!
.+E$8/-!E1#$!9#1#! " M!
"#!()E$1#!&K7L!4+,-.!-!8->-!0)10$)4-;!0$O#!+<$#23-!+80-841#1+,-.;!(#*+8/-!
#! 4#B#! /+! >#1)#23-! /#! +8+1E)#! 8-! 0)10$)4-! )E$#%! #-! 8+E#4)>-! /#! 9-4?80)#! /)..)9#/#! " 2 + 2 $ " + # 02 = 0 ;!
9-1!+(+)4-!P-$%+!8-!1+.).4-1M!
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i= sen (" t + %0 $ # 2) = im sen (" t + %0 $ # 2 ) !" J12!KL"
"L
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8)"#$+,'),$)-.!"#/+01$)-'.)12#$3)$)4555).$,67() )
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(
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1 1 %m % m 120V
XC = = = 2,00 " 10 3 ! # im = = = &$
$ C (100 rad / s )(5,00 " 10 #6 F ) XL $L 1,00 !
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im = = % m $ C %#
XC
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) *,.*%,-(#*()#!#)34)!#2(&-3#3#%)#*!+!*,-(.7#)(4-.!'(#&!#2,1%.!#89686
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im = 6,00 " 10 #2 A
%)!#.3!->&*,!#,&'%-,?!#EF#?3L34#)!,(.#3#%)!#*(..3&-3#EF#?3L34#)3&(.B#
#
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!# *(..3&-3# 30/-.,*!# /# ',.3-!)3&-3# +.(+(.*,(&!0# I# 30!6# C&-5(7# 43# !# 2.3;%<&*,!# '!# 2(&-3#
im = 12,0 A %#
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:"#D!.!#%)!#2.3;%<&*,!#EF#?3L34#)!,(.#;%3#!#'(#,-3)#!7#,1%!0#!#EFFF#.!'G47#-3.3)(4#
%)!#.3!->&*,!#*!+!*,-,?!#EF#?3L34#)3&(.#3#%)!#*(..3&-3#EF#?3L34#)!,(.B# (
X C = 2,00 " 10 2 ! # C896E"#M(&4,'3.3# %)# ,&'%-(.#'3# .34,4-<&*,!#'34+.3LN?307#43&'(# L = 2,0 H 7# 0,1!'(# !#%)!#
2(&-3# '3# -3&45(# *6!7# '3# ?!0(.# 50 V 6# O3-3.),&3# !# !)+0,-%'3# '!# *(..3&-3# ;%!&'(# !#
im = 6,00 " 10 #1 A #
2.3;%<&*,!#!&1%0!.#2(.# $1 = 100 rad / s 7# $2 = 1000 rad / s #3# $3 = 10 000 rad / s 6#
(
'&-.-,',"(/013( C896P"#Q)#*!+!*,-(.#'3#*!+!*,->&*,!# C = 3,5 µF #34-J#*(&3*-!'(#!#%)!#2(&-3#*6!7#43&'(#
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$C (100 rad / s )(5,0 "10 #3 F )
XC =
1
=
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(
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(
X L = $ L = (10.000 rad / s ) 50,0 "10 H = 500 ! #
#3
) im =
&m
D## # %.&'# # #Z =
2
R 2 + ( X L # X C ) <#
Z
4%(%#!#0(@'&-./0!#A#&!&!#@'5!#'71!8B%:><CD#
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Z = R 2 + (X L # X C )
D#
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+'(%)?#
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Z 500 !
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60 V
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#
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X L # XC & X # XC # #
tg (% ) = ' % = arctg$ L !
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% 200 ! "
(
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E#H,'71I./0!#.!+1,!5#&%#/0,/10+%#A#&!&!#@'5!#'71!8B%#
1(#0.&1+%,#/%(#0.&1+-./0!# L = 0,200 H D#D#'#1(#/!@!/0+%,#&'# C = 3,00 µF #50L!&%#!#1(!#
1
$= %$ H%.+'#/%(# & m = 60,0 V # '#H,'71I./0!#!.L15!,# $ = 300 rad / s <# !"# F'+',(0.'# !# 0(@'&-./0!#
LC
&%# /0,/10+%D# !# !(@50+1&'# &!# /%,,'.+'# '# !)# !(@50+1&')# &!# +'.)B%# !+,!KA)# &%# ,')0)+%,D# &%#
1 0.&1+%,#'#&%#/!@!/0+%,<#*"#F'+',(0.'#%#-.L15%#&'#H!)'#&!#+'.)B%#&!#H%.+'#'(#,'5!8B%#M#
$= = 100 rad / s &#
(20 " 10 #3
)(
H 5,0 " 10 #3 F ) /%,,'.+'<#/"#U!8!#1(#&0!L,!(!#&'#H!)%,')<#
#
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&
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" m = 50V $&L&5-/5*-63&325-H(&53+&*+(&1/0=*>?5-(M&

(%& # = 50 rad / s $&
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#
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)+.)'.*1&'%)',&--)$.)0'&'3")'&4.)(&+'5'"('6#/&-'3"#%-7.*,&'(5%*&'%)++#',&--)$.)')'$8&' ! t ' )' +"#' *$.)>-#/' +)' #$"/#9' Q' &".-&' .)-(&' 5' 1-&1&-,*&$#/' #&' 3"#%-#%&' %&' +)$&' )' +"#'
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1)-2&%&9';$.-).#$.&'+)"'6#/&-'3"#%-7.*,&'(5%*&'5'%#%&'1&-<' =
!0
$ m im sen 2 (! t ) cos (# )dt 1
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T
! 0
dt 2
T
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1
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9' '
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 = $ ef ief cos(# ) 9' CDE9DG'
im
ief = 9' CDE9FG'
2 Q'.)-(&' cos(# ) '5'%)$&(*$#%&'A<G>?$E@$I>GJFCB<9'
H#-#'.&%#+'#+'>-#$%)I#+'3")'&+,*/#(' B#-(&$*,#()$.)'1&%)(&+'%)J*$*-'+)"'6#/&-' !"#$%&' B7' "(#'>-#$%)'%)J#+#>)('%#' ,&--)$.)',&(' -)/#N8&'M' J)(0'5'$),)++7-*#'

)J*,#I',&(&'+)$%&'+"#'#(1/*."%)'%*6*%*%#'1&-'-#*I'3"#%-#%#'%)'%&*+<'"('6&/.2().-&'1#-#' "(#' ,&--)$.)' ("*.&' (#*+' #/.#' 1#-#' #.*$>*-' "(#' %).)-(*$#%#' 1&.?$,*#' %&' 3")' +)-*#'
,&--)$.)' #/.)-$#%#' ()%)' %*-).#()$.)' #' .)$+8&' )J*,#I' )' $8&' &' 6#/&-' *$+.#$.K$)&' %#' $),)++7-*#'+)'&',*-,"*.&'&1)-#++)'1-TU*(&'M'-)++&$K$,*#')('3")'&'J#.&-'+)'#1-&U*(#'%)'
.)$+8&9' "(9'
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!"#$ !#%$
$ $
R " T
cos(! ) =
Z
!"! im = m !
Z =
("
0
i sen 2 ($ t ) cos (! )dt
m m 1
= " m im cos(! ) :!
T
(0
dt 2
"#$%#&'()%*!&()+,)-!
1
 = R ief2 .! /01.23!
= (60V )(0,115 A)(0,520 ) = 1,79 W .!
2
! !
!"!#$%&'()*+' $!1,!'!'2!,$&134'()*5'
4%#*56"'"! 7)! $5'$75&%! 894! ")! *,'5":! ")! ;7":! R = 200 # :! L = 50,0 mH :! C = 600 nF :! N7(?!*"'5(!(!()A?5&76"!6(!$%''"#&"!"!(!A%&=#$5(!),65(!6%!$5'$75&%!894!6%!MOMPQ9L!01.R!
$%)!7)(!<%#&"!6"!<'";7=#$5(!(#>7?('! $ = 10.000 rad / s !"! " m = 60 V .!@"&"')5#"!%!<(&%'! *"!(!<'";7=#$5(!6"!%*$5?(EK%!6%!$5'$75&%!<%**"!5>7(?!S!<'";7=#$5(!#(&7'(?T!

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6"!A%&=#$5(!"!(!A%&=#$5(!),65(!A"?%!$5'$75&%.!
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1 1
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(
$ C (10.000 rad / s ) 600 % 10 &9 F )
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tg (! ) = ' ! = arctg $ !
R % R "! *")"?Y(#&"!"!"*;7")(&5$()"#&"!(!)"*)(!+%+5#(!6"!5#67EK%!6"*$'5&(!#(;7"?(!(7?(:!)(*!
7*(6(!$%)%!7)!&'(#*<%')(6%'.!
&500 # & 167 # #
! = arctg$$ !! = 59 !
o
!
% 200 # "
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"m
im = :!
Z
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!"#$ !"%$
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,!'*!%10'(#&3! L1 4!
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2
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! K,10#!,1$#1(&/0#!/!$#&&,1(,!1#!)&%*+&%#!,!2,*6&/10#!5',3!1#!$/-#!$#1-%0,&/0#3!
4!
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Y7!,/)' 72!")2' 7"' !"#0.1.-!/)%' #!%!' !0."$,*!%' 7"!' -!.U!' /$' 2)"@' 6' "!.2'
#$%-)%%./)'#)%'7"!'-)%%$,*$@' i1 @'/$')7*%)'Q!0)%&'\$22!'1)%"!@'
!#%)#%.!/)' ,)2' %$1$%.%")2' !' 27!2' ."#$/R,-.!2' !)' .,Q62' /$' 27!2' %$2.2*+,-.!2&' F'
!"#0.1.-!/)%' *$"' 5%!,/$' ."#$/R,-.!' /$' 2!X/!@' $,87!,*)' )' !0*)' 1!0!,*$' *$"' ;!.U!'
!""# $%%#
# #
!"#$%&'(!)*+ ,+ )-.!/0(!12+ #)-)+ "$341-)-+ )+ $/!(!5'(!)+ ')+ .-)'6/$-5'(!)+ %$+ $'$-7!)2+ 8+ (J+O1"1+)+#1.5'(!)+/1-'$(!%)+)1+#-!":-!1+8+!7>)3+U+-$6!6.5'(!)+/1-'$(!%)+)1+6$(>'%:-!12+
%$'1"!')%1+!"#"$%&'()*%)+$,%*-&!+"#*+
# 1i1 = # 2i2 *+
./.0123)4567)
9"+ -:%!1+ %$+ ;<<+ =2+ )'.$6+ >.!3!?)%1+ $"+ @-)603!)+ 1'%$+ )+ .$'6A1+ /1-'$(!%)+ #$3)+
O1"1+++ #1 N 2 = # 2 N1 +$+ i2 = # 2 R 2+
(1"#)'4!)+$38.-!()+8+%$+BB<+C+8+3!7)%1+$"+@$31+D1-!?1'.$+1'%$+)+.$'6A1+/1-'$(!%)+8+%$+
;;<+ C*+ E$F!%1+ )+ >"+ %$/$!.1+ 'A1+ 8+ #1660F$3+ ">%)-+ )+ (4)F$+ G>$+ /)?+ )+ 6$3$HA1+ $'.-$+ )6+ #1 2
R= (N 2 N1 ) *+
.$'6I$6+%$+$'.-)%)+%$+BB<+C+#)-)+;;<+C*+9.!3!?)'%1+>"+.-)'6/1-")%1-+8+#1660F$3+/)?$-+)+ i1
)%)#.)HA1+#)-)+>.!3!?)HA1+%1+)#)-$341*+
T+(1--$'.$+ i1 +'1+#-!":-!1+#1%$+6$-+1N.!%)+%)+#1.5'(!)+"8%!)+
)J+ K>)3+ %$F$+ 6$-+ )+ -)?A1+ $'.-$+ 1+ 'L"$-1+ %$+ $6#!-)6+ %1+ #-!":-!1+ $+ 6$(>'%:-!1+ %$66$+
.-)'6/1-")%1-M+ 100 W
i1 = = = 0,91 A *+
#1 110 V
NJ+E$.$-"!'$+)+(1--$'.$+$38.-!()+G>)'%1+1+-:%!1+/1-+3!)7)%1+)+>")+/1'.$+%$+;;<+C*+
V1712+
(J+O)3(>3$+)+6>)+-$6!6.5'(!)+$38.-!()*+
110V
R= (2)2 = 484 $ *+
8329:;3<+ )J+ E$F$P6$+ >.!3!?)-+ >"+ .-)'6/1-")%1-+ G>$+ )>"$'.$+ )+ .$'6A1+ #)-)+ BB<+ C*+ 0,91A
Q)N$"16+G>$+>")+.$'6A1+)3.$-')%)+#-1%>?+>")+F)-!)HA1+%$+/3>R1+")7'8.!(1+).-)F86+%1+ )
.-)'6/1-")%1-*+,N6$-F$+G>$+
)
d !B d !B
# 1 = " N1 ++ $++ # 2 = "N2 2+
dt dt )
1'%$+ # 1 + $+ # 2 + 6A1+)6+ .$'6I$6+'1+ #-!":-!1+$+ 6$(>'%:-!1+ $+ N1 + $+ N 2 +6A1+16+ 'L"$-16+ %$+ )
$6#!-)62+ -$6#$(.!F)"$'.$*+ S6.)"16+ %$6#-$?)'%1+ )+ -$6!6.5'(!)6+ %16+ $'-13)"$'.16*+

)
E$66)6+$G>)HI$6+(1'(3>!"16+G>$+
)
N 2 # 2 220V
= = = 2 *+
N1 #1 110V )
S'.A12+ 1+ 'L"$-1+ %$+ $6#!-)6+ '1+ 6$(>'%:-!1+ %$F$+ 6$-+ !7>)3+ )1+ %1N-1+ %1+ 'L"$-1+ %$+ )
$6#!-)6+%1+#-!":-!1*+
)
NJ+T+(1--$'.$+$38.-!()+'1+-:%!1+#1%$+6$-+1N.!%)+).-)F86+%)+#1.5'(!)+"8%!)2+
)
 100 W
i2 = = 2+
#2 220 V )
i2 = 0,45 A *+ )
!"#$ !"%$
$ $
!"#$%#&'()%*"+&','(,'#('&-.-,',"#($!%$%#&'#( D456IF" G+" ()9(1)%$" NOP" .+" =,9).8" .+" 01.8" R = 100 # 8" L = 25,0 mH 8" C = 300 nF 8" ($+"
1+*" >$'%." -." >9.01&'()*" *'Q1/*9" % = 500 rad / s " ." " m = 60 V 6" M.%.9+)'." $" >*%$9" -."
'&-.-,',"(/012(
#$%&'()*"."*"#$%&'()*"+,-)*"#./$"()9(1)%$6"
!"#$%&'()*"+,-)*","-*-*"#./*".01*23$"45678"
D4567F" G+" %9*'=>$9+*-$9" .=%R" ($'.(%*-$" *" 1+*" >$'%." -." %.'=3$" *6(" -." EE5" J6." -.A."
1
= " m im cos(! ) 6" >$9'.(.9" EE6555J6" *F" S1*/" -.A." =.9" *" 9*?3$" .'%9." $" 'T+.9$" -." .=#)9*=" -$" #9)+R9)$" ."
2
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"m 80,0V
im = = = 0,762 A " D4564F"G+"%9*'=>$9+*-$9"#$==1)"E555".=#)9*="'$"#9)+R9)$"."I5".=#)9*="'$"=.(1'-R9)$6"
Z 105 #
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<*9*".'($'%9*9+$="$">*%$9"-."#$%&'()*8" cos (! ) 8"1%)/)?*+$="*".01*23$" #9)+R9)$U"

BF" S1*)=" =3$" *=" ($99.'%.=" ./,%9)(*=" '$=" #9)+R9)$" ." =.(1'-R9)$8" 01*'-$" $"
X $ XC & X $ XC #
tg (! ) = L ' ! = arctg $ L ! 8" =.(1'-R9)$","/)Q*-$"*"1+*"9.=)=%&'()*"./,%9)(*"-." 30 # U"
R % R "
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.01*23$"7:6C8"
(
' X L $ X C = Z $ R 6"
2
Z = R + (X L $ X C )
2 2 2
<EI6EF" V*2*"1+" .=B$2$"-$="Q9R>)($="-." (*9Q*"." ($99.'%." .+">1'23$"-$" %.+#$" #*9*" 1+"
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<$9%*'%$8"
'.==."()9(1)%$6"
& Z 2 $ R2 # & 2 #
! = arctg $ ! = arctg $ Z $ 1 ! = arctg 1,96 $ 1 = 44,4o 6"
( ) "
$ R ! $ R2 !
% " % "
<EI6IF" Y$=%9." 01." *" ($99.'%." +RW)+*" *(1+1/*-*" .+" 1+" (*#*()%$9" -." 1+" ()9(1)%$" OP"
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= 0,714 6" -.#.'-." -$=" A*/$9.=" )')()*)=" -*" (*9Q*8" -*" ($99.'%." ." -*" >9.01&'()*" *'Q1/*98" -." *($9-$"
2
!"#$%&'()*"+,-)*","-*-*"#$9" ($+"*".01*23$" qm = q02 + (i0 %0 ) 6"
1 1 "
= " m im cos(! ) = (80,0V )(0,762 A)(0,714 ) "
2 2
<EI67F" Y$=%9." 01." .+" 1+" ()9(1)%$" OP8" *" ($'=%*'%." -." >*=." ," -*-*" #./*" .01*23$"
= 21,8W 6" $ i0
tg (!0 ) = 6"
%0 q0
"
"
"3"!)4)-%#(,"(5-3'67%(
<EI64F"V*2*"1+".=B$2$"-$="Q9R>)($="-."(*9Q*"."($99.'%."-."1+"()9(1)%$"NOP"01*'-$"
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9.=)=%&'()*" 400 # " ." )'-1%@'()*" 6,00H 6" M.%.9+)'." $" >*%$9" -." #$%&'()*" ." *" #$%&'()*"
BF" ' ",")Q1*/"*" %0 6"
+,-)*">$9'.()-*"#./*">$'%.6"
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!"#$ !"%$
$ $
!
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4+9,0857.!*0:.!8+3*.,-5.!70!0,09>5.!0:?6958.@!+!*953059+!8+3!)3!8.*.856+9;! C = 9,8 nF ;!
0! +! 10>),7+! 8+3! )3! 5,7)6+9;! L = 6,7 µH %! A.:8):0! .1! 90.6B,85.1! 8.*.8565C.! 0! 5,7)65C.!
*.9.!8.7.!8.1+!0!.!.3*:56)70!7.!8+990,60%!
!
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7,0 mH !?!7.7.!*+9! i = (0,70 nA) cos (126t ) %!
.'!I060935,0!.!403!3JK53.!5,7)L57.!,.!F+F5,.%!
F'!A.:8):0!+!4:)K+!3.>,?658+!.69.C?1!70!8.7.!01*59.!7.!F+F5,.%!
8'!M).:!?!+!3N7):+!7.!403!03!6!O!H;H$1P!
!
"#$%Q'!A+,157090!)3!8598)56+!RSA;!!! ! m = 100 V ;! R = 400 " ;! C = 0 ,600 µ F !0! L = 3,00 H %!
.'!A.:8):0!.1!60,1T01!,+!901516+9;!,+!8.*.856+9!0!,+!5,7)6+9!*.9.!)3.! 490/)U,85.!
70!DHH!9.7V1%!
F'!I060935,0!.!8+,16.,60!70!4.10%!
8'! W.X.! )3! 75.>9.3.! 70! 4.1+901! *.9.! 490/)U,85.1! &H! 9.7V1;! &HH! 9.7V1! 0! &HHH!
9.7V1%!
!
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0,69.7.;!70!$$H!\!0!)3!4.6+9!70!*+6U,85.!5>).:!.!H;]&H%!
.'!M).:!.!8+990,60!,.!0,69.7.!7+!8598)56+!7+!8+,1)357+9P!
F'! (0! 016.!8+990,60! *098+990110! )3!45+! 70! 8+F90! 70! 305.! *+:0>.7.! 70! 75B3069+;!
8+3!)3!8+3*9530,6+!70!803!/)5:^3069+1;!/).:!1095.!.!*097.!70!8.:+9!,0110!45+P!
8'!(0;!03! C0L!70!$$H!\;!.!60,1=+!70!0,69.7.! 4+110!70!#H;H!Z\;!/).51!1095.3!.1!
901*+16.1!7+1!560,1!.,6095+901P!
!"#$
$
UNIDADE 13
PROPRIEDADES MAGNÉTICAS DA MATÉRIA E EQUAÇÕES DE

MAXWELL
Nas unidades anteriores, vimos que correntes elétricas geram campos

magnéticos, que campos magnéticos variáveis geram correntes elétricas e
que esses campos e essas correntes interagem. Entretanto, não estudamos
as causas da existência de campos magnéticos gerados por imãs, nem
porque certos materiais podem apresentar características magnéticas. Esta
aula é dedicada ao exame de tais questões sob a perspectiva da Física
Clássica, embora se saiba que a resposta correta a esses fenômenos só
pode ser obtida com o uso da Física Quântica. Por isso, a descrição que
faremos nos dará uma idéia apenas qualitativa sobre o comportamento
magnético da matéria e na medida do possível introduzirmos a visão e
correções da mecânica quântica.
1 2
"
I=q f =q , (41.2)
2!
AULA 41 PROPRIEDADES MAGNÉTICAS DA MATÉRIA
em que ! é a freqüência angular do movimento. A corrente elétrica gerada pelo

OBJETIVO
movimento da carga pode ter o mesmo sentido ou não que o vetor velocidade da
• DESCREVER A ORIGEM DO MAGNETISMO NOS MEIOS MATERIAIS carga; se a carga for positiva, a corrente tem o mesmo sentido de percurso no
circuito que o vetor velocidade da carga; se ela for negativa, o sentido da corrente
é oposto ao do vetor velocidade.
De acordo com a equação 41.1, se r é o raio do círculo descrito pela carga

41.1 MOMENTOS MAGNÉTICOS ATÔMICOS elétrica, o momento de dipolo magnético do circuito descrito pela carga é, em
módulo:
q! 2 1
Vimos que um circuito de área A, percorrido por uma corrente elétrica I, tem µ = I A = (q f ) (" r 2 ) = " r = q! r 2. (41.3)
! 2" 2
associado a ele um momento magnético µ dado por:
A direção é perpendicular ao plano do circuito e o sentido depende do sinal da
carga elétrica q , como mostra a Figura 41.2.
!
µ = I A n̂, (41.1)
em que n̂ é o vetor unitário normal ao plano do circuito, com sentido dado pela
regra da mão direita (Figura 41.1).
Figura 41.2: Sentido do momento magnético: (a) se a carga elétrica for positiva; (b) se a
carga elétrica for negativa.
Por outro lado, se m for a massa da partícula, o seu momento angular orbital
é, em módulo:
L = r (m v ) = m ! 2 r. (41.4)
De (41.3) e (41.4) vem que:

Figura 41.1: O vetor momento magnético de um circuito. Os dedos no sentido da circulação
!
da corrente tal que o dedão aponta na direção de µ. q
M= L, (41.5)
2m
Consideremos agora uma carga elétrica q descrevendo uma órbita circular ou, na forma vetorial:
em um campo magnético. Se f for a freqüência de seu movimento, isto é, número
! q !
de vezes por segundo que a carga descreve o círculo, a corrente gerada no circuito µ= L (41.6)
2m
é:
3 4
! !
Nesta equação, os vetores µe L possuem o mesmo sentido ou
sentidos opostos, de acordo com o sinal da carga elétrica, conforme pode O momento magnético total do elétron é, então:
ser visto nas figuras 41.2a e 41.2b, respectivamente.
Suponhamos agora que a carga elétrica seja um elétron e que ele esteja ! !
! e
circulando em torno de um átomo. Nesse caso, temos, na equação (41.6): µe =
2 me
(! L+ 2S ) (41.7)
! e !
µe = ! L A equação (41.6) é a relação da Física Clássica entre momento de dipolo
2 me
magnético e momentum angular orbital. Ela também ocorre na Física Quântica,
em que e é a carga do elétron. O sinal negativo é porque a carga do elétron é mas aí, o momentum angular já não tem as mesmas propriedades do momentum
negativa. Com essa notação, fica claro que, para o elétron, o momento angular clássico: ele é quantizado, isto é, só ocorre na Natureza em múltiplos
magnético tem sentido oposto ao do momentum angular orbital. Temos inteiros de h / 2# = 1,05 " 10 ! 34 J.s ( h é a constante de Planck). A quantização é
também que ambos os vetores são perpendiculares ao plano orbital do consequência do confinamento ou aprisionamento do elétron no campo
elétron. eletromagnético do próton que impede o elétron de estar em qualquer órbita(isto é,
Além do momento magnético orbital, a Física quântica nos diz que o com qualquer energia). Como uma corda presa em ambas as extremidades que só
elétron possui uma outra propriedade – que não existe na Física Clássica – pode vibrar em configurações nas quais o comprimento da corda seja um número
!
chamada de spin ( S ), equivalente a um momento de dipolo magnético. Do ponto inteiro de ! 2. O só pode girar em órbitas cujas energias sejam múltiplos inteiros
de vista clássico, o spin do elétron seria análogo ao momentum angular de rotação !! 0 E0

de ou .
do elétron em torno de si mesmo. O momento de dipolo magnético correspondente 2 2
ao spin é: "
Se expressarmos o momento magnético orbital em termos de L / ! e o de
! e ! "
µS = ! S, spin em termos de S / ! , a equação (41.7) pode ser escrita como:
2 me
" "
" e! & L S#
onde ! é um coeficiente, denominado razão giromagnética, que depende µe = $ ' + 2 !.
2 me $% ! ! !"
da estrutura da partícula atômica e do sinal de sua carga. Os prótons e os
nêutrons também possuem spin e os valores da razão giromagnética são
dados na Tabela 41.1.
A constante:
Tabela 41.1: Valores da razão giromagnética para partículas atômicas

e!
PARTÍCULA RAZÃO
µB = = 9,27 " 10 !24 A.m 2 = 9,27 " 10 !24 J / T = 5,79 " 10 !5 eV / T
2 me
GIROMAGNÉTICA
Elétron -2,024
Próton 5,585
tem o nome de magnéton de Bohr.
Nêutron -3,826
5 6
! dm !
Um átomo contém geralmente muitos elétrons e estes se acomodam aos
M = .
vários níveis de energia de modo a terem spins opostos; assim, o momento dV (41.8)
magnético de um átomo com número um par de elétrons é nulo (como exemplo, os
átomos de H e He). Quando o número de elétrons no átomo é ímpar, o átomo
possui um saldo de pelo menos um elétron com spin sem o par; o átomo, então, A unidade deste vetor no Sistema Internacional é a do momento de dipolo
apresenta um momento magnético de spin não nulo. magnético dividida pela unidade de volume, isto é, A.m .
!
Os prótons e os nêutrons embora possuam spin, têm massas muito maiores Quando um material é colocado em um campo magnético de indução B0 , este
que as do elétron e, por isso, eles possuem momentos magnéticos muito menores !
campo induz um campo magnético Bm dentro material de modo que o campo
(da ordem de 10 3 vezes o do elétron); portanto, sua contribuição para o cálculo do
magnético que medimos é a soma vetorial desses dois campos. Então, para
momento magnético total de um átomo tem pouca influência.
distinguir a contribuição de cada campo dentro do material ao campo magnético
! !
total B , definimos o vetor intensidade do campo magnético ( H ) como:
ATIVIDADE 41.1
2
Mostre que as unidades A.m e J T para o magnéton de Bohr são equivalente ! !
! B B !
H= 0 = ! M. (41.9)
µ0 µ0
34.3 VETORES MAGNÉTICOS

! ! !
No Sistema Internacional, H e M têm as mesmas unidades. O vetor H
mede a contribuição das fontes de campo magnético externas ao material;
!
o vetor M , o campo magnético gerado pelos momentos de dipolo do
Como acabamos de ver, os átomos possuem momento magnético devido ao
! ! ! ! ! !
movimento orbital e principalmente ao spin dos seus elétrons. Essa é a razão material. Os vetores B , H e M são análogos aos vetores D , E e P na
principal para que os materiais sejam ou não magnéticos: um material composto eletrostática.
por átomos com número ímpar de elétrons, será capaz de apresentar propriedades A equação (41.9) pode ser escrita:
magnéticas, pois o momento de dipolo magnético total de seus átomos não é nulo.
Tal material é, portanto, magneticamente polarizado.
! ! !
Quando colocamos esse material magneticamente polarizado em um campo
B = µ0 ( H + M ) (41.10)
magnético, os dipolos magnéticos do material tendem a se alinhar com o campo

magnético externo, criando dentro do material, um campo magnético induzido
EXEMPLO 41.1
paralelo aos momentos de dipolo magnéticos.
Consideremos um solenóide percorrido por uma corrente elétrica I. Se, dentro do
Para descrever o estado magnético de um material vamos definir algumas !
quantidades, tal como foi feito no estudo da polarização em dielétricos. solenóide houver vácuo, o vetor magnético M será nulo porque não há material
magnético na região. O campo magnético total existente nela é devido à corrente
O estado magnético de um material é descrito pelo seu vetor magnetização ! !
! elétrica que percorre o solenoide; então, B = B0 = µ 0 H . Para o solenóide com
M , cujo módulo é igual ao momento de dipolo magnético por unidade de volume
vácuo, temos:
do material:
7 8
B0 = µ 0 n I Para materiais paramagnéticos e diamagnéticos, o vetor magnetização
! !
M é diretamente proporcional ao vetor do campo magnético H e podemos
onde n é o número de espiras por unidade de comprimento do solenóide. A
escrever que:
equação (41.10) nos dá, então, que:
H = nI
! !
M = ! H, (41.11)
Se preenchermos o interior do solenóide com um material e a corrente permanecer
!
constante, o vetor H não muda, pois ele depende apenas da corrente. Entretanto o
campo magnético B dentro do solenoide passa a ser diferente do que existia em que a constante ! é denominada susceptibilidade magnética do
quando havia vácuo nesta região. A diferença está no fato de que houve material. Para substâncias paramagnéticas, ela é positiva, e a magnetização
! ! !
magnetização do material, descrita pelo termo µ0 M da equação (41.10) M tem o mesmo sentido que H . Para substâncias diamagnéticas, ela é
! !
negativa e M tem sentido oposto ao de H .
A relação linear entre a magnetização e a intensidade do campo magnético

em uma substância não vale para materiais ferromagnéticos; neles, a
41.3 MATERIAIS MAGNÉTICOS
susceptibilidade magnética não é constante.
A Tabela 41.2 mostra valores da susceptibilidade magnética para algumas

De acordo com seu comportamento quando colocados em um campo substâncias.
magnético, os materiais podem ser classificados em três tipos: Levando a equação (41.11) em (41.10), obtemos:
(a) Paramagnéticos: em que os momentos de dipolo magnético dos ! ! ! ! ! !

B = µ0 ( H + M ) = µ0 ( H + ! H ) = µ0 (1 + ! ) H .
elétrons em metais ou dos átomos e moléculas do material, ficam
parcialmente alinhados quando submetidos à um campo magnético
externo, fazendo-o aumentar;
Definindo, agora, a permeabilidade magnética do material por:
(b) Diamagnéticos: em que o momento de dipolo magnético total é

nulo. Ele é induzido pelo campo magnético externo e tem sentido
µ m = µ 0 (1 + ! ) (41.12)
oposto ao campo magnético aplicado, fazendo-o decrescer;
vem que:
(c) Ferromagnéticos: em que os momentos de dipolo magnéticos do
material interagem fortemente com os seus vizinhos; ocorre, assim,
um alto grau de alinhamento desses dipolos no material e, quando ! !
B = µm H , (41.13)
ele é sujeito a um campo magnético externo, mesmo muito
pequeno, ocorre um aumento muito grande desse campo. Mesmo
sem o campo externo, um material ferromagnético pode produzir relação entre indução magnética e intensidade de campo magnético válida para
campo magnético devido ao alinhamento de seus dipolos. materiais paramagnéticos e diamagnéticos. Notemos que, nos materiais
9 10
!
paramagnéticos, µ m > µ0 ; nos materiais diamagnéticos, µm < µ0 . Notemos, A energia potencial ( U ) de um dipolo magnético de momento µ colocado em
!
também, que, como a susceptibilidade magnética ! é muito pequena para esses um campo magnético de indução B é dada por:
materiais, a permeabilidade magnética µ m é muito próxima da permeabilidade

magnética do vácuo ( µ 0 ). Entretanto, para materiais ferromagnéticos, µ m >> µ 0 ! !
U = !µ • B
(vários milhares de vezes maior). Finalmente, a relação (41.13) não é válida para
materiais ferromagnéticos, porque µm não é característica do material, mas U = " µ B cos! .

depende tanto do estado anterior da substância quanto do processo que leva a
substância a seu estado físico atual.
A energia potencial é menor quando o dipolo está paralelo ao campo ( ! = 0º )
do que quando ele está com sentido contrário ao do campo ( ! = 180º ). A diferença
TABELA 41.2: Susceptibilidade magnética para algumas substâncias a 300 K.
é:
Substância ! Substância !
Paramagnética
Diamagnética
Platina Bismuto
"U = U (180º ) ! U (0º ) = !2 µ B.
2,9 "10 !4 ! 1,7 "10 !5
Cromo 2,7 "10 !4 Chumbo ! 1,7 "10 !5
Nióbio 2,6 "10 !4 Diamante ! 2,2 "10 !5 ATIVIDADE 41.2
Tungstênio 6,8 "10 !5 Prata ! 2,6 " 10 ! 5 Mostre que, para B = 1T , # U = 1,16 " 10 ! 4 eV e que, para T=300 K a energia
Alumínio 2,3 "10 !5 Mercúrio ! 2,9 "10 !5 térmica é U t = 2,59 " 10 !2 eV .
Lítio 2,1"10 !5 Ouro ! 3,6 "10 !5
Cálcio 1,9 "10 !5 Silício ! 4,2 "10 !6 O exemplo 41.1 nos mostra que a energia térmica é cerca de 200 vezes maior
que a energia potencial do dipolo. Portanto, mesmo com um campo magnético tão
forte quanto o de 1 T a maioria dos dipolos não estará alinhada com o campo por
41.3.1 PARAMAGNETISMO causa da agitação térmica dos átomos do material.
Pierre Curie (1859-1906) estabeleceu experimentalmente a relação entre o

campo magnético externo, a temperatura do material e a magnetização do material
Quando os átomos de um material possuem momentos de dipolo magnéticos
paramagnético em um campo magnético fraco. Essa relação, conhecida como a lei
que quase não interagem entre si, a susceptibilidade magnética do material é muito
de Curie, se expressa da seguinte forma:
pequena. Se ela é também positiva, quando o material é colocado em um campo
magnético externo, os momentos de dipolo que antes disso estavam orientados em
todas as direções, passam a se orientar paralelamente ao campo, com o mesmo B
M =C ,
sentido dele. Essa orientação não é, entretanto, absoluta pois os seus átomos T
possuem agitação térmica que é tanto maior quanto maior for a temperatura do
material. Assim, a fração dos átomos cujos dipolos se alinham com o campo
magnético externo depende da intensidade do campo e da temperatura. em que C é uma constante, denominada constante de Curie que depende do
material. A Figura 41.3 mostra gráficos da relação entre a magnetização (em
11 12
unidades do magnéton de Bohr por íon) em função BT (em quilogauss por grau O número de moléculas por unidade de volume é dado por:
Kelvin) para três materiais paramagnéticos. Vemos que, para BT muito pequenos,
a lei de Curie é obedecida; para valores grandes do campo magnético, a N (átomos por mol )
n= ! (kg / m 3 ),
magnetização tende a um valor constante que depende do material; isto significa M (kg )
que, para valores grandes de B/T, há uma saturação de dipolos magnéticos
orientados com o campo magnético.
em que N é o número de Avogadro e M é a massa molecular do material. Pode-se

mostrar que, na região onde a lei de Curie é válida, a constante C é dada por:
µ
C= Ms ,
3k
em que k é a constante de Boltzmann.
41.3.2 DIAMAGNETISMO
Figura 41.3: Gráfico da magnetização em função de B/T. A lei de Curie é obedecida para Os materiais diamagnéticos possuem uma susceptibilidade magnética
valores pequenos de B/T.
negativa e muito pequena. Podemos estudar o efeito da indução causada por um
campo magnético externo a um material diamagnético com um modelo de elétrons
com movimento circular em torno do núcleo do átomo. Sejam, então, dois elétrons
ATIVIDADE 41.3
que circulam em torno de um átomo com sentidos de movimento opostos (Figura
A partir da Figura 41.3, determine a constante de Curie para os três materiais
41.4).
mostrados.
Se todos os átomos e moléculas do material tiverem seus momentos de

dipolo alinhados com um campo magnético externo, o momento magnético por
unidade de volume do material é o produto do número de moléculas por unidade de
volume n pelo momento de dipolo de cada molécula. Neste caso extremo, temos,
para a magnetização de saturação:
M s = n µ.
Figura 41.4: Movimento de elétrons em campo magnético.
13 14
Para um observador situado no núcleo N do átomo, com a cabeça no sentido
m ! 2 r = F0 ± e v B = F0 ± e ! r B = m! 02 r ± e!rB ,
positivo do eixo OZ, o movimento circular do elétron da parte (a) da figura, gera
uma corrente elétrica convencional com sentido horário; portanto, o momento de
dipolo magnético orbital associado a essa corrente tem sentido oposto ao do eixo
em que o sinal (+) se aplica ao elétron da figura 41.4a e o sinal (-), ao elétron da
OZ. O movimento do elétron da parte (b) da figura gera uma corrente elétrica
figura 41.4b. A força centrípeta é maior no elétron da figura 41-4a que no da figura
convencional com sentido anti-horário; portanto, o momento de dipolo magnético
41.4b.
orbital associado a essa corrente tem sentido coincidente com o do eixo OZ.
Eliminando F das duas últimas equações, obtemos a variação da freqüência
Suponhamos que os raios das trajetórias dos elétrons sejam as mesmas;
angular de movimento de qualquer dos elétrons, devida à presença do campo
assim, suas velocidades orbitais são também as mesmas, dadas por:
magnético:
eBr
v= .
m
m (! 2 " ! 02 ) = ±e ! B
O momento de dipolo magnético orbital do átomo, devido aos dois elétrons, é,
portanto, nulo.
Os elétrons são mantidos nas suas órbitas pela força elétrica entre eles e o ou:
núcleo do átomo. Esta força é a força centrípeta necessária para manter o
movimento circular. Então, de acordo com a segunda lei de Newton, temos que:
m (! + !0 ) (! " !0 ) = ±e ! B,
m v2
F0 = = m !02 r ,
r mas ! "! 0
e, então, podemos escrever que: ! + !0 " 2! e ! # !0 = "! . Assim,
a equação acima fica:
em que !0 é a frequência angular do movimento dos elétrons em sua órbita
circular. 2 m !" = ±e B.
!
Quando um campo magnético de indução B é aplicado sobre o átomo, este A variação da frequência angular do movimento do elétron, causada pela
sofre ação de uma força magnética: presença do campo magnético, é, então:
Fm = e v B = e ! r B, eB
!" = ± .
2m
em que ! é a nova frequência angular de movimento dos elétrons. De acordo com

Essa variação de freqüência angular do movimento do elétron produz uma
a regra da mão direita, ela é radial, mas tem sentido contrário para os elétrons da
variação da corrente elétrica gerada pelo elétron, dada por:
Figura 41-4. Com o campo magnético, a força centrípeta que atua sobre o elétron
fica:
15 16
$" e2 B atômicos que tendem a se alinhar mutuamente mesmo na presença de um campo
$ I = #e =# . magnético muito fraco.
2! 4! m
Todos os materiais ferromagnéticos são formados por regiões microscópicas,
chamadas de domínios magnéticos, com volumes entre 10 !12 m 3 a 10 ! 8 m3

O momento de dipolo magnético do átomo passa a ser:
contendo 1017 a 10 21 átomos cujos momentos de dipolo magnéticos são alinhados.
Os domínios possuem orientações magnéticas diferentes uns dos outros. No
2 e2 r 2 material não magnetizado, eles estão orientados ao acaso de modo que o momento
m = 0 + "m = "I A = "I (# r ) = ! B
4 m de dipolo magnético total do material é nulo (Figura 41.5a). Entretanto, quando o
material é colocado em um campo magnético externo a ele, os domínios se alinham
ao campo externo (Figura 41.5b). Esse alinhamento é tão grande que o campo
ou, vetorialmente: magnético gerado pelos dipolos é várias ordens de grandeza maior que o campo
externo. Ao contrário do que ocorre com os materiais paramagnéticos, quando o
campo externo é removido, o material costuma manter a magnetização adquirida,
! e2 r 2 !
m=! B, com mesmo sentido do campo externo. Nas temperaturas normais, a agitação
4 m
térmica não é capaz de eliminar a orientação adquirida.
em que o sinal negativo mostra que o momento de dipolo se opõe ao campo

magnético aplicado.
Todas as substâncias diamagnéticas possuem momento de dipolo

magnético total nulo e somente quando colocados em campos magnéticos,
este momento fica diferente de zero. Os momentos induzidos que causam
o diamagnetismo têm intensidades da ordem de 10 !5 µ B .
Figura 41.5 Os domínios magnéticos e sua orientação.

PENSE E RESPONDA 41.1
Que características da estrutura atômica são relevantes para determinar se um

elemento é diamagnético ou paramagnético?
Os materiais ferromagnéticos apresentam uma propriedade importante. Para
descrevê-la, consideremos um solenóide e uma barra de ferro dentro dele.
Façamos passar uma corrente elétrica no solenóide, aumentando-a de zero até um
!
41.3.3 FERROMAGNETISMO valor I. O solenóide criará um campo magnético H em seu interior e, com a
!
presença da barra de ferro, surgirá um campo magnético µ0 M paralelo a ele. A
!
O ferromagnetismo ocorre no ferro, cobalto, níquel, gadolínio, disprósio e nas Figura 41.6 mostra um gráfico do campo resultante B dentro do solenoide,
ligas desses elementos. Ele é devido à interação entre os dipolos magnéticos denominado curva de magnetização. À medida que aumentamos a corrente
17 18
!
elétrica, o campo magnético B dentro da barra aumenta ao longo da curva Oa de Este efeito é chamado de histerese (do grego “atraso”) e mostra que a
zero até um valor máximo correspondente ao ponto a da figura. O achatamento da magnetização de uma substância ferromagnética (no caso, nossa barra de ferro)
depende da história da substância assim como do campo magnético aplicado a ela.
curva perto do ponto a é o resultado do fato da magnetização estar aproximando
de seu valor de saturação, em que todos os momentos de dipolo magnéticos estão A trajetória fechada na Figura 41.6 é chamada de curva de histerese. Sua
alinhados com o campo do solenóide. Acima deste valor limite da magnetização, o forma e dimensão dependem da substância e da intensidade máxima do campo
campo na barra de ferro aumenta apenas devido ao aumento do campo gerado magnético externo. Para materiais ditos “duros” (Figura 41.7a) ela é larga,
pelo solenóide. correspondendo a uma maior magnetização remanescente. Esses materiais não são
desmagnetizados facilmente. Para materiais ditos “moles”, como o ferro, a curva é
estreita (Figura 41.7b). Esses materiais são magnetizados e desmagnetizados
facilmente.
Figura 41.6: Curva de magnetização para material ferromagnético.
Quando a corrente é reduzida a zero a partir do ponto a, o campo do Figura 41.7 Curva de histerese para materiais duros e moles.
solenóide é diminuído até se anular, mas a magnetização do ferro não diminui do

mesmo modo que aumentou; o campo magnético B dentro da barra, embora de
mesmo sentido que antes, segue a curva ab. Isto ocorre porque a orientação dos
A curva de magnetização tem uma informação importante: sua área
domínios não se torna mais aleatória como antes, e resta alguma magnetização
representa o trabalho necessário para fazer o material passar pelo ciclo de
mesmo quando o campo externo é nulo (ponto b na figura).
histerese. A energia adquirida pelo material durante a sua magnetização é
Se o sentido da corrente elétrica no solenóide é invertido, o sentido do campo
produzida pela fonte do campo externo (a força eletromotriz que atua no solenóide,
magnético H no solenóide também se inverte e os domínios se reorientam até que
por exemplo). Quando o ciclo de magnetização é repetido o realinhamento dos
o material se torna desmagnetizado no ponto c, onde o campo no material é nulo.
domínios magnéticos do material produzem dissipação de energia através da
Um aumento da corrente elétrica a partir do valor zero causa a magnetização transformação de energia magnética em energia interna, o que aumenta a
da barra no sentido oposto até a saturação no ponto d. temperatura do material. Por isso, quando usamos materiais magnéticos em
conjunto com campos magnéticos variáveis (como adaptadores para celulares,
Se repetirmos a seqüência de eventos a partir deste ponto, a corrente é
fontes de potência, etc.) o núcleo do aparelho é feito de um material mole, que
reduzida a zero e depois aumentada no sentido oposto (original); na curva de
estreita a curva de histerese e diminui a perda de energia por ciclo.
magnetização, a trajetória do sistema é representada pela linha def. Se a corrente
é aumentada novamente, a magnetização da barra aumenta e a curva chega ao
ponto a onde há a saturação da magnetização.
19 20
deve ser feita sobre uma curva fechada C envolvendo a superfície sobre a
AULA 42: AS EQUAÇÕES DE MAXWELL
qual se calcula o fluxo magnético. O fato da integral ser diferente de zero
neste caso, mostra que o campo elétrico induzido por uma variação
OBJETIVOS
temporal do fluxo magnético não é um campo conservativo, como o campo
• DISCUTIR AS EQUAÇÕES DE MAXWEEL E AS SUAS CONSEQUÊNCIAS eletrostático, que é gerado por uma carga ou distribuição de cargas em
repouso. A lei de Faraday foi o primeiro passo para unificar a eletricidade e o
magnetismo, uma vez que ela nos mostra que existe uma outra fonte de
42.1 LEIS DO ELETROMAGNETISMO ANTES DE MAWWELL campos elétricos, além das distribuições de cargas, e que esta fonte está
diretamente relacionada aos campos magnéticos: Faraday concluiu que
As leis do eletromagnetismo que estudamos até aqui foram leis descobertas variações temporais do fluxo de campo magnético são capazes de produzir
empiricamente, no laboratório. Elas são escritas como: uma força eletromotriz e portanto, um campo elétrico induzido.
! Q ! !
(a) Lei de Gauss: E • nˆ dS = , (d) Lei de Ampère:
! B • dl = µ0 I
" S !0 C
que descreve o campo magnético induzido por uma corrente elétrica de

que descreve o campo elétrico em uma superfície fechada S , envolvendo
condução I . Observe que I é a corrente elétrica que atravessa a superfície
um volume do espaço V , contendo uma distribuição discreta ou contínua de
limitada pela curva fechada C.
cargas. Q é a carga líquida positiva – diferença entre a carga total positiva e
a total negativa – contida no volume V . A lei de Gaus estabelece a Se, por um instante, deixarmos de lado a lei de Faraday, veremos que, em
existência de cargas elétricas isoladas na Natureza. situações estáticas, temos a seguinte imagem:
(b) Lei de Gauss para o Magnetismo: • "A fonte dos campos eletrostáticos são distribuições estáticas de carga".
• "A fonte dos campos magnetostáticos são correntes elétricas".
!
! B • nˆ dS = 0.
S
Observando agora as Leis de Faraday e de Ampère teremos a sensação
estranha de que as equações não estão simétricas! A lei de Faraday mostra que um
Ao contrário das cargas elétricas, não existem pólos magnéticos isolados na
campo magnético que varia no tempo é capaz de gerar um campo elétrico mas a lei
Natureza (ou pelo menos eles ainda não foram detectados). Por exemplo,
de Ampère não contem um termo que indique que um campo elétrico variável no
quando partimos um imã em dois, obtemos outros dois imãs, cada um com
tempo não pode gerar um campo magnético? Se esse termo existisse teríamos uma
dois pólos (um Norte e o outro Sul). Portanto, se calcularmos o fluxo do
simetria nas equações (descobertas em laboratório) para o eletromagnetismo.
vetor indução magnética através de qualquer superfície fechada envolvendo
um imã, este fluxo será nulo.
Haveria então duas fontes para o campo elétrico: distribuições de
cargas e campos magnéticos variáveis no tempo; e também duas fontes
! ! d! B
(c) Lei de Faraday:
# E • dl = " possíveis para o campo magnético: correntes e campos elétricos
C dt
dependentes do tempo.
que descreve o campo elétrico induzido que é gerado quando ocorre uma
A pergunta fundamental é: porque esse efeito não foi observado? Logo
variação temporal do fluxo magnético. A integral de linha do campo elétrico
1 2
chegaremos à resposta dessa pergunta. Antes disso, vamos ver como foi que em
!
1862, James Clerck Maxwell (1831 – 1879) chegou a essa mesma idéia sem usar em que v é a velocidade da carga e n̂ é o unitário da direção perpendicular à
experimento algum, apenas estudando o conjunto de equações que ele tinha ! !
superfície em cada ponto dela. Mas j = qnv é a densidade líquida de corrente que
disponíveis. Seus resultados permitiram a previsão da existência de ondas
atravessa a superfície de dentro para fora do volume V . Então, a corrente elétrica
eletromagéticas como resultado da auto-indução dos campos elétricos e
que atravessa a superfície é:
magnéticos. Em 1866, as ondas eletromagnéticas foram descobertas por Heinrich
Herz (1857 – 1894).
!
I = ! j • nˆ dS .
S
42.2 CONSERVAÇÃO DA CARGA ELÉTRICA
Vamos começar discutindo o princípio da conservação da carga elétrica. O que Observe que esta corrente é a carga elétrica positiva líquida que atravessa a
quer dizer que a carga é conservada, matematicamente? Existem, na realidade, superfície S por unidade de tempo, no sentido de dentro para fora do volume V .
duas maneiras completamente distintas de implementar a conservação da carga, Esta corrente representa a taxa de perda de carga que ocorre no volume V e
supondo que: podemos escrever que:
a) A lei de conservação de cargas é GLOBAL. Isto quer dizer que se uma
quantidade de carga desaparece de um lugar e aparece num lugar !
dq
arbitrariamente distante, a carga estará, neste sentido, conservada. !
dt
= ! j • nˆ dS ,
S
(42.1)
b) A lei de conservação de cargas é LOCAL. A lei de conservação LOCAL de

cargas nos diz que a carga não desaparece instantaneamente de um volume
em que o sinal negativo da equação indica que ocorre a perda de carga no volume
para aparecer em outro volume arbitariamente distante, mas que a
densidade de carga por unidade de volume que desaparece, não desaparece V . Esta equação representa o princípio de conservação da carga elétrica com a
"de qualquer jeito". Ela é obrigada a atravessar a superfície que engloba o suposição de que a carga elétrica não é criada ou destruída na Natureza.
volume considerado. Se a densidade de carga desaparece de um volume Mas, de acordo com a lei de Gauss, a carga positiva total dentro da superfície S é:
arbitrário, ela o faz atravessando as fronteiras desse volume, como uma

densidade superficial de corrente. Esta será a maneira que usaremos para
!
discutir a conservação da carga elétrica. q = " 0 ! E • nˆ dS
Consideremos, então, um volume V do espaço limitado por uma superfície

de modo que :
fechada S . O princípio de conservação da carga elétrica neste volume nos diz que:
dq d !
Perda da carga em V = fluxo de carga para fora de S – fluxo para dentro de S . dt
= "0
dt ! E • nˆ dS .
Se n é o número líquido de cargas positivas dentro de V , que atravessam Substituindo a equação (42.1) na equação acima, obtemos:
a superfície S , por unidade de tempo e de volume, e se q é a carga de cada

! d !
partícula, o fluxo total de partículas para fora do volume é:
! j • nˆ dS + "
S
0
dt ! E • nˆ dS = 0 (42.2)
!
! = q n v • nˆ dS ,
3 4
que expressa o princípio de conservação da carga elétrica incorporando a lei de
Gauss. Note que, quando o campo elétrico for estático, a integral do segundo termo Neste caso, a lei de Ampère nos diz que:
da equação (42.2) não depende do tempo, o que dá:

!
!
! j • nˆ dS = 0
S
! j • nˆ dS = 0.
S
expressão que concorda com o princípio de conservação da carga elétrica, enquanto
o campo for estático. Quando o campo elétrico não for estático, a obediência ao
Isto quer dizer que, para campos elétricos estáticos, não há acumulação de
princípio de conservação da carga é representada pela equação (42.2). Levando em
cargas elétricas em qualquer região do espaço e a corrente elétrica líquida que
conta este fato, Maxwell propôs que, quando o campo elétrico não for estático,
atravessa qualquer superfície fechada é sempre zero. Essa, aliás, é a razão da
a lei de Ampère passa a ser escrita da seguinte forma:
primeira lei de Kirchoff para circuitos elétricos.
! ! ! d !
!B • dl = µ0 ! j • nˆ dS + µ
S
0 "0
dt ! E • nˆ dS
42.3 LEI DE AMPÈRE-MAXWELL
! ! d
"B • dl = µ0 i + µ0 # 0 !E. (42.3)
Depois de discutirmos o aspecto matemático da conservação de carga dt
elétrica, podemos agora estudar a modificação que Maxwell fez da lei de Ampère
para introduzir a relação entre um campo elétrico variável e o campo magnético Esta equação se reduz à lei de Ampère para campos estáticos e se torna a
gerado por ele. equação (42.2) quando a curva C se reduz a um ponto. Assim, todas as situações
A lei de Ampère, escrita em termos da densidade de corrente: físicas ficam satisfeitas com a lei nessa nova forma, conhecida como lei de Ampère-
Maxwell.
! ! ! O termo:
!B • dl = µ0 ! j • nˆ dS
S
d! E d !
#0
dt
= #0
dt " E • nˆ dS = I D
se aplica a uma superfície S limitada por uma curva C . A superfície S é arbitrária,
mas com a condição de ser limitada pela curva C . Se a curva C diminui seu
tem unidade de corrente elétrica e é denominado corrente de deslocamento. Com
comprimento, o valor da integral da indução magnética também diminui. No limite
isso, a equação (42.3) pode ser escrita como:
em que a curva C se torna um ponto, a superfície S torna-se uma superfície
fechada (Figura 42.1). ! !
!B • dl = µ 0 ( I + I D ). (43.4)
O sinal positivo da corrente de deslocamento na equação de Ampère-Maxwell

indica que, se o fluxo elétrico aumentar com o tempo, o sentido do campo
magnético induzido por ele é o mesmo sentido que o dado pela regra da mão
Figura 42.1: Superfície S limitada por uma curva C: S é aberta (b) S é fechada. direita; se o fluxo elétrico diminuir com o tempo, o sentido do campo magnético
induzido por ele é oposto ao sentido dado pela regra da mão direita.
5 6
B.
A discussão acima é puramente matemática, feita para tentar fazer a lei de !
Enquanto o capacitor é carregado, o campo elétrico E e o fluxo !E através da
Ampère compatível com a conservação da carga elétrica. Ela só tem significado se
superfície bojuda aumentam. A carga instantânea é dada por:
pudermos conf irmar a veracidade da equação (4 2. 3) com experimentos. Isso p ode
ser verificado em um número imenso de experiências e de resultados que
q = CV
corroboram a lei.
Vamos ver como o problema pode ser colocado experimentalmente no
onde C é a capacitância e V a diferença de potencial instantânea. Para o capacitor
exemplo 42.1.
de placas paralelas temos:
EXEMPLO 42.1
A
C = !0
d
Vamos considerar o processo de carga de um capacitor, semelhante ao da Figura
42.2. Os fios conduzem uma corrente iC para dentro da placa da esquerda e para
onde A é a área da placa e d a distância entre elas. Como a diferença de potencial
fora da placa da direita. A carga Q e o campo elétrico entre as placas aumentam
entre as placas é:
com o tempo.
V = Ed
podemos escrever a carga no capacitor na forma:
"0 A
q = CV = Ed = " 0 A = " 0 ! E
d
onde !E = EA que é o fluxo elétrico através da superfície.
Figura 42. 2: Capa citor de placas paralelas sendo carregado .

Enquanto o capacitor é carregado, a taxa de variação da carga q é:
!
SOLUÇÃO: Vamos aplicar a lei de Ampère no percurso dl mostrado na figura,
dq d! E
consistindo em um círculo em torno do fio. = "0
dt dt
Pela superfície S1 : Como, na superfície bojuda,

! !
! B • dl = µ0ic .
C ! !
" B ! dl
S
= µ 0 iD
S2 :
Pela superfície
! ! vem:
! B • dl
C
= 0.
d! E
iD = " 0
dt
d resultado em aco rdo com a lei de Ampère - Maxwell.
! E = iD = iC
Para resolver notamos que dt , pela continuididade da corrente e de
7 8
EXEMPLO 42.2
Determine o campo magnético dentro e fora das placas do capacitor, Figura 42.2.
Faça um esboço de B em ambas as situações.
Figura 42.3 Sentido da corrente elétrica nas placas do capacitor.
EXEMPLO 42.3
A carga de um capacitor varia com o tempo à razão dq/dt. Mostre que a corrente
Figura 42.2 campo magnético em um capacitor
de deslocamento, na região interna às placas, é igual à corrente de condução que a
SOLUÇÃO: Fora do capacitor, no caso será em volta do fio, o campo magnético é
elas aflui da região externa.
dado pela lei de Ampère:
! ! dq
SOLUÇÃO: Sabemos que a corrente num fio é iC = , e que a lei de Gauss para o
! B " dl
c
= µ 0i
dt
então: campo elétrico pode ser escrita da seguinte maneira: " 0 ! E = q , então:
µi
B= 0
2!r
dq d! E
iC = = "0 = iD
dt dt
Dentro do capacitor incluímos a corrente de deslocamento e excluímos a corrente
de condução pois não tem nenhum meio condutor entre as placas. Com a lei de
EXEMPLO 42.4
Ampère-Maxwell:
Obtenha uma expressão para o campo magnético induzido na região entre placas
! ! d! E
# B " dl
c
= µ 0 i + µ 0$ 0
dt
em função de r. Considere tanto r ! R e r " R.
SOLUÇÃO: Sabendo que entre as placas a corrente de condução é zero, podemos

! ! d! usar:
#c B " dl = 0 + µ0$ 0 dt E
! ! d! E
# B " ds =µ
c
0 $0
dt
d! E
B 2#r = 0 + µ 0" 0
dt
Para r ! R:
d dE
B 2!r = µ 0" 0 ( E!r 2 ) = µ 0" 0!r 2
µ0# 0 d! E dt dt
B=
2"r dt
1 dE
B= µ 0! 0 r
2 dt
9 10
Para r!R
d dE
B 2!r = µ 0" 0 ( E!R 2 ) = µ 0" 0!R 2
dt dt
ou:
µ 0 ! 0 R 2 dE
B=
2r dt
EXEMPLO 42.5
2
Uma área A = 0,20m está no plano xy e completamente inmersa num campo
elétrico E com sentido do eixo Oz, dado por:
E = Em cos (" t ) kˆ Em = 8,00 ! 105 N / C
com um período T = 4,0 µs .

(a) Ache uma expressão para a corrente de deslocamento.
(b) para t ! 0 em que instantes do tempo iD = 0 ?
SOLUÇÃO: (a) Temos que:
!
%E 2! 2!
iD = " 0 & • nˆ dS = " 0 ($# ) Em sen (# t ) A = $" 0 Em A sen ( t)
%t T T
iD = !(0,220 A)sen (1,57 " 10 6 rd.s !1t )
b) t ! 0 em que instantes do tempo iD = 0 ?
1,5708 "106 = n! n = 0,1,2,...

n!
t= = 0µs,2µs,4µs, ,...
1,5708 #10 6 s "1
11
!
AULA 43: FORMA DIFERENCIAL DAS EQUAÇÕES DE MAXWELL sobre um escalar (V), para produzir um vetor !V :
! & ' ! ' ˆ '# !V ˆ !V ! !V ˆ

(V = $$ iˆ +j + k !! V = i+ j+ k. (43.3)
OBJETIVO % 'x 'y 'z " !x !y !z
• ESTUDAR A FORMA DIFERENCIAL DAS EQUAÇÕES DE MAXWELL
As equações de Maxwell, estudadas na aula anterior, descrevem o campo Um operador é uma entidade matemática que executa uma operação. No
!
eletromagnético de uma forma global, isto é, nos pontos do espaço sem levar em caso em discussão, o operador ! , aplicado a um escalar V(x,y,z), produz um vetor
conta o que acontece na vizinhança imediata de cada ponto. Para fazer uma
!
!V cujas componentes em um sistema de coordenadas cartesianas são as
descrição local, temos que modificar a forma das equações, escrevendo-as na !
derivadas parciais de V em relação a x, y e z. O operador ! é denominado Del ou
forma diferencial. Antes de fazermos isso, porém, vamos fazer uma digressão
Nabla.
matemática necessária para nosso objetivo.
43.1 O OPERADOR DEL

EXEMPLO 43.1
No estudo do campo elétrico (eletrostático) vimos que ele pode ser
Suponhamos uma distribuição esférica de matéria de modo tal que a densidade
especificado em um ponto P do espaço por duas grandezas: O vetor intensidade
volumétrica dessa distribuição varie com o inverso da distância ao centro:
!
do campo elétrico E (x,y,z) e o escalar potencial eletrostático V(x,y,z). Vimos
também que essas duas quantidades estão relacionadas pela equação: A A
! (r ) = = 1/ 2
r (
x + y + z2
2 2
)
! ! !V ˆ !V ! !V ˆ
E = "V = i+ j+ k. (43.1) sendo A uma constante de dimensão kg / m 2 . O gradiente de densidade da
!x !y !z
distribuição é, então:
! ! &1# , - ! - ˆ - ) &$ 1 #
O vetor !V é denominado gradiente do potencial. Seu significado é que ele ./ = A .$ ! = A *iˆ + j +k ' 1/ 2
!
indica a direção e o sentido da maior variação do potencial no espaço. Portanto, a
%r" + -x -y -z ( $% x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ( ) !
"
direção e o sentido do campo elétrico são os mesmos que os da maior variação do
potencial eletrostático. Então:
!
Matematicamente, a função !V pode ser vista de outra maneira, qual seja: " 1 1 2x x
a aplicação de um operador vetorial: 1/ 2
=! 3/ 2
=!
(
"x x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) (
2 x2 + y2 + z 2 ) r3
" 1 1 2y y
1/ 2
=! 3/ 2
=!
(
"y x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) (
2 x2 + y2 + z 2 ) r3
! ! ! ! ˆ !
" = iˆ +j +k (43.2)
!x !y !z " 1 1 2z z
1/ 2
=! 3/ 2
=!
(
"z x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) (
2 x2 + y2 + z 2 ) r3
1 2
! ! !V !V y !V !V y !V !V
" • V = x iˆ • iˆ + iˆ • ˆj + z iˆ • kˆ + ˆj • iˆ + y ˆj • ˆj + y ˆj • kˆ +
e: !x !x !x !x !y !z
!
! x y ! z x iˆ + y ˆj + z kˆ r rˆ
"# = ! 3 iˆ ! 3 j ! 3 kˆ = ! 3
=! 3 =! 2
r r r r r r
! !Vz ˆ ˆ !Vz ˆ ˆ !Vz ˆ ˆ
Portanto, "! é um vetor que tem a direção radial, com sentido para o centro da + k •i + k•j+ k • k,
!x !y !z
distribuição e que varia com o inverso do quadrado da distância ao centro.
como:
ATIVIDADE 43.1
iˆ • iˆ = ˆj • ˆj = kˆ • kˆ = 1
Calcule o gradiente da seguinte função escalar:
V ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 e o restante é zero pois iˆ, ˆj e k̂ formam uma base ortonormal, temos que:
! ! !V !Vy !Vz
ATIVIDADE 43.1 " •V = x + + . (43.4)
!x !y !z
Mostre que :
! 1 rˆ
" n = ! n n+1
r r
! ! A divergência, por ser um produto escalar, é uma grandeza escalar.
em que rˆ = r / r é o vetor unitário na direção de r e r é o módulo deste vetor.
43.2. DIVERGÊNCIA DE UM VETOR EXEMPLO 43.2

! ! !
! Calculemos ! • r , com r = x iˆ + y ˆj + z kˆ .
A divergência de um vetor V é definida como o produto escalar do operador
! ! SOLUÇÃO: Temos que:
! pelo vetor V :
! ! !x !y !z
" •r = + + = 1+1+1 = 3
!x !y !z
! ! & ' ! ' '#

( • V = $$ iˆ +j (
+ kˆ !! • Vx iˆ + V y ˆj + Vz kˆ . )
% 'x 'y 'z "
ATIVIDADE 43.3
Mostre que:
Desenvolvendo o produto escalar e lembrando que o operador atua sobre as ! & r! # & 3 ' n #
! ( •$ n ! = $ n !
componentes do vetor V (que são grandezas escalares), temos: %r " % r "
3 4
EXEMPLO 43.3 EXEMPLO 43.4
A intensidade do campo elétrico em um ponto P do espaço, situado à distância r No Exemplo 43.3 mostramos que é nula a divergência do vetor intensidade do
de uma carga Q que gera o campo elétrico e que está situada na origem de um campo elétrico em um ponto P de um campo elétrico onde não há cargas elétricas.
sistema cartesiano de coordenadas é: De acordo com o teorema de Gauss, se escolhermos um volume V em torno de P,
!
! Q rˆ o fluxo do vetor E através da superfície que delimita o volume V é:
E=
4" !0 r3
! " " !
Calcule a divergência de E no ponto P. " = # E • nˆ dA = # (! • E) dV = 0
Solução: De acordo com o resultado da Atividade 43.2, temos que:
! & r! # & 3 ' 3 #
( • $ 3 ! = $ 3 ! = 0. ATIVIDADE 43.4
%r " % r "
Este resultado nos mostra que a divergência de um vetor que é proporcional a O resultado do exemplo 43.4 é consistente com a Lei de Gauss?
2
1r é sempre nulo.
43.3. ROTACIONAL E CIRCULAÇÃO DE UM VETOR
ATIVIDADE 43.3
Verifique o resultado do Exemplo 43.3 calculando diretamente a divergência do
! 4.3.1 ROTACIONAL
vetor E.
!
O rotacional de um vetor é definido como o produto escalar do operador !
!
! pelo vetor V:
A divergência de um vetor G em um elemento de volume dV , envolvendo
! ! !
um ponto P, pode ser relacionada com o fluxo do vetor G através da superfície . iˆ j k+
fechada dA que limita o volume dV . Essa relação é obtida do cálculo vetorial e ! ! ,' ' ' ) & 'Vz 'V y # ˆ & 'Vx 'Vz # ˆ & 'V y 'Vx # ˆ
0 /V = , )=$ ( !i + $ ( ! j + $$ ( ! k . (43.6)
! , 'x 'y 'z ) $% 'y 'z !" % 'z 'x " % 'x 'y !"
tem o nome de Teorema de Gauss. Matematicamente, temos que, se G é um
,-Vx Vy Vz )*
vetor no ponto P, contido no volume V que, por sua vez é limitado pela superfície
A: Por ser um produto vetorial, o rotacional é um vetor.
! ! !
# = ! G • nˆ dA = ! (" • G) dV . (43.5) EXEMPLO 43.5
! ! !
Calculemos " ! r , com r = x iˆ + y ˆj + z kˆ .
SOLUÇÃO:
O fluxo de um vetor através de uma superfície é igual à integral da ! ! & 'z 'y # & 'x 'z # & 'y 'x #
* ) r = $$ ( !! iˆ + $ ( ! ˆj + $$ ( !! kˆ = 0
divergência deste vetor sobre o volume limitado pela superfície. % 'y 'z " % 'z 'x " % 'x 'y "
5 6
! "
ATIVIDADE 43.5 do vetor V e do elemento de comprimento d ! , o sinal da integral depende do
! ! !
Calcular " ! r , com r = 5 x iˆ + 3 y ˆj + 4 z kˆ . sentido de percurso da curva. Convencionaremos que o sentido positivo de
percurso será aquele em que a superfície S esteja sempre à esquerda da curva.
Isso, de fato, é a noção de “para dentro de uma curva”, que trabalhamos nas
primeiras aulas.
Em segundo lugar, no caso mais geral, o valor da circulação depende da curva

EXEMPLO 43.6 que escolhermos para calculá-la. Nesse caso, o valor da circulação não é definido
Calcular: univocamente. Por exemplo, o trabalho da força de atrito.
! & rˆ # 1/ 2
( ' $ n ! , r = x2 + y2 + z 2 ( ) Por outro lado, há casos em que o valor da circulação é independente da
%r "
curva usada para calculá-la: o valor da circulação é sempre o mesmo. Por exemplo,
SOLUÇÃO:
no caso do campo elétrico induzido. Esses casos são muito importantes em Física
& # porque permitem simplificações na solução de problemas muitas vezes complexos.
$ ! ! !
$ iˆ j k ! Por isso, é interessante determinarmos as condições em que esses casos podem
! - rˆ * $ ' ' ' !
/.+ n ( = $ ! ocorrer.
,r ) $ 'x 'y 'z
!
x y z
$ ! Da mesma forma que acontece com o fluxo e a divergência de um vetor, a
3/ 2 3/ 2 2 3/ 2 !
(
$% x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) (x 2
+ y2 + z2 ) ( 2 2
x +y +z ) " circulação nos fornece uma solução global, válida em uma região do espaço. Ela
ou: pode ser relacionada com o rotacional que, por ser um operador diferencial, nos
! ' rˆ $ n ! fornece uma informação local, perto de um ponto do espaço. Essa relação é dada
)(% n " = ! ( n+ 2 ) / 2
[ ]
( yz ! zy ) i + ( zx ! xz ) ˆj + ( xy ! yx ) kˆ = 0
&r # (
x2 + y2 + z 2 ) pelo Teorema de Stokes, do cálculo vetorial, que nos diz:
!
A circulação de um vetor V ao longo de uma curva C é igual ao fluxo
de seu rotacional através de uma superfície A delimitada pela curva C:
43.3.2 CIRCULAÇÃO
!
A circulação (C) de um vetor V é a integral de linha deste vetor sobre uma
! ! ! !
curva fechada: CC = # V •d " = # (! " V )• n̂ dS.
S
" "
C (43.8)
CC = ! V • d !
c (43-7)
Esta grandeza é um escalar, pois é uma integral de um produto escalar. Ela já é Nesta expressão, n̂ é a normal à superfície encerrada pela curva C. É a noção
conhecida de nós (apesar de não com esse nome de circulação), pois a usamos no do lado de dentro de uma curva como fizemos no começo do livro: com o polegar
enunciado e nas aplicações das leis de Ampère e de Faraday. Vamos agora estudar apontamos o sentido positivo de percurso da curva C; o sentido da normal é dado
algumas de suas propriedades. fechando-se a mão.
Em primeiro lugar, há duas maneiras de se percorrer uma curva: no sentido ATIVIDADE 43.6
horário ou no sentido anti-horário. Além disso, uma curva fechada encerra uma Calcule I2 + I4
superfície S. Como o produto escalar do integrando depende dos sentidos relativos
7 8
Um resultado fundamental do Teorema de Stokes é que, quando a ! ! ! Q
!
circulação de um vetor ( V ) é nula em uma trajetória fechada, essa
# E • nˆ dA =# (" • E ) dV = !
S V
0
,
circulação independe da trajetória escolhida para calculá-la; além disso,

ela é univocamente determinada em cada ponto do espaço. Como a
circulação é um escalar, cada ponto do espaço tem, associado a ele, um sendo S a superfície que envolve o volume infinitesimal V. Se, neste volume
valor desta quantidade. elementar, a carga elétrica tiver um distribuição caracterizada por uma densidade
A variação deste valor entre dois pontos depende apenas da posição relativa
volumétrica ! = dQ / dV , temos, na equação acima, que:
entre eles. Este fato está na base do princípio de conservação das quantidades
físicas como a energia. Por exemplo, o trabalho de uma força entre dois pontos é
uma integral de linha do produto escalar da força pelo deslocamento sob ação dela ! ! 1
entre esses dois pontos. Quando a trajetória é fechada, o trabalho da força pode ! (" • E ) dV = $ !
V
0
V
# dV .
ser nulo ou não, dependendo da natureza da força. Se este trabalho é nulo, ele
independe da trajetória usada para calculá-lo.
Como consequência do Teorema de Stokes, a circulação de um vetor é igual Como o volume elementar é arbitrário, podemos escrever que:
ao rotacional deste vetor. No caso da força, a condição do trabalho ser nulo

significa que o rotacional da força é nulo. A força é, então, dita ser conservativa.
! ! "
#•E = (43.9)
!0
43.4 A FORMA DIFERENCIAL DAS EQUAÇÕES DE MAXWELL
A mesma coisa pode ser feita para o campo magnético. A lei de Gauss para o
As equações de Maxwell, na sua forma diferencial, constituem-se na campo magnético:
representação local do campo eletromagnético (na vizinhança de um ponto do

campo). Elas são obtidas pela aplicação dos teoremas de Gauss e de Stokes às
!
formas integrais.
! B • nˆ dS =0
S
A lei de Gauss, nesta forma é:
! Q
" E • nˆ dS = !
S
0
, fica, com o mesmo raciocínio:
em que S é uma superfície através da qual calculamos o fluxo do vetor intensidade

! !
do campo elétrico, Q é a carga (ou distribuição de carga) líquida positiva encerrada ! • B = 0. (43.10)
no volume V delimitado pela superfície S . Vamos, então, aplicar a lei de Gauss a

um volume infinitesimal em torno de um ponto P. De acordo com o teorema de
Gauss, podemos escrever que: Aplicando o teorema de Stokes à lei de Faraday:
9 10
! ! ! !
d# E d ! ! ! !E
!
C
E • d" = "
dt
="
dt ! B • nˆ dS
S
# " B = µ0 j + µ0 $ 0
!t
. (43.12)
obtemos: As equações (43-9), (43-10), (43-11) e (43-12) são as equações de Maxwell

na sua forma diferencial. No vácuo e em uma região onde não existem cargas
! ! !
elétricas ( ! = 0 ) ou correntes elétricas ( j = 0 ), temos !E / dt = 0 e !j / dt = 0 .
!
! ! d ! !B
%S ($ # E ) • ˆ
n dS = " B • ˆ
n dS = " %S !t • nˆ dS
dt %S As equações de Maxwell estabelecem as relações entre os campos elétricos e
os magnéticos. Elas estão de acordo com a Teoria da Relatividade e constituem,
juntamente com a força de Lorentz:
ou, como a superfície S é arbitrária, temos:
! ! ! !
(
F =Q E+v!B )
!
! ! !B
$# E = " . (43.11)
!t
a base da eletrodinâmica, cuja aplicação cobre todos os casos em que grandes
agregados de cargas elétricas interagem, tais como antenas, circuitos elétricos,
Finalmente, a lei de Ampère-Maxwell: ondas eletromagnéticas, e até átomos e moléculas, Elas, entretanto, precisam ser
modificadas quando se trata de interações entre partículas fundamentais,
principalmente em altas energias. Nesse caso, só a Eletrodinâmica Quântica é
! ! ! ! capaz de descrever essas interações.

d
! B • d " = µ 0 ! j • nˆ dS + µ 0 " 0 ! E • nˆ dS
C S dt S
43.5 DEMONSTRAÇÃO DO TEOREMA DE GAUSS (OPCIONAL)
fica, com a aplicação do teorema de Stokes ao primeiro membro:
Para demonstrar o teorema de Gauss, seja P um ponto do espaço contido em um

! ! ! d ! elemento de volume dV , o qual está limitado por uma superfície elementar dA .
!S (# " B) • nˆ dS = µ0 !S j • nˆ dS + µ0 $ 0 dt ! S
E • nˆ dS .
Como o elemento de volume é infinitesimal, podemos tomá-lo na forma de um
cubo de arestas dx , dy , dz para facilitar os cálculos. Seja então um sistema de
coordenadas cartesianas Oxyz com origem em um vértice do cubo e eixos dirigidos

Novamente, como a superfície S é arbitrária, ao longo de três arestas do cubo (Figura 43.1).
11 12
!
G2 = G2 x iˆ + G2 y ˆj + G2 z kˆ
A normal à superfície S2 tem o mesmo sentido que o eixo Ox, de modo que
!
podemos escrever que n̂ = iˆ . Então, o fluxo do vetor G(x, y, z) através de S2 é:
!
Figura 43.1: Elemento de volume em torno do Ponto P. d" 2 = ! G2 • nˆ dA = ! (G2 x iˆ + G2 y ˆj + G2 z kˆ) • (iˆ) dy dz = ! G2 x dy dz
!
Vamos calcular o fluxo do vetor G(x, y, z) através da superfície do cubo. Para isso,
!
devemos notar que, no caso mais geral, o vetor G varia de ponto a ponto dentro
O fluxo através da superfície S3 é calculado de forma similar às anteriores. Os
do cubo e também na sua superfície.
! !
pontos dessa superfície têm coordenadas (x,0,z). Portanto, G(x, y, z) = G(x, 0, z) .
Comecemos com a superfície S1. Os pontos dessa superfície têm coordenadas !
! ! Chamemos este vetor de G3 . Em termos de suas componentes em relação a Oxyz,
(0,y,z). Portanto, G(x, y, z) = G(0, y, z) . Para simplificar a notação, chamaremos este
! ele se escreve:
vetor de G1 . Em termos de suas componentes em relação a Oxyz, ele se escreve:
!
!
G1 = G1x iˆ + G1 y ˆj + G1z kˆ
A normal à superfície S3 tem o sentido oposto ao eixo Oy, de modo que podemos
!
A normal à superfície S1 tem sentido oposto ao do eixo Ox, de modo que podemos escrever que n̂ = ! ĵ . Então, o fluxo do vetor G(x, y, z) através de S3 é:
!
escrever que nˆ = !iˆ . Então, o fluxo do vetor G ( x, y , z ) através de S1 é:
!
d#3 = ! G3 • nˆ dA = ! (G3x iˆ + G3 y ˆj + G3z kˆ) • (" ˆj ) dx dz = "! G3 y dx dz
!
d#1 = ! G1 • nˆ dA = ! (G1x iˆ + G1 y ˆj + G1z kˆ) • ("iˆ) dy dz = "! G1x dy dz
Calculemos o fluxo através da superfície S4. Os pontos dessa superfície têm

! !
Calculemos agora o fluxo através da superfície S2. Os pontos dessa superfície têm coordenadas (x,0+dy,z). Portanto, G(x, y, z) = G(x, 0 + dy, z) . Chamemos este vetor
! ! !
coordenadas (0+dx,y,z). Portanto, G(x, y, z) = G(0 + dx, y, z) . Chamemos este vetor de G4 . Em termos de suas componentes em relação ao sistema Oxyz, ele se
!
de G2 . Em termos de suas componentes em relação a Oxyz, ele se escreve: escreve:
!
13 14
A normal à superfície S4 tem o mesmo sentido que o do eixo Oy, de modo que A normal à superfície S6 tem o sentido oposto ao eixo Oz, de modo que podemos
! ! !
podemos escrever que n̂ = ĵ . Então, o fluxo do vetor G(x, y, z) através de S4 é: escrever que n̂ = !k . Então, o fluxo do vetor G(x, y, z) através de S6 é:
! !
d" 4 = ! G4 • nˆ dA = ! (G4 x iˆ + G4 y ˆj + G4 z kˆ) • ( ˆj ) dx dz = ! G4 y dx dz d#6 = ! G6 • nˆ dA = ! (G6 x iˆ + G6 y ˆj + G6 z kˆ) • ("kˆ) dx dz = "! G6 z dx dz
Calculemos agora o fluxo através da superfície S5. Os pontos dessa superfície têm O fluxo total é a soma dos fluxos. Então, escrevendo os fluxos de modo
! !
coordenadas (x,y,0+dz). Portanto, G(x, y, z) = G(x, y, 0 + dz) . Chamemos este vetor conveniente, teremos:
!
de G5 . Em termos de suas componentes em relação a Oxyz, ele se escreve:
!= # (G 2x " G1x )dydz + # (G4 y " G3y )dxdz + # (G5z " G6 z )dxdy
!
Na equação acima, agrupamos os fluxos através de superfícies paralelas, como

podemos observar na Figura 43.1. Mas, como a separação entre as superfícies
A normal à superfície S5 tem o mesmo sentido que o eixo Oz, de modo que
paralelas são diferenciais, podemos escrever que:
!
podemos escrever que nˆ = kˆ . Então, o fluxo do vetor G(x, y, z) através de S5 é:
!G !G !G
G2 x " G1x = dx G4 y " G3 y = dy G5 z " G6 z = dz
! !x !y !z
d! 5 = " G5 • n̂ dA = " (G 5x iˆ + G5y ĵ + G5z k̂ )•(iˆ)dy dx = " G5z dy dx
Levando essas expressões na expressão do fluxo total, obtemos:

O fluxo através da superfície S6 é calculado de forma similar às anteriores. Os
! !
pontos dessa superfície têm coordenadas (x,y,0). Portanto, G(x, y, z) = G(x, y, 0) .
!
Chamemos este vetor de G6 . Em termos de suas componentes em relação a Oxyz,
"G "G "G
#=! dx dy dz + ! dy dx dz + ! dz dx dy
ele se escreve: "x "y "z
ou:
!
G6 = G6 x iˆ + G6 y ˆj + G6 z kˆ ' (G (G (G $
) = ! %% + + "" dx dy dz
& (x (y (z #
15 16
ou, ainda, das definições de divergência e de fluxo: B " " B
I1 = ! V • d ! = ! (Vx dx + V y dy ),
A A
mas, ao longo de AB, temos que y = 0, dy = 0 . A componente Vx pode ser expressa

! ! !
! = # G • n̂ dA = # (" •G)dV (43-5) em série de Taylor em torno de seu valor em A, por:
!Vx (0,0)
43.6 DEMONSTRAÇÃO DO TEOREMA DE STOKES (OPCIONAL) Vx = Vx (0,0) + x +!
!x
Assim, a integral I1 fica:
O Teorema de Stokes relaciona a circulação de um vetor em um circuito C e o fluxo

de seu rotacional através de uma superfície A delimitada por C. De acordo com ele,
a ' !V (0,0) $ 1 !Vx (0,0) 2
I1 = ( %Vx (0,0) + x x + !" dx = Vx (0,0) a + a +!
0
& !x # 2 !x
! ! ! !
# V • d" = # (" !V ) • nˆ dS
S
C
A demonstração do Teorema de Stokes é muito complexa e, aqui, faremos uma Ao longo de CD, temos que y = b dy = 0 .Observando que CD é o caminho inverso
simplificação mas sem perda do rigor necessário. Consideremos uma curva fechada de AB mas com a função avaliada em y = b. A integral I 3 fica:
C na forma de um retângulo de lados paralelos aos eixos Ox e Oy de um sistema de
!
coordenadas cartesianas (Figura 43.2). Calculemos a circulação de um vetor V ao
longo deste retângulo, de lados a e b, começando pelo ponto A. 0 ( !V (0, b) % 1 !Vx (0, b) 2
I 3 = ) &Vx (0, b) + x x + !# dx = "Vx (0, b) a " a +!
a
' !x $ 2 !x
Somando as duas integrais, obtemos:
1 & 'Vx (0, b) 'Vx (0,0) # 2

I1 + I 3 = ([Vx (0, b) ( Vx (0,0)]a ( ( !a .
Figura 43.2: Retângulo representando a curva C 2 $% 'x 'x "
Temos que:
" " B " " C " " D " " A " " Como a e b são infinitésimos, podemos escrever que:
C xy = ! V • d ! = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 = ! V • d ! + ! V • d ! + ! V • d ! + ! V • d !.
A B C D
C
Então:
17 18
!Vx (0,0) ' (V (V y $
Vx (0, b) = Vx (0,0) + b +! C yz = %% z ) "" !A
!y & (y (z #
!Vx (0, b) !Vx (0,0) ! 2Vx

= + b +! A REPETIÇÃO DOS CÁLCULOS E A CONTINUAÇÃO DA DEMONSTRAÇÃO
!x !y !x!y
SERÃO FEITAS AQUÍ SÓ SE FICAR DECIDIDO MANTER AS
Levando essas expressões na soma I1 + I 3 e desprezando os termos maiores que a
DEMONSTRAÇÕES DOS TEOREMAS DE GAUSS E GREEN.
segunda ordem, temos:
!Vx (0,0)
I1 + I 3 = " ab Podemos então, ajuntar esses resultados na forma vetorial:
!y
De modo análogo podemos calcular as integrais I 2 e I 4 . O resultado é:

! ! ! !
C = # V • d " = (" !V ) • nˆ dS
C
!V y (0,0)
I2 + I4 = ab
!x
Em que a normal à superfície S é dada pela regra da mão direita: seu sentido é o
Finalmente, sentido de fechamento da mão quando envolvemos a curva C no sentido positivo
do percurso (com o polegar apontando neste sentido).
" " ' (Vy (Vx $

C xy = * V • d ! = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 = %% ) " !S
C & (x (y "#
com ! S = ab, área da superfície limitada pela curva C. Esta equação nos diz que,
!
dada uma curva C no plano xy, a circulação do vetor V por unidade de área da
superfície S, envolvida pela curva C, é igual à componente do rotacional deste
vetor na direção do eixo Oz.
Se repetirmos os cálculos para outros retângulos, (nos planos xz e yz, obteremos

que:
' (V (V $
C xz = % x ) z " !A
& (x (x #
e:
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d 1 1 dt
cos x = ! sen x
! sen x dx =
2
x ! sen 2 x /x
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d /t
1 !ax
tan x = sec 2 x
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! ax
dx $ 201,-'"*$
$
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cot x = ! c sec 2 x
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! ax ! ax
dx $ $ $ $
d 1 2 2 $
sec x = tan x sec x
!
2 ! ax ! ax
x e dx = ! ( a x + 2 ax + 2) e &03&."*/(+#"+/(
dx a3 $
d # n! )456( -789:;<=7( -8>9:;<=7( )456( -789:;<=7( -8>9:;<=7(
c sec x = ! cot x c sec x
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n ! ax
dx ;*%"$ ;$ 0% !)$ !$ 1%
d u du E,1"$ E$ 2% F2$ 3$ 4%
e = eu # 1 $ 3 $ 5 $ $ $ (2n ! 1) "
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2 n ! ax 2 5$
dx dx 2 n +1 a n a J,*1"$ ,$ 8% K2$ 9$ "%
$ L/#2*80$ M$ :% NO$ K$ ;%
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$
$
658 659
Apêndice E – Tabela Periódica
660
!"#"!$%&'()*+'+,'-.!/#'&()*
*
*
ALONSO, M.; FINN, E. J. Física. São Paulo: Edgard Blücher, 1999.
BLAU, P. J. Friction Science and Tecnology. New York: CRC Press, 2008.
CHAVES, Alaor S. Física. Rio de Janeiro: Reichmann & Affonso Editores, 2001.
EISBERG R.M.; LERNER L.S.. Física, fundamentos e aplicações. São Paulo: Editora
McGraw Hill do Brasil, 1982.
FEYNAM R.P., LEIGHTON R.B., SANDS M. The Feynman Lectures on Physics. 1963.
Reading: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1963
HALLIDAY D., RESNICK R. Fundamentos de física. 3. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Livros

Técnicos e Científicos S.A., 1993.
KELLER F.J., GETTYS W.E., SKOVE M.J.. Física. São Paulo: Makron Books do Brasil,
1999.
NUSSENZVEIG, Moysés H. Curso de física básica. 3. ed. São Paulo: Edgard Blücher,
1997.
RESNICK R., HALLIDAY D.,,KRANE K.S. Física. 4. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Livros Técnicos
e Científicos S.A., 1996.
RESNICK R., HALLIDAY D.,,KRANE K.S. Física. 5. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Livros Técnicos
e Científicos S.A., 2003.
SEARS & ZEMANSKY; YOUNG H.D., FREEDMAN R.A.. Física. 10. ed. São Paulo:
Addison-Wesley, 1993.
SERWAY, R. A. Física. 3. ed. São Paulo: Pioneira Thomson Learning Ltda., 2004.
TIPLER P.. Física para cientistas e engenheiros. 4. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Livros Técnicos e
Científicos S.A., 2000
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1. Física. 2. Eletricidade. 3. Eletromagnetismo

Elaborada pela DITTI – Setor de Tratamento da Informação

Este livro recebeu o apoio financeiro da Secretaria de Educação a Distância do MEC.

ASSISTÊNCIA EDITORIAL Eliane Sousa e Euclídia Macedo

EDITORA UFMG PRÓ-REITORIA DE GRADUAÇÃO

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