EXERCÍCIOS RESOLVIDOS DE LIMITES

Prof. Me. Ayrton Barboni

x2 − 4  0  ( x − 2)( x + 2) ( x + 2) (2) + 2
1) lim = = lim = lim = =2
x→2 x 2 − 2 x  0  x →2 ( x − 2) x x →2 x 2

x2 − 4 x2 − 4 ( x − 2)( x + 2) x−2
2) lim = lim = lim = lim =
x →−2 3x 2 + 4 x − 4 x →−2 3 x 2 + 4 x − 4 x →−2 ( x + 2)(3 x − 2) x →−2 3 x − 2

(−2) − 2 −4
= = =
1
=
1
=
2
.
3(−2) − 2 −8 2 2 2
OBS: Temos que x → −2 . Devemos (para fatorar) dividir os polinômios da fração
do radicando por (x –(–2)) , isto é, por (x + 2).

x2 + 0 x – 4 x+2 3 x2 + 4 x – 4 x+2
– x2 – 2 x x–2 – 3x 2 – 6 x 3x–2
– 2x–4 – 2x – 4
2x+4 2x+ 4
0 0
2
x 2 – 4 = (x + 2) (x –2) 3 x + 4 x – 4 = (x + 2 )( 3 x – 2)

x4 −16 lim x 3−16 =  0 

4
x4 −16 ( x − 2)( x3 + 2 x2 + 4 x +8)

( lim 2)
lim lim
x3 −8 = x→2 x −8  0  x→2 ( x − 2)( x2 + 2 x + 4)
3) lim2 =2 x→2 x3 −8 =2 =
x →2 x →2

lim x + 22 x + 4 x +8
3 2
8+8+8+8 32 8
=2 x→2 x +2 x+4 =2 4+ 4+ 4 = 212 = 2 3 = 3 28 = 4 3 4 .

x4 + 0 x 3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x – 16 x–2 x3 + 0 x2 + 0 x – 8 x – 2
4 3
–x +2x x + 2 x 2+4 x +8
3
– x3 + 2 x2 x 2+ 2 x +4
2 x3 + 0 x2 2 x2 + 0 x
–2 x 3 + 4 x 2 – 2 x2 + 4 x
4 x2 + 0 x 4x – 8
–4 x 2 + 8 x –4 x + 8
8 x – 16 0
–8 x + 16
0
x – 16 = (x – 2) ( x + 2 x 2+4 x +8)
4 3 x3 – 8 = (x – 2) ( x 2+ 2 x + 4)

4) lim
x +1 − 1− x 0
=   = lim
( x +1 − 1− x )( x +1 + 1− x ) =
x →0 3x 0 x →0
3x ( x +1 + 1− x )
( x + 1) − (1 − x) 2x 2
= lim = lim = lim =
x →0
3x ( x +1 + 1− x ) x →0
3x ( x +1 + 1− x ) x →0
3 ( x +1 + 1− x )
2 2 1
= = = .
3 ( 1+ 1 ) 6 3

1
5) lim
3− 5+ x 0
=   = lim
(
3 − 5 + x 3 + 5 + x 1+ 5 − x )( )( )=
x→4
1− 5 − x 0 x→4
(
1− 5 − x 3 + 5 + x 1+ 5 − x )( )( )
[9 − (5 + x)] (1 + 5 − x ) [ 4 − x ] (1 + 5− x ) (
− [ −4 + x ] 1 + 5 − x )=
= lim = lim = lim
x→4
(3 + 5 + x ) [1 − (5 − x)] x →4
(3 + )
5 + x [ −4 + x ] x →4
(3 + )
5 + x [ −4 + x ]

= lim
( ) = −(1 + 1) =
− 1+ 5 − x −2
=
−1
(3 + 5 + x ) 3 + 9
x→4 6 3

6) lim
2 − x − 3 0 
=   = lim
( 2 − x − 3 )( 2 + x−3 ) = lim 4 − ( x − 3)
=
x − 49 ( x − 7)( x + 7) ( 2 + x − 3) ( x − 7)( x + 7) ( 2 + )
2
x →7
0  x →7 x →7
x−3
7− x −( x − 7)
= lim = lim =
x →7
(
( x − 7)( x + 7) 2 + x − 3 x →7
)
( x − 7)( x + 7) 2 + x − 3 ( )
−1 −1 −1 −1
= lim = = =
x →7
(
( x + 7) 2 + x − 3 )
(14) 2 + 7 − 3 (14).4 56 ( )
x2 − 4 21
7) lim = = +∞
x →5 ( x − 5) 2
0+

cos(3x)
8) lim = nao
ɶ existe, pois os limites laterais sao
ɶ direrentes:
x →0 x
cos(3x) 1 cos(3 x) 1
a ) lim = = −∞ e b) lim = = +∞
x →0 − x 0− x →0 x 0+ +

x−1 lim x−1 lim x−1 =

 −∞  x
 x→−∞ 3−2 x
=  lim 2 x→−∞ 3−2 x  lim
9) lim 2 −2 x
3 =2  +∞ 
=2 x→−∞ −2 x
=
x→−∞  x→−∞ 
lim 1 1
1
=2 x→−∞ −2 −
=2 2 =
2
x3 lim x
3
lim x
3
lim x +∞
1 x2 −1  1  x→+∞ x2 −1  1  x→+∞ x2  1  x→+∞ 1 
10) lim   =  lim  =  =  =  =0
x→+∞  3   x→+∞ 3  3  3 3
 2 + 3x − π x 2   2 + 3x − π x 2   −π x 2 
11) lim sen 
x→+∞  5x − 4 x2 
 = sen  lim
 x→+∞ 5 x − 4 x 2 
 = sen  lim =
 x→+∞ −4 x 2 
     
 −π  π  2
= sen  xlim  = sen   = .
 →+∞ −4  4 2
x 2 − 3 x − 7 x3 −7 x 3 −7 −1
12) lim = lim = lim = lim =0
x →+∞ 7 + 7 x − 9 x
4 2 x →+∞ 7 x 4 x →+∞ 7 x x →+∞ x

13) lim  x 2 + 3 − x  = [ ∞ − ∞ ] = lim

( x2 + 3 − x )( x2 + 3 + x )=
x →+∞   x →+∞
x2 + 3 + x

2
 ( ) −x
2
x2 + 3 2
x2 + 3 − x2 3 3
= lim = lim = lim = = 0.
x→+∞
x +3+ x
2 x →+∞
x +3 + x
2 x →+∞
x +3+ x
2 +∞

( x2 + 3 − x )( x2 + 3 + x )
14) lim
x →+∞ ( 2
)
x + 3 − x = [∞ − ∞ ] = lim
x →+∞
x +3 + x
2
=

( ) −( x)
2 2
x2 + 3 ( x 2 + 3) − x x2 − x + 3
= lim = lim = lim =
x →+∞ x2 + 3 + x x →+∞ x2 + 3 + x x→+∞
 3  x
x 1 + 2  +
2

 x  x
 1 3
x 2 1 − + 2 
x −x+3 2 2
 x x  = lim x = lim x = +∞
= lim = lim
x→+∞ x→+∞ 
 3  x  3  1  x→+∞ x x→+∞
x 1 + 2  + x  1 + 2  + 
 x  x   x  x 
senx k k
15) lim = lim = = 0, k alterna seus valores no intervalo [-1, 1] .
x→+∞ x x →+∞ x +∞
16) lim e x senx = lim e x . lim senx = 0.k = 0 , k alterna valores em [-1, 1] .
x → −∞ x→−∞ x→−∞
3cos x + 2 x  +∞  3cos x 2x k 2x
17) lim = = lim
 +∞  x→+∞ 2 x + lim = lim + lim =
x →+∞ 2x   x →+∞ 2 x x →+∞ 2 x x →+∞ 2 x

k
= lim + lim 1 = 0 + 1 = 1, k alterna seus valores em [-3, 3] .
x→+∞ 2 x x →+∞

sen (7 x)  0  7sen(7 x) sen(7 x)

18) lim =   = lim = 7. lim = 7 . (1) = 7 , Veja limites
x →0 x  0  x →0 7x x →0 7x
fundamentais (Fundamentos de Matemática – Ayrton Barboni e Walter Paulette–LTC).
5x 0 3.5 x 5 3x 5 5
19) lim =  = lim = . lim = .(1) = , Veja limites
x→0 tg(3x)  0 x → 0 3tg(3x) 3 x →0 tg(3x) 3 3
fundamentais (Fundamentos de Matemática – Ayrton Barboni e Walter Paulette–LTC).
5 − 5cos2 x  0  5(1 − cos2 x) 5 sen 2 x 5 sen 2 x
20) lim = = lim
 0  x →0 = lim = . lim =
x →0 2x 2   2x 2 x →0 2x 2 2 x →0 x 2
2

5 senx  5 2 5
=  lim = . (1) = . . Veja limites fundamentais (Fundamentos de

2 x → 0 x  2 2
Matemática – Ayrton Barboni e Walter Paulette–LTC).
x2  0  = lim x 2 (1 + sec x) x 2 (1 + sec x) x 2 (1 + sec x)
21) lim
x →0 1- sec x
= = lim
 0  x →0 (1- sec x)(1 + sec x) x →0 1- sec 2 x = lim
x →0
=
- tg 2 x
2
1 + sec x x2 1 + (1)  x 
= lim . lim = .  lim  = − 2.(1) = − 2 . Veja limites
2
x →0 -1 x →0 tg 2 x -1  x → 0 tgx 
fundamentais (Fundamentos de Matemática – Ayrton Barboni e Walter Paulette–LTC).
2
x 2 sec x  0  x2  x 
22) lim = =
 0  x→0 tg 2 x . lim
lim sec x =  lim lim sec x = (1) 2 .1 = 1. Veja
x →0 tg 2 x x →0 x →0 tgx  x →0
 
limites fundamentais (Fundamentos de Matemática – Ayrton Barboni e Walter
Paulette–LTC).
x + tgx  0  x+x 2x
23) lim =   = lim = lim = lim1 = 1. Nota: p/ x → 0 , x = sen(x) = tg(x).
x →0 x + senx  0  x →0 x+x x →0 2 x x→0

3
 x
 3 3 1
24) lim 1 +  = 1+∞  . Considerar: = , daí, x = 3t . Se x → +∞, então t → +∞.
x →+∞ x x t

x 3t 3
 3  1   1 
t
Portanto, lim 1 +  = tlim
x →+∞  →+∞ 1 +  =  tlim

→+∞ 1 +   = e .
3

 x  t   t 
x
 3 −3 1
25) lim 1 −  = 1−∞  . Considerar: = , daí, x = −3t . Se x → −∞, então t → +∞.
x →−∞ x x t

x −3t −3
 3  1   1 
t
Portanto, lim 1 −  = tlim
x →−∞  1 +  = lim 1 +   = e −3 .

 x →+∞
 t  t →+∞  t  

x
 3  −3 1 −3t
26) lim 1 − +∞
 = 1  . Considerar: = , daí, x= . Se x → +∞, então t → −∞.
x →+∞ 2x 
 2x t 2
−3 −3
x
 3  1 2
t
  1  2
t −3
Portanto, lim 1 −  = lim 1 +  =  lim 1 +   = e 2 .
x →−∞
 x  t →+∞  t   t →+∞  t  

3

( ) 1 1
27) lim 1 + x x = 1+∞  . Considerar: x = , daí, t = . Se x → 0+ , então t → +∞.
x →0 + t x
3
3
 1
3t
  1 
t
Portanto, lim (1 + x ) x
= lim 1 +  = lim 1 +   = e3 .

x →0 + t →+∞
 t   t →+∞  t  
3
 x x 1 −x 1 −t
28) lim 1 −  = 1+∞  . Considerar: = , daí, = . Se x → 0+ , então t → −∞.
x →0 +
 2 t 2 x 2
−3 −3
3
 x x 1 2
t
  1  2
t −3
Portanto, lim 1 −  = tlim
→−∞ 
1 +  =  lim
t →−∞ 
1 +   = e 2 .
x →0 +
 2   t    t  

x x
 x+4 +∞  8  x+ 4 x–4
29) lim   = 1  = xlim  1+
x →+∞
 x−4 →+∞
 x − 4  -x + 4 1
8
8 1
Considerar: = , daí, x = 8t + 4 . Se x → +∞, então t → +∞.
x−4 t
x 8t + 4 8t 4
 8   1  1  1
Portanto, lim  1 +  = tlim 1 +  = lim 1 +  . lim 1 +  =
x→+∞
 x−4 →+∞
 t t →+∞
 t t →+∞
 t

8 8
  1 
t
 1
4
  1 
t

=  lim  1 +   . lim 1 +  =  lim 1 +   . (1) 4 = e8 .(1) = e8 .

 t →+∞  t   t →+∞  t   t →+∞  t  
   
5+ x +
3  35 x
35  5 − 1
5+ x
3 −3 0 5 5 −1 3x − 1 5
30) lim = = lim  3  = 3 5
lim 3 = 35
lim = 3 .ln 3
x →0 x  0  x→0 x x→0 x x →0 x
Veja limites fundamentais (Fundamentos de Matemática – Ayrton Barboni e Walter
Paulette–LTC).
eax − ebx
, a > b ∈ ℝ*+ , tem indeterminação do tipo   .
0
31) lim
x →0 sen(ax) − sen(bx) 0

4
 eax − ebx eax − ebx
lim = lim , pois p/ x → 0 , temos ax=sen(ax) e
x →0 sen(ax) − sen(bx) x→0 ax − bx
bx=sen(bx), ver exercício 18 acima.
bx  e 
ax
e  ebx − 1
e −e
ax bx
  = lim e
bx
e( a − b ) x − 1
lim = lim . lim =
x→0 ax − bx x→0 (a − b) x x→0 ( a − b) x→0 x

= lim
ebx
. lim
e( a −b ) x − 1
=
e0
. lim
(e )
( a −b ) x
−1
=
1
.ln e( a −b ) =
x →0 ( a − b) x→0 x ( a − b ) x →0 x a −b
1 a −b
= . (a − b). ln e = ln e = ln e = 1.
a−b a −b
x e x − 1
2

ex −1  0  e x −1
2 2

32) lim
x →0
=   = lim
→
= lim
→
x . lim
→
. Considerar x 2 = t .
+ x 0 x 0 x 2
+ x 0 x 0 x 2
+ +

et − 1
Se x → 0 + , então t → 0 + e, daí, lim t . lim = 0 .ln e = 0 .
t →0 t →0 t+ +

a x − a− x
, a > 0 , tem indeterminação do tipo   .
0
33) lim
x →0 xa − x 0
1 x  x 1
ax − a  a −
a x 
−x
a −ax
a x = lim  a2 x − 1
lim = lim = lim =
x →0 xa − x x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
ax
(a 2 ) x − 1
= lim = ln a 2 = 2ln a.
x →0 x