UCB - Passos para Plantar Igrejas

^gd J.
Lvmos
RMYYGY
MYYGY RMPM RJMO^
RJMO^MP
NG RJMOLKMDLO^G
MG JMOÅMDLO^G
^gd J. Lvmos
Dmtlramj utajazmng pljg nlpmrtmdlotg nl Lvmoeljasdg l Dasség Ejg`mj nm
\oaég Ilotrmj @rmsajlarm nm AMYN, pljg Rmstgr Ldäjag M`nmjm.
Narlatgs rlslrvmngs © ^gd J. Lvmos, 02==

Aostatutg nl Lvmoeljasdg nm Navaség Ogrtl Mdlraimom (OMNLA)
>=>< Lmst Imdpus Iarijl Nravl ’ Yuatl Y929
@lrralo Ypraoes, DA >1=2>-=<12
^ljlcgol; += (093) >5=-6929
Ldmaj; rlsgurilsBomnla.gre
Yatl; www.omnla.gre
Rrgkltg Eríig; Naea&tmj Igduoaimåég pgr; Mmrgo M`rlu nl Mrmukg
Impm; Mmrgo M`rlu nl Mrmukg
^rmnuåég; Kmarg F. @mr`gzm
Plvaség; Ràdljjm Cm`y
Rradlarm Lnaåég ld Rgrtueuës
Adprlssg ld aoejës om Lnatgrm nm Mssgiamåég ng ^lxms, L\M
Adprlssg ld pgrtueuës om Eríim Plelotl, Dmraoeí, Rmrmoí
Gs tlxtgs `ä`jaigs (m dlogs qul sl dloiagol gutrg) ség tgngs nm OSA
YG@PL G M\^GP
^gd J. Lvmos mtumjdlotl á narltgr mssgiamng ng Aostatutg nl Lvmoeljas-
dg nm Navaség Ogrtl Mdlraimom. Yum cuoåég aoijua daoastrmr sldaoírags
om Mdáraim ng Ogrtl l mg rlngr ng duong. Yums írlms nl mtumåég ség;
Adpjmotmåég nl Ogvms Aerlkms, Dgàjazmåég nl Jlaegs l ^rlaomdlotg l
Nlslovgjvadlotg Omturmj nl Aerlkms. Yr. Lvmos aoaiagu slu daoastárag om
Mssgiamåég \pplr Igjudàm, tmd`ád trm`mjfgu om Mustríjam l motls nl
slr ifmdmng pmrm m Navaség Ogrtl Mdlraimom, mtugu pgr dmas nl ogvl
mogs igdg narltgr ngs Nlpmrtmdlotgs nl Adpjmotmåég nl Ogvms Aerlkms
l Dgrngdam Irasté pmrm m Mssgiamåég Mnvlotastm ng Yátadg Nam ng ^lxms,
L\M. Yum lxatgsm lxplraëoiam ld pjmotmr nums ogvms aerlkms elrmnms pljm
aerlkm-dél gonl pmstgrmvm cga m `msl pmrm g slu trm`mjfg igdg iggrnlom -
ngr,
ngr, pmrm pjmotmr aerlkms ld udm lsimjm dmas mdpjm.
Nurmotl sum rlilotl janlrmoåm igdg narltgr ng Nlpmrtmdlotg nl Adpjmotm-
åég nl Ogvms Aerlkms og ^lxms,
^lxms, cgrmd aostmjmnms ==> ogvms igoerlemåüls
ld ud plrägng nl ogvl mogs. Lssl dgnljg nl pjmotmr aerlkms naraeanms pgr
vgjuotírags, igd msslssgram ng pmstgr nm aerlkm-dél, plrdatau ud irlsia-
dlotg rípang nm g`rm nl Nlus. ^gd tmd`ád
gd tmd`ád tld ilrtaimåég igdg trlaom-
ngr ld Nlslovgjvadlotg Omturmj nl Aerlkms, g qul jfl plrdatl mkuní-jms m
slrld dmas lcltavms om pjmotmåég l igjflatm ng lvmoeljfg, mtrmvás nl ud
irlsiadlotg smunívlj.
^gd tlrdaogu slus lstungs uoavlrsatírags og Igjáeag Umjjm Umjjm, gonl sl
cgrdgu ld Mrtls, ^lgjgeam l Mrtls nm Igduoaimåég Grmj. ^md`ád lstlvl
ud mog og imdpus dujtaiujturmj ng Igjáeag Olw`gjn, om Eré-@rltmofm,
tld ud dlstrmng ld Navaonmnl l mtumjdlotl lstí tlrdaomong ud ngutg-
rmng ld Daoastárag Rmstgrmj, md`gs pljm \oavlrsanmnl Monrlws, ogs L\M.
G pgotg cgrtl l m pmaxég ng mutgr ld slu daoastárag lstég om cgrdmåég nl
lquapls nl jänlrls vasagoírags oms írlms nl mndaoastrmåég, prlemåég, iram-
tavanmnl, lvmoeljasdg l nlslovgjvadlotg nl aerlkms.
^gd á imsmng igd m `rmsajlarm Dmrm Dgotlarg l tld iaoig jfgs slong trës
dloaoms l ngas dloaogs. Ylus pmssmtldpgs aoijuld; fgrtaiujturm, sgct`gj,
rmqultl`gj, vamkmr l iramr imifgrrgs jm`rmngrls.
MEPMNLIADLO^GY
Nlus tld sang tég `gd pmrm dad! Mtrmvás nlstm lstrmnm lsùrmimnm ifm-
dmnm vanm, Ljl tld lstmng prlslotl ld imnm dgdlotg.
Dlu pradlarg mermnliadlotg, nlpgas nl Nlus, á ijmrg, vma pmrm m daofm
cmdäjam. Dlus jfgs tëd meulotmng aoûdlrms vamelos lstrmnm mcgrm pmrm
vasatmr adpjmotmåüls nl aerlkms. Daofm lspgsm, Dmrm, á udm vlrnmnlarm
pmrilarm lsparatumj. Yum vanm nlvgiagomj igosastlotl l sums grmåüls pmrm
dad igdg slu lspgsg, tld sang udm ermonl cgotl nl vaegr.
Daofm ltlrom ermtanég vma pmrm mquljls qul tëd aovlstang prgcuonmdlotl
om daofm vanm;
Yrm. Gpmj Lpplrjy (daofm mvù ‚mngtavm— ’ kí cmjlianm). Loqumotg lu maonm
lrm ud kgvld emrgtg, ljm lstmvm igovloianm nl qul Nlus fmvam dl ifmdm-
ng pmrm slr ud pmstgr.
Yrm. @lrvljy ^fgdpsgo (daofm sleuonm dél). Igdg dassagoíram, rltgr-
omong ng Gralotl Dánag, sum pmaxég pljm dasség nm aerlkm lrm igotmeamotl.
Ljm dl dgstrgu g duong!
Nr. Pussljj @urrajj. Yums mujms nurmotl g sldaoírag mjadlotmrmd ud cgeg
nlotrg nl dad pmrm pjmotmr aerlkms. Ylu aotlrlssl igotäoug ld dlu daoas-
tárag dl m`loåggu nl aoûdlrms dmolarms.
Rmstgrls Ytlvl Eaccgrn l Jlaeftgo Fgjjly. Lstls fgdlos nl Nlus cgrmd
dlus prlsanlotls om Mssgiamåég ng ^lxms. G mpgag l m mdazmnl nljls dgj-
nmrmd m narlåég ng dlu daoastárag.
\d mermnliadlotg lspliamj pmrm m lquapl nl adpjmtmåég nl aerlkms ng
^lxms. Sgiës ség m ‚lquapl ngs sgofgs—. Nlus igotaoul usmong imnm ud
nl vgiës nl dmolarm pgnlrgsm. Daofm imsm á nl vgiës tmd`ád!
Yflra Nlooy (daofm mssastlotl mndaoastrmtavm og ^lxms).
^lxms). Sgië dl dmotlvl
gremoazmng l trguxl ud oävlj nl lxiljëoiam pmrm g Rrgermdm nl Rjmotmr
Aerlkms qul lu oég pgnlram tlr clatg sgzaofg.
Rmstgrls Ljtgo NlDgrmls, Umjtlr Mjjrln l @gymo Jlvtlrgv.
Jlvtlrgv. Á cmotístaig trm-
`mjfmr igd vgiës! G`raemng pljms anlams l igotraùaåüls pmrm lstl dmoumj.
Nr.
Nr. Pgo Ijguzlt. Sgië tlvl m vaség l aoaiamtavm nl nmr udm pjmtmcgrdm pmrm
pjmotmr aerlkms om Mdáraim ng Ogrtl.
Imony Ijmrh (daofm mssastlotl mndaoastrmtavm). Sgië pmssgu jgoems fgrms
lnatmong l cmzlong g jmygut pmrm g dmoumj ld aoejës. G`raemng pljg slu
lxiljlotl trm`mjfg!
NLNAIM^ÙPAM
Lstl dmoumj pmrm pjmotmr aerlkms á nlnaimng m Saitgr Kmlelr.
Kmlelr.
Ld 022=, lu rlilà udm imrtm nl Saitgr sgjaiatmong udm gpgrtuoanmnl nl
pjmotmr udm aerlkm faspmom grauonm nm aerlkm nl Paifmrnsgo, gonl lu lrm
g pmstgr. Saitgr lrm ud jlaeg om ápgim, dms vaofm slotaong ud ifmdmng
pmrm g daoastárag ld tldpg aotlermj. Nlus kí taofm dl adprlssagomng pmrm
igdlåmr udm aerlkm faspmom, mssad, lu rligoflia qul g igotmtg nljl lrm
udm rlspgstm â daofm grmåég.
\dm ijmssl nm Lsigjm Ym`mtaom ld lspmofgj kí sl rluoam om smjm ng igrmj
nm aerlkm nl Paifmrnsgo igd mssastëoiam nl =< plssgms. Saitgr l lu ogs
rluoadgs pmrm trmåmr ud pjmog. Og sí`mng nl m`lrturm, >2 plssgms pmrta-
iapmrmd! Ld iaoig dlsls, dmas nl =22 plssgms lstmvmd sl rluoaong og
rlclatùrag nm aerlkm. Ld slu pradlarg sí`mng ld ud pránag mjuemng, =<2
plssgms lstmvmd prlslotls. Ogs pradlargs trës mogs nl adpjmotmåég nlstm
aerlkm, 03= plssgms cgrmd `mtazmnms! M ogvm aerlkm faspmom nl Paifmrnsgo
igdprgu slu prùprag tldpjg l kí pjmotgu trës ogvms aerlkms (igd pjmogs
pmrm dmas). Jguvmng slkm g Ylofgr!
Saitgr naz; ‚pjmotmr aerlkms á g dlu naíjasl!— Ljl megrm á ud pjmotmngr nl
aerlkms ld tldpg aotlermj l lstí lovgjvang ld igdpmrtajfmr sum pmaxég jg-
imjdlotl l ld tgng g duong. ]ulrg mermnlilr g Saitgr pgr sum mdazmnl l
pgr dl nmr udm vaség ng qul Nlus pgnl cmzlr mtrmvás nl jlaegs nlnaimngs.
ÄONAIL
Aotrgnuåég . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Rmssg O» =; M Aerlkm-Dél igdg Rmtrgiaomngr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Rmssg O» 0; Cgrdmr udm Lquapl nl Janlrmoåm pmrm g Rjmotag nl Aerlkms . .
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Rmssg O» 9; Anlotaimong g Rû`jaig Mjvg nm Igduoanmnl . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Rmssg O» >; Aoiu`mong igd g Oûijlg Ilotrmj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Rmssg O» <; Yastldm nl Mpgag Jgimj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Rmssg O» 3; Dgdlotg ng Jmoåmdlotg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Mpëonails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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AO^PGN\ÅÉG G
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Daofms rmäzls cmdajamrls lstég og ^lxms. Om vlrnmnl, lu omsia om ianmnl P
^
nl Cgrt Ugrtf, ^lxms,

^lxms, m ianmnl ngs vmqulargs, igdg á igofliang om rleaég. O
A
Cga ud rltgrog âs daofms rmäzls cmdajamrls qumong milatla g igovatl pmrm

pjmotmr udm aerlkm om írlm nl Cgrt Ugrtf l Nmjjms (lspliaimdlotl ld
Rjmog, qul á ud mulotl su`ûràg ng Ogrtl nl Nmjjms). Lstm ogvm mtraùa-
åég ld dlu daoastárag mdpjagu daofm plrsplitavm nm ermonl igjflatm oég
mjimoåmnm. Rljm pradlarm vlz ld daofm vanm, lu lstmvm vavlong ld udm
írlm dltrgpgjatmom nl ermonl nlslovgjvadlotg. ]umong oég fmvam trícleg,
jlvmvm udm fgrm l dlam naraeaong pmrm gs su`ûràgs nlstm ermonl dltrù -
pgjl, gonl duatms igduoanmnls l erupgs átoaigs oég fmvamd sangs mjimo-
åmngs igd m dlosmeld lspliamj ng d ngs tldpgs qul Nlus fmvam dl
ifmdmng pmrm igdpmrtajfmr.
igdpmrtajfmr. Ldpgjemåég l ureëoiam igdlåmrmd m irlsilr
ld dlu igrmåég. Cga lotég qul dl nla igotm nm rlmjanmnl.
]umong lu igdlila m vasatmr gs jänlrls, nl udm pgssävlj aerlkm-dél, -
qula mssustmng mg nlsig`rar qul pjmotmr ogvms aerlkms oég lstmvm, old
rldgtmdlotl, om tljm nl slu rmnmr.
rmnmr. Om pradlarm rluoaég g pmstgr igovgigu
slus nlz moiaégs, dms igdg rlsujtmng tavldgs m nlilpiagomotl prlsloåm
nl mploms trës plssgms; g pmstgr, g pradlarg moiaég l lu. Ld ud lscgråg
pmrm dlnar g ijadm pmrm g Rrgermdm nl Rjmotmr Ogvms Aerlkms, igdlila ud
prgilssg nl vasatmåég mgs praoiapmas jänlrls nm aerlkm. Rmrm lspmotg dlu,
ud moiaég prgldaolotl nlijmrgu sld rgnlags; ‚Lu oég qulrg guvar dmas
udm pmjmvrm sg`rl pjmotmåég nl aerlkms!—. Igdg lu oég fmvam plrilàng m
mpmtam ngs jänlrls nl aerlkm l, ld mjeuos imsgs, m gpgsaåég m`lrtm l narltm
pmrm pjmotmr ogvms aerlkms og jlvmotmdlotg qul lu z7 G qul Nlus qulram
cmzlr7 Lrmd plreuotms qul lu cmzam m dad dlsdg.
Om prùxadm rluoaég nm igdasség, lu z ud moûoiag igrmkgsg; ‚Lstm aerlkm
oég lstí prgotm pmrm pjmotmr.—
pjmotmr.— Daofm moíjasl tgigu om clranm l cga rlilànm
igd ud sgogrg ‚Mdád!— Yuelra, lotég, qul nlvlrämdgs ogs igoilotrmr
ld tgromr m aerlkm-dél pradlarmdlotl smunívlj pmrm nlpgas nmr â juz.
Ogvmdlotl, tgngs igoigrnmrmd lcusavmdlotl. Daofm cgrtl igovaiåég lrm
nl qul, sl qulrämdgs nmr m juz m udm aerlkm-jfm smunívlj, lrm olilssírag
tlr udm dél smunívlj. Lrm fgrm nl igdlåmr m tgdmr vatmdaoms ‚prá-omtmj—
(aoaiamtavms lspliäims cgrmd mprlslotmnms olstm pradlarm ltmpm, ‚aerlkm -
-dél igdg pmtrgiaomngr—).
Nlzlsslas dlsls nlpgas, g pjmotag nm aerlkm cga jmoåmng ld Rjmog. G dajm-
erl dmas surprllonlotl cga m dunmoåm nl mtatunl ld rljmåég mg prgermdm
nl pjmotmr ogvms aerlkms. Og omj nl udm rluoaég nl moiaégs, g dlsdg
moiaég qul fmvam natg ‚oég qulrg guvar dmas udm pmjmvrm sg`rl pjmotmr
aerlkms—, megrm mrdgu qul ‚lstm á m pradlarm nl duatms qul vmdgs pjmo- ==
G
^ tmr!— Yums pmjmvrms cgrmd dmas prgcátaims ng qul ljl pgnam admeaomr. Og
O
L
D
mog sleuaotl, udm ogvm aerlkm faspmom omsilu. Nlsnl mquljm ápgim, dmas
M
Å nums aerlkms mdlraimoms cgrmd aoaiamnms. Aerlkm-dél smunívlj l ld irlsia-
O
M
J dlotg, mssad igdg ms aerlkms-jfms.
G
M
G
^
Ld duatgs msplitgs, lstms nums pradlarms aerlkms slrvarmd igdg ‚Rrgkltg
O
L Rajgtg— pmrm m Mssgiamåég ng ^lxms. Og gutgog nl 022=, lu rlilà ud
D
M
K tljlcgoldm ng prlsanlotl nm Mssgiamåég sgjaiatmong qul lu nlslovgjvlssl
L
O
M
ud sastldm pmrm dujtapjaimr m adpjmotmåég nl ogvms aerlkms ld tgng g slu
J
R tlrratùrag. M tmrlcm qul lu taofm pljm crlotl lrm logrdl.
G
N
;
Y
M
M Mssgiamåég ng ^lxms aoijua ms praoiapmas írlms dltrgpgjatmoms nl Nmjjms,
K
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Cgrt Ugrtf, Fgustgo, Mustao l Ymo Motgoag. Sajmrlkgs l ianmnls plquloms
E
A sl lspmjfmd pgr tgnm m rleaég. Igdg mjimoåmr lssms ermonls l plquloms
P
M
^ ianmnls7 ]umotg dmas lu dl cmdajamrazmvm igd gs gråmdlotgs l jadatmåüls
O
M
J
omoilarms nm Mssgiamåég, dmas lu plrilàm qul slram adpgssävlj ldprl -
R
M emr gs pmstgrls olilssírags pmrm tlrdaomr m g`rm og ^lxms. Assg clz igd
P
M
R
qul lu nlslovgjvlssl lstl sastldm pmrm pjmotmr aerlkms lovgjvlong g trm-
Y
G `mjfg nl jlaegs l pmstgrls. Igd m `loåég nl Nlus, nurmotl ud plrägng nl
Y
Y
M
ogvl mogs, ==> aerlkms cgrmd pjmotmnms. Dmas adpgrtmotl maonm, ud sas-
R
tldm nl mpgag cga pgstg ld prítaim pmrm gtadazmr m sg`rlvavëoiam nm ogvm
aerlkm cmzlong igd qul m igjflatm tavlssl ud adpmitg. Sanms cgrmd smjvms
pmrm tgnm m ltlroanmnl ’ qul á m dmagr dgtavmåég pmrm sl pjmotmr aerlkms.
Saség pmrm pjmotmr
‚Sa rmags nl juz prgvaong nl ianmnls l vajms, ngs juemrls mjtgs l `maxgs nm
tlrrm. M pmjmvrm nl Nlus lrm g`lnlianm, l ld rlsujtmng sl mifmvmd ld
imnm ianmnl l vajm dgoudlotgs Ylus. Yum vlrnmnl lrm prgijmdmnm mtrmvás
nl tgng g duong.— (UFA^L, Ljjlo E., ^lstlduofgs pmrm m Aerlkm Sgj.1, píe. 01
eracg ogssg).
Lsirlvm m`maxg ogdls nl ianmnls l vajms (plquloms) ld sum rleaég qul

maonm oég tëd ud ‚ rmag nl juz —.
—.
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
=0
Igdg pgnl lstm vaség pgssavljdlotl tgromr-sl
tgromr-sl udm rlmjanmnl7 G
É
Å
Igd dmas g`rlargs! \
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P
‚M igjflatm á ermonl, dms gs g`rlargs ség pguigs. Rlåmd, pgas, mg Ylofgr ^
O
A
nm igjflatm qul loval g`rlargs pmrm m sum igjflatm—. Dmtlus 1;95-968
Rlosmdlotg Ifmvl;
Oùs duatms vlzls igocuonadgs m grnld nl Klsus l g locgqul nl grmr pljm
igjflatm qumong Yum aostruåég á ijmrm; grmr pgr dmas g`rlargs. Lstm á udm
nms dmagrls lstrmtáeams nl irlsiadlotg nm aerlkm aolxpjgrmnm qul cga nmnm
pgr Klsus. Rmrm mjimoåmr udm igjflatm mùonmotl, prliasmdgs nl dmas
g`rlargs!
Ajustrmåég;
Ugjcl Iaty, ^lxms, lstí ld ud ngs juemrls dmas rldgtgs. M dmagram ngs
cuoiagoírags nm Mssgiamåég old slqulr sm`l qul ljm lxastl l, ilrtmdlotl
ouoim pmssmrmd pgr jí. Lstm igduoanmnl mngrdlianm l nlprlssavm pgssua
mploms ud sldícmrg l udm pgpujmåég nl =.1<> fmàtmotls (aoijuaong
iéls l emtgs). Duatms imsms lstég ld ruäoms. M pg`rlzm olstm vajm rurmj
mg ogrnlstl nl ^lxms á mùonmotl. M aerlkm Mnvlotastm dmas prùxadm im
m qumsl =6 hd nl nastàoiam. ]ul Mssgiamåég aram lstunmr m pgssaàjanmnl
nl lovamr ud pmstgr pmrm pjmotmr udm aerlkm ld udm igduoanmnl igdg
lstm7 ]umas slramd ms ifmoils nl qul lstm ‚vajm— rlil`lssl gs ‚rmags
‚ rmags nl
juz — ng lvmoeljfg7
]umong vgië tld dld`rgs nm cmdäjam qul vavld ld Ugjcl Iaty,Iaty, sum plrs-
^rës tams (ardés ng dlu pma) rlsanld olstm ianmnl. Mg ifl-
plitavm dunm. ^rës
emr g irlpûsiujg nl sums vanms, ljms vég tlr m gpgrtuoanmnl nl slrld
mtlonanms pljm
pljm aerlkm qul lu mdg7 Ogtmvljdlotl, sad!
Ld == nl sltld`rg nl 02=2, m Aerlkm Mnvlotastm cga pjmotmnm ld Ugjcl
Iaty, ^lxms. Lu tavl m fgorm nl prlemr og sí`mng nl m`lrturm. M aerlkm Mn-
vlotastm cga rlilànm om igduoanmnl pljg prlclatg nm ianmnl. Igdg assg cga
pgssävlj7 Lstm aerlkm cga pjmotmnm pgr jlaegs. Lu oég taofm m dlogr anlam nl
qul g dgnljg nl pjmotmr aerlkms qul igdlågu og ^lxms, imusmram ud ad-
pmitg narltg ld daofm prùpram cmdäjam. Rguigs dlsls dmas tmrnl, m aerlkm
rliád-pjmotmnm tlvl slu pradlarg `mtasdg. Gs dld`rgs tëd nlz lstungs
`ä`jaigs mtavgs om igduoanmnl (aoijuaong udm tam daofm nl 62 mogs nl
anmnl). Jguvmng slkm g Ylofgr!
Rmstgrls qul lstég igdprgdltangs ld pjmotmr aerlkms
L sl, qumong ud pmstgr igdlåmssl m trm`mjfmr ld ud ogvg nastratg, m
pradlarm plreuotm qul ljl zlssl cgssl; ‚]uég rípang pgnldgs pjmotmr
udm ogvm aerlkm7— L sl m anlam nl pjmotmr aerlkms kí lstavlssl ld sum tljm
nl rmnmr nlsnl g pradlarg nam7 =9
G
^ Og aoäiag ng mnvlotasdg, pjmotmr aerlkms lrm m ogrdm. Omquljm ápgim ls-
O
L
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tívmdgs ld dgvadlotg. Gs pmstgrls jlvmotmvmd aerlkms l, ld sleuanm
M
Å pmssmvmd m janlrmoåm pmrm ms dégs ngs dld`rgs jlaegs impmzls qul aramd
O
M
J rlmjazmr g trm`mjfg. Lstl dgnljg maonm á sleuang ld duatms pmrtls ng imd-
G
M pg duonamj. Ogtl lstm nlsmmngrm iatmåég;
G
^
O
L ‚M dmagr imusm nl ogssm crmqulzm lsparatumj, igdg ud pgvg, á m cmj-
D
M
K tm nl vlrnmnlarm cá ogs ngos lsparatumas. Yl tgngs rlil`lssld lstl
L
O
M
tapg nl tlstlduofg ld pjlom cá, ljls igjgimramd nl jmng ms igasms
J
R qul nlsmermnmd m Nlus, l gonl qulr qul cgrm plrdmolilramd ld
G
N
;
uoanmnl l cgrtmjlzm. L, trës qumrtgs ng trm`mjfg daoastlramj megrm
Y
M
K
emstgs ld mkunmr ms aerlkms, pgnlramd slr pgupmngs pmrm g trm`mjfg
L
P nl jlvmotmr ogvms aerlkms ld ogvgs imdpgs. ( UFA^L, LJLO E., Pl-
E
A
P valw mon Flrmjn, => nl kmolarg, =636).
M
^
O
M
J
Saség pmrm gs Rmstgrls
R
M ]ul imnm pmstgr ldprlemng pljm Aerlkm Mnvlotastm ng Yátadg Nam sl igd-
P
M
R
prgdltm m pjmotmr pljg dlogs udm aerlkm ld imnm nastratg qul jfl nlsaeol
Y
G igdg pmstgr mtá qul Klsus vgjtl.
Y
Y
M
R Dlsdg qul sl mjimoil ud prgerlssg aoirävlj, m olilssanmnl l ureëoiam
pmrm pjmotmr dmas aerlkms oég pgnl slr tmrlcm rlmjazmnm sgdlotl pljgs pms-
tgrls mssmjmramngs.
Dgàjazmr gs dld`rgs jlaegs qul vég pjmotmr aerlkms
M sleuar lstég iaoig rmzüls nm olilssanmnl urelotl nl pjmotmr aerlkms pgr
dlag nl jlaegs fgkl;
=. Lxastl udm mùonmotl igjflatm qul oég á mjimoåmnm!
• ʻM igjflatm á ermonl... G crutg lstí dmnurg om vanlarm l oég fí
ʻ
oaoeuád pmrm igjfë-jg. Igduoanmnls aotlarms lstég aotgimnms

sld m vlrnmnl nl Nlus.
0. Cgrolilr ud pmstgr tld ud iustg prgaàtavg.
• M dmagram nms Mssgiamåüls loigotrmd jadatmåüls omoilarms pmrm
cgrolilr mpgag pmstgrmj pmrm ms igoerlemåüls kí lstm`ljlianms.
• Rmrm m dujtapjaimåég nl aerlkms, gutrgs rliursgs, mjád ngs pmstg -
rls mssmjmramngs, prliasmd slr utajazmngs.
9. Nlplonlr sù ng pmstgr oég á smunívlj.
• Og aoäiag ng Mnvlotasdg m aerlkm rlsastau ld tlr pmstgrls mssmjm-
ramngs. G rlsujtmng cga udm aerlkm qul irlsilu duatg rmpanmdlotl.
• Fgkl, ld pmäsls nl pradlarg duong, gs dld`rgs ség, duatms vl-
=> zls, lsplitmngrls l g pmstgr g ûoaig rlspgosívlj pljg daoastárag.
• G pjmotmr ogvms aerlkms jlvm gs jlaegs m smar nm rltmeumrnm l pþr-sl G
É
Å
om jaofm nl crlotl! \
N
G
>. G pjmotag jlaeg plrdatl mgs pmstgrls slrld áas mg slu ifmdmng P
^
O
`ä`jaig pmrm lquapmr (^rlaomngr) ’ Lcásags >;=08
ʻ ʻ
A
• Gs pmstgrls cgrolild trlaomdlotg pmrm gs pjmotmngrls jlaegs (ud

daoassldaoírag). M igdpltëoiam l cgrdmåég ng pmstgr nlvl slr
utajazmnm pmrm trlaomr gs jlaegs, losaomng-jfls igdg naraear aerlkms.
Ogtm; Gs dljfgrls jänlrls dujtapjaimd-sl mtrmvás ngs gutrgs. G suils-
sg nl ud pjmotmngr jlaeg, tmd`ád.
<. Jlaegs qul pjmotmd, prlpmrmd m aerlkm pmrm ms rlmjanmnls ng d
ngs tldpgs qumong pmssl g igjmpsg omoilarg l m plrsleuaåég.
• Og cuturg pùxadg, g irastamoasdg aostatuiagomjazmng oég slrí dmas
sustlotívlj. Á tldpg pmrm ud lxáriatg nl jlaegs mssudar l aotlo -
saimr m janlrmoåm loqumotg maonm tldgs udm pmz rljmtavm.
NLYLOSGJSADLO^G NL JÄNLPLY
M IFMSL RMPM D\JÂRJAIMP M RJMO^MÅÉG NL AEPLKMY
Igdg jänlr ld pjmotmr aerlkms, á adpgrtmotl qul vgië pgssm anlotaimr
pljg dlogs dmas nums plssgms qul pgnlramd, nl aeumj dmolarm, pjmotmr
gutrms aerlkms og cuturg. Nl prlclrëoiam, assg nlvl migotlilr nurmotl m cmsl
nl aoiu`måég ng pjmotag. \d ogvg pjmotmngr nl aerlkms prliasm igdlåmr
ʻ
igd ud gu ngas ogvgs pjmotmngrls kí ld sum lquapl. (Emry Ar`y)

ʻ
\dm gutrm mjtlromtavm slram m anlotaimåég nl nums plssgms qul tëd pg-
tloiamj nl mssudar m janlrmoåm l naraear m ogvm aerlkm rliád-pjmotmnm qumo-
ng ljms kí tlofmd mjimoåmng m dmturanmnl. Astg saeoaim qul, vgië kí
lstmram javrl pmrm aoaiamr udm gutrg pjmotag nl aerlkm. G Mpëonail M nlstmim
igdg anlotaimr l nlslovgjvlr jänlrls pmrm g prlslotl l cuturg.
Nlsig`ra qul qumjqulr pmstgr gu dld`rg nl aerlkm pgnl anlotaimr, ld
sleuongs, gonl prliasm slr pjmotmnm udm ogvm aerlkm Mnvlotastm. Ljls ls-
tég `ld igosialotls nms igduoanmnls vazaofms l pgpujmåüls átoaims qul
oég lstég slong mjimoåmnms. Rgr qul, lotég, á rljmtavmdlotl pguig g qul
lstí migotlilong7 M qulstég oég á g irlsiadlotg ld sa, dms sad m cmjtm
nm dujtapjaimåég nl g`rlargs. Oég pgnldgs nlplonlr nl ajusüls, old
tmdpguig nl nasiussüls nl igdassüls nl aerlkm pmrm qul g trm`mjfg slkm
clatg. Á prliasg qul sl jlvmotl ud jänlr igosmermng pmrm dgàjazmr m aerlkm
md nl pjmotmr gutrms igoerlemåüls.
\d pjmotag nl aerlkm á igdg ud väiag, g qul á `gd. Og lotmotg, pmrm qul
gs ‚rmags nl juz— mjimoild imnm ianmnl gu vajm, á prliasg ud dgvadlotg
nl dujtapjaimåég nl aerlkms.
=<
G
^ RLPE\O^MY
RLPE\O^MY MILPIM NG RJMOÂG NL AEPLKMY RGP JLAEGY
O
L
D
M
Å
Rjmotmr aerlkms pgr jlaegs, nlaxmrí gs pmstgrls sld trm`mjfg7
O
M
J
G
Duatg pljg igotrírag. G sastldm pmrm pjmotmr aerlkms, mprlslotmng olstl
M
G
dmoumj, rlqulr qul gs pmstgrls tlofmd ud pmplj nl trlaomngr pmrm gs
^
O
L
pjmotmngrls jlaegs. Gs pmstgrls, om dmagram nms vlzls, lstég naraeaong nas-
D
M
tratgs trmnaiagomas nm aerlkm. Nlvang mg irlsiadlotg nm pjmotmåég nl aerlkms
K
L
O
pgr jlaegs nlotrg nl udm Mssgiamåég qul prgdgvl lstl dgnljg, udm cgrtl
M
J
R
l sleurm `msl omoilarm pgnl slr lstm`ljlianm pmrm mpgamr maonm dmas lstm
G
N
vaség nl irlsiadlotg.
;
Y
M
K
L
Oég vég tgnms ms pjmotmåüls nl aerlkms clatms pgr jlaegs qulrlr pmstgrls7
P
E
A
P Oég olilssmramdlotl. Assg pgnl migotlilr sl g sastldm nl mpgag oég ls-
M
^
O
tavlrcuoiagomong `ld. Yl g sastldm nl mpgag, igocgrdl nlsiratg olstl
M
J
R
dmoumj, lstí cuoiagomong `ld, ms aerlkms pjmotmnms l naraeanms pgr jlaegs
M
P
vég slotar-sl `ld mjadlotmnms l oég prlssagomrég pmrm g`tlr ud pmstgr.
M
R
Y
Om rlmjanmnl, nlpgas nl tlr lxplradlotmng gs `lolcäiags nl ud dgnljg
G
Y naraeang pgr jlaegs, ljls prlclrld igotaoumr olssm narlåég.
Y
M
R
G qul migotlil igd g näzadg elrmng pgr udm aerlkm pjmotmnm pgr jlaegs
udm vlz qul oég sl pmem pmstgrls pmrm iuanmr nlstm aerlkm7
Ld pradlarg juemr,
juemr, gs pmstgrls oég ség pmegs pmrm cmzlr g trm`mjfg pmrm m
aerlkm. G trm`mjfg ng pmstgr á lquapmr gs dld`rgs pmrm m g`rm ng daoas-
tárag. Yl g pmstgr rleujmrdlotl lstí trlaomong gs jlaegs pmrm pjmotmr udm
aerlkm, ljl lstí slong lj mg ifmdmng `ä`jaig.
Fí duatgs gutrgs daoastárags mjád nl ud pmstgr jgimj, qul ség omoiamngs
mtrmvás ngs näzadgs; Lnuimåég Mnvlotastm, nlpmrtmdlotmas nm Mssgiam-
åég, pmstgrls mpgslotmngs, g`rm og imdpg duonamj, lti. Duatgs nlssls
daoastárags ség `loliamngs narltgs igd g pjmotag nl aerlkms pgr jlaegs.
M pmriljm ng näzadg qul ogrdmjdlotl slram usmnm pmrm pmemr ud pmstgr,
megrm pgnlrí mkunmr udm Mssgiamåég m igdlåmr m trm`mjfmr ld ogvms írlms
elgeríims gu lotrl erupgs nl plssgms qul maonm oég cgrmd mjimoåmnms
pljm juz ng lvmoeljfg.
Ajustrmåég;
Fgustgo, og ^lxms, L\M, tld m tlrilarm dmagr pgpujmåég valtomdatm cgrm
ng Saltoé. Oég fmvam valtomdatms Mnvlotastms ng Yátadg Nam vavlong ld
Fgustgo qul punlssld mjimoåmr lssm pgpujmåég. M Mssgiamåég jgimj igo-
trmtgu ud valtomdatm jlaeg, pjmotmngr nl aerlkms ld tldpg aotlermj, igd
m omjanmnl nl pjmotmr udm aerlkm. Sírags mogs nlpgas, ud erupg cga grem-
oazmng. Lstl plqulog erupg nl irlotls oég pgssul trm`mjfgs `ld pmegs
=3 l oég pgnl mpgamr omoilarmdlotl m ud pmstgr. Jlaegs áas nazadastms
qul lstég pjmotmong ogvms aerlkms lstég mkunmong m tgromr lstl prgkltg G
É
Å
pgssävlj. \
N
G
P
]uég ermonl pgnl sl tgromr ud pjmotag nl aerlkm jlaem7 ^
O
A
G tmdmofg täpaig nl udm aerlkm pjmotmnm pgr jlaegs lstí lotrl 32 l =22
plssgms. Mjeudms aerlkms ujtrmpmssmd =22, dms assg oég á igdud. Mtu-
mjdlotl, m dmagr aerlkm pjmotmnm pgr jlaegs om Mdáraim ng Ogrtl, sleuong
lu tlofg igofliadlotg, lstí jgimjazmnm ld Ymo Motgoag, og ^lxms. Fí
=62 plssgms prlslotls, rlprlslotmong 0< omiagomjanmnls naclrlotls. Ljls
tëd ud prgermdm va`rmotl pmrm kgvlos, qul aoijua m Ygialnmnl Kgvld, gs
Nls`rmvmngrls, erupgs dusaimas l mtavanmnls nlspgrtavms. M aerlkm pgssua
slu prùprag lnacäiag l tld pjmogs pmrm igostruar ud smotuírag dmagr l, igd
assg, pjmotmr udm ogvm aerlkm.
G qul jadatm g irlsiadlotg ng pjmotag nl aerlkms pgr jlaegs7
\dm aerlkm pjmotmnm pgr ud pmstgr nlvlram irlsilr dmas ng qul udm aerlkm
pjmotmnm pgr ud jlaeg, sadpjlsdlotl pgrqul ud pmstgr nlnaim slu tldpg
l lscgrågs aotlermjdlotl pmrm lstm aerlkm. \d pjmotmngr jlaeg tld ud trm -
`mjfg írnug m d nl pmemr ms igotms. Ljl nlvl nljlemr l slr ud jänlr qul
trlaol gs dld`rgs pmrm qul m aerlkm irlsåm.
Oég mim`mrämdgs igd ud dgotl nl aerlkms crmims7
G`slrvl g qul tgrom ms aerlkms crmims;
‚Nlus oég igogu mgs pmstgrls g trm`mjfg nl lstmrld pgong ld
fmrdgoam ms aerlkms. ^ég nlprlssm sl mifm mpmrlotldlotl rlmjazmng
lssl slrvaåg, tld qul slr clatg nl ogvg. Dld`rgs nm aerlkm qul ség
mtlonangs l mkunmngs nlssl dgng, tgromd-sl crmimjfüls rljaeagsgs.
Yl ogvl náiadgs ng lscgråg qul sl tld ldprlemng ld cmvgr ngs
qul igoflild m vlrnmnl, fguvlssld sang ldprlemngs ld prgj ngs
qul nljm ouoim guvarmd, qumotg dmagr tlram sang g mvmoåg rlmjazm-
ng!— (UFA^L, Ljjlo E., ^lstlduofgs pmrm m Aerlkm Sgj.5, píe. 0>)
Gs dmagrls rlsujtmngs nl udm aerlkm smunívlj om Navaség Ogrtl Mdlraimom
tëd sang nl aerlkms pjmotmnms pgr jlaegs. Rgr quë7 Rgrqul ljls lstég dgà-
jazmngs pmrm g daoastárag. Oég lstég slotmngs ogs `moigs mploms m`sgrvlo-
ng g mjadlotg qul jfls á nmng. Ljls lstég sl lxlriatmong lsparatumjdlotl.
L qumotg â purlzm nm ngutraom7 Oég lstmrég lstms aerlkms
aerlkms m`raong m pgrtm
pgrtm
pmrm losaomdlotgs lrrmngs7
]umjqulr ogvm aerlkm prliasm lstmr `ld saotgoazmnm igd mquljls qul lstég
gclrlilong sums melonms tlgjùeaims. Ilrtgs aonavänugs pgnld imusmr ls-
trmegs ld tgnm aerlkm rliád-pjmotmnm, slkm ljm lstm`ljlianm pgr ud pmstgr
=5
G
^ gu pgr ud jlaeg. M dmagr pmrtl nms igocusüls tlgjùeaims qul m nlogda-
O
L
D
omåég mnvlotastm tld locrlotmng valrmd ng ifmdmng ‚ijlrg prgssagomj— ,
M
Å oég nl ardégs jlaegs. G pmstgr, qul á g trlaomngr ng erupg, mkunm m cgr -
O
M
J olilr udm prlsloåm lstmàjazmngrm m dlnanm qul ljls sl nlslovgjvld l
G
M irlsild. Astg rlprlslotm ud sastldm nl migdpmofmdlotg l iflimeld
G
^
O
lquaja`rmngs.
L
D
M
K L sg`rl m prlemåég7
L
O
M
J
R
Mjeudms aerlkms pjmotmnms pgr jlaegs pgnld cmiajdlotl imar om mrdmnajfm
G
N
nl prlloiflr slu rgj nl prlemåég igd udm logrdl vmralnmnl nl prlem -
;
Y
M
ngrls. Lstm m`grnmeld igdlåm m sl nlsemstmr lotrl g pradlarg l sleuong
K
L
P
mog. Fí ud pmr nl rmzüls pmrm assg. Ld pradlarg juemr, gs prlemngrls igo-
E
A vanmngs oég lstég pjlomdlotl igosialotls nms olilssanmnls lsparatumas
P
M
^ nm igoerlemåég l gs dld`rgs oég lstég rlil`long udm m`grnmeld `m -
O
M
J
jmoilmnm om prlemåég, pmrm trmtmr nl írlms qul ljls tëd olilssanmnl. Ld
R
M sleuong juemr,
juemr, g jänlr ng erupg prliasm prlemr,
prlemr, pljg dlogs, nums vlzls pgr
P
M
R
dës. Igdg jänlr,
jänlr, ljl jmoågu m vaség pmrm pjmotmr l megrm nlvl igosgjanmr m
Y
G ogvm aerlkm. ^mjvlz
^mjvlz slkm prliasg mjeud trlaomdlotg l gralotmåég om írlm nm
Y
Y
M
prlemåég, dms assg pgnl slr cmiajdlotl gremoazmng.
R
]umotms vlzls g Rmstgr-^rlaomngr nlvl prlemr7

Oég dmas ng qul udm vlz pgr tradlstrl, ld ud sí`mng lspliamj. Dmas lx-
pgsaåég ng qul assg, pgnlrí sl tlr m anlam nl qul ud prlemngr prgssagomj
á dmas mtrmlotl pmrm m igoerlemåég.
]uld cmz m vasatmåég7
Gs dld`rgs jlaegs l g jänlr nm ogvm aerlkm. Gs ûoaigs aonavänugs qul g
pmstgr-trlaomngr
pmstgr-trlaomngr nlvl vasatmr ség g pjmotmngr jlaeg nm aerlkm l sum cmdajam.
]umj á m rljmåég igd m Mssgiamåég7
Yum Mssgiamåég vma tlr mjeuád og lsiratùrag qul á nlsaeomng pmrm trm`m-
jfmr igd g Rrgermdm nl Rjmotmr Aerlkms. Sgië nlvl igoflilr lssm plssgm
g dmas rípang pgssävlj. ^md`ád á udm `gm anlam dmotlr udm igduoaim-
åég rleujmr igd lssm plssgm. Gs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms qul ség síàgs,
tmd`ád vég igovanmr ud mndaoastrmngr, narltgr gu nlpmrtmdlotmj nm Ms-
sgiamåég nums vlzls mg mog pmrm prlemr ld sum aerlkm l igdpmrtajfmr udm
rlclaåég kuotgs. Assg mkunmrí m prgdgvlr slotadlotgs pgsatavgs lotrl gs
dld`rgs igd rljmåég â Mssgiamåég l tmd`ád mkunmrí m Mssgiamåég sm`lr
igdg pgnl mpgamr dljfgr m lstm ogvm igoerlemåég.
Ogtm; M Mssgiamåég tld duatgs prgermdms dmrmvajfgsgs qul pgnld slr nl
ermonl `lolcäiag pmrm m ogvm aerlkm rliád-pjmotmnm.
=6
]umj nms plreuotms miadm, prliasmvmd slr rlspgonanms ld sum dlotl7 G
É
Å
\
Sgië maonm tld mjeudm plreuotm7 N

G
P
^
O
Ymunívlj nlsnl g aoäiag A
Ld 26 nl megstg nl ==59, igdlågu m igostruåég nl udm lstruturm qul

sl tgrogu igoflianm duonamjdlotl igdg ud lrrg igjgssmj nl iíjiujg. M
cmdgsm ^grrl nl Rasm, aoijaomnm, satumnm ld udm ianmnl atmjamom, cga dmj
igoilànm nlsnl g aoäiag. M `msl nm lstruturm nl =69 pás (<<,63 dltrgs)
lstí m dlogs nl nlz pás (9 dltrgs) nl prgcuonanmnl l lstí satumnm ld
aoijaomr-sl qumong g sleuong monmr lstm-
sgjg aostívlj. M tgrrl igdlågu m aoijaomr-sl
vm slong igostruäng l m igostruåég cga aotlrrgdpanm pgr ud tldpg. Sírams
tlotmtavms cgrmd clatms pmrm rlpmrmr m aoijaomåég, sld suilssg. G sátadg
l ûjtadg pasg omjdlotl cga igoijuäng ld =9=1. Ogs sáiujgs qul sl sl -
euarmd, m aoijaomåég nm tgrrl tgrogu-sl ermnumjdlotl dmas nrmdítaim. Ld
=112, m aoijaomåég lrm nl <.< ermus. G ilotrg nm tgrrl lrm nl ngzl pás l
nlz pgjlemnms (9,1 dltrgs) nl gonl nlvlram lstmr sl cgssl jlvmotmnm lrltm.
Lotrl =112 l 022= cgrmd clatms aoûdlrms igrrlåüls cuonmdlotmas m d
nl prlslrvmr g dgoudlotg pmrm ms elrmåüls cuturms. M ogtäiam megrm á qul
m aoijaomåég lstí imjiujmnm ld 9,11 ermus.
M aoijaomåég nm ^grrl nl Rasm cgrolil udm mprlonazmeld igd admelos
vävanms ng qul pgnl migotlilr qumong pjmogs dmj igoilàngs ség igoirl-
tazmngs. Mplsmr nl aoûdlrms tlotmtavms nl igrrlåüls clatms pgr loeloflargs
lspliamjazmngs, ms cmjfms ng pjmog aoaiamj oég punlrmd slr igrraeanms pgr
igdpjltg. Duatms vlzls ms aerlkms jutmd nlvang âs qulstüls nl cuonmdlo-
tgs (NOM). Assg pgnl slr lvanloiamng pgr;
• Igoatgs nlvang mgs vmjgrls nl igoigrrëoiams plssgmas8
• Mpmtam nlvang â cmjtm nl vaség igovaoilotl8
• Dlotmjanmnl nl dmotlr ud stmtus olemtavg nlvang m cmjtm nl rlsuj-
tmngs (dasség aolimz)8
• Dld`rgs lsirmvazmngs pgr mjeud plimng pljg cmtg nl oég tlrld
g mpgag nm igduoanmnl irasté gu pgr mjeudm cmjtm nl rlspgosmà-
janmnl nlotrg nm aerlkm8
• Cmjtm nl iggplrmåég igd ms aerlkms nm írlm nlvang m prg`jldms
motlragrls qul imusmrmd nmogs l igd assg fí m dlotmjanmnl nl
‚prgtlelr g tlrratùrag—8
• Yastldms nl mpgag lxtlrog aolxpjgrmngs nlvang mg vmjgr oég rlig-
ofliang.
Nasiusség ld Erupg;
Igdg vgië mvmjam m jastm ní píeaom motlragr, l qul lvanëoiams pgnl vlr
igdg ud nlsmg pmrm ms qulstüls nl cuonmdlotgs ld sum aerlkm7 =1
G
^ Rjmotmong udm aerlkm `ld-suilnanm
O
L
D
]umj á m sum nloaåég pmrm udm aerlkm `ld-suilnanm7
M
Å
O
M WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
J
G
M
G
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWW
^
O
L
D
M aerlkm tld udm dasség. G ifmdmng nm aerlkm á pmrm qul ljm lstlkm om
M
K
L
gclosavm. Lstmdgs pmrm nlrru`mr gs pgrtüls ng aoclrog l ja`lrtmr gs imtavgs.
O
M
J
R ‚Rgas m ogssm jutm oég á igotrm slrls fudmogs, dms igotrm gs pgnlrls l
G
N
;
mutgranmnls, igotrm gs ngdaomngrls nlstl duong nl trlvms, igotrm ms cgr-
Y
M
K
åms lsparatumas ng dmj oms rleaüls iljlstamas.— ’ Lcásags 3;=0.
L
P
E
A Nasiusség ld Erupg;
P
M
^
O
M
Igdg g cmtg nl sm`lrdgs qul lstmdgs loemokmngs ld udm eulrrm sg`rl-
J
R omturmj ogs dgtavm m lstmr prlpmrmngs pmrm m `mtmjfm7
M
P
M
R
Y
G prgilssg nl pjmotmr udm aerlkm oég nlvl slr tgdmng jlvamomdlotl. Yl
G
Y lstmdgs igdlåmong udm aerlkm om qumj m pmaxég slkm emofmr tlrrlog pmrm
Y
M
R
g rlaog nl Nlus, vmdgs lxplradlotmr mtmquls ng aoadaeg. Lstm`ljlilr udm
`msl mnlqumnm pmrm pjmotmr udm aerlkm á igdg ud imdpg nl trlaomdlo-
tgs. Sgië lstí sl mssgiamong m Nlus ld ud prgilssg qul arí cgrolilr m
dljfgr prlpmrmåég pmrm udm vatùram motliapmnm.
\dm nms pgnlrgsms naoàdaims nl pjmotag nl aerlkms á m qul gclrlil m gpgr-
tuoanmnl nl igostruar g cuturg, prlpmrmong iuanmngsmdlotl m cuonmåég.
Clrrmdlotms Ilrtms;
^lr ms clrrmdlotms ilrtms l sm`lr usí-jms cmz udm naclrloåm saeoaimtavm
og äonail nl sg`rlvavëoiam pmrm udm aerlkm rliád-pjmotmnm.
Ajustrmåég;
Rmrm rltarmr m suklarm nl ud vmeég clrrgvaírag ség olilssírags tmotg g lqua-
pmdlotg mnlqumng igdg g igofliadlotg nl igdg usí-jg igrrltmdlotl.
]umj slram m ifmoil nl suilssg sl vgië zlssl g dlsdg7
Cjgrlsilr gu crmimssmr7
\d lstung rlilotl nl =0 nlogdaomåüls l dmas nl 0222 prgkltgs nl
pjmotmåég nl aerlkms ogs Lstmngs \oangs nlsig`rau qul 36% taofmd sg-
`rlvavang ogs ûjtadgs > mogs. \d lstung clatg pljm Mssgiamåég ng ^lxms,
L\M, igd aerlkms Mnvlotastms ng Yátadg Nam pjmotmnms lotrl 0220-0223
dgstrgu qul g äonail nl sg`rlvavëoiam cga nl 65% (32 nl 31) mtá g omj
nl 02=2.
02
G qul clz m naclrloåm lotrl ms aerlkms qul crmimssmrmd l ms qul sg`rlvavl- G
É
Å
rmd7 ]ulstüls nl cuonmdlotgs. \
N
G
P
Igd `msl og lstung nl =0 nlogdaomåüls l dmas nl 0222 aerlkms pjmo - ^
O
A
tmnms;
‚Gs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms qul sl rlûold igd ud dlotgr gu trlaomngr,
iflemd m tlr aerlkms dmagrls l dmas limzls ng qul mquljls qul oég g
cmzld. Imnm erupg plsquasmng aonaigu qul tlr ud sastldm nl mpgag `ld
igoilàng pmrm pjmotmr aerlkms dljfgrm m sum impmianmnl nl sg`rlvavëo-
iam. Mjeuos erupgs rljmtmd qul g äonail nl sg`rlvavëoiam ng`rgu nlsnl m
adpjldlotmåég nl sastldms adpgrtmotls, igdg m mvmjamåég, trlaomdlotg
l dlotgram.— Cgotl; Lnwmrn K. Ytltzlr l Rfajjap Igoolr, ‚Lstung sg`rl m
pjmotmåég nl aerlkms smunívlas l sum sg`rlvavëoiam— (Omsfvajjl; Ilotrg nl
Rlsquasms Dassagoírams, Igosljfg Ogrtl Mdlraimog nl Dassüls, 0225).
Lxplitmtavms rlmjastms nl ud pjmotmngr pgnl mudlotmr m sg`rlvavëoiam pgr
dmas nl >22%
]umas ség mjeudms lxplitmtavms arrlmas qul pgnld jlvmr ud pjmotmngr nl
aerlkms m nlsmoadmr l m nlsastar7 Jastl qumotms anlams vgië pgssm plosmr...
Ld erupg, igdpmrl sums jastms l rljmiagol gs trës praoiapmas prg`jldms;
O» =WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
O» 0WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
O» 9WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Ms ifmoils nl sg`rlvavëoiam mudlotmd pmrm dmas nl 0<2% ld pjmotags
nl aerlkms qul crlqulotldlotl gclrlild trlaomdlotg l nlslovgjvadlotg
nl janlrmoåm.
M rmzég oûdlrg ud pljm qumj g pjmotag nl aerlkms crmimssm tld
tld m vlr igd
qulstüls nl janlrmoåm. Igdg Kgfo Dmxwljj mrdm, igd rmzég ld slu javrg
‚Ms 0= Arrlcutívlas Jlas nm Janlrmoåm—, ud `lst-sljjlr; ‚ûng igdlåm l
mim`m om janlrmoåm— , m pradlarm jla iatmnm og javrg á igoflianm igdg ‚M
Jla ng Jadatl—. Ylu jadatl nl janlrmoåm adpmitm g oûdlrg nl plssgms qul
vgië pgnl igonuzar nl cgrdm limz. Á g slu díxadg pgtloiamj nl janlrmo-
åm olstl dgdlotg.
‚Rmrm mtaoear g ermu dmas mjtg nl liíiam, vgië prliasm ljlvmr g jadatl ’ nl
udm cgrdm gu nl gutrm.— (DMVULJJ,
(DMVULJJ, 0225, píe. 01).
Saség @ä`jaim;
Jlam g rljmtg nl Dgasás l Kltrg ld Ëxgng =6;=5-09. 0=
G
^ Gonl Dgasás
Dgasás fmvam iflemng ld slu jadatl nl janlrmoåm7
janlrmoåm7 G qul slu sgerg
O
L
D
jfl rligdlongu qul g mkungu m jlvmr sum janlrmoåm pmrm g prùxadg oävlj7
M
Å G qul pgnldgs mprlonlr sg`rl m adpgrtàoiam nl rldgvlr gs jadatls `jg -
O
M
J qulmngrls nl janlrmoåm ld ogssms prùprams vanms7
G
M
G
^
Mjeuos pgtloiamas jadatls `jgqulmngrls nl janlrmoåm aoijuld;
O
L
D
M
• ^mjlotgs • Fmàjanmnls
Fmàjan mnls Ygiamas
K
L
O
M
• Mutgnasiapjaom • Dmturanmnl Lsparatumj
J
R
G
• Imrítlr • Cá
N
;
Y
• Saség • Igofliadlotg
M
K
L
P
• ^ldpg • Mtatunls
Mtatunl s nl Mprlonazmeld
Mprlona zmeld
E
A
P
M
Dmrqul m írlm miadm qul, pmrm vgië, á g dmagr jadatl `jgqulmngr pmrm sum
^
O
M
janlrmoåm fgkl. Nasiutm ld nupjms l rlspgonm m plreuotm;
J
R
M
P
G qul vgië pgnl cmzlr pmrm nlslovgjvlr sum liíiam nl janlrmoåm olstm
M
R írlm7
Y
G
Y
Y
M
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
R
WWWWW
Grma uos pljgs gutrgs, ld nupjms.
G igoilatg nl jadatl om janlrmoåm á mploms ud lxldpjg nl pgrqul g nl -

slovgjvadlotg nm janlrmoåm á olilssíram pmrm m liíiam díxadm. Fí dua-
tms dmolarms nl igdg g pjmotag nl aerlkms pgnl slr dmas limz mtrmvás
nl ud trlaomdlotg igotäoug. Yu`jaofl gs dátgngs m`maxg qul vgië arí
aoigrpgrmr ld slu pjmotag.
• Ijmssls nl gralotmåég pmrm dld`rgs ogvgs.
• Pltarg nl Janlrmoåm nums vlzls pgr mog.
• Lvlotgs nl trlaomdlotg pmtrgiaomngs pljm Mssgiamåég.
• Yáral nl Ylrdüls.
• Rrgermdm aonavanumj nl ûtgram/Nasiapujmng.
• Momjasmr javrgs igd m igdasség nl janlrmoåm.
• Yldaoírags tradlstrmas nl d nl sldmom ld írlms gonl sl nlslkm
g irlsiadlotg.
• Igoclrëoiams sg`rl pjmotag nl aerlkms (Yllns).
Gutrgs Dátgngs;
00 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWW
Ms ifmoils nl mudlotg nl sg`rlvavëoiam ség nl =9<% qumong g pjmo- G
É
Å
tmngr nl aerlkm sl rlûol igd gutrgs erupgs gu nupjms qul tmd`ád lstég \
N
pjmotmong aerlkms. G
P
^
O
A
Lstl á ud ngs sastldms nl supgrtl dlogs lxpjgrmng pljgs pjmotmngrls nl
aerlkms.
Ajustrmåég;
Ld Fgustgo, ^lxms, udm rlnl nl pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms jlaegs tld sl
rluoang dlosmjdlotl pmrm trlaomdlotg l supgrtl. M rlnl á janlrmnm pgr
ud pmstgr nl tldpg aotlermj qul m`rau sum aerlkm pmrm migjflr ms rluoa -
üls. Imnm pjmotmngr jlaeg á loigrmkmng m trmzlr ngas gutrgs jänlrls nl sum
aerlkm igd ljl (igd m omjanmnl nl tutgramr jänlrls pmrm cuturgs pjmotags
nl aerlkms). Mtumjdlotl, lxastld gatg m nlz ogvms aerlkms rlprlslotmnms l
dgtavmnms pmrm mnaiagomr dmas. Lstls pjmotmngrls tëd m gpgrtuoanmnl nl
mprlonlr g qul lstí cuoiagomong l g qul oég lstí, pmrm igdpmrtajfmr l
grmr sg`rl gs nlsmgs l nlslovgjvlr udm igduoanmnl nl mpgag. Ljls vég
tl nazlr qul lstm lxplraëoiam tld sang aolstadívlj. Rmrm dmas aocgrdmåüls
sg`rl lstl sastldm nl mpgag mjtmdlotl limz, igosujtl m píeaom ==2 nlstl
dmoumj.
]ul vmjgr vgië igosanlrm vatmj mg pjmotmr udm aerlkm ld sum igduoanmnl7
Jaåüls mprlonanms nm Mssgiamåég ngs Mnvlotastms ng Yátadg Nam nl ^lxms,
^lxms,
ogs Lstmngs \oangs, sg`rl g pjmotag nl aerlkms, dgstrmd qul uos crmimssm-
rmd l gutrgs grlsilrmd. Lotrl 0220-0223 fmvam ud tgtmj nl 31 pjmotags
l nlstls, ogvl crmimssmrmd.
Ngs 1 pjmotags qul crmimssmrmd;
 ]umtrg lrmd igonuzangs pgr plssgms cgrtldlotl aouloiaívlas.

 Ngas lrmd igonuzangs pgr plssgms qul lstmvmd nlslquaja`rmngs
ldgiagomjdlotl l/gu ngutraomramdlotl.
 Ylas oég sl rluoamd rleujmrdlotl igd slu trlaomngr.
 Yltl nljls oég taofmd udm aerlkm-dél smunívlj.
 Ogvl loigotrmrmd g`stíiujgs saeoaimtavgs, gs qumas, oég punl-
rmd ujtrmpmssmr.
Ngs pjmotags igd dmas suilssg (ngs 32 qul lstmvmd mtavgs mpùs > mogs
gu dmas);
 Ld gatg nljls, g trlaomngr nlsldplofgu ud pmplj cuonmdlotmj.
 Gatg pjmotags taofmd g mpgag nl udm aerlkm-dél.
09
G
^  Ogvl dlsdg janmong igd dld`rgs ‚crags—, maonm mssad igosl-
O
L
D
euarmd mjimoåmr mquljls qul oég crlqulotmvmd olfudm aerlkm.
M
Å
O  Ogvl lrmd duatg smunívlas, igdg aonaimng pljm plsquasm nl Nl-
M
J
G
slovgjvadlotg Omturmj nl Aerlkms (NOA).
M
G
^
 Ogvl loigotrmrmd ermonls g`stíiujgs, dms punlrmd ujtrmpmssí-
O
L -jgs.
D
M
K
L
O
Ogtl-sl qul md`gs gs erupgs nl aerlkms loigotrmrmd g`stíiujgs saeoaim-
M
J
R
tavgs. Og pradlarg imsg, gs g`stíiujgs, ld ûjtadm moíjasl, rlsujtmrmd om
G
N
dgrtl nm aerlkm. Kí og sleuong imsg, gs g`stíiujgs slrvarmd pmrm rlcgråmr
;
Y
M
m nltlrdaomåég nm aerlkm l cgrmd suplrmngs.
K
L
P
E
A
M naclrloåm7
P
M
^
O
Ogs pjmotags qul cmjfmrmd, m dmagram ngs g`stíiujgs cgrmd iramngs aotlr-
M
J
R
omdlotl (qulstüls nl janlrmoåm, igoatgs, naclrloåms nl vmjgrls, pragra-
M
P
nmnls, lti). Gs g`stíiujgs ogs pjmotags `ld-suilnangs tlonld m slr nl
M
R
Y
omturlzm lxtlrom (loigotrmr g juemr ilrtg pmrm rluoar-sl, lti).
G
Y
Y
M
Igdg á trm`mjfmr igd qulstüls aotlroms og aoäiag ng prgilssg (qumong
R
m cuonmåég lstí slong igsotruänm) pmrm dmotlr m impmianmnl nl sg`rlva -
vëoiam7
MY AEPLKMY MNSLOÂY^MY IPLYILD NL DMOLAPM NACLPLO^L
Ogs ûjtadgs 02 mogs, g vgjudl nl dmtlramj naspgoävlj pmrm pjmotmngrls
nl aerlkms mudlotgu nrmstaimdlotl. Duatgs nlssls rliursgs igdpmrtajfmd
praoiäpags qul pgnld slr mssadajmngs nlotrg ng igotlxtg mnvlotastm. Gs
praoiäpags `ä`jaigs ség ltlrogs l trmosilonld m iujturms l jaofms nlog-
daomiagomas. Og lotmotg, duatms nms táioaims pmrm pjmotmr aerlkms mprl-
slotmnms ld dmtlramas lvmoeájaigs oég ség trmosclrävlas pmrm g igotlxtg
mnvlotastm.
Âs vlzls pgnl slr nacäiaj plolarmr g qul á rljlvmotl l g qul oég á. Aocljaz-
dlotl, duatg tldpg l duatgs rliursgs cgrmd nlsplrnaåmngs plrsleuaong
anlams (táioaims) qul sadpjlsdlotl oég pgnamd slr igotlxtumjazmnms pmrm
g iloírag Mnvlotastm. Mjeuos pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms l mndaoastrmngrls nm
aerlkm iflemrmd m imr loimotmngs igd aerlkms lvmoeájaims ermonls l va -
`rmotls l mtá tlotmrmd igpamr g qul fmvamd g`slrvmng igd lsplrmoåms nl
g`tlr rlsujtmngs sldljfmotls.
Ajustrmåég;
\dm táioaim pgpujmr pmrm m pjmotmåég nl aerlkms nlotrg ngs iäriujgs lvmo-
eájaigs á g dgnljg nl ‚imdpus—. \dm ermonl aerlkm lxpmonl slu daoas -
tárag m`raong ud ogvg ‚imdpus— (jgimjazmåég). Og ogvg juemr, g iujtg á
0>
lxliutmng jgimjdlotl, dms qumong á g dgdlotg pmrm g slrdég, g pmstgr G
É
Å
ng imdpus praoiapmj prgkltm m sum dlosmeld pgr trmosdasség nl vänlg ld \
N
ud tljég. Lstm m`grnmeld cga tlotmnm pgr mjeuos lxiljlotls prlemngrls G
P
^
mnvlotastms, dms omjdlotl cga m`mongomnm. Ljm pmrlil oég cuoiagomr. O
A
Rgr quë7 Ms Aerlkms Mnvlotastms irlsild

irlsild nl cgrdm
cgrdm naclrlotl. Olstl imsg
ld pmrtaiujmr,
pmrtaiujmr, m ogssm ëocmsl lstí om ngutraom l mqua lotrm ld kgeg g cmtgr
nl slrdgs udm nlogdaomåég ilotrmnm ld udm dlosmeld Irastgiëotraim.
Mjeudms naclrloåms mnaiagomas lotrl gs Mnvlotastms l gs pjmotmngrls nl
aerlkm lvmoeájaigs aoijuld;
• Lstruturm nl omoiamdlotg.
• Cajgsgm nl janlrmoåm pmrm pjmotmr aerlkms.
• Aostmjmåüls qul pgnld slr mjuemnms gu ldprlstmnms.
• âpgs nl pu`jaianmnl qul cuoiagomd.
• Rragranmnl om ngutraom.
• Cjlxaàjanmnl ogs fgrírags nl mngrmåég.
• Lstajgs nl mngrmåég.
• ^mdmofg l dltms aonavanumas pgr aerlkm.
• G iuanmng igd ms iramoåms nurmotl g iujtg.
Igdg m tlonëoiam nl qul g ‚m ermdm ng vazaofg á sldprl dmas vlrnl—

tlvl udm aouëoiam sg`rl vgië7 G prgpùsatg mqua oég á mprlslotmr gs prùs
l igotrms nms naclrloåms miadm. Ld vlz nassg, lstms naclrloåms mkunmd m
locmtazmr m olilssanmnl nl ud plolarmdlotg pmrm vlr qumong ud rliur-
sg nlvl slr usmng mtrmvás nl präoiapags l táioaims qul mprlslotld udm
m`grnmeld pmrm m pjmotmåég nl aerlkms qul slkm `ä`jaim l mnvlotastm mg
dlsdg tldpg.
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Og ijíssaig javrg aocmotaj, ‚Sgië á daofm dél7—, R.N Lmstdmo igotm m D
-
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fastùram nl ud pmssmraofg rliád-omsiang qul ldprllonl udm mvloturm K
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jgoel ng oaofg ld ùsim nl sum dél. G pmssmraofg lstí nltlrdaomng m E
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loigotrmr sum dél. ‚Lu tlofg udm dél—, naz g pmssmraofg. ‚Lu sla qul »
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tlofg. Lu vgu loigotrí-jm. Lu vgu... L\ SG\!— G
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Á g pjmog ng Iramngr Navaog qul lxastm ud väoiujg omturmj lotrl m dél l R
slus jfgtls gu sum prgjl.Âs vlzls, gs jmågs dmtlrogs om omturlzm pgnld

mtá dlsdg mim`mr igd mjeudms igdàomåüls aoigduos. Om slquëoiam nl
aouonmåüls og ]uëoam, ud fapgpùtmdg nl mploms ud mog cga loigotrmng
pgr eumrnms grlstmas, m`mongomng l nlsanrmtmng plrtg ng Gilmog Äonaig.
Ljl cga igjgimng ld ud smotuírag nl vanm sljvmeld om ianmnl igstlarm nl
Dgd`msm l clz udm mdazmnl igd udm tmrtmruem dmifg nl =22 mogs nl
anmnl, nl igr sadajmr â sum. Nl migrng igd ud cuoiagoírag ng pmrqul, ljls
ngrdld kuotgs, igdld kuotgs l ‚tgromrmd-sl aoslpmrívlas. Nlsnl qul g
fapgpùtmdg iflegu, m tmrtmruem sl igdpgrtm igdg udm dél pmrm ljl—.
Ogs nlsäeoags nl Nlus, nlvld ms aerlkms tmd`ád sl tgromrld déls l
elrmr ogvms aerlkms7
rlprgnuzar. L, og lotmotg, duatms kí lxas-
Aerlkms cgrmd nlstaomnms pmrm sl rlprgnuzar.
tld fí náimnms, sld slqulr ud plosmdlotg nl nmr â juz m udm aerlkm--
jfm. Igd g pmssmr ngs mogs, m naoàdaim nl rlsastëoiam l sg`rlvavëoiam nm
aerlkm igdlåm m nloar-sl. G qul nlvlram tlr sang omturmj megrm lxael ud
lscgråg aotlosg. Mssad igdg m iaëoiam dgstrm qul udm dujflr oég pgnl
tlr jfgs mpùs m dlogpmusm, g pmplj ng pmstgr gu jänlr á dgvlr sum aerlkm
ld narlåég m elrmr ogvms aerlkms-jfms motls qul lstm lovljflåm.
Ld 06 nl ogvld`rg nl 0226, Pmkg Nlva, nl 52 mogs nl anmnl, nlu â juz
m udm dloaom om Äonam. Nurmotl slus <2 mogs nl imsmdlotg, ljm lstmvm
tlotmong loermvanmr sld suilssg. ]umong m dlogpmusm iflegu, ljm plr-
nlu m lsplrmoåm nl rlmjazmr g sgofg nl slr dél. Ogs pmssgs nm iaëoiam
dgnlrom, ud ùvujg ngmng cga igdàomng igd g lsplrdm nl slu dmrang nl
50 mogs nl anmnl... Megrm g rlsujtmng cmz pmrtl nm fastùram!
Igd gs mvmoågs om tliogjgeam nl rlprgnuåég, megrm á pgssävlj pmrm udm
dujflr nmr m juz ld slus <2 l mtá dlsdg 32 mogs nl anmnl nl cgrdm
ogrdmj, pgr dlag nl clrtajazmåég ao vatrg l
l ùvujg ngmng.
01
G
^ \dm aerlkm cga pjmotmnm ld =612 ld udm ianmnl qul sl tgromram m dmagr
O
L
D
ianmnl ng sunglstl ngs Lstmngs \oangs. Lstm ianmnl irlsilu rmpanmdlo-
M
Å tl, dmas cga mploms ld =1>9 (<9 mogs nlpgas) qul m sleuonm aerlkm cga
O
M
J aomueurmnm. Nlpgas nl gutrg jgoeg plrägng nl tldpg (95 mogs), m Mssg-
G
M iamåég jgimj nlu udm narltraz pmrm m aerlkm graeaomj, m d nl aoaiamr nums
G
^
O
ogvms aerlkms (udm ld aoejës l gutrm ld lspmofgj). Rmssmngs 12 mogs,
L
D
ud tgtmj nl qumtrg aerlkms taofmd sang lstm`ljlianms olstm ermonl írlm
M
K
L
dltrgpgjatmom.
O
M
J
R ]ul pgtloiamj pmrm lspmjfmr g lvmoeljfg ld udm ianmnl nl dmas nl ud
G
N
;
dajfég nl fmàtmotls cga plrnang pljm cmjtm nl aoaiamtavm pmrm m pjmotmåég
Y
M
K
nl aerlkms! L sl m aerlkm graeaomj fguvlssl pjmotmng udm aerlkm m imnm nlz
L
P
E
mogs7 ]umotms aerlkms fmvlram fgkl7
A
P
M
^ L sl imnm aerlkm qul ljls fguvlssld pjmotmng tmd`ád pjmotmssl udm
O
M
J
gutrm aerlkm m imnm nlz mogs7 ]umotg tldpg slram olilsírag pmrm mjimoåmr
R
M gs dmas nl ud dajfég nl fmàtmotls nm ianmnl7
P
M
R
Y ârl ud tldpg pmrm cmzlr m dmtldítaim (Slkm g Mpëonail @ pmrm ms rls-
G
Y
Y
pgstms);
M
R
=612 = Aerlkm
=122 0 Aerlkms (aerlkm-dél l aerlkm-jfm)
M pmrtar nlstl pgotg, sl imnm aerlkm pjmotmnm tmd`ád fguvlssl pjmotmng
gutrm
=1=2 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW aerlkms
=102 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW aerlkms
=1>2 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW aerlkms
=1<2 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW aerlkms
0222 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW aerlkms
02=2 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW aerlkms
0202 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW aerlkms
G qul tl adprlssagogu olstl lxlriäiag7
Á udm lxplitmtavm rmzgívlj nl qul udm aerlkm lstm`ljlianm pgssm pjmotmr
92 pljg dlogs gutrm aerlkm m imnm nlz mogs7
Igd `msl om cùrdujm däoadm nl udm aerlkm Mnvlotastm pmrm imnm 0<.222 M
P
G
plssgms, qumotms aerlkms sum ianmnl nlvlram tlr7 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW N
M
O
A
]umotms tëd mtumjdlotl7 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW I
G
P
^
M
Yl qulrldgs slr ‚rmags nl juz ld imnm ianmnl gu vajm—, mjeg prliasm du- R
L
nmr. É
D
-
M
K
Cmtgrls nl rlsastëoiam L
P
E
A
Nlpgas nl udm aerlkm-dél nmr m juz m nums aerlkms-jfms smunívlas, lu ls- =
»
tmvm mosagsg pmrm igdpmrtajfmr m `loåég igd gutrms aerlkms lstm`ljlianms. O
G
Yl ljms tmd`ád punlssld imptmr m vaség nl pjmotmåég nl aerlkms, udm rí- Y
Y
panm dujtapjaimåég igdlåmram m tlr juemr.
juemr. Ld vlz nassg, g qul lu nlsig`ra M
R
cga mpmtam l, duatms vlzls, rlsastëoiam tgtmj â anlam nl pjmotmåég nl ogvms

aerlkms. Aerlkms lstm`ljlianms sadpjlsdlotl oég lstmvmd aotlrlssmnms ld
slr déls!
Pmzüls pgr qul ms aerlkms lstm`ljlianms oég nég â juz omturmjdlotl;
 RLPNM nl Igduofég
 RLPNM nl Caomoåms
 RLPNM nl Jänlrls ng Daoastárag
 CMJ^M nl cgig og Plaog nl Nlus
 CMJ^M nl Ymûnl
]umj ngs atlos miadm slrí g dmagr g`stíiujg ld slu igotlxtg7
G qul pgnl mkunmr m mjavamr lstm prlgiupmåég7
@gm Ogtäiam! Mplsmr ngs g`stíiujgs, m dmagram nms aerlkms pgnld slr igo-
nuzanms ld narlåég m elrmr ogvms aerlkms.
M pmjmvrm ifmvl á JANLPMP. Mtá dlsdg ms aerlkms smunívlas rlsastarég m
anlam nl pjmotmr ogvms aerlkms. M ifmvl á g pmstgr mssudar m janlrmoåm l
prlpmrmr ud ijadm om igoerlemåég jgimj, qul slkm prgpäiag pmrm g pjmotag.
‚M aerlkm ouoim vma lstmr miadm nl sum janlrmoåm. Yl m janlrmoåm oég lstí
igdprgdltanm igd g pjmotag nl aerlkms-jfms, gs dld`rgs oég lstmrég
igdprgdltangs. Yl m janlrmoåm oég grmr pgr aerlkms-jfms, gs dld`rgs
oég vég grmr pgr aerlkms-jfms. M janlrmoåm nlvl slrvar nl lxldpjg pmrm m
igoerlemåég.— (DMJRF\Y, ^fl Outs mo @gjts gc Ifurif, píe. 966).
‚M dujtapjaimåég nl Aerlkms vma sl tgromr aolrlotl mg NOM nm ogssm aerlkm
mploms om dlnanm ld qul á aolrlotl mg NOM nl ogssgs jänlrls.— (Y^L^-
[LP, Ln & @arn, UMPPLO, Aerlkms Sarmas, píe. =61). 9=
G
^ Gs pmstgrls ség gs eumrnaüls pmrm g pjmotag nl aerlkms om igoerlemåég
O
L
D
jgimj. G slu mpgag lotusaístaig nlvl slr iujtavmng. Ms Mssgiamåüls qul
M
Å nlslkmd mtaåmr ms ifmdms pmrm g pjmotag nl ogvms aerlkms ld slu tlrratùrag,
O
M
J prliasmd cmzlr lscgrågs lxtrmgrnaoírags pmrm qul gs pmstgrls lstlkmd m
G
M `grng.
G
^
O
L Nasiusség ld Erupg;
D
M
K
L
Yl vgië á ud jlaeg l tld udm pmaxég pgr pjmotag nl aerlkms, igd quld
O
M
J
vgië nlvlram igdlåmr m lxpjgrmr lssm pgssaàjanmnl7
R
G
N
;
L, qul tmj, sl oég lstég lotusamsdmngs igd m anlam7
Y
M
K
L
P
E
A
P
M
^
O
9 ÂRGY NL IGDLÅMP \D RJMOÂG NL AEPLKMY;
M
J
R =. Crag
M
P
M
R
Olofud sastldm nl mpgag og jgimj, plssgmj gu omoilarg (Lx.;
Y
G
Mnvlotast Crgotalr Dassagos).
Y
Y
M
R
0. Dgrog
M aerlkm-dél prgpgriagom âs plssgms gs rliursgs omoilargs. M
dljfgr dmolarm nl pjmotmr udm aerlkm.
9. ]ulotl
\dm aerlkm pjmotmnm m pmrtar nl ud igoatg. \dm navaség om aerlkm.
Mu`rly Dmjpfurs nlijmrm locmtaimdlotl; ‚m dljfgr dmolarm nl pjmotmr

udm aerlkm á mtrmvás
mtrmvás ngs lscgrågs nl udm aerlkm-dél.—
aerlkm-dél.— Ln Ytltzlr mrdm,
mrdm,
‚lu igoijug qul tlr ud pmtrgiaomngr gu aerlkm-dél nl supgrtl cmz udm
ermonl naclrloåm l á m dljfgr dmolarm nl pjmotmr udm aerlkm-jfm.—
‚Cgrtls l smunívlas pmrilrams lotrl ms aerlkms lxastlotls l ms ogvms ség
cmtgrls irätaigs pmrm g nlslovgvadlotg l m rlprgnuåég nl gutrms cgrtls l
smunívlas aerlkms ’ aerlkms qul mjimoild sum igduoanmnl pmrmpmrm Irastg.—
(NG@@AOY, ifurifpjmotaoevajjmel.olt)
ifurifpjmotaoevajjmel.olt)..
Yl oùs oég tldgs udm vlrnmnlarm aotloåég nl pjmotmr aerlkms, gs ûoaigs
tapgs nl aerlkms slrég nl mrrmoqul crag (qul irlsild duatg jlotms) l navana-
nms. Mjeudms ianmnls tëd aoûdlrms aerlkms nglotls qul sl gjfmrdgs pmrm
trís l vlr sum jaofmeld, vmdgs loigotrmr udm aerlkm-dél oég smunívlj
qul sù iragu navasüls ld vlz nl ud pjmotag igd aotloåüls smunívlas.
90
IGOYL]\ËOIAMY
IGOYL]\ËOIAMY OÉG AO^LOIAGOMAY! M
P
G
N
M
Âs vlzls, ms dgtavmåüls pmrm g pjmotag nl udm ogvm aerlkm ség nlvang m O
A
I
prg`jldms aosmju`rls jleätadgs om aerlkm-dél. Og lotmotg, ms rmdaimåüls G
P
^
nm navaség, sld ms `loåégs nl Nlus, ség nl jgoeg mjimoil. G`slrvl ms M
R
igdpmrmåüls; L
É
D
-
M
K
Naoàdaim nl Aerlkm Navananm Rjmotag Aotloiagomj L
P
Rjmotag E
A
=
»
Jmoåmdlotg Mianlotmj l rípang. Rjmolkmnm l lstrmtleaim- O
dlotl irgogdltrmnm G
Y
Y
Dgtavmåég Rrg`jldms. Igjflatm M
R
Daoastárags Iramnm ld rlmåég â udm Igd `msl og slotadlotg

plrilpåég ’ imusm nm nava- ng ifmdmng nl Nlus pmrm
ség. Cgimng aotlromdlotl. ljls. Cgimng lxtlrom-
dlotl.
Pljmiagomdlotg Ylo
Ylotadlot
lotgs motmeþo
eþoaigs.
gs. Mpgag
gag dûtug.
igd m Aerlkm-dél
Irlsiadlotg Lxpjgség aoaiamj, lstm`ljlia- Plirutmdlotg jlotg ng
dlotg rípang, nlijäoag. oûijlg, lxpjgség og jmo-
åmdlotg/irlsiadlotg
igostmotl.
Ymûnl ldgiagomj Rlrsastlotls slotadlotgs Gtadastm, pgsatavg, cgimng
olemtavgs l mdmregs m`maxg og cuturg.
nm suplrcäial, vaoiujmngs
igd g pmssmng.
^lstlduofmr om Oég sl nég `ld, fapùiratms! Mjeudm igasm nlvl lstmr
igduoanmnl migotlilong pgrqul ljls
lstég irlsilong.
Igjflatm nl Adpmitg Däoadg. Rgtloiamj lxpgoloiamj.
Elolrgsanmnl @mslmng ld ‚olilssanm- Igd `msl om vaség nl
nls—. Rguig gu omnm nl cuo- vanms trmoscgrdmnms.
ngs pmrm Lvmoeljasdg. Yaeoaimtavgs cuongs pmrm
Lvmoeljasdg.
Rránag nm aerlkm Sastg igdg ud rldánag Irlsiadlotg ld pradlarg
pmrm m cmjtm nl irlsiadlotg. juemr,
juemr, igd udm pgupmoåm
\relotl. l pjmolkmdlotg lstrmtá-
eaig pmrm igostruar ud
lnacäiag.
^mxm nl sg`rlvavëo- Mjtm prg`màjanmnl nl crm- Mjtm prg`màjanmnl nl
iam imssg, m dlogs qul fmkm suilssg m jgoeg prmzg l
udm aotlrvloåég jgimj. prlsloåm plrdmolotl.
G qul dmas tl surprllonl om jastm miadm7 Yl vgië kí pjmotgu mjeudm aerl-

km, sums naoàdaims ség dmas sldljfmotls m udm aerlkm navananm gu m ud
pjmotag pjmolkmng7 99
G
^ ]umas ség mjeudms nms rmzüls pljms qumas sl navanld ms aerlkms7
O
L
D
M
Å
O O»= WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
M
J
G
M
G
^
O»0 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
O
L
D
M
K
L O»9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
O
M
J
R Yl gs dld`rgs tlonld m pgjldazmr sg`rl qulstüls om aerlkm l igdlåmd
G
N
;
m nasiutar g pjmotag nl udm ogvm aerlkm igdg udm cgrdm nl prgtlstg, qumj
Y
M
K
slram g slu igosljfg7
L
P
E
A Rlosmdlotg ifmvl;
P
M
^
O
G lscgråg pmrm iramr udm mtdgsclrm nl mpgag â pjmotmåég nl aerlkms pgr
M
J
R
pmrtl nm aerlkm-dél vma igjflr rligdplosms pgr náimnms!
M
P
M
R
Rrlpmrmong sum aerlkm pmrm g pjmotag; ^gdl
^gdl vatmdaoms prá-omtmj!
Y
G
Y
G prgilssg nl prlpmrmåég pmrm pjmotmr udm aerlkm oég prliasm slr mouo -
Y
M
R
iamng. Om vlrnmnl, g moûoiag nl udm ogvm aerlkm adaolotl pgnl dmtí-jm
dlsdg motls nl m anlam tlr ifmoil nl elrdaomr. M nliaség giamj pmrm g
pjmotag nl udm ogvm aerlkm nlvl slr mnamnm mtá qul sl tlofm ud ijadm
rlilptavg pmrm milatí-jm. Gs sleuaotls pmssgs pgnld mkunmr m nlslovgjvlr
udm mtdgsclrm cmvgrívlj pmrm g pjmotag;
=) Locmtazmr m smûnl nm aerlkm (nameogsl nm aerlkm)
m. Rmrtaiapl nm plsquasm NOA8
`. Déls smunívlas elrmd `l`ës smunívlas8
i. G NOA nlvl slr pmssmng pmrm m aerlkm-jfm8
n. \dm aerlkm smunívlj lstm`ljlilr í ms `msls pmrm qul m aerlkm-dél
sl rliuplrl mpùs g pmrtg8
l. Cmåm m plsquasm tgngs gs mogs igdg ud iflih-up moumj8
Rmrm dmas aocgrdmåüls sg`rl m plsquasm NOA l igdg adpjldlotí-jm ld
sum aerlkm, igosujtl g Mpëonail I.
0) Rrlemr slrdüls
slrdüls sg`rl m dasség nm Aerlkm l m pmaxég pljgs plrnangs
rleujmrdlotl.
M`maxg rljmiagomdgs mjeuos tlxtgs igdg lxldpjg;
m. Elolsas 9;6-18
9> M ùsim nl Nlus... Nlus ùsimong Mnég l Lvm og kmrnad8
`. AA Plas 5;9-==8 M
P
G
N
Gs > jlprgsgs qul taofmd qul igdpmrtajfmr udm `gm ogtäiam8 M
O
A
i. Dmtlus 1;9<-968 I
G
P
^
M igdpmaxég nl Klsus l m igjflatm mùonmotl8 M
R
L
n. Dmtlus 06;=6-028 É
D
-
M ermonl Igdasség8 M
K
L
P
l. Juims =< (> Ylrdüls)8 E
A
=
Ms pmrí`gjms nm gvljfm plrnanm, nm dglnm plrnanm, ng ardég »
O
dmas ogvg l ng ardég dmas vljfg8 G
Y
Y
c. Juims =1;=28 M
R
[mqulu l Klsus, ud daoastárag nl ùsimr l smjvmr8

e. Kgég >8
M igjflarm dmnurm l m vajm nl Ymdmram8
f. Mtgs =;68
M lstrmtáeam nl Klsus pmrm iflemr mg slu `marrg l mg duong8
a. Mtgs =3;3-=28
G ifmdmng nl Dmilnþoam. G Lspäratg Ymotg narael g pjmotag.
Nastraùm ud ngs tlxtgs miadm pmrm imnm plssgm og slu erupg. Aonavanumj-
dlotl rlatm sg`rl g vlrsg(s).
Igdg lstm pmssmeld rlltl m pmaxég nl Nlus pljgs plrnangs7
Igdg ljm pgnl ogs dgtavmr pmrm g pjmotag nl aerlkms7
Igdpmrtajfl ms aotrgspliåüls igd g erupg dmagr.
dmagr.
9) Cmåm ng Lvmoeljasdg g pradlarg oleùiag nm Aerlkm.
Fí udm mtavanmnl nm aerlkm qul oég tlrí juemr og iáu. ]umong pmrmdgs
pmrm plosmr,
plosmr, fí duatms mtavanmnls nm aerlkm qul tmd`ád vég migotlilr og
iáu; mngrmåég, lstung nms lsiraturms, dûsaim, igdpmoflarasdg l mtá dls-
dg mjadlotg. Rgrád, fí ud ljldlotg qul slrí vasavljdlotl muslotl nm
aooanmnl nl nljäiams ng iáu... M dasség nl rlsemtl. M dasség nl rlsemtl
tlrí sang igoijuänm. Mquljls qul sl smjvmrmd lstmrég prlslotls l gs gutrgs
lstmrég plrnangs ltlromdlotl pgrqul tgdmrmd m nliaség nl plrnlr-sl.
Oég fmvlrí plssgms plrnanms gu lsplrmong slr smjvms og iáu. Loqumotg
lstmdgs mqua om ^lrrm,
^lrrm, m aerlkm á ifmdmnm pmrm mkunmr m prlloiflr g iáu.
^gng g iëu lstí cgimng ld quég `ld oùs lstmdgs rlmjazmong lssm dasség;
‚Mssad vgs naeg qul fí mjleram namotl ngs mokgs nl Nlus pgr ud plimngr
qul sl mrrlplonl.— Juims =<;=2.
m. Igjgqul g lvmoeljasdg
lvmoeljasdg l emofmr
emofmr mjdms
mjdms igdg pradlargs atlos om
melonm nm Igdasség nm aerlkm.
9<
G
^ ‚G prgpùsatg nl tgngs gs slrvaågs rljaeagsgs l rluoaüls nm aerlkm á
O
L mngrmr m Nlus pljm Yum g`rm iramngrm
ir amngrm l pljgs `lolcäiags nm Yum smj-
D
M
Å vmåég8 á igdprllonlr m Yum pmjmvrm, gs Ylus losaogs l gs Ylus prg-
O
M
J
pùsatgs8 á igduoemr ld cá l mdgr8 á tlstlduofmr sg`rl m ogssm cá
G
M plssgmj og smiracäiag lxpamtùrag nl Irastg om iruz8 l á mprlonlr igdg
i gdg
G
^ iudprar m dasség lvmoeájaim nl cmzlr nasiäpujgs ld tgng g duong
O
L
D
igocgrdl m ermonl igdasség nmnm pgr Klsus ld Dmtlus 06;=6-02—
M
K
L
(Dmoumj nm Aerlkm, Lnaåég 02=2, píe. =9=).
O
M
J
R ]umong m Igdasség nm Aerlkm igjgim g lvmoeljasdg ld pradlarg pjmog,
G
N
;
igdg assg mkunm m mjavamr l prlvloar prg`jldms7
Y
M
K
L
P
`. Platm m dasség nm aerlkm mtrmvás nl sums omoåms.
E
A
P
M
Yl m aerlkm jlvm m sárag sum dasség, lotég, ilrtmdlotl ms omo -
^
O
M
åms nm aerlkm nlvld rlltar lssm pragranmnl. Á aoigoil`ävlj mjgimr
J
R =-0% ng gråmdlotg nm aerlkm pmrm lvmoeljasdg l, ld sleuanm,
M
P
M
nazlr qul m pragranmnl nm aerlkm á mjimoåmr ms plssgms plrnanms.
R
Y Pligdlonm-sl qul ud däoadg nl 0<% ng gråmdlotg nm aerlkm jg-
G
Y
Y
imj slkm nlstaomng pmrm g lvmoeljasdg l m lvmoeljazmåég nl mjdms.
M
R
‚]umong gs dld`rgs nm aerlkm nlslkmd ld slus igrmåüls qul kí
oég sl cmåmd dmas mpljgs pmrm rligjltmr cuongs, ljls prmtaimdlotl
lstég nazlong qul lstég smtasclatgs nl qul m imusm nl Nlus oég
nlvl prgssleuar— (UFA^L, Ljjlo E., Yparat gc Rrgpfliy, vgj.0, píe.
352 ’ Slrség ld Aoejës).
Ajustrmåég;
\dm aerlkm gonl crlqulotmvmd 022 dld`rgs (l dmotaofmd udm lsigjm
nl aerlkm), nlaxmvm nl jmng 9<% ng slu gråmdlotg jgimj pmrm g lvmoeljas-
dg. Ljls mjimoåmvmd g slu gråmdlotg l lstmvmd vlong vanms trmoscgrdm-
nms l duatgs `mtasdgs. Lstl irlsiadlotg jfls dgtavgu pmrm ud prgkltg nl
pjmotmåég nl aerlkms.
]umj m plrilotmeld ng gråmdlotg jgimj nl sum aerlkm lstí mtumjdlotl mjg-
imnm pmrm g lvmoeljasdg7 ]ul dlosmeld sl lstí lovamong mgs dld`rgs
nm aerlkm sl lstl dgotmotl lstí mudlotmong nrmdmtaimdlotl7
>) Iramr ud slosg nl ureëoiam pmrm mjimoåmr
mjimoåmr mquljls
mquljls qul oég igoflild
igoflild
m Irastg.
m. Rlrsgomjazl m ureëoiam.
Igovanl gs dld`rgs m prlloiflrld jastms nl grmåég igdg ‚Gpl-
rmåég Monrá— gu ‚Gs =2 dmas prgiurmngs— l
l migdpmofl-gs. Astg
arí iramr ud ijadm nl grmåég pljms plssgms plrnanms nlotrg nm
igoerlemåég. Igdpmrtajfl fastùrams nl grmåüls rlspgonanms.
93
Ogtm; Gs
Gs dld`rgs nm aerlkm slotld udm ngr prgcuonm qumong gs M
P
G
slus jfgs gu oltgs oég lstég monmong ogs imdaofgs nl Nlus. N
M
Nlus qulr qul lstl tapg nl ureëoiam l pmaxég slkm slotanm pgr O
A
I
G
tgngs mquljls qul oég G igoflild. P
^
M
R
`. Igdpmrtajfl nmngs nldgeríigs rljlvmotls. L
É
D
Locmtazl g oûdlrg nl plssgms oég mjimoåmnms qul vavld om ig- -
M
K
duoanmnl ld tgrog nl sum aerlkm jgimj. Lxtlonm m jlotl ud pgu- L
P
E
ig dmas mjád, pmrm igduoanmnls qul maonm oég tëd m prlsloåm A
=
nm Aerlkm Mnvlotastm. Mkunl gs dld`rgs m igdprllonlrld gs »
O
nlsmgs qul locrlotmd ms plssgms qul vavld ogs `marrgs l qul G
Y
Y
oég pgnld mssastar m olofudm aerlkm jgimj. M
R
Ogs Lstmngs \oangs, lxastl ud lxliljlotl rliursg nldgeríig qul meg-

rm lstí naspgoävlj mtrmvás ng Aostatutg nl Lvmoeljasdg nm Navaség Ogrtl
Mdlraimom (OMNLA, pgr sum saejm ld aoejës). Mtrmvás nl udm pmrilram igd
g Rlrilpt , ud lstung nldgeríig nl 05 píeaoms nl qumjqulr írlm qul
vgië qularm sm`lr gu lspliaimr, lstí naspgoävlj pgr \Y$ 022 (nuzlotgs
nùjmrls). Gs rlsujtmngs slrég lovamngs pgr ldmaj pmrm vgië. ^md`ád
^md`ád pgnl
jaemr pmrm g Ilotrg nl Pliursgs OMNLA pljg tljlcgol += (031) >5=-6929
(L\M) gu lovamr ud ldmaj pmrm; rlsgurilsBomnla.gre pmrm sgjaiatmr dmag-
rls aocgrdmåüls.
G Rlrilpt tmd`ád lstí mssgiamng m Mssgiamåüls jgimas l rlmjazmrí ud
lstung qul vma navanar slu tlrratùrag ld ud rmag nl gatg quajþdltrgs. Lstm á
udm clrrmdlotm qul ljls ifmdmd nl ‚Sastm—. Yl udm Mssgiamåég nlslkm
slr lstrmtáeaim sg`rl pjmotmåég nl aerlkms, lstl á g dljfgr rliursg. Lotrl
ld igotmtg narltg igd Rlrilpt mtrmvás
mtrmvás ng tljlcgol; += (622) >>0-3055.
Gutrg lxiljlotl rliursg pmrm dmpms plrsgomjazmngs á g www.dmps.igd
(ldprlsm nl dmplmdlotg plrsgomjazmng). Sgië pgnl sgjaiatmr ud dmpm nl
pmrlnl nm sum írlm dltrgpgjatmom igd rmags nl mjimoil ld tgrog nl imnm
aerlkm `mslmng ld udm igoilotrmåég nm pgpujmåég sljliagomnm. Lssl prg-
ilssg mkunm m nlstmimr ms jmiuoms gonl ség olilssérams aerlkms. Gs dmpms
tmd`ád pgnld slr prgnuzangs pgr erupgs átaigs dgstrmong gonl sl igo-
ilotrmd l qumj g oûdlrg nm pgpujmåég.
i. Igdldgrmr gs @mtasdgs
Sgië kí pmrgu pmrm guvar g sgd nm íeum loiflong g `mtastárag7
]ul sgd mermnívlj nlvl slr pmrm gs mokgs nl Nlus! Yl lxastl ud
tldpg ld qul sl nlvl igdldgrmr om aerlkm, ljl tld qul slr og
`mtasdg. Momj, oég á pgr assg qul oùs lxastadgs igdg aerlkm7
Igdg pgnldgs imr smtasclatgs igd ud jlvl ‚mdád— qumong mjeuád dgr-
rl â sum motaem vanm l megrm á jlvmotmng pmrm udm ogvm vanm ld Irastg7 ]ul
gpgrtuoanmnl pmrm jlvmr tgngs m igdldgrmr kuotgs igd g iáu! 95
G
^ Aoijum gu usl mjeudms nlstms anlams;
O
L
D
M
Å
 Lovamr igovatls pgr igrrlag8
O
M
J
 Rrgkltmr cgtgs ngs imonanmtgs mg `mtasdg og ‚tljég—8
G
M  M plssgm qul prlpmrgu g imonanmtg mg `mtasdg pgnl igdpmrtajfmr
G
^
O
udm àgermm ng imonanmtg8
L
D
M
 \dm imoåég nl nlnaimåég8
K
L
O  Cjgrls l prlslotls8
M
J
R  \dm grmåég lspliamj nl nlnaimåég og omj ng slrvaåg m rlsplatg
G
N
; ng usg nl slus ngos lsparatumas8
Y
M
K
L
 \dm rlclaåég lspliamj igd ud `gjg lspliamj nl `ld-vaonms mgs
P
E
A ogvgs dld`rgs og smjég sgiamj nm aerlkm8
P
M
^ ]umong igdldgrmdgs gs `mtasdgs ld ermonl lstajg, ms plssgms sl slo-
O
M
J
tld lspliamas! Mg cmzë-jg, oùs adprleomdgs oms dlotls nl ogssgs dld -
R
M `rgs udm rlmj igdprlloség ng qul saeoaim slr udm aerlkm.
P
M
R
Y M igolxég lotrl `mtasdg l pjmotag nl aerlkm á jùeaim. Gs dld`rgs nm aerlkm
G
Y
Y
igdlåmrég m mprgvlatmr m gpgrtuoanmnl qul m pjmotmåég nl aerlkms gclrlil,
M
R m nl vlr maonm dmas plssgms emofms pmrm Irastg. ]umong ljls cmzld pmrtl
nl udm aerlkm qul cmz nlstm m dmas mjtm pragranmnl, ljls lstmrég duatg
dmas mptgs pmrm mpgamr udm aoaiamtavm susiltävlj nl mkunmr m prgnuzar dmas
crutgs.
<) Cgrdl jänlrls aoulotls pmrm m pjmotmåég nl aerlkms.
m. M Igdasség nm Aerlkm nlvlram momjasmr g javrg ‚Plmilonlr m Rmaxég
Rlrnanm—, nl Pusslj @urraj (naspgoävlj ld omnla.gre). M suelstég
slram qul sl jlssl ud impätujg ld imnm rluoaég nm Igdasség.
`. Igovanl gs praoiapmas jänlrls nm aerlkm pmrm pmrtaiapmr nl ud lvlo-
tg nl trlaomdlotg nl pjmotmåég nl aerlkms, igdg, pgr lxldpjg, g
YLLNY @rmzaj l ms Lsigjms nl Lvmoeljastms oms Mssgiamåüls.
i. Igovanl ud pjmotmngr nl aerlkms pmrm var l pmrtajfmr g slu tlstl-
duofg sg`rl g qul Nlus lstí cmzlong ld sum igoerlemåég pjmo-
tmnm pljg prgermdm nl pjmotag nl aerlkms. Assg pgnl iustmr udm
pmssmeld nl mvaég, dms g aovlstadlotg vma vmjlr m plom. ]uld
sm`l ljl pgnlram slr fgsplnmng om imsm nl slu jänlr jlaeg dmas
aoulotl7
n. Sasatl udm pjmotmåég nl aerlkm mnvlotastm limz igd slu(s) jä -
nlr(ls) ifmvl(s). Ilrtaqul-sl nl qul oég vég ar nldmsamng jgo-
el. Duatgs mä loigotrmrég udm raim igduofég. Rgr lxldpjg; Assg
migotlil sldprl qumong sl vasatm m Aerlkm Mnvlotastm ng suj nl
96 ûjsm, ld Ghjmfgdm, ogs Lstmngs \oangs.
l. Rlåm m sum Mssgiamåég jgimj qul gclrlåm ud trlaomdlotg nl pjmo- M
P
G
tmåég nl aerlkms ld sum írlm. N
M
O
A
c. Rmssl ud tldpg saeoaimtavg igd g slu jänlr l/gu moiaég dmas I
G
P
aoulotl pmrm emofmr slu mpgag. Jlvl g tldpg qul slkm olilssí- ^
M
R
rag pmrm rlsgjvlr ms sums prlgiupmåüls l g`klåüls. Grld kuotgs. L
É
Igdpmrtajfld rliursgs mnaiagomas. D
-
M
K
L
Igdg vgië sm`l qumong m sum aerlkm lstí prgotm pmrm tgdmr udm nliaség P
E
A
cmvgrívlj m rlsplatg nl pjmotmåég nl aerlkms7 =
»
O
Rlreuotms m cmzlr motls nl tgdmr udm nliaség pmrm pjmotmr aerlkms; G
Y
Y
M
R
=) Ylrí qul m smûnl nm aerlkm tld dljfgrmng7 Astg pgnl slr nltlrdaomng
mtrmvás nl gutrg jlvmotmdlotg sg`rl NOA.
0) Fí nl udm m trës plssgms sgjanmdlotl aoulotls om aerlkm pgr trís ng
igoilatg nl pjmotmåég nl ogvms aerlkms7
9) ^ëd gs dld`rgs ld elrmj udm vaség qumotg mgs plrnangs qul vavld
mg rlngr nm aerlkm7 ^ld mudlotmng m tldplrmturm lvmoeljästaim nm
aerlkm7
>) Lxastl ud jänlr ld pgtloiamj pmrm m pjmotmåég nm ogvm aerlkm l udm
jgimjazmåég ld dlotl (igd gs nlvangs nmngs nldgeríigs) pmrm mpga-
í-jm7
Rlosmdlotg Ifmvl;
Yl udm aerlkm-dél lovam lotrl =2-02% nl slus dld`rgs pmrm mkunmr
m pjmotmr udm ogvm aerlkm, g pmnrég nl rliuplrmåég á prlvasävlj. Fmvlrí
udm jaelarm qulnm om crlquëoiam l oms omoåms pgr 3-=0 dlsls. Nlpgas
nlssl plrägng, m aerlkm-dél slrí suplragr omoilarmdlotl l ld oûdlrg
nl dld`rgs. M igjflatm elolrgsm trmrí ud `lolcäiag rliäprgig pmrm m igo-
erlemåég-dél!
Rrgilssmong m nliaség
\d prgilssg aotloiagomj nlvl slr sleuang qumong sl tgdm m nliaség nl
pjmotmr udm aerlkm;
=) Gs Moiaégs rligdlonmd pmrm m Igdasség nm Aerlkm8
0) M Igdasség nm Aerlkm rligdlonm pmrm Igdasség Mndaoastrmtavm nm
Aerlkm8
9) M Aerlkm ld udm rluoaég mndaoastrmtavm (igd m pmrtaiapmåég nl tgngs
gs dld`rgs `mtazmngs), nasiutl l mprgvm g pjmog.
91
G
^ Yl oég fí gpgsaåég mg pjmog nl pjmotmåég, igosanlrl sadpjlsdlotl mprl-
O
L
D
slotmr g igoilatg pmrm m aerlkm ld udm slsség mndaoastrmtavm l, ld sl-
M
Å euanm, plnar mgs dld`rgs pmrm arld pmrm imsm l grmrld sg`rl g mssuotg
O
M
J motls nl tgdmr udm nliaség omj. \dm rluoaég mndaoastrmtavm nl migd-
G
M pmofmdlotg pgnlrí slr rlmjazmnm om sldmom sleuaotl. Yl m dég nl Nlus
G
^
O
lstí oassg, oég fí olilssanmnl nl cgråmr m aerlkm. Gs jänlrls aoulotls nm
L
D
igoerlemåég vég mkunmr m mjavamr ms prlgiupmåüls l trmzlr m uoanmnl sg`rl
M
K
L
g mssuotg.
O
M
J
R
G
N
IMRA^MJ AOAIAMJ
;
Y
M
K
\dm vlz qul sl tlofm vgtmng m pjmotmåég nl udm ogvm aerlkm, á adpgr-
L
P
E
tmotl qul m aerlkm-dél lstm`ljlåm ud atld lspliäig pmrm lssl d og
A
P gråmdlotg nm aerlkm. Astg plrdatarí qul gs dld`rgs ng erupg nl mpgag l
M
^
O qumjqulr gutrg qul lstlkm aotlrlssmng, pgssmd igdlåmr m cmzlr igotraùa-
M
J
R
åüls pmrm g prgkltg nl pjmotmåég nl aerlkms.
M
P
M
R Ms aerlkms-déls tmd`ád nlvlramd pjmolkmr pmrm cgrolilr mjeud impatmj
Y
G
Y
pmrm mkunmr og jmoåmdlotg nm aerlkm-jfm. Om dmagram ngs imsgs assg lqua-
Y
M vmjl m ud prlslotl, nmng udm ûoaim vlz, nl udm qumotanmnl saeoaimtavm.
R
Rgrád, sl m aerlkm oég clz olofudm prgvaség pmrm assg, igdg mjtlromtavm,
pgnlram rligjflr udm gclrtm nl mdgr og sí`mng nl nlnaimåég nm ogvm aerl-
km. ]ul `ëoåég slram pmrm m g`rm nl Nlus sl imnm aerlkm lstm`ljlianm ig-
jgimssl ld slu gråmdlotg, m imnm mog, udm imtlegram aotatujmnm ‚Impatmj
aoaiamj pmrm Rjmotmr Aerlkms—. Rgnlramd, lotég, rlslrvmr udm igtm igokuotm
pmrm g slu prùxadg prgkltg nl pjmotmåég nl aerlkms. Yl ség aoimpmzls nl
pmtrgiaomr m pjmotmåég nl udm aerlkm ld sum prùpram igoerlemåég, lotég
nlvlramd ùsimr udm pmrilram igd udm aerlkm vazaofm gu mpgamr mjeud
gutrg prgkltg pmrm cuonmr udm aerlkm og lxtlragr.
lxtlragr.
Ms omoåms ouoim nlvld slr udm `mrrlarm pmrm sl pjmotmr udm aerlkm! M
dmagram ngs prgkltgs qul lstavl lovgjvang, aocljazdlotl, ouoim rlil`lrmd
ud ‚impatmj aoaiamj— gu mjeudm gclrtm lspliamj. Maonm mssad, ljls cgrmd
impmzls nl mvmoåmr l Nlus m`loåggu mùonmotldlotl. Nlus lstí og ol-
eùiag nl dujtapjaimr l nl rlmjazmr dajmerls. Jld`rmd-sl ngs iaoig péls nl
ilvmnm l ngs ngas plaxls plqulogs7
]umas ség mjeuos gutrgs lxldpjgs `ä`jaigs nm prgvanëoiam l nms `loåégs
nl Nlus pmrm mquljls qul cgrmd áas mg Ylu ifmdmng7
Mqua lstég mjeuos präoiapags pmrm tlr ld dlotl sg`rl omoåms;
• Ms plssgms ngmd pmrm udm vaség igovaoilotl. Sanms trmoscgrdm -

nms prgpgriagomd udm dmagr dgtavmåég pmrm ngmr!
>2
• ‚M dglnm lstí om `gim ng plaxl—. Gs rliursgs lstég om igjflatm. M
P
G
N
• M gclrtm smiraimj pmrm m g`rm nl Nlus nlvl slr fmàtumj pmrm M
O
A
tgngs gs irastégs. I
G
P
• Cá l nlplonëoiam nl Nlus ség qumjanmnls nl imrítlr qul Nlus ^
M
R
nlslkm nlslovgjvlr nlotrg nl oùs. L
É
D
-
Ogtm; Cuongs nm Mssgiamåég, \oaég gu Navaség pgnld lstmr naspgoävlas, M
K
L
lspliamjdlotl pmrm cuonmr ogvms aerlkms. Ogrdmjdlotl, fí ud prgilssg P
E
A
nl mpjaimåég l gralotmåüls lstm`ljlianms pmrm lssls rliursgs. Lstms vams =
»
nl mpgag nlvld slr lxpjgrmnms. Igdlil igd sum Mssgiamåég jgimj. Ljls O
G
pgnlrég gralotmr sg`rl gs pgtloiamas rliursgs nms gutrms lotanmnls. Y
Y
M
R
M naclrloåm qul udm aerlkm-dél pgnl cmzlr;
Ld =116 m Aerlkm Mnvlotastm ng Yátadg Nam nl Paifmrnsgo lrm m ûoaim
aerlkm Mnvlotastm om írlm ogrtl nl Nmjjms og ^lxms, ogs Lstmngs \oangs.
Lrm udm aerlkm saeoaimtavm igd m prlsloåm nl >22 dld`rgs.
Rgr =3 dlsls, g cgig cga sg`rl gs pmssgs nlsiratgs miadm. Igd assg, tgr-
ogu-sl udm aerlkm smunívlj `ld miadm nm dánam. Ld 2= nl kmolarg nl
0222, Paifmrnsgo jmoågu g pjmotag nl udm ogvm aerlkm mg ogrtl nm ianmnl
igd udm crlquëoiam nl <<2 dld`rgs og pradlarg sí`mng. Rgr qul ud
mjtg igdpmrliadlog nl dld`rgs og pradlarg sí`mng nm adpjmotmåég nm
aerlkm7
M aerlkm-dél clifgu sums pgrtms pmrm iljl`rmr g omsiadlotg nm jfm. Mpl-
oms udm plssgm igu og lstmiagomdlotg, pmrm nmr aostruåüls nl gonl ar.
Om pmrtl nm tmrnl, m ogvm aerlkm vgjtgu pmrm m aerlkm-dél pmrm quladmr g
ngiudlotg nm fapgtlim, iljl`rmong sum quatmåég.
M pradlarm aerlkm cuonmnm lstmvm igdlåmong. Paifmrnsgo igotaougu el-
rmong ogvms aerlkms-jfms (dmas trës ld 02=2). \dm nms aerlkms-jfm tmd-
`ád igdlågu m nmr â juz.
Ld 02==, m írlm ogrtl nl Nmjjms fmvam lxplradlotmng ud irlsiadlotg nl
duatms dmolarms;
• Lxastld, fgkl, == aerlkms igd dmas nl 0222 dld`rgs sl rluoao-
ng tgngs gs sí`mngs.
• G näzadg moumj mudlotgu nl \Y$ 366.222,22 ld =111 pmrm
\Y$ 0.21>.222,22 ld 02=2. Lotrl 0220 l 02=2 fguvlrmd
=90> `mtasdgs.
• M tmxm nl igovlrség tlvl ud irlsiadlotg moumj lotrl 0220-02=2
nl ==,3%, qul á m tmxm dmas ljlvmnm ng qul qumjqulr navaség ng
imdpg duonamj nm Aerlkm Mnvlotastm ng Yátadg Nam (lstmtästaims >=
G
^ nl 0221). M Navaség Yuj-Mdlraimom cga m dmas prùxadm nassg, igd
O
L
D
ud irlsiadlotg nl 1,51%.
M
Å
O
• \dm lsigjm nl prá mtá g losaog dánag cga igdprmnm, igd =62
M
J mjuogs dmtraiujmngs.
G
M
G
^ Nasiusség ld Erupg;
O
L
D
M
Igdg m naoàdaim ng ogrtl nl Nmjjms nlstmim m adpgrtàoiam nm prlpmrmåég
K
L mnlqumnm pmrm g pjmotag7
O
M
J
R
G
Igd m mkunm nl Nlus, vgië lstí ldplofmng ld prlpmrmr ud ijadm pmrm g
N
; pjmotag ld sum igoerlemåég7
Y
M
K
L
P
E
A
P
M
^
O
M
J
R
M
P
M
R
Y
G
Y
Y
M
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CGPDMP \DM L]\ARL NL JANLPMOÅM E

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RMPM G RJMOÂG NL AEPLKMY

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Ld 01 nl m`raj nl 02==, m M`mnam nl Ulstdaostlr,
Ulstdaostlr, ld Jgonrls, Aoejmtlr-
Aoejmtlr- R
M
rm, slrvau nl iloírag pmrm g imsmdlotg dmas lsplrmng ng sáiujg; Rräoiapl Å
O
M
Uajjamd l Imtflraol Dannjltgo. G rla dmas cmdgsg nm Eré-@rltmofm, Flory P
L
SAAA, cga g rlspgosívlj pgr igdlåmr ld =0>< m igostruåég ng mtumj Rm - N
A
J
jíiag M`mnam nl Ulstdaostlr. Ms plssgms dmas adpgrtmotls nm fastùram nm L
N
Eré-@rltmofm nlsnl mquljm ápgim cgrmd lotlrrmnms l igdldgrmnms om L
R
A
\
M`mnam nl Ulstdaostlr. Ljm lstí iflam nl smotuírags, tûdujgs l dldg- ]
L
ramas. Nmrwao, Kmol Mustlo, Kgfo @uoymo, Ifmrjls Naihlos, Elgrel Crlnl- M
D
rai Fmonlj l Kmdls \ssflr. Nmvan Javaoestgol tmd`ád lstí lotlrrmng om \
P
M`mnam. Ljl lstí anlotaimng igd udm sadpjls pjmim og ifég, gonl sl jë M
D
P
m sleuaotl aosiraåég; ‚Lstl á g juemr nl nlsimosg ng igrpg, dms oég ng G
C
igrmåég ng tliljég lsigiës qul smau nl sum imsm ud sadpjls rmpmz nls- 0
»
igofliang l dgrrlu igdg ud ngs dmagrls l dmas fgormng ngs fgdlos—. O
G
Y
Nmvan Javaoestgol nlu sum vanm pmrm g trm`mjfg dassagoírag l m lxpjgrm- Y
M
R
åég nm Ícraim. Ljl dgrrlu mkgljfmng, ld grmåég, mg jmng nl sum imdm
om plqulom mjnlam nl Ajmjm, om Ícraim. Ms mutgranmnls `ratàoaims qulramd
nmr m Javaoestgol ud lotlrrg mprgpramng, dms gs dgrmngrls nm mjnlam sl
rliusmvmd m ja`lrmr g igrpg pmrm gs `ratàoaigs. Rgr d, ljls igoigrnmrmd,
dms sgdlotl mpùs m rldgåég nl slu igrmåég, qul cga lotlrrmng sg` udm
írvgrl, plrtg nl gonl dgrrlu. Naz-sl qul cga lovamnm udm ogtm kuotg igd
g slu igrpg nl vgjtm m Aoejmtlrrm qul nazam; ‚Sgiës pgnld tlr g igrpg, dms
g slu igrmåég plrtloil m Ícraim!—
G igrmåég nl Nmvan Javaoestgol jatlrmjdlotl l eurmtavmdlotl plrtloiam m
Ícraim. ]umjqulr ud qul ld mjeud nam sl loigotrgu igd Nmvan Javaoestg-
ol rmpanmdlotl slotam sum pmaxég pljm Ícraim. ]umong lstmdgs mpmaxgom-
ngs pgr mjeudm igasm, lssm pmaxég trmos`grnm pmrm cgrm ng ogssg igrmåég,
oég pgnldgs lvatmr assg.
Pllxég Aonavanumj;
M qul gu m quld plrtloil g slu igrmåég7
G Igrmåég nl Nlus plrtloil â fudmoanmnl plrnanm!
Nlsnl ms pradlarms píeaoms nm @a`jam jldgs sg`rl g Nlus qul ùsim g
plrnang. ]umong Mnég l Lvm plimrmd, sum pradlarm aoijaomåég cga lsigo -
nlr-sl nl Nlus.
><
G
^ Jld`rmdg-ogs igdg Nlus ifmdgu Em`ralj l mjeuos ngs mokgs pmrm ar l
O
L
D
loigotrmr Mnég l Lvm l trmzë-gs pmrm Ljl7 Oég lxmtmdlotl.
M
Å
O
M Nlus usgu g sastldm nl mdpjaimåég ng iáu l igd udm vgz lstrgongsm
J
G
M
mouoiagu ‚Mnég l Lvm, lu sla gonl vgiës lstég. Ymamd megrm, prliasmdgs
G
^
igovlrsmr.—
igovlrsmr.— Cga mssad qul migotlilu7 Oég lxmtmdlotl.
O
L
D
M
Gs rleastrgs nms Lsiraturms ogs dgstrmd qul Nlus cga plssgmjdlotl pmrm
K
L
O
g Kmrnad ng Ánlo, og crlsigr nm tmrnl l, lotég, ‚g Ylofgr ifmdgu Mnég l
M
J
R
jfl nassl; ‖gonl lstí vgië7‑.— Eëolsas 9;1.
G
N
;
Y
Ms pmjmvrms ‚gonl lstí vgië7— ligmd pljgs igrrlngrls nm fastùram fudmom.
M
K
L
Ms Lsiraturms rleastrmd ms måüls nl ud Nlus qul ùsim. Juims =1;=2
P
E
A
^lrrm; ‚Rgrqul g Cajfg ng Fgdld vlag @\Y-
rlsudl m dasség nl Klsus om ^lrrm;
P
M IMP l YMJSMP g qul sl fmvam plrnang.—
^
O
M
J
R
Ijmrmdlotl m pmaxég nl Nlus á pljm fudmoanmnl plrnanm.
M
P
M
R
Loqumotg vavlu olstm ^lrrm,
^lrrm, Klsus cga tgimng duatms vlzls pljms ldgåüls
Y
G
fudmoms;
Y
Y
M
R
• Sldgs Klsus ifgrmong og tûdujg nl Jízmrg8
• Sldgs Klsus og Kmrnad ng Eltsëdmoa, gonl sugu egtms nl smoeul8
• Sldgs Klsus igd sum arm mg jadpmr g ^ldpjg.
Lstls lrmd lvlotgs gonl m rlspgstm ldgiagomj fudmom nl Klsus cga og-
tívlj. Og lotmotg, fí udm rlspgstm ldgiagomj nl Klsus qul cga rlpltanm
dmas nl udm vlz.
Dmtlus 1;93;
‚Mg vlr ms dujtanüls, tlvl igdpmaxég nljms...—
Dmtlus =>;=>;
‚]umong Klsus smau ng `mrig l vau tég ermonl dujtanég, tlvl igdpmaxég
nljls...—
Juims =1;>=;
‚]umong sl mprgxadgu l vau m ianmnl, Klsus ifgrgu sg`rl ljm.—
M rlspgstm ldgtavm nl Klsus pmrm ms plssgms plrnanms cga g tldm ilotrmj nl
Ylu daoastárag. Om vlrnmnl, ljm cga cuonmdlotmj pmrm Yum dasség.
G`slrvl lssl aotlriàdàg ld Juims >;>0->98
‚X...T Ms dujtanüls g prgiurmvmd l, qumong iflemrmd mtá gonl Ljl lstmvm,
aosastarmd qul oég ms nlaxmssl. Dms Ljl nassl; ‖á olilssírag qul lu prleul
ms `gms ogvms ng Plaog nl Nlus ogutrms ianmnls tmd`ád, pgrqul pmrm
assg cua lovamng‑.—
>3
Klsus cga igdpljang m prlemr g lvmoeljfg. Ljl cga dgtavmng, igd `msl ld Y
M
K
Yum dasség nl ùsimr mquljls qul oég G igofliamd. L
P
E
A
M pmaxég pljgs plrnangs á m `mtanm ng igrmåég nl Nlus om ùsim pljg L
N
plrnang! G
A
^
O
M
GY RPADLAPGY NAYIÄR\JGY LY^MSMD IFLAGY J

R
G
NL RMAVÉG M
P
M
R
M
IJLGCMY L YL\ IGDRMOFLAPG Å
O
M
P
Ngas fgdlos monmvmd pgr ud imdaofg nl ==hd nl Klrusmjád pmrm L
N
A
Ldmûs. Ljls lstmvmd nlvmstmngs pljgs ûjtadgs migotliadlotgs l nasiu- J
L
tamd milrim nm iruiaimåég nl Klsus. Mg jgoeg ng imdaofg, ud lstrmofg N
L
sl uoau m ljls l jfls plreuotgu pgrqul lstmvmd trastls. Rmrliam lstrmofg R
A
\
pmrm ljls qul ljl oég fguvlssl guvang cmjmr ngs migotliadlotgs ld Klru- ]
L
M
smjád og d nl sldmom. G nlsigofliang, lotég, jfls m`rau ms Lsiraturms l D
\
lxpjaigu-jfls ms prgcliams sg`rl g Dlssams. Ijlgcms l slu igdpmoflarg nl P
M
vameld igovanmrmd g lstrmofg pmrm imr pmrm g kmotmr.
kmotmr. ]umong g lstrmofg D
P
‚pmrtau g pég—, sgu`lrmd qul lrm Klsus. G
C
0
»
Plltaong sg`rl sum lxplraëoiam mg jgoeg nm lstrmnm, ljls nasslrmd uos O
G
Y
mgs gutrgs; ‚oég mrnamd ogssgs igrmåüls loqumotg Ljl cmjmvm igd m elotl Y
M
R
og imdaofg, l loqumotg ljl m`ram ms Lsiraturms pmrm oùs7— Juims 0>;90.
RLNPG L KGÉG
Rlnrg l Kgég tavlrmd prg`jldms igd ms mutgranmnls rljaeagsms pgr iurmr
ud igxg om pgrtm, ifmdmnm Cgrdgsm. Ljls cgrmd prgaàngs nl prlemr ld
ogdl nl Klsus. Yum rlspgstm cga;
‚Dms Rlnrg l Kgég rlspgonlrmd; ‖kujeuld gs slofgrls dlsdg sl á kustg
mgs gjfgs nl Nlus g`lnlilr mgs slofgrls l oég m Nlus. Rgas oég pgnldgs
nlaxmr nl cmjmr ng qul vadgs l guvadgs‑.— ’ Mtgs >;=1-02.
Klsus igdpmrtajfgu ud praoiäpag adpgrtmotl qul cga vavang pgr Rlnrg l
Kgég; ‚Rgrqul m sum `gim cmjm ng qul lstí iflag g igrmåég.—
Ld sums igovlrsms, qumj á m mùonàoiam omturmj nl slu igrmåég qul sma
pljm sum `gim7 Ld qul narlåég sums igovlrsms tlonld m uar7 G qul assg
aonaim m rlsplatg nl sum pmaxég7
Plspgonm aonavanumjdlotl l nasiutm ld nupjms.
RM\JG
‚Rgrqul pmrm dad g vavlr á Irastg...— ’ Cajaplosls =;0=8
‚Dms g qul pmrm dad lrm juirg, pmssla m igosanlrmr igdg plrnm, pgr imusm
nl Irastg. Dmas ng qul assg, igosanlrg tung igdg plrnm, igdpmrmng igd
m suprldm ermonlzm ng igofliadlotg nl Irastg Klsus, dlu Ylofgr, pgr >5
G
^ quld plrna tgnms ms igasms. Lu ms igosanlrg igdg lstlrig pmrm pgnlr em-
O
L
D
ofmr Irastg.— ’ Cajaplosls 9;5-68
M
Å
O
M
M pmjmvrm qul Rmujg usm qul á trmnuzanm igdg ‚lsiùram— olstm pmssmeld,
J
G
á m pmjmvrm erlem ‚Yhy`mjgo— , qul saeoaim jatlrmjdlotl lxirldlotg gu
M
G
lstlrig, dms tmd`ád pgnl sl rlclrar m rlstgs nl igdanm.
^
O
L
D
]umas ség mjeudms írlms ld sum vanm qul prliasmd iflemr m slr ‚lsiùram—
M
K m d nl qul vgië tlofm dmas pmaxég pgr Irastg7
L
O
M
J
R
Igdpmrtajfl l grl ld nupjms.
G
N
; Fgkl gs sleuangrls nl Irastg prliasmd lstmr iflags nl pmaxég
Y
M
K
L
P
‚]uld pgssua ogssg igrmåég7 Igd quld lstég ogssgs plosmdlotgs7 Yg-
E
A `rl quld egstmdgs nl igovlrsmr7 ]uld á g g`kltg nl ogssms dmas imjg -
P
M
^
rgsms mclaåüls l ogssms dljfgrls lolreams7 Yl sgdgs nl Irastg, ogssgs
O
M plosmdlotgs igd Ljl lstmrég, l oLjl sl igoilotrmrég ms ogssms dmas
J
R ûng qul tldgs l sgdgs m Ljl slrí igosmermng. Mjdl-
ngils dlnatmåüls. ûng
M
P
M
kmrldgs trmzlr m Yum admeld, pgssuar Ylu Lspäratg, iudprar Yum vgotmnl
R
Y
l mermnmr-Jfl
mermnmr-Jfl ld tgnms ms igasms.— ’ (UFA^L, Ljjlo E., Imdaofg m Irastg,
G
Y píe. 95-96).
Y
M
R
Gs jänlrls qul qulrld pjmotmr aerlkms, ld pradlarg juemr, nlvld tlr pmaxég
pgr Irastg. Lstl á g igdùstävlj qul mvavm ms ifmdms l cgrolil dgtavmåég
pmrm g pjmotag nl aerlkms. Igoflilr m Nlus á lstmr igolitmng mg Ylu ig -
rmåég l lxplradlotmr g dlsdg slotadlotg qul Ljl slotl pljgs plrnangs.
Igdg rlsujtmng, sgdgs dgtavmngs m migdpmofí-Jg ld Yum dasség nl
ùsimr l smjvmr g plrnang.
Jlong g pmríermcg miadm ng Imdaofg m Irastg, gonl vgië igjgimram sum
mtumj pmaxég pgr Irastg ld udm lsimjm nl =-=27
MJAOFMONG-YL IGD G IGPMÅÉG NL NL\Y

G Nlus qul ùsim á g dlsdg qul trguxl â lxastëoiam m Aerlkm qul tmd`ád
tld m dasség nl ùsimr. G jänlr suprldg ng uoavlrsg grnlogu; ‚Anl, pgr-
tmotg, cmzla nasiäpujgs nl tgnms ms omåüls...— ’ Dmtlus 06;=1 .
‚Igdg g Rma dl lovagu, Lu vgs lovag m vùs...— ’ Kgég 02;0=.
‚M anlotanmnl dassagoíram lstí lormazmnm og Nlus traog qul ogs lovagu. G
cmtg nl qul Nlus á quld ogs lovagu, lstí igolitmng igd m prùpram lxas -
tëoiam nm Aerlkm—. (Y^L^[LP, Rjmotmong Aerlkms Dassagoírams , píe. 06).
>6
M dgtavmåég pmrm g pjmotag nlvl slr m nl ùsimr ms plssgms plrnanms l jl- Y
M
K
ví-jms m Irastg. ]umjqulr gutrm dgtavmåég im mquád nm dasség nm aerlkm. L
P
E
A
]umas ség mjeudms gutrms dgtavmåüls gu ‚pmaxüls— qul jlvmd m qul aerl- L
N
kms slkmd pjmotmnms7 G
A
^
O
M
Nasiusség ld Erupg; J
R
G
]umj á m pmaxég praoiapmj qul tl dgtavm m pjmotmr aerlkms7 M
P
M
R
Ylrí qul ljm sl mjaofm igd g igrmåég nl Nlus7 M
Å
O
M
P
Yù m pmaxég á suialotl7 L
N
A
J
M rlspgstm ù`vam á oég. Oég pgnldgs pjmotmr limzdlotl sld pmaxég, dms L
N
dmas ng qul pmaxég pmrm g pjmotag sl prliasm nl udm aerlkm `ld-suilnanm. L
R
A
\
Ajustrmåég; Jld`rg-dl nms jíeradms ogs gjfgs nl ud kgvld pmstgr lo- ]
L
qumotg ljl igdpmrtajfmvm nl qul nlslkmvm mjimoåmr slus mdaegs sliujmrls. M
D
Yum pmaxég l slu igdprgdltadlotg lrmd ù`vags. Og lotmotg, jfl cmjtmvm \
P
g igokuotg nl fmàjanmnls olilssírams pmrm slr ud pjmotmngr nl aerlkms M
D
limz. Duatgs mogs cgrmd aovlstangs om tlotmtavm nl trmoscgrdmr sum pma- P
G
C
xég ld udm pjmotm nl aerlkm naoàdaim. Gs rlsujtmngs cgrmd lsimssgs l, 0
»
omjdlotl, ljl nlaxgu m írlm l gs mdaegs sliujmrls qul ljl tmotg nlslkmvm O
mjimoåmr. G
Y
Y
M
R
‚Yg`rl ^GNGY gs qul irëld, Nlus igjgigu m rlspgosmàjanmnl nl cuonmr
aerlkms.— (UFA^L, Ljjlo E., Dlnaiaom l Ymjvmåég, píe. 9<3).
Á ijmrg qul Nlus qulr qul tgngs gs dld`rgs nm aerlkm tlofmd udm pma -
xég pljm rlspgosmàjanmnl nl pjmotmr aerlkms. Og lotmotg, old tgngs ség
ifmdmngs pmrm igonuzar ud pjmotag nl aerlkms.
G Nr. Ifmrjls Panjly, ud pagolarg om mvmjamåég nl pjmotag nl aerlkms, nl -
slovgjvlu udm jastm nl =9 qumjanmnls qul nlvld tlr gs pjmotmngrls nl
aerlkms. Lstm jastm lstí `mslmnm ld saeoaimtavms plsquasms l igdprgvmnm
ld imdpg igd cuonmngrls mtavgs nl aerlkms ogs Lstmngs \oangs l Imomní.
=. Impmianmnl vasagoíram8
0. Aotraoslimdlotl dgtavmngs8
9. Lxpgr g daoastárag igd prgpralnmnl8
>. Pljmiagom-sl igd gs nlsirlotls8
<. Iggplrmåég igokuemj8
3. Igostrùa rljmiagomdlotgs lcltavgs8
5. Igdprgdltang igd g irlsiadlotg nm Aerlkm8
6. Ylosävlj â igduoanmnl8 >1
G
^ 1. \tajazm suplrngtmåég ngs gutrgs8
O
L
D
M =2. Cjlxävlj l mnmptívlj8
Å
O
M
J ==. Igostrùa erupgs igd iglsavanmnl8
G
M
G
^
=0. Plsajalotl8
O
L
D
M
=9. Lxlril cá8
K
L
O
M
J
Cgrm udm `msl lsparatumj, qumj á m pradlarm qumjanmnl qul prliasm tlr ud
R
G pjmotmngr nl aerlkms7
N
;
Y
M
K
Lsirlvm sum rlspgstm m`maxg;
L
P
E
A WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
P
M
^
O Plspgstm; \d
\d Lspäratg Ldprllonlngr.
M
J
R
M Om jastm ng Nr.
Nr. Panjly,
Panjly, iariujl ms qumjanmnls
qumjanm nls qul vgië ijmssaimram
ijmssaimra m igdg
P
M
R
aomtms ld ud ldprllonlngr.
Y
G
Y
Y
‚G cmtg nl qul Rmujg lrm ud ldprlsírag á cuonmdlotmj pmrm igd-
M
R prllonlr g slu daoastárag nl pjmotmåég nl aerlkms. Rjmotmngrls nl
aerlkms limzls sldprl nldgostrmd fmàjanmnls nl janlrmoåm ld-
prlsmramj. Igdg ldprlsírag, Rmujg lstmvm sldprl plosmong ld og-
vms dmolarms nl lvmoeljazmr l ogvms írlms gonl ploltrmr.— (Y^L^-
[LP, Ln, Rjmotmong Aerlkms Dassagoírams, píe. >5).
‚G ifmdmng nl Nlus pmrm ogssms vanms pgnl, ld ermonl

e rmonl dlnanm slr
nltlitmng pljg Ylu nlslofg ld ogssms vanms. Yl, pgr lxldpjg, Ljl
ogs nlu gs ngos nl janlrmoåm, cá l lvmoeljasdg
l vmoeljasdg kuotmdlotl igd ud
lspäratg ldprllonlngr l ud mdgr pljg daoastárag om aerlkm jgimj,
Ljl pgnl lstmr naraeaong gu ifmdmong-ogs m tgromr-sl pjmotmngrls
nl aerlkms.— ’ (DMJRF\PY, Mu`rly, Rjmotmong aerlkms irlsilotls
pmrm g sáiujg 0=, píe. 69).
Ytltzlr aonaim miadm qul gs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms YLDRPL nldgostrmd
fmàjanmnls nl Janlrmoåm Ldprlsmramj. Daofm lxplraëoiam igd cuonmngrls
nl aerlkms limzls aonaimd qul lstms mrdmåüls ség vlrnmnlarms. Ylr ud
ldprllonlngr á g NOM ng pjmotmngr nl aerlkms.
\d aostrudlotg nl mvmjamåég l qul tld prgvmng slr ûtaj om anlotaimåég
nl pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms á ud aovlotírag nl nlsig`lrtm nl tmjlotgs iramng
pljg Erupg ANMH. M plsquasm pgnl slr clatm go-jaol pgr \Y$ 05,22 (vaotl l
sltl nùjmrls) mtrmvás ng satl anmhergup.igd. Mquljls iukgs iaoig tmjlotgs
praoiapmas lstlkmd om imtlegram ‚Aoaiamngr/Nlslovgjvadlotg— lstég omtu -
rmjdlotl anlotaimngs igdg pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms. \dm nlogdaomåég
mudlotgu sum tmxm nl suilssg nl =/9 pmrm 0/9 nl pjmotags nl aerlkms,
<2 utajazmong lstm clrrmdlotm l igjgimong gs pjmotmngrls igrrltgs.
Gutrm clrrmdlotm m igosanlrmr á g tlstl nl tldplrmdlotg Dylrs-@raees. Y
M
K
Nl migrng igd Mu`rly Dmjpfurs, gs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms elrmjdlotl L
P
ség ijmssaimngs igdg LO^R (g aovlotgr), LO^K (g jänlr), LOCR (m plssgm E
A
L
sgiaívlj) gu LOCK (g plrsumsavg). N
G
A
^
L sl vgië tld pmaxég, dms lstí cmjtmong g elol nl pjmotmngr7 O
M
J
R
@gms ogtäiams! Dlsdg sl vgië oég tld lssl lspäratg ldprllonlngr, vgië G
M
maonm pgnl mpgamr l cmiajatmr m pjmotmåég nl aerlkms. Igdg pmstgr nl udm P
M
aerlkm jgimj, vgië pgnl l nlvl nlslovgjvlr jänlrls jlaegs qul tlofmd g R
M
ngd ldprlsmramj, tgromong-sl slu trlaomngr,
trlaomngr, losaomong-jfls igdg pjmotmr Å
O
M
udm gutrm aerlkm cgrm nm sum igoerlemåég. Igdg jlaeg, vgië pgnl sl tgromr P
L
pmrtl ng oûijlg nl udm lquapl nl pjmotmåég nl aerlkms nmong slu mpgag N
A
J
ld írlms gonl tlofmd gutrgs ngos lspliäigs. Cuonmngrls nl aerlkms prl- L
N
iasmd nl lquapls ilotrmas smunívlas, m d nl pjmotmr aerlkms dassagoírams. L
R
A
Yum pmaxég pmrm g pjmotag slrí `ld mprgvlatmnm. \
]
L
Oég sl lsqulåm nl m`mstlilr g tmoqul M
D
\
Jänlrls ldprllonlngrls pgnld slr ud erupg `mstmotl mutgssuialotl P

M
D
nl plssgms. Rgr omturlzm, ljls ség ‚cmzlngrls—. Rgr vlzls, gs tmjlotgs ség P
G
rlssmjtmngs ld ud rljmiagomdlotg prgcuong l plrdmolotl igd Nlus. Gs C
0
raegrls nm pjmotmåég nl aerlkms pgnlrég jlvmr g dmas tmjlotgsg mg pgotg »
O
nl lsegtmdlotg. G rlsujtmng á ud tmoqul vmzag sld omnm pmrm nmr. Gs G
Y
pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms prliasmd nlslsplrmnmdlotl slrld rlcrlsimngs nam- Y
M
R
ramdlotl pljm prlsloåm nl Nlus ld sums vanms. ^ég adpgrtmotl qumotg tlr
g ‚ngd igrrltg— l ms fmàjanmnls nl janlrmoåm pmrm cuonmr aerlkms, á cuo -
nmdlotmj oég nlsiuanmr m vanm nlvgiagomj naíram. Yl ljm á olejaeloiamnm,
m cuonmåég vma nlsdgrgomr.
‚Nldmsamngs pjmotags nl aerlkms fgkl, ség dmas udm lxplraëoiam
ldprlsmramj ng qul udm lxplraëoiam lsparatumj. Ljls ség adpujsag-
omngs pgr udm janlrmoåm, qul pgnl slr `gm, pgrád tmd`ád pgnl
slr dí sl m vanm nl grmåég l nlvgåég ng jänlr lstavlr igrrlong vm-
zam. Duatgs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms ség ná`las eulrrlargs nl grmåég.—
(Y^L^[LP, Ln, Aerlkms Sarmas, píe. 02>).
G ]\L SGIË JË OG
DLNANGP LYRAPA^\MJ NL
Y\M SANM7
L g qul prliasm migotlilr
pmrm slu tmoqul
‚trmos`grnmr— tgngs gs
nams7
<=
G
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IGOY^P\AONG M L]\ARL RPAOIARMJ
RPAOIARMJ
D
M
Å
Fí iaoig qumjanmnls LYYLOIAMAY pmrm g erupg nl dld`rgs ng oûijlg
O
M
J
`ísaig pmrm qul slu pjmotag nl aerlkms grlsåm;
G
M
G
=. Rmaxég pmrtajfmnm / vaség8
^
O
L
0. Aonavänugs qul igjgimd m dasség ld pradlarg juemr8
D
M
K
9. Aonavänugs qul ség adés pmrm mtrmar gutrgs8
L
O
M
>. Aonavänugs qul igrrlspgonld igd m írlm m slr mjimoåmnm8
J
R
G
<. Aonavänugs qul ség jlmas â nlogdaomåég =.
N
;
Y
M
K
L
P
E
A
Rmrm imnm udm nms qumjanmnls dloiagomnms miadm, nasiutar qul adpmitg
P
M
imusmram sl cmjtmssl mjeudm nlssms írlms. ]umj nlssms qumjanmnls á m dmas
^
O
M
adpgrtmotl7
J
R
M
P
Ajustrmåég;
M
R \d moiaég nl aerlkm qul plonurm om pmrlnl nl sum imsm ud ermonl imrtmz
Y
G
Y
nl tgrilngrms nl cutl`gj sldaoums, oég lstí mprlslotmong udm dlosmeld
Y
M
R
igosatlotl sg`rl m adpgrtàoiam nm purlzm om vanm irasté.
Pllxég Aonavanumj;
]ul írlms nl sum vanm pgnlramd lstmr mprlslotmong udm dlosmeld lrrm-
nm ng qul saeoaim tlr dmturanmnl irasté7
Gutrg nlsmg qul sl nlvl lstmr mjlrtm á qumotg âs plssgms qul pgssuld
udm prá-naspgsaåég ld imr igotrm m Mssgiamåég jgimj. \dm pmrilram smu-
nívlj igd m Mssgiamåég jgimj á duatg adpgrtmotl pmrm qul g pjmotag nl
grlsilr. ]umasqulr prg`jldms rldmolsilotls nlvld slr sg-
aerlkms pgssm grlsilr.
juiagomngs motls nl mvmoåmr.
mvmoåmr. ]umj á m sum mtatunl pmrm igd m Mssgiamåég7
Lxastl mjeudm igasm qul prliasm slr rlsgjvang7
Gonl vgië pgnl loigotrmr gs dld`rgs ng erupg `ísaig7
Gs dld`rgs ng erupg `ísaig varég, praoiapmjdlotl, nm aerlkm-dél. Lo-
qumotg vgië ld grmåég ùsim m quld igovanmr,
igovanmr, igosanlrl mjeudms gpåüls
nl m`grnmeld om píeaom sleuaotl;
 Mdaegs8
 Mquljls qul igrrlspgonld â mrlm nldgeríim m slr mjimoåmnm8
= Mquljls qul lstég om lquapl nl janlrmoåm ng pjmotag nl aerlkms nlvld

lstmr vavlong nl migrng igd gs praoäpags nl lstajg nl vanm `ä`jaigs l mnvlotastms.
Gs jänlrls ség ifmdmngs m ud pmnrég dmas ljlvmng. M Aerlkm Mnvlotastm ng Yátadg
Nam pgssua mjtgs pmnrüls ld qulstüls igdg; g`slrvàoiam ng sí`mng, gpåüls nl
lotrltloadlotg, dgnástam, dgrngdam irasté, lstajg nl vanm smunívlj, väiags, lti.
Rgr assg á adpgrtmotl qul gs jänlrls slkmd aonavänugs jlmas â nlogdaomåég pmrm
<0 qul mprlslotld udm dlosmeld igosastlotl pmrm m cuturm igoerlemåég.
 Dld`rgs qul lstég nmong lstungs `ä`jaigs8 Y
M
K
L
 Ogvgs dld`rgs mpmaxgomngs8 P
E
A
 Mdaegs nl slu plqulog erupg. \tajazl ms rlnls nl igotmtgs. Jld- L
N
`rl-sl igdg Monrá jlvgu Rlnrg m Klsus l Cljapl m Omtmomlj. G
A
^
O
M
\dm vlz qul g NOM ng erupg `ísaig nltlrdaom g slotang ng pjmotag, saem J
R
ud prgilssg nl rlirutmdlotg vgjuotírag l aotloiagomj qul jfl prgpgriag- G

M
P
omrí gs dljfgrls rlsujtmngs. Lstm ltmpm ng pjmotag oég nlvl slr mprlssmnm. M
R
Mprgvlatl g tldpg pmrm tgdmr nliasüls slosmtms. Igdg jänlr, prgiurl g M
Å
O
igosljfg ng pmstgr jgimj m rlsplatg nmquljls qul lstég aotlrlssmngs ld M
P
kuotmr-sl
kuotmr-sl mg slu erupg praoiapmj. L
N
A
J
L
Ogtm; Á adpgrtmotl qul g pmstgr jfl igoilnm udm ‚jailoåm pmrm plsimr—. N
L
Assg saeoaim qul vgië lstí javrl pmrm rlirutmr gs dld`rgs pmrm g slu R
A
oûijlg `ísaig nlotrg nm prùpram aerlkm. Igdg mjtlromtavm, g pmstgr pgnl \
]
L
prlclrar tlr udm jastm nms plssgms qul vgië egstmram nl vasatmr igd rljmåég M
D
mg pjmotag nm ogvm aerlkm. Lstlkm m`lrtg âs suelstüls ng pmstgr sg`rl gs \
pgtloiamas imonanmtgs. Om dmagram ngs imsgs, gs dljfgrls dld`rgs ség P
M
mquljls qul vgië sl mprgxadm l jfls igovanm. Aoilotavl-gs m grmr sg`rl D
P
G
g igdprgdassg motls nl nmr udm rlspgstm. Yl vgië lstavlr rleujmrdlotl C
0
grmong pgr ilaclargs, oég sl surprllonm sl mjeud dld`rg nm igoerlemåég »
O
qul vgië old admeaomvm sl mprgxadmr nl vgië. G
Y
Y
M
R
Dld`rgs Rgtloiamas ng Erupg @ísaig;

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWW
WWWW
WWWW
WWWW
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WWWW
WWWW
Igdlil grmong pmrm qul Nlus mtul nmong igovaiåég âs plssgms qul Ljl
sm`l qul slramd udm `loåég pmrm sum lquapl. <9
G
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IGD\OANMNL ANLOÂCAIMNG N

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Ld =119, Jll Ytrg`lj lsirlvlu ld slu javrg aotatujmng Nlotrg nm Dlotl I
M
ngs Nlsirlotls Fmrry l Dmry; Igdg Mjimoåmr Mdaegs l Cmdajamrls qul Lva- N
G
tmd m Nlus l m Aerlkm ; ‚ Lu lstmvm pmrtaiapmong ng Yldaoírag ^lgjùeaig
^lgjùeaig nm S
J
M
-
\oavlrsanmnl Monrlws om ápgim, l lstmvm mssastaong udm mujm ng Nr. Nr. Lnu- G
I
A
mrn Yifdant sg`rl Lvmoeljasdg Rlssgmj. Igdg udm mtraùaåég nl ijmssl, J
@
cgdgs g`raemngs m igostruar udm mdazmnl igd udm plssgm nlsirlotl. Û
R
Lstm tmrlcm oég cga ud nlsmg pmrm dad pgrqul lu lstmvm trm`mjfmong 9
»
O
ld ud suplrdlrimng m`mstlilong ms prmtljlarms nm jgkm nurmotl m ogatl, G
Y
lu taofm sang mdaeívlj igd ud `gd oûdlrg nl igjlems nl trm`mjfg, dms Y
M
R
m qulstég lrm; igd qumj nljls lu nlvlram jlvmr ud rljmiagomdlotg m ud
oävlj dmas prgcuong, cgrm ng jgimj nl trm`mjfg7 Caomjdlotl nliana cmzlr
mdazmnl igd ud fgdld ifmdmng Fmrry. Fmrry. G nlsmg lrm qul ljl tarmvm slu
aotlrvmjg nl nlsimosg om írlm pmrm cudmotls, pgrtmotg, ogssgs imdaofgs
oég sl iruzmvmd nurmotl lssl tldpg. Igdlila m iujtavmr sum mdazmnl
loqumotg m`mstliämdgs ms prmtljlarms kuotgs tgnms ms ogatls. Rmrm daofm
surprlsm, nlsig`ra qul Fmrry lrm imsmng igd Dmry. Igdg m mdazmnl prg -
erlnam, lu suelra m Fmrry qul tmjvlz ogssms cmdäjams pgnlramd kuotmr-sl
pmrm igoflilr-ogs dljfgr. Ljl adlnamtmdlotl rligdlongu qul pgnlräm-
dgs ar m udm nasigtlim gonl ms dujflrls oég sl vlstld dgnlstmdlotl.
Pligoflilong qul lstm suelstég oég fmvam cuoiagomng duatg `ld, lu
jfl mprlslotla m anlam nl smardgs pmrm igdlr kuotgs. M rlclaåég cga `gm l
m igolxég igdlågu m irlsilr. Nums sldmoms nlpgas, Fmrry l Dmry valrmd
â daofm imsm pmrm udm rlclaåég l mjeuos kgegs. Mssad igdlågu udm mda-
zmnl qul igotaougu nurmotl tgng g rlstmotl ng dlu tldpg og sldaoírag.—
Âs vlzls oùs aovlotmdgs lstrmtáeams prm mjimoåmr ms plssgms pmrm iflemr
m dátgngs igdpjlxgs l igdpjaimngs qul mssustmd m ljms. Ogs admeaom -
dgs `mtlong pgrtms, nastraùaong jatlrmturm gu igotrmtmong ud prgssag-
omj pmrm qul rlmjazl g trm`mjfg. Iramdgs daoastárags nl iuofg plssgmj om
lsplrmoåm nl mtrmar gs aotlrlssmngs. Mplsmr nl fmvlr juemr pmrm duatgs
dátgngs, âs vlzls plrnldgs m lstrmtáeam dmas limz nl emofmr mjdms;
MDA[MNL! Duatgs lstungs tëd nldgostrmng qul, ld qumjqulr juemr, nl
62-12% ngs aonavänugs sl uold â aerlkm mtrmvás nl ud mdaeg gu pmrlotl.
G pmssg O» 9 og prgilssg nl pjmotag nl aerlkms á anlotaimr g slu erupg
nl locgqul praoiapmj. Ld gutrms pmjmvrms, m quld qulrldgs mjimoåmr7 M
dmolarm dmas limz pmrm irlsilr slu pjmotag nl aerlkm á mkunmr m trlaomr
gs slus dld`rgs (igdlåmong igd g slu erupg praoiapmj) ld igdg slr
mdaeívlj igd gs nlsirlotls l, omjdlotl, igoquastí-jgs pmrm Irastg. <5
G
^ M nlijmrmåég dmas puoelotl nl Ljjlo Ufatl m rlsplatg nl emofmr mjdms á
O
L loigotrmnm og javrg M Iaëoiam ng @gd Savlr , píeaom 10;
D
M
Å
O
M
‚\oaimdlotl g dátgng nl Irastg trmrí vlrnmnlarg ëxatg og mprgxa-
J
G dmr-sl ng pgvg. G Ymjvmngr dasturmvm-sl igd gs fgdlos igdg udm
M
G
^
plssgm qul jfls nlslkmvm g `ld. Dmoaclstmvm sadpmtam pgr ljl, da-
O
L oastrmvm-jfls âs olilssanmnls l ermoklmvm-jfls m igomoåm. Grnlom-
D
M
K
vm lotég; ‖Yleul-Dl‑.—
L
O
M
J Klsus ogs nlu udm cùrdujm pmrm g ëxatg ld mjimoåmr ms plssgms. Lstls ség
R
G praoiäpags uoavlrsmas, g qul saeoaim qul ljls ség mpjaiívlas ld qumjqulr
N
;
Y
igotlxtg;
M
K
L
P =. Yl dasturmvm
dasturmvm igd gs fgdlos igdg
igdg quld
quld jfls nlslkm g `ld.
E
A
P G ifmdmng pmrm slr ud sleuangr nl Irastg á pmrm slr smj l sm`gr
M
^
O pmrm g duong ’ Dmtlus <;=9.
M
J
R
M 0. Dmoaclstmvm sadpmtam pgr ljls.
P
M
R Ms naiujnmnls, m ngr l ms ngloåms fudmoms ség igdud olstl
Y
G
Y
duong. Nlvldgs tlr aotlrlssl ogs nlsmgs locrlotmngs pgr mqul-
Y
M
R
jls igd quld lotrmdgs ld igotmtg ’ Dmtlus 1;93.
Lstms igasms vgs tlofg natg, pmrm qul ld Dad tlofmas pmz. Og
duong tlrlas maåüls, dms tlonl `gd àoadg, Lu vloia g duong
’ Kgég =3;99.
9. Daoastrmvm-jfls âs olilssanmnls.
M olilssanmnl pgnl slr tég sadpjls igdg tarmr tldpg pmrm guvar.
Fí udm olilssanmnl fudmom uoavlrsmj pgr mdazmnl! Sgië pgnl
suprar sums olilssanmnls cäsaims.
>. Ermoklmvm-jfls m igomoåm.
Gutrm pmjmvrm pmrm igomoåm á mirlnatmr. Mirlnatmr á igoflilr l
sl mprgcuonmr mg jgoeg ng tldpg. M dlnanm qul ogs aotlrlssmdgs
pljms plssgms l smtascmzldgs sums olilssanmnls, igd g tldpg
ljms mprlonld m igomr ld oùs.
<. Grnlomvm, lotég; ‚Yleul-dl—.
Âs vlzls aeogrmdgs lstm ûjtadm ltmpm G\ iflemdgs m ljm duatg
rmpanmdlotl. Oùs tldgs m dljfgr ogtäiam ng pjmoltm tlrrm. Igdg
pgnldgs nlaxmr nl igdpmrtajfmr assg igd mjeuád qul tld igo -
moåm ld oùs7
]umj tld sang sum lxplraëoiam ld sleuar lstls pmssgs7 ]umj pmssg (s) vgië
<6 tlonl m aeogrmr l igdg tl adpmitgu g rlsujtmng omj7
Yuelstég; G
N
M
I
Igdprl l mssatm mg NSN ‚M Kmoljm— (naspgoävlj
(naspgoävlj og Ilotrg nl Pliursgs OM- A
C
A
NLA). Igdg erupg, nasiutm g oûdlrg nl pgotgs nm igolxég rljmiagomj qul ^
O
L
m cmdajam mnvlotastm nlslovgjvlu igd slus vazaofgs nlsirlotls. N
A
L
N
M
\DM IGJFLA^M M@\ONMO^L N
O
A
D
Mquljls qul tëd naiujnmnls nl cmzlr igd qul sum aerlkm irlsåm, aovmram- G
I
vljdlotl püld m iujpm sg`rl g mdàlotl ld qul lstég trm`mjfmong. Mqua M
N
lstég mjeudms nlsiujpms pmnrég; G
S
J
M
-
G
• Ogssm írlm á duatg sliujmr,
sliujmr, ms plssgms oég lstég aotlrlssmnms og I
A
J
lvmoeljfg8 @
Û
R
• Ms plssgms mqua ség duatg giupmnms pmrm Nlus8 9
»
O
• Lstm á udm írlm prgtlstmotl, tgng duong kí tlvl m gpgrtuoanmnl G
Y
nl guvar sg`rl Irastg8 Y
M
R
• Oùs tlotmdgs motls l omnm pmrlil cuoiagomr. Lstm á udm írlm
nacäiaj8
• Lstl tlrratùrag lstí quladmng. Ms plssgms lstég nlsjaemnms nl
aerlkm8
• Mqua g irastamoasdg á arrljlvmotl pmrm m dmagram nms plssgms.
Igdg sl igdpmrmd lssms nlsiujpms igd m mrdmåég locítaim nl Klsus
mgs slus nasiäpujgs; ‚m igjflatm á ermonl...— Dmtlus 1;957
Cmiajdlotl tlrdaomdgs m crmsl; ‚m
‚m igjflatm á ermonl ld tgnms ms pmrtls,
DLOGY ld
ld WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW (jgimj qul vgië nlslkm mjimoåmr).—
Klsus nlaxm ijmrg qul Ljl á g Ylofgr nm igjflatm (Dmtlus 1;96) l nlsnl
Yum plrsplitavm m igjflatm á ermonl.
\dm pmssmeld aotlrlssmotl qul nlstmim g ogssg nlsmg igdg slrls
fudmogs sl loigotrm og lvmoeljfg nl Kgég, impätujg qumtrg. Klsus lstí
vamkmong mtrmvás ng tlrratùrag smdmratmog l pmrm pmrm ud `rlvl nlsimosg
kuotg m ud pgåg. Loqumotg assg gs nasiäpujgs vég â ianmnl pmrm loigotrmr
igdanm. Pltgromong, ljls sl aoigdgnmd qumong plril`ld qul Klsus oég
nlsimosgu, pgrád, fmvam emstmng slu tldpg cmjmong igd udm dujflr
smdmratmom. Ljls, lotég, plnld m Klsus pmrm igdlr. Yum rlspgstm ogs ní
udm vaség nl igdg g ogssg prùprag ‚pgotg nl vastm— jadatm g ogssg adpmi-
tg igd m igjflatm;
‚Nassl Klsus; ‚M daofm igdanm á cmzlr m vgotmnl nmquljl qul dl
lovagu l igoijuar m sum g`rm. Sgiës oég nazld; ‑nmqua m qumtrg dl-
sls fmvlrí m igjflatm7‑ Lu jfls naeg; Jlvmotma gs vgssgs gjfgs l vlnl
gs imdpgs! Ljls lstég dmnurgs pmrm m igjflatm—. ’ Kgég >;9>-9<8 <1
G
^ Gs nasiäpujgs taofmd mim`mng nl vasatmr udm mjnlam smdmratmom qul lstmvm
O
L dmnurm pmrm rlil`lr m Irastg l tung g qul pgnamd plosmr lrm ld slus ls-
D
M
Å
tþdmegs rgoimong. M mndglstmåég nl Klsus cga; ‚Jlvmotma gs vgsgs gjfgs l
O
M
J
vlnl!— ^mjvlz,
^mjvlz, mssad igdg gs nasiäpujgs, prliasmdgs nl udm iaruream jmslr
G ogs ogssgs gjfgs, m d nl vlr m igjflatm igdg Klsus m vë.
M
G
^
O Nasiusség ld Erupg;
L
D
M
K
]umong cga qul slus gjfgs cgrmd clifmngs pmrm udm gpgrtuoanmnl qul
L
O
Klsus igjgigu `ld om sum crlotl7
M
J
R
G
Sgië mirlnatm qul ms pmjmvrms nl Klsus nl qul m igjflatm á ermonl... ség
N
;
Y
ilrtms dlsdg gonl vgië vavl l trm`mjfm7
M
K
L
P Mtá megrm, nlstmimdgs ngas praoiäpags `ísaigs qumotg mg slu erupg prao-
E
A
P
iapmj nl locgqul;
M
^
O
M
J
=. Igoilotrl ld igostruar mdazmnls igd gs nlsirlotls.
nlsirlotls. M mdazmnl
mdazmnl
R
M á udm olilssanmnl fudmom uoavlrsmj. Rrgvmvljdlotl slu cgig
P
M
R
praoiapmj nlvl slr igd mquljls aonavänugs qul vgië pgssm lstm`l-
Y
G jlilr mdazmnls!
Y
Y
M
R 0. Pligoflilr qul m slmrm á ermonl. Fí duatms plssgms mosagsms
pgr milatmr ogssm mdazmnl l, omjdlotl slr emofms pmrm Klsus. G
Lspäratg Ymotg lstí trm`mjfmong om igjflatm!
Lstruturm daoastlramj pmrm slr dmas limz igd g slu erupg nl locgqul
praoiapmj
G lxlriäiag sleuaotl mkunmrí m nlstmimr pgrqul slong aotloiagomj igd g
slu locgqul igd g pjmotag nl aerlkm vma mkuní-jg m igjflr dmagrls rlsujtm-
ngs ld sum igjflatm.
‚Nlsnl qul slu erupg oég pgnl rlmjastaimdlotl mjimoåmr tgng duo-
ng, á lssloiamj pmrm vgië, rlnuzar g slu erupg nl locgqul pmrm eru-
pgs-mjvg lspliäigs qul vgië mirlnatm qul Nlus qulr qul mjimoil.
Yl vgië tlotmr mjimoåmr m tgngs, vgië vma mim`mr oég mjimoåmong m
oaoeuád. M lsigjfm pgr ud erupg nl locgqul lspliäig oég iram
lxijusavanmnl, udm vlz qul ‑quld quaslr‑ pgnl var. Ljl sadpjlsdlo-
tl plrdatl qul m lolream l g lscgråg slkmd imomjazmngs nl cgrdm
ijmrm, cgimnm om narlåég igrrltm—. (JGEMO, Pg`lrt L, Ylr Crutäclrg
l Dujtapjaimr , píe. 56).
Igdg vgië ‚cgimrí— slu daoastárag l m`grnmelos nl cgrdm naclrlotl ld rl-
jmåég mgs navlrsgs erupgs dloiagomngs m`maxg7 Jastl vírams anlams ng qul
vgië pgnl gclrlilr nl cgrdm ûoaim igdg aerlkm pmrm slr limz igd imnm
sledlotg nm pgpujmåég (mjeuos nl vgiës oég tëd anlam ng qul cmramd,
pgrqul ljls lstég nastmotls ng slu igotlxtg).
32
Cmdäjams Kgvlos G
N
M
I
A
C
O» = WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 0 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW A
^
O
L
N
Déls Ygjtlarms A
L
N
M
O» = WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 0 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW N
O
A
D
G
Yljliagol ud erupg átoaig (Írm`l, Ifaoës, Kmpgoës, Faonus, Oaelramog, I
M
Faspmog, Rgpujmåég Aonäelom, Igrlmog, Rgjgoës, lti..) N
G
S
J
M
O» = WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 0 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW -
G
I
A
J
@
Lx-mnvlotastms Û
R
9
»
O» = WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 0 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O
G
Y
Y
Plcueamngs M
R
O» = WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 0 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Olilssatmngs (pg`rls)
Paigs (aoulotls)

Meoùstaigs (pùs-dgnlroastms)
Rgnl slr tlotmngr oég cgimr ld ud sledlotg lspliäig nm pgpujmåég. M

supgsaåég nl qul ud dlsdg locgqul slrí aeumjdlotl limz igd tgngs gs
aonavänugs sadpjlsdlotl oég á g imsg mqua. Imnm erupg miadm dloiagom-
ng tld imrmitlrästaims nl locgqul naclrloiamngs l lspliäigs.
Igdprlloség @ísaim;
G mtg nl cgimr-sl ld nltlrdaomng erupg, oég á pmrm slr lxijusavg, dms
pmrm slr aotloiagomj m d nl mjimoåmr udm dmagr liíiam.
Ajustrmåég;
M d nl tlr ud adpmitg saeoaimtavg lotrl ms elrmåüls ldlrelotls pùs-
-dgnlroms (omsiangs m pmrtar nl =136), Ln Ytltzlr mrdm qul ilrtms m`gr-
nmelos arég prgnuzar ud rlsujtmng dljfgr (vlkm Y^L^[LP, Ln, Rjmotmong
Aerlkms Dassagoírams , píes. =0>-=>9).
3=
G
^ Mqua lstég mjeudms dmolarms lspliäims qul ljl locmtazm, oms qumas vgië
O
L
D
pgnlrí cgimr-sl
cgimr-sl pmrm slr dmas limz dassagomramdlotl;
M
Å
O
M  Oég tlr vlregofm lsparatumj8
J
G
M  Rrgdgvlr ud daoastárag plrsgoaimng 08
G
^
O
 Dmotlr ud iujtg mtrmtavg l imtavmotl8
L
D
M
 Rrlemr dlosmelos igd omrrmtavms lxpgsatavms8
K
L
O
M
 Lstmr igolitmng igd m tliogjgeam8
J
R
G
 \tajazmr eríigs l admelos vasumj8
N
;
Y
 ^lr udm igduoanmnl vavm (‚cgrdmr udm cmdäjam uoanm pljm mda -
M
K
L
zmnl—, píe. ==>)8
P
E
A  Igonuzar igd trmospmrëoiam, l ld lquapl.
P
M
^
O
M
Plilotldlotl, lu igoflia ud erupg nl kgvlos mnujtgs igd ud daoastárag
J
R va`rmotl mtrmaong nlzloms nl gutrgs kgvlos nlsirlotls. Ylus lscgrågs nl
M
P slosaàjazmåég tëd sang tég limzls qul ljls lstég igdlåmong g prgilssg
M
R nl aoiu`måég nl ud pjmotag nl aerlkm. Mqua lstég mjeuos pgotgs nl igol -
Y
G
Y
xég qul ljls nlslovgjvlrmd;
Y
M
R
• Yldaoírags nl rljmiagomdlotgs igd cgig ld qulstüls nl omdgrg8
• Mujms nl iujaoíram sg`rl igdg prlpmrmr udm rlclaåég smunívlj ld
=< daoutgs, ifmdmng ‚Pípang l Ymunívlj—8
• \d sljltg igrmj nl dûsaim egsplj igotldpgràolm qul imotm ld
duatgs lvlotgs pû`jaigs l ld udm mjm ngs pmialotls nl iàoilr nl
ud fgspatmj jgimj8
• Mujms nl vagjég8
• Mujms nl cgtgermm8
• Rmrtaiapmåég igd ud lstmonl ld udm lxpgsaåég nl lstunmotls
ld ud imdpus sliujmr igd 0<.222 mjuogs8
• Igosljfgs l gralotmåég pmrm quld vma vamkmr.
vamkmr.
G lvlotg iujdaomotl nlstl mog slrí ud mimdpmdlotg nl mjpaoasdg nl
nlz nams om sljvm. Ms mtavanmnls aoijuld; imogmeld, targjlsm, smjtg nl
ud plofmsig,
plofmsig, imdaofmnms, monmr nl kmoemnm, cgeularms,
cgeularms, kgegs l iujtgs
nlvgiagomas naírags pljm dmofé l m ogatl. Dmas nl <2 kgvlos mnujtgs vég
pmrtaiapmr nlstl lvlotg igd dmas nm dltmnl ngs pmrtaiapmotls slong vasa-
tmotls nlsirlotls.
0 M elrmåég pùs-dgnlrom oég lstí prgiurmong plssgms qul ség elouäoms

l trmospmrlotls. M qulstég oég á, ‚assg á vlrnmnl7— Dms sad, ‚assg á rlmj7— Ljls
qulrld vlr Irastg mtrmvás nl plssgms qul kí emofmrmd slu rlsplatg l igomoåm—.
30 (Y^L[LP, Ln, Rjmotmong Aerlkms Dassagoírams , píe. =95).
Lstls kgvlos mnujtgs, mrnlotls lsparatumjdlotl, nlsig`rarmd gs rlsujtmngs G
N
M
crutäclrgs nl slrld aotloiagomas igd slu erupg nl locgqul. I
A
C
A
^
O
]ul dátgngs limzls vgië pgnl mpjaimr pmrm lssm ogvm elrmåég pùs-dg- L
N
A
nlrom ng slu erupg nl locgqul7 L
N
M
N
]ul praoiäpags vgië pgnl mpjaimr og igotlxtg ng slu erupg nl locgqul7 O
A
D
G
\dm aoigdpmtaàjanmnl lotrl g slu oûijlg `ísaig l g slu erupg nl lo - I
M
cgqul praoiapmj arí rlsujtmr ld udm cmjtm nl liíiam imusmong aolriam l, N
G
S
pgtloiamjdlotl, m dgrtl ng pjmotag nm aerlkm. J
M
-
G
I
Ajustrmåég; A
J
@
\d erupg `ísaig nl quloamogs jgimjazgu udm `ljm aerlkm pmrm mjuemr ld Û
R
ud su`ûràg nl udm ermonl ianmnl ngs Lstmngs \oangs. G cuonmngr nm 9
»
O
aerlkm lstmvm igovloiang nl qul aramd slr `ld suilnangs ld mjimoåmr m G
Y
pgpujmåég ngs mrrlnlngrls nm aerlkm. Caljdlotl ljls `mtlrmd oms pgrtms, Y
M
R
aocgrdmong m igduoanmnl nl sum ogvm aerlkm l igovanmong-gs m pmrtaiapmr.
G pmstgr lstmvm ilrtg nl qul sum pmaxég pgr Irastg slram igotmeamotl l m
igduoanmnl lstmram m`lrtm pmrm igoerlemr igd ljls. Mpùs crlqulotmr m
aerlkm, gs vasatmotls nlsig`rarmd qul lrm udm aerlkm nl iujturm mcraimom
(quloamom), pgr sums vlstadlotms,
vlstadlotms, dûsaim, jäoeum l igdanm. Fmvam udm
nlsigolxég! Olofudm mjdm cga mjimoåmnm.
Igdg pgnlram lstl pjmotag nl aerlkm tlr mkustmng slu erupg nl locgqul
pmrm lxplradlotmr ud daoastárag dmas crutäclrg7
ÂRGY NL RJMOÂGY NL AEPLKM

RJMOÂG NL AEPLKM ELGEPÍCAIG
Ogs nlsäeoags nl Nlus, nlvldgs tlstlduofmr gonl vavldgs. Klsus grnl-
ogu mg lonldgoaofmng ‚Sí pmrm imsm, pmrm m sum cmdäjam l mouoial-jfls
quég ermonls igasms g Ylofgr clz pgr vgië l igdg tlvl daslraiùrnam nl
vgië— ’ Dmrigs <;=1.
‚Fí ud ermonl trm`mjfg m slr clatg, l sl vgië vma mtá g slu vazaofg igd
ud igrmåég iíjang l iflag nl mdgr, vgië oég mifm qul pgnl loigotrmr m
ifmvl pmrm m`rar g igrmåég ng slu vazaofg7— (UFA^L, Ljjlo E., Plvalw mon
Flrmjn, 06 nl Dmag nl =661).
Yl vgië igdlåm g slu daoastárag og slu `marrg, igdg, rlmjastaimdlotl,
vgië pgnlram lsplrmr qul slus vazaofgs nlsirlotls narakmd 92 daoutgs
(igdg vgië) pmrm crlqulotmr udm aerlkm mnvlotastm7
39
G
^ Sgië mtá pgnlrí loigotrmr mjeuos pguigs qul lstmramd naspgstgs, dms
O
L
D
pmrm slr dmas limz l dmas m`rmoelotl, nlvl fmvlr udm aerlkm qul slkm
M
Å
milssävlj pmrm gs nlsirlotls. Rrliasmdgs loigotrí-jgs gonl ljls lstég.
O
M Lstl á g mreudlotg dmas cgrtl m cmvgr ng pjmotag nl aerlkms.
J
G
M
G
• Gs nlsirlotls nlvld tlr udm aerlkm nlotrg nm prgxadanmnl elg -
^
O
L
eríim nl sum imsm, m =< daoutgs nl nastàoiam, og díxadg.
D
M
K
L • Mjád nassg, gs nlsirlotls nlvld tlr milssg m udm aerlkm qul á
O
M
J
iujturmjdlotl rljlvmotl pmrm ljls.
R
G
N
;
Ajustrmåég;
Y
M
K
Lsplrmr qul gs valtomdatms crlqulotld udm igoerlemåég qumong oég
L
P
E
lxastl udm jaoeumeld igdud, m dûsaim á naclrlotl, m igdanm tmd`ád á
A
P naclrlotl, lti. Oég á udm lxplitmtavm rlmjastm, dlsdg qul m aerlkm lstlkm
M
^
O
m pguigs pmssgs nl nastàoiam.
M
J
R
M ‚Ms sldlotls nm vlrnmnl prliasmd slr sldlmnms ld ilotrgs qul
P
M
R oég cgrmd trm`mjfmngs... Nlslovgjvl ud lspäratg dassagoírag m g`rm
Y
G ld ogvms jgimjanmnls. G legäsdg nl dmotlr ermonls erupgs rlu-
Y
Y
M oangs oég á pjmog ng Ylofgr. Lotrma ld imnm ogvg juemr qul slkm
R
pgssävlj, l igdlåma m g`rm nl aostruar oms vazaofmoåms gs qul maonm
oég guvarmd m vlrnmnl.— (UFA^L, Ljjlo E., Lvmoeljasdg, píe. 91).
Klsus nlaxgu ud pjmog nldgeríig igdg lstrmtáeam mgs Ylus nasiäpujgs;
• ‚Dms rlil`lrlas pgnlr qumong g Lspäratg Ymotg nlsilr sg`rl vùs8 l
slr-dl-las tlstlduofms, ld Klrusmjád, ld tgnm m Kunáam l Ymdmram,
l mtá gs igoos nm tlrrm.— (Mtgs =;6).
 Klrusmjád - Iujturmjdlotl sldljfmotl, gonl vgië vavl8
 Kunáam - Iujturmjdlotl sldljfmotl, elgermimdlotl prùxadg8
 Ymdmram - Iujturmjdlotl naclrlotl, elgermimdlotl prùxadg8
 Igoos nm tlrrm - Iujturmjdlotl naclrlotl, elgermimdlotl nas-
tmotl.
Yum Klrusmjád; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWW
‚M dasség ng jmr lstlonl-sl pmrm mjád ng iäriujg ngs slus dld-
`rgs. G jmr irastég nlvl slr udm jaåég prítaim qul pgofm ld rljlvg m
lxiljëoiam ngs praoiäpags vlrnmnlargs nm vanm. Yldljfmotl lxldpjg
slrí og duong udm cgråm pmrm g `ld. X...T \dm cmdäjam `ld grnl-
omnm, `ld nasiapjaomnm , cmjm dmas ld cmvgr ng irastamoasdg ng qul
tgngs gs slrdüls qul sl pgssmd prlemr .— (UFA^L, Ljjlo E., G Jmr
3> Mnvlotastm, píe. >>).
Igdg g slu jmr RGNL sl tgromr udm `msl pmrm ud daoastárag igd slus G
N
M
vazaofgs l igjlems nl trm`mjfg7 I
A
C
A
^
O
Ajustrmåég; L
N
A
Igosanlrl rlmjazmr ld sum imsm udm rluoaég nlogdaomnm ‚m `loåég ng L
N
jmr—. Igovanl slus mdaegs, cmdajamrls, vazaofgs l igjlems nl trm`mjfg. G M
N
g`kltavg á nlnaimr sum imsm pmrm g daoastárag. O
A
D
G
I
(Rmrm g sledlotg sleuaotl, sl pgssävlj, tlofm ud dmpm nm sum rleaég M
N
naspgoävlj). G
S
J
M
-
Yum Kunáam; ]umas igduoanmnls ld sum írlm lstég m dmas nl =< daoutgs G
I
A
(nl imrrg) nl udm aerlkm mnvlotastm7 J
@
Û
R
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW 9
»
O
G
WWWW Y
Y
M
R
Yum Ymdmram; ]umas igduoanmnls pgnld lstmr oms prgxadanmnls nl udm
aerlkm mnvlotastm (=< daoutgs gu dlogs), dmas qul ség iujturmdlotl na-
clrlotls7
WWWW
Lxastl udm igduoanmnl lspliäim qul Nlus lstí igjgimong ld slu igrm-
åég pmrm mjimoåmr7 Rgr qul7
WWWW
Igoos nm ^lrrm; Igdg g slu pjmotag nl aerlkm pgnl sl lovgjvlr om prlem-
åég ng lvmoeljfg, mjád ngs jadatls nl sum írlm elgeríim7
WWWW
Ajustrmåég;
Daofm cmdäjam mpgam g Daoastárag nm MYMR (Mnvlotastms ng Yunlstl Msaíta-
ig Rrgkltg). ^ldgs
^ldgs aoilotavmng pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms l pjmotags nl aerlkm
m pmrtaiapmrld tmd`ád. \d ngs prgkltgs aotlrlssmotls á g nl cgrolilr
iaijgdgtgrls pmrm jlaegs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms, mkunmong-jfls m iflemr
igd m prlemåég ng lvmoeljfg m mjnlams rldgtms. Fí duatms l logrdls
olilssanmnls l pgrtms lstég sl m`raong ld pmäsls qul igstudlarmdlotl
tëd sang `mstmotl rlsastlotls igd g lvmoeljfg.
3<
G
^ Igosujtl g Mpëonail N pmrm dmas aocgrdmåüls sg`rl igdg vgië pgnl sl
O
L
D
lovgjvlr ld ud nlssls prgkltgs.
M
Å
O
M
RJMOÂG NL AEPLKMY I\J^\PMAY
J
G
M Erupgs nl adaermotls;
G
^
O
Rmssgms ld trmosaåég ség crlqulotldlotl ms dmas rlilptavms m mjeg ogvg
L
D ld sums vanms. Mquljls qul adaermrmd pmrm ud pmäs lstrmoelarg ùsimong
M
K
L udm ‚vanm dljfgr—maonm tëd rmäzls prgcuonms ld slu pmäs nl graeld.
O
M
J Duatgs trm`mjfmd nurg pmrm emofmr naoflarg m d nl lovamr pmrm mpgamr
R
G gs dld`rgs nl sum cmdäjam qul imrmd nlsmdpmrmngs. Ld slu ogvg pmäs
N
;
Y
sl nlpmrmd igd igstudls naclrlotls, loqumotg jutmd pmrm mprlonlr udm
M
K
L ogvm jäoeum.
P
E
A
P
M
Cuonmr aerlkms lotrl adaermotls nl pradlarm elrmåég mkunm m lstm`ljlilr
^
O udm jaemåég lotrl m iujturm qul ljls nlaxmrmd pmrm trís l m ogvm iujturm m
M
J
R qul lstég sl mnmptmong. Og prgilssg, sl jfls mprlslotm m Klsus l m ogvm
M
P
M
vanm qul Ljl gclrlil, trmosilonl m tgnm iujturm.
R
Y
G
Y
• Om aotrgnuåég nlstl dmoumj, nlstmimdgs qul prliasmdgs ngs jla-
Y
M
R
egs pmrm pjmotmr aerlkms. Gs erupgs nl adaermotls lstég migstudm-
ngs, ld slus pmäsls nl graeld, igd gs moiaégs (jlaegs) naraeaong
m aerlkm. Gs nastratgs pmstgrmas pgnld slr tég ermonls qul âs vlzls
iflemd m tlr 02-92 aerlkms. Nlvang m lssm dlotmjanmnl, á duatg
cíiaj loigotrmr jlaegs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms lotrl gs erupgs nl
adaermotls. ]ul `loåég! ]umotg dmas tldpg gs aonavänugs cmåmd
pmrtl nl ud dgnljg nlplonlotl ng pmstgr, dlogs prg`màjanmnl
fí nl qul ljls nlëd ud pmssg pmrm mvmoåmr.
mvmoåmr.
• \dm rljmåég pgsatavm igd m aerlkm-dél á duatg `loáim og imsg
nm pjmotmåég nl aerlkms igd adaermotls. Gs jfgs ngs adaermotls
sl mnmptmd rmpanmdlotl m ogvm iujturm l mprllonld g ogvg anag-
dm tmd`ád rmpanmdlotl. Lxastl mqua tmd`ád udm gpgrtuoanmnl
nl irlsiadlotg pmrm m lsigjm nm aerlkm, imsg ljm lxastm.
Ajustrmåég;
Og lstmng ng ^lxms, ogs Lstmngs \oangs, lu aostaemvm imnm aerlkm qul cm-
jmvm aoejës pmrm igosanlrmr m anlam nl ud pjmotag nl aerlkm faspmom nlotrg
nl sums aostmjmåüls. M `msl pgpujmiagomj faspmom á ermonl g suialotl,
om dmagram nms igduoanmnls ng ^lxms, pmrm mpgamr ud pjmotag nl aerlkm.
Mquljms aerlkms qul g zlrmd, tavlrmd ud rlsujtmng ermtaimotl l dutu -
mdlotl `loáig.
33
G
Plspgosmàjanmnls Nldgeríims nm Aerlkm Jgimj N
M
I
A
Á adpgrtmotl qul imnm aerlkm jgimj lotlonm qul vavl nlotrg ng mjimoil C
A
^
O
nl sum igoerlemåég. ]umas iujturms lstég rlprlslotmnms nlotrg nl sum L
N
A
igduoanmnl7 L
N
M
N
O
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW A
D
G
I
M
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW N
G
S
J
M
-
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW G
I
A
J
@
Lstl á g tlrratùrag qul Nlus jfl igogu. Yl lssms slrég mjimoåm-
lssms plssgms slrég Û
R
nms, quld dmas cmrí assg mjád nl vgië7 Ylrí rlspgosmàjanmnl nm Mssgiam- 9
»
O
åég G\ nm aerlkm jgimj7 G
Y
Y
Erupgs nl Plcueamngs; M
R
G duong vlag mtá oùs!

 Ngs nlz pmäsls qul rlmjazmd prgermdms nl rlaostmjmåég, gs Lstm-
ngs \oangs milatmd dmas qul g ng`rg ng oûdlrg nl rlcueamngs
milatgs pljgs gutrgs ogvl pmäsls igdàomngs. (DRA - Cgotl nl
Aocgrdmåüls nl Adaermåég).
 Ogs Lstmngs \oangs, ms omturmjazmåüls irlsilrmd m ud ratdg rl-
igrnl lotrl 0223 l 0226 igd ud tgtmj nl 0,> dajfüls nl ada -
ermotls sl tgromong ogvgs ianmnégs mdlraimogs. (Lsiratùrag nl
lstmtästaim sg`rl adaermåég ngs L\M).
‚Ld Yum prgvanëoiam, Nlus tld trmzang gs fgdlos m ogssms prùrpams
pgrtms, jmoåmong-gs, pgr mssad nazlr, ld ogssgs `rmågs, pmrm qul
mprlonmd m vlrnmnl, l slkmd fmàjatmngs m cmzlr udm g`rm qul oég
slram pgssävlj cmzlr ld jlvmr m juz mg pgvg nl gutrms jäoeums... Igdg
tlofg tlstaimng nurmotl mogs, imsg cþssldgs prgotgs ld nasilroar
ms pgrtms m`lrtms pljm prgvanëoiam nl Nlus, slrämdgs impmzls nl vlr
oms gpgrtuoanmnls qul sl dujtapjaimd pmrm ogs mprgxadmrdgs nl
duatg lstrmoelargs ngdaiajamngs om Mdáraim ud dlag navaomdlotl
nlsaeomng pmrm lstlonlr rmpanmdlotl m tlrilarm dlosmeld moeájaim
m tgnms ms omåüls nm ^lrrm—. (UFA^L, Ljjlo E., Lvmoeljasdg, píe.
>>1).
‚Nlus qulr qul Ylus slrvgs iudprmd pjlomdlotl slu nlvlr pmrm igd gs
aomnvlrtangs dajfüls nms ianmnls, l lspliamjdlotl pmrm igd gs qul val-
rmd nl tgnms ms omåüls nm ^lrrm
^lrrm m lssms ianmnls nl ogssg pmäs—. (UFA^L,
Ljjlo E., Lvmoeljasdg, píe. >>6). 35
G
^ Mtumjdlotl fí ud uxg nl rlcueamngs prgilnlotls nl Dymodmr (motaem
O
L
D
@ardàoam), Yunég, Mclemoastég l tlrratùrags pmjlstaogs. Slong m jastm ngs
M
Å pmäsls, igdg slram dmas cíiaj trm`mjfmr lotrl lssls erupgs nl plssgms, ld
O
M
J ogssg pmäs, ld vlz nl ogs pmäsls nljls7
G
M
G
^
]umas ms plrsplitavms qul vgië pgnl g`tlr nms iatmåüls ng javrg Lvmoel -
O
L
jasdg7
D
M
K
L Ajustrmåég;
O
M
J
Ms plssgms nm ianmnl nl Hmrlo qul ség ld sum dmagram, nl Dymodmr,
R
G
aoijuaong rlcueamngs mnvlotastms, graeaomjdlotl cgrmd lvmoeljazmngs pgr
N
;
Lrai @. Fmrl.
Y
M
K
L
P
Yl vgië qulr sm`lr dmas sg`rl igdg mjimoåmr gs erupgs nl rlcueamngs om
E
A Mdáraim ng Ogrtl, igosujtl g Mpëonail L nlstl dmoumj.
P
M
^
O
M
RJMOÂG NL AEPLKMY D\JÂI\J^\PMJ
J
R
M
P
Lu egstg nl ifmdmr; Aerlkms Dujtaiujturmas - M vmotmeld aolxpjgrmnm ng
M
R mnvlotasdg.
Y
G
Y
Y
M
M navlrsanmnl iujturmj á udm rlmjanmnl om qumj m ogssm sgialnmnl kí sl
R
migstudgu. ^ld adprleomng ogssms vanms; trm`mjfg, lsigjm, vazaofgs,
igdprms/oleùiags, tljlvaség/iaoldm. Gonl qulr qul gjfldgs ogs prao-
iapmas ilotrgs pgpujmiagomas ng duong, vldgs udm vmramnm dasturm nm
fudmoanmnl.
L igd m aerlkm, g qul
qul migotlil7 Sldgs udm navlrsanmnl iujturmj gu lx-
ijusavanmnl iujturmj7
Nloaåég nl udm aerlkm iujturmjdlotl navlrsm;
Olofud erupg átoaig igotm igd dmas nl 62% nl pmrtaiapmåég om aerlkm.
Igd `msl olstm nloaåég, mtrmvás nl jaofms nlogdaomiagomas ogs Lstmngs
\oangs, dlogs nl <% nms igoerlemåüls ség ltoaimdlotl navlrsms. Dl -
tmnl nlstms igoerlemåüls lstég cmzlong m trmosaåég nl udm iujturm pmrm
gutrm. Ogtmvljdlotl, dlogs nl 9% nlstms igoerlemåüls ség aotloiagomj-
dlotl navlrsms l pgnld slr igosanlrmnms aerlkms dujtaátoaims.
G qul naz ms Lsiraturms sg`rl m navlrsanmnl om aerlkm7
‚M daofm imsm slrí ifmdmnm imsm nl grmåég pmrm tgngs gs pgvgs...—
...— ’
Dmrigs ==;=5
‚L nl \D sù smoeul clz tgnm m elrmåég ngs fgdlos, pmrm fmàtmr sg`rl
tgnm cmil nm tlrrm...— ’ Mtgs =5;03
‚Oég fí kunlu old erleg8 oég fí slrvg old javrl8 oég fí dmifg old
36 cëdlm8 pgrqul tgngs vùs sgas \D ld Irastg Klsus.— ’ Eíjmtms 9;06
Lxldpjgs @ä`jaigs nl Navlrsanmnl; G
N
M
I
A
 Rlotligstls ? Mtgs 0;<-== C
A
^
O
 Motagquam ? Mtgs ==;=1-03 L
N
A
 Cajapgs ? Mtgs =3 L
N
M
N
O
A
Nasiusség ld Erupg; D
G
I
Igd `msl ogs praoiäpags l lxldpjgs nms Lsiraturms, kuotmdlotl igd ms M
N
rlmjanmnls nm sgialnmnl, pgr qul maonm lxastld tég pguims igoerlemåüls G
S
J
dujtaiujturmas7 M
-
G
I
A
J
Igdg á qul m Aerlkm Mnvlotastm ng Yátadg Nam rlltl m navlrsanmnl igd - @
Û
R
pmrmnm m gutrms nlogdaomåüls7 (Dmrqul igd ud ud iäriujg m rlspgstm qul 9
»
vgië mirlnatm slr m dljfgr); O
G
Y
Y
M
RAGP AE\MJ DLJFGP R
Ajustrmåég;
Loqumotg lu lrm pmstgr nm Aerlkm Mnvlotastm ng Yátadg Nam nl Paifmrnsgo,
udm igoerlemåég igd dmas nl 9< omiagomjanmnls rlprlslotmnms og Ogrtl
nl Nmjjms, og ^lxms,
^lxms, igovanla ud erupg lvmoeájaig nl kgvlos-mnujtgs pmrm
igdpmrtajfmr slus ngos dusaimas igd m igoerlemåég. Cga udm logrdl
`loåég! ]umong ljls dl iudpradlotmrmd om pgrtm mpùs g iujtg nl mng -
rmåég, ljls tmd`ád lstmvmd lotusamsdmngs igd m lxplraëoiam. ‚Rmstgr,
ouoim vadgs tmotm navlrsanmnl ld olofudm nms aerlkms qul imotmdgs mgs
ngdaoegs. Oùs mdmdgs! ]umj á m naclrloåm igd gs mnvlotastms7 — Caqula
surprlsg igd m g`slrvmåég. Dmas tmrnl, rlltaong sg`rl g igdlotírag,
plrilà qul ljls lstmvmd ilrtgs. Ms aerlkms qul lstmvmd prùxadms m oùs
lrmd dmas nl 1<% moejg-smxüls. Og lotmotg, m igduoanmnl ng lotgrog
lrm navlrsaimnm. M igoerlemåég mnvlotastm cga m qul dljfgr rlltau m na -
vlrsanmnl om igduoanmnl. \dm gutrm moíjasl nl gutrms aerlkms mnvlotastms
nm írlm dltrgpgjatmom igordgu lstm g`slrvmåég.
Rgr qul vgië mirlnatm qul ms aerlkms mnvlotastms tlonld m slr dmas navlr-
saimnms ld sum igdpgsaåég (pmrtaiujmrdlotl ld írlms dltrgpgjatmoms)7
Nlvlramd tgnms ms aerlkms slr dujtaátoaims7
Fí trës lxilåüls;
 Purmas ’ Igduoanmnl nl udm sù ltoam8
 Cmjtm nl udm jaoeumeld igdud8
 Erupgs nl adaermotls nl pradlarm elrmåég8
31
G
^ Yl g pgtloiamj ng slu pjmotag nl aerlkm oég sl loimaxm ld udm nms trës
O
L
D
imtlegrams miadm, igosanlrl slramdlotl m pgssaàjanmnl nl iflemr m slr
M
Å udm aerlkm dujtaátoaim.
O
M
J
G
M
M navlrsanmnl nlvl slr ILJL@PMNM l vastm igdg udm GRGP^\OANMNL
G
^
nl irlsiadlotg nm aerlkm!
O
L
D
M
Smotmelos
Smotmelos nl tlr udm aerlkm dujtaátoaim;
K
L
O
M
J
• Ljm nldgostrm m aoijuség ng lvmoeljfg8
R
G
N
• Ljm loraqulil m mngrmåég mtrmvás nm lxprlsség dusaimj iramtavm8
;
Y
M
• Ljm trmz anlams l plrsplitavms qul vëd nl gutrms vasüls nl duong8
K
L
P
E
• Astg rlsujtm ld rlclaåüls nljaiagsms igd igdpmoflrasdg8
A
P
M
• Ljm lstlonl ogssm zgom nl igocgrtg l merlem vmjgr âs ogssms vanms8
^
O
M
J
R
Gatg anlams pmrm mkunmr m dgjnmr m navlrsanmnl nl sum aerlkm;
M
P
M
R
=. Nlsml gs dld`rgs m cmzlr ud lscgråg lspliamj pmrm rlil`lr l
Y
G
cmzlr mdazmnl igd tgngs gs rliád-iflemngs qul rlprlslotld gu-
Y
Y
M
trms ltoams, pmrm qul sl saotmd `ld-vaongs l aoijuängs om ‚cmdä -
R
jam—.
0. Aoilotavl gs dld`rgs m nlslovgjvlr mdazmnls igd plssgms nl
gutrms ltoams ld slu jgimj nl trm`mjfg. Assg pgnl slr mprgcuonmng
mtrmvás nm aotlrmåég sgiamj cgrm ng trm`mjfg ld írlms nl aotlrlssl
igdud. Dgstrl aotlrlssl om iujturm nljls!
9. Igovanl erupgs dusaimas qul rlprlslotmd gutrms ltoams pmrm tgimr
ld sum aerlkm. Lstls, aoaiamjdlotl, prliasmd var nl gutrms aerlkms
mnvlotastms nm rleaég gu mtá dlsdg nl udm írlm dltrgpgjatmom
oms prgxadanmnls.
>. Sí ld vameld dassagoíram nm aerlkm pmrm gutrg pmäs (lspliamjdlo-
tl sl ljl rlprlslotm ud erupg átoaig qul lstí prlslotl ld sum
igduoanmnl). Ylu aotlrlssl om iujturm nljls slrvarí pmrm igostruar
pgotls nl dmolarm surprllonlotl!
<. Plmjazl udm clarm aotlromiagomj nl mjadlotgs. Assg pgnl lxaear qul
trm`mjfl ld iggplrmåég igd gutrms aerlkms mnvlotastms nm rleaég.
Á pgssavlj m pmrtaiapmåég nl plssgms qul oég ség dld`rgs nm
aerlkm olstl lvlotg. Gs lstmonls pgnld slr nligrmngs nl cgrdm
iramtavm pmrm rlprlslotmr g pmäs l nlvld gclrlilr vírags tapgs nl
mjadlotgs omiagomas pmrm vlonm.
52
3. Rjmolkl ud sí`mng nl iljl`rmåég (clstm) átoaim. ^gnms ms ltoams G
N
M
rlprlslotmnms ld sum igoerlemåég nlvld slr rlprlslotmnms igd I
A
C
A
nlstmqul olstl sí`mng lspliamj; ^
O
L
N
A
 Dûsaim lspliamj, grmåég, lti, om jäoeum omtavm l trmnuzanm L
N
pmrm g pgrtueuës8 M
N
O
A
 \smr ms rgupms trmnaiagomas pmrm m aerlkm8 D
G
I
 Rrlpmrmr igdanm omtavm pmrm udm rlclaåég kuotgs (ljls ség M
N
moadmngs pmrm assg!)8 G
S
J
 Yljliagomr ud prgkltg dassagoírag ld mjeud ngs pmäsls M
-
G
rlprlslotmngs pmrm mpgamrld omoilarmdlotl mtrmvás nl I
A
J
udm gclrtm lspliamj8 @
Û
R
9
ADRGP^MO^L; Loigrmkl gs slus dld`rgs m igovanmrld
igovanmrld slus mdaegs
mdaegs qul »
O
oég ség nm aerlkm nlotrg ng erupg nl iujturm nlstmimng. G
Y
Y
M
R
5. Igovanl ud lvmoeljastm nl gutrm omiagomjanmnl pmrm rlmjazmr rlu-
oaüls lvmoeljästaims nl igjflatm ld sum aerlkm8
6. ]umong aonavänugs nl navlrsms ltoams igdlåmd m tgromr-sl pmrtl
nl sum aerlkm, ilrtaqul-sl nl lovgjvë-jgs om janlrmoåm nm aerlkm
(aoijusavl moiaégs l dld`rgs nm igdasség nm aerlkm)8
Iariujl nums nms anlams miadm qul vgië egstmram nl aoigrpgrmr ld slu
pjmotag nl aerlkm.
Anlam Rraoiapmj;
Yl vgië qulr qul g slu pjmotag nl aerlkm sl tgrol navlrsaimng,
navlrsaimng, assg nlvl
slr rlltang nlotrg ng slu oûijlg nl mpgag `ísaig!
Ajustrmåég;
G pjmotag nm aerlkm Caj-Md ld Ymo Motgoag, og ^lxms, L\M, omsilu m pmrtar
nl udm aerlkm-dél ltoaimdlotl navlrsm. \d erupg saeoaimtavg nl japa -
ogs crlqulotmvmd m aerlkm-dél l slotarmd qul ud pjmotag nl aerlkm cgimng
ld sum iujturm slram `mstmotl limz. Og lotmotg, qumong ljls igdlåmrmd
m nlslovgjvlr gs pjmogs pmrm g pjmotag, aonavänugs nl gutrms iujturms ig-
dlåmrmd m dgstrmr aotlrlssl ld pmrtaiapmr. Adlnamtmdlotl sl clz udm
dunmoåm lstrmtáeaim l g ogdl ‚aotlromiagomj— cga mnaiagomng mg prgkltg.
Yl tgromrmd udm aerlkm dujtaátoaim, igd pguig sm`gr japaog. Gs moiaégs
cgrmd lsigjfangs rlltaong lssm navlrsanmnl; ngas japaogs, ud moejg-sm -
xég l ud imra`lofg. Igdg g erupg irlsilu, cga mnaiagomng ud moiaég
faspàoaig. Fgkl, lstm aerlkm, qul tld udm crlquëoiam nl =62 dld`rgs,
tld ilrim nl >2% japaogs, igd ud smjng nl mngrmngrls qul rlprlslo -
tmd 0< gutrms omiagomjanmnls. Ljls lstég lxplradlotmong ms `loåégs nm
navlrsanmnl! 5=
G
^ Rgr qul á adpgrtmotl qul g oûijlg nm janlrmoåm rlatm g locgqul praoiapmj
O
L
D
ng pjmotag7
M
Å
O
M Ogtm; M aerlkm mnvlotastm locrlotm nlsmgs pmrm mjimoåmr m dmagram nm
J
G
M
pgpujmåég ld mjeuos pmäsls. ^mjvlz g pjmotag nl aerlkms dujtaátoaims slkm
G
^
m ifmvl pmrm sl tgromr dmas limz olstm nldgermm. Anlmjdlotl, m navlr-
O
L sanmnl nlvl lstmr prlslotl og erupg `ísaig nlsnl g aoäiag.
D
M
K
L
O
Igdg g igoilatg ng pjmotag dujtaátoaig sl mkustm og slu igotlxtg7
M
J
R
G
Cmzlong m sum lsigjfm
N
;
Y
M
G prgilssg nl lsigjfm ld quld vgië vma igoilotrmr g slu lscgråg pradí-
K
L rag á ud pmssg adpgrtmotl qul duatgs pjmotags nl aerlkm aeogrmd. Ljls sl
P
E
A tgromd elolrmjastm og slu locgqul l cmjtm-jfls pmaxég l narlåég. Lstl slram
P
M
^
ud `gd dgdlotg og prgilssg nl slu oûijlg `ísaig (cuonmngr), pmrm tarmr
O
M
J
ud nam nl grmåég l klkud plnaong m Nlus qul jfl dgstrl ld qul narlåég
R
M
vgië nlvl cgimr sums lolreams. Igosanlrl m pgssaàjanmnl nl nmr m imnm
P
M
R
dld`rg ng erupg `ísaig lstungs nldgeríigs qul pgssmd mkuní-jgs m
Y
G
slrld aotloiagomas ld slu tldpg nl grmåég.
Y
Y
M
R L lotég, vgië vma melonmr ud nam nl klkud l grmåég cgimng ld slu erupg
`ísaig7
Yad Oég
Ld imsg mrdmtavg, qumong slrí assg7
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW (nmtm).
]umj slrí g slu erupg nl locgqul7
]ul daoastárags lspliäigs jfl mkunmrég m mjimoåmr lstl erupg7 Jastl >
O» = WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 0 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
O» 9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» > WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Igdg á qul vgië vma locmtazmr m mdazmnl igdg g praoiapmj dátgng pmrm
qul g slu pjmotag nl aerlkm irlsåm7
50
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AOI\@MÅÉG IGD G OÛIJLG ILO^PMJ L

I
G
L
J
I
Û
O
G
\d pjmotag nl aerlkms
aerlkms limzls adpjaim ld nadaouar m vljgianmnl og aoäiag, D
G
I
m d nl miljlrmr dmas tmrnl. G adpgrtmotl á g prgilssg nl aoiu`måég. G
É
Å
^räpjail Igrgm mg tlrda-
Ld =159, g imvmjg nl igrranm Ylirltmramt emofgu m ^räpjail M
@
\
omr 9= pás â crlotl nl slu igoigrrlotl dmas prùxadg ld @ljdgot Ytmhls. I
O
A
Igd assg, ljl emofgu m rlputmåég igdg g imvmjg dmas rípang nm fastùram. >
»
\d pmnrég aoigdud qul Ylirltmramt usmvm lrm jmremr nlvmemr, duatms vl- O
G
zls igrrlong ld ûjtadg juemr nurmotl m dmagr pmrtl nm igrranm. ]umong Y
Y
M
m igrranm kí sl mprgxadmvm nm rltm omj, Ylirltmramt mtaoeam slu muel l R
cmiajdlotl pmssmvm gs gutrgs imvmjgs pmrm ud omj nrmdítaig. Ljl igdl-

åmvm jlotg, m d nl miljlrmr og omj. Lstl igoilatg á cuonmdlotmj pmrm g
pjmotag nl aerlkms limzls! Igdlåmong duatg rmpanmdlotl pgnl rlsujtmr
ld oég tlrdaomr `ld gu mtá dlsdg m`mongoí-jg tgtmjdlotl. Ylr dmas
lstrmtáeaig l aotloiagomj og aoäiag (jlotg) arí prgnuzar udm dmagr igjflatm
pmrm g Plaog nl Nlus pmrm m jgoeg prmzg, miljlrmr.
miljlrmr.
Cuonmdlotg @ä`jaig
Rmssmeld Ifmvl; Mtgs =3;3-=98
‚L og nam nl Yí`mng smädgs cgrm nms pgrtms, pmrm m `larm ng rag, gonl sl
igstudmvm cmzlr grmåég8 l, msslotmong-ogs cmjmdgs âs dujflrls qul mjä sl
mkuotmrmd.— ’ Mtgs =3;=98
\d erupg `ísaig nl dujflrls áas sl rluoam l grmvm plnaong m Nlus pmrm
mkuní-jms m iflemr â sum ianmnl.
m. Oég fmvam olofudm igoerlemåég olstl juemr8
`. Oég fmvam sang lreuanm olofudm aerlkm (prliasmvm-sl nl nlz fg-
dlos kunlus pmrm igostruar udm saomegem ’ gonl Rmujg igdlåmvm
slu trm`mjfg ld ud ogvg tlrratùrag)
i. Lvanlotldlotl lssms dujflrls sleuarmd m mndglstmåég nl Klsus
pmrm ‚grmr pgr g`rlargs— ’ Dmtlus 1;96.
Cuonmr Aerlkms á udm mvloturm naraeanm pljg Lspäratg Ymotg. (Mtgs =3;3-=2)
m. G Lspäratg clifgu m pgrtm pmrm gutrgs jgimas om Ísam. Mtgs =3;3-58
`. G fgdld dmilnþoag, prgvmvljdlotl rlprlslotmvm gs nlsirlotls
nl Cajapgs. ]umong Rmujg iflegu, gs ûoaigs irlotls lrmd dujfl-
rls. Mtgs =3;1-=28 5<
G
^ i. M iflemnm nl Rmujg m Cajapgs, sleuaong g ifmdmng ng dmilnþoa-
O
L
D
ig, cga udm rlspgstm narltm âs grmåüls nms dujflrls8
M
Å
O
n. G Lspäratg Ymotg kí lstmvm trm`mjfmong igd ud erupg nl dujflrls
M
J qul cgrdmrmd g oûijlg `ísaig nm ogvm igoerlemåég8
G
M
G l. Nlus kuotgu ngas erupgs (ms dujflrls qul grmvmd l m lquapl nl
^
O
L
pjmotag nl Rmujg) ld ud igdprgdassg navaog pmrm m Yum g`rm.
D
M
K
L Gs rlsujtmngs nms grmåüls l m narlåég ng Lspäratg Ymotg zlrmd igd qul m
O
M
J aerlkm qul lstmvm slong pjmotmnm cgssl udm aerlkm smunívlj.
R
G
N
m. ‚Ngu ermåms mg dlu Nlus tgnms ms vlzls qul dl jld`rg nl vùs...—
;
Y
M
’ Cajaplosls =;98
K
L
P ‚Rgrtmotg, dlus mdmngs l dua qulrangs ardégs, daofm mjleram l
E
A
P
igrgm...— ’ Cajaplosls >;=8
M
^
O
M
‚X...T Dlus iggplrmngrls, iukgs ogdls lstég og javrg nm vanm...—
J
R ’ Cajaplosls >;98
M
P
M `. M aerlkm lrm navlrsaimnm ltoaim, lnuimiagomj l ligogdaimdlotl.
R
Y
G i. \dm vlz qul m aerlkm cga pjmotmnm, fguvl irlsiadlotg mtrmvás nl
Y
Y
M
igovlrsüls adlnamtms. ’ Mtgs =3;=< l 99.
R
n. Omnm nl olemtavg
olemtavg cga lsiratg pgr
pgr Rmujg mg m`grnmr
m`grnmr m aerlkm duatg
duatg
smunívlj, qul lstmvm slong pjmotmnm ld Cajapgs.
Ogtm; Igdg rlsujtmng pgr sleuar g ifmdmng nl Nlus, Rmujg l Yajms cgrmd
kgemngs om praség. Lstl cga ud rlvás mpmrlotl, dms rlsujtgu om igovlrség
ng imrilrlarg nl Cajapgs (g fgdld nm Dmilnþoam, om vaség nl Rmujg7) l
sum cmdäjam. ]umong Nlus ifmdm, pgnldgs lsplrmr nlsmgs l igotrmtld-
pgs. Og lotmotg, lssms mnvlrsanmnls pgnld slrvar pmrm cgrtmjlilr m ogssm
cá l, omjdlotl, vma mkunmr m dgvlr m g`rm nl Nlus pmrm crlotl.
]ul aonaimåüls vgië tld nl qul g Lspäratg Ymotg lstí tl naraeaong pmrm
gonl ljl qulr qul vgië ví7 ]umas pgrtms cgrmd
cgrmd clifmnms l qumas cgrmd
m`lrtms7
]ul igotrmtldpgs
igotrmtldpgs mpmrlotls vgië lstí locrlotmong7 Igdg Nlus pgnlram
usmr lstl mpmrlotl
mpmrlotl rlvás pmrm mkunmr-jfl
mkunmr-jfl m irlsilr l, mssad, prgdgvlr m
Yum g`rm7
Ajustrmåég;
Admeaol ngas kgvlos qul sl loigotrmd l lxplradlotmd g qul á nlogda-
omng, ‚mdgr â pradlarm vastm—. Om vlrnmnl, m quädaim á tég plrclatm qul
ljls nlianld sl imsmr om sldmom sleuaotl. Imdaofmong oms ouvlos, ljls
mssaomd slu imsmdlotg iavaj namotl nl ud kuaz nl pmz l plemd m lstrmnm
53 pmrm sum jum-nl-dlj ngs sgofgs.
M
P
^
]umas ms naiujnmnls, vgië admeaom, qul lstl imsmj vma lxplradlotmr7 O
L
I
G
Nlvang â pmaxég l g nlslkg nl vlr mjeg migotlilr adlnamtmdlotl, duatgs L
J
I
pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms imld om mrdmnajfm nl jmoåmr slu pjmotag duatg Û
O
rmpanmdlotl. Mssad igdg ud imsmdlotg mprlssmng, ljls vég locrlotmr G
naiujnmnls qul pgnlramd tlr sang lvatmnms sl tavlssld tang dmas tldpg D
G
I
pmrm lstm`ljlilr udm `msl sùjanm. M pmaxég pgnl nlsmpmrlilr rmpanmdlotl G
É
qumong gs tldpgs nacäilas valrld. G pjmotag nl aerlkms lstí om jaofm nl Å
M
@
crlotl nm `mtmjfm ld tlrratùrag aoadaeg... Gs mtmquls ség emrmotangs! ‚Ols- \
I
O
tl duong tlrlas traùjmåüls...— ’ Kgég =3;99. A
>
»
O
Anlam Ifmvl; G
Y
Y
M cmjtm nl aoiu`måég ld ud pjmotag nl aerlkms á ud mtmjfg pgtloiamjdlotl M
R
jltmj qul gigrrl igd nldmsamnm crlquëoiam. Á udm nms rmzüls dmas ig-
duos igd qul sl jutm ogs pjmotags nl aerlkms.
AOI\@MÅÉG; \D RPGILYYG ADRGP^MO^L OM

OM^\PL[M
M aoiu`måég á g prgilssg nl prlpmrmåég qul migotlil nlotrg nl udm dél
motls nljm nmr â juz. M nurmåég nm aoiu`måég (igrrltmdlotl rlclranm igdg
elstmåég) vmram lotrl gs moadmas. Sgië pgnl mnavaofmr igrrltmdlotl m nu-
rmåég nm ermvanlz, ‚aoiu`måég—, ngs moadmas m`maxg rljmiagomngs7 (^rmil
udm jaofm ng moadmj mg plrägng igrrltg nl sum elstmåég)
Fudmogs • • >0< nams
@mjlam • • 30> nams
Earmcm • • =26 nams
Imvmjg • • 033 nams
Jlég • • 0= nams
Iég • • 993 nams
Ljlcmotl • • 932 nams
Pmtg • • 39 nams
Aerlkm WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Rmrm ms rlspgstms igrrltms, igosujtl g Mpëonail C.
Om omturlzm, udm dél aoiu`m sum iram ld prlpmrmåég pmrm g omsiadlotg.
Yleuaong lssl dgnljg, ogvms aerlkms emofmrég cgråm l mjadlotg pgr tlr ud
plrägng nl aoiu`måég motls ng jmoåmdlotg. 55
G
^ ]umong gs pjmotags nl aerlkms oég pmssmd pgr ud plrägng nl aoiu`måég,
O
L
D
mutgdmtaimdlotl ms igoslquëoiams rlsanumas igdlåmd m adpmitmr m kg-
M
Å vld aerlkm.
O
M
J
G
M
Plsujtmngs nm cmjtm nl aoiu`måég
G
^ Jlam aonavanumjdlotl, rlatm l rlmjil gs pgotgs ifmvls;
O
L
D
M
K
=. Sujolrmàjanmnl; Rjmotags nl aerlkms pgnld slr vujolrívlas m aona-
L
O
M
vänugs qul tëd udm melonm prùpram nl igdg qulrld qul m aerlkm
J
R mvmoil. ^mas
^mas aonavänugs (qul oég ség lquaja`rmngs) lstég â prgiurm
G
N
;
nl erupgs qul jfls nmrí vgz l gpgrtuoanmnl. Rjmotags nl aerlkms
Y
M
K
qul oég tlofmd ijmrmdlotl nloangs quld ség l g qul qulrld,
L
P sl tgromrmd aovgjuotmramdlotl susiltävlas m ar pgr ud imdaofg
E
A
P
qul oaoeuád fmvam admeaomng qumong ljls igdlåmrmd. Lstls ao-
M
^
O
navänugs prlssagomd gutrgs m sl kuotmrld m ljls ld sum iruzmnm.
M
J
R
M
]umas ség mjeuos ngs igdpgrtmdlotgs qul ud aonavänug nlvl tlr ld ‚sa-
P
M
R
omj nl mjlrtm—, qul pgnlram aovamàjazmr pgr igdpjltg g pjmotag nl aerlkms7
Y
G
Y
Y
M
R
WWWWW
0. Cmjtm nl Rmaxég gu Rmaxég daoadazmnm; Rmaxég á ud rlsujtmng nm
vaség. Yld vaség, gs vasatmotls l mtá gs dld`rgs vég igdlåmr m sl
plreuotmr pmrm gonl lstí aong m aerlkm7 G lotusamsdg aoaiamj pgnl
nlsmpmrlilr rmpanmdlotl.
Ld udm lsimjm nl = m =2, qumj á g oävlj nl pmaxég ld sum aerlkm7 ]umas
ség gs aonaimngrls qul vgië vë pmrm dlnar sl m pmaxég lstí mjtm gu `maxm7
WWWWW
9. Mpmtam; ]umong oég fí udm anlotanmnl ijmrmdlotl lstm`ljlianm
pmrm g pjmotag nl aerlkms, ms plssgms vég pmrtaiapmr igd lxplitm-
tavms plssgmas. ]umong lssms lxplitmtavms oég cgrld mtlonanms,
ljls sl nlsajunarég. Igdg rlsujtmng, ljls imrég crustrmngs l vgj -
tmrég igd qulaxms pmrm m aerlkm-dél.
]umas ség mjeudms lxplitmtavms rmzgívlas qul mjeudms plssgms trmzld
pmrm m aerlkm l, imsg oég slkmd smtasclatms, ljms mim`md ‚nlaxmong nl
jmng7—
WWWWW
Ajustrmåég; J
M
P
\dm lxplitmtavm ‚rmzgívlj— duatg igdud igd m qumj ms plssgms vëd pmrm ^
O
L
ud pjmotag nl aerlkms á qul ljl slrí udm iùpam nm aerlkm-dél. M aerlkm-dél I
G
oég nlvl natmr assg, pgas fí duatgs cmtgrls qul nltlrdaomd m anlotanmnl L
J
I
nl udm ogvm aerlkm. Yl g erupg `ísaig prgilssm `ld assg, ljl arí daoadazmr Û
O
lstl l gutrgs tapgs nl lxplitmtavms qul pgnld jlvmr â nlsajusüls. G
D
G
>. Däoadg Adpmitg om Igduoanmnl; Nlvang m cmjtm nl locgqul, á I
G
É
prgvívlj qul fmkm pguig (gu olofud) adpmitg om igjflatm. Igo- Å
M
sanlrmåüls ng daoastárag lstég `mslmnms ld gpaoaüls gu nlslkgs @
\
I
plssgmas ngs kí igovlrtangs. Igdg rlsujtmng, m aerlkm á arrljlvmotl O
A
>
pmrm ms olilssanmnls nm igduoanmnl. Ld vlz nl slrvar mgs gutrgs, »
O
g pjmotag nm aerlkm mim`m slrvaong-sl m sa dlsdg. G
Y
Y
M
]umas ség ms aonaimåüls nl qul m sum aerlkm á dassagomramdlotl limz7 R
WWWW
<. Lsegtmdlotg; G lsegtmdlotg mg cuonmr udm aerlkm á imusmng
praoiapmjdlotl pgr nums igasms; cmjtm nl lotrmnms l cmjtm nl rlsuj-
tmngs. \d plrägng nl aoiu`måég gclrlil m gpgrtuoanmnl pmrm udm
`msl mdpjm l ud slotang nl prgpralnmnl. Yld g nlslovgjvadlotg
nl ud pjmolkmdlotg lstrmtáeaig mnlqumng l udm janlrmoåm cgrtl,
gs dld`rgs ng erupg `ísaig mrimrég igd m imrem nl gplrmåég
sldmomj nm aerlkm. ]umong slus vmjlotls lscgrågs oég prgnuzld
rlsujtmngs tmoeävlas, tgromd-sl nlsmoadmngs, rlsujtmong ld ud
lsegtmdlotg nlsolilssírag sl sgdlotl fguvlssl pjmolkmng `ld.
]ul tapg nl igdpgrtmdlotg vgië lstí g`slrvmong qul pgnlram aonaimr ud
pgssävlj nlsemstl ld sum lquapl nl daoastárag7
WWWW
]umas ség gutrgs ngs nlsmgs pgtloiamas qul pgnlramd slr locrlotmngs pgr
cmjtm nl aoiu`måég7 ]ul tapg nl igrrlåüls og dlag ng imdaofg pgnld slr
olilssírams, qumong oég tlofm fmvang ud plrägng nl aoiu`måég7
]ul msplitgs pgssua ud plrägng nl aoiu`måég7
 ^ldpg nl nl nurmåég nm aoiu`måég7 3 m =0 dlsls8
 Igd qul crlquëoiam 7 \dm vlz pgr sldmom, nurmotl ilrim nl nums
fgrms (prgermdl rltargs nl pjmolkmdlotg nl nurmåég dmas jgoem)8 51
G
^  ]uld ség gs pmrtaiapmotls7 G
G erupg `ísaig nl jänlrls pmrm g pjmo-
O
L
D
tag nm aerlkm8
M
Å
O
 ]umj g tmdmofg ng
ng erupg7 Lotrl 3 l =< mnujtgs8
M
J
G
 Gonl7 Ld
Ld udm imsm. Gs iujtgs nlvld igotaoumr om aerlkm-dél mtá
M
G qul g pjmotag slkm giamjdlotl jmoåmng mpùs m aoiu`måég.
^
O
L
D
M
Rrgpùsatg nm Aoiu`måég;
K
L
O
=. Iramr ud slotang nl igduoanmnl8
M
J
R 0. Grmr l klkumr8
G
N
; 9. Lstunmr l mprlonlr8
Y
M
K
L
>. Iramr vmjgrls `ísaigs, dasség, vaség l lstrmtáeams8
P
E
A <. Mtraùaåég nl daoastárags8
P
M
^
O
M
Iramr slotang nl igduoanmnl
J
R
M
Navartm-sl! Nlscrutl ld igdpmofam uos ngs gutrgs. Nlslovgjvm rljmiagom-
P
M
R
dlotgs. Yldprl qul cgr pgssävlj, aoijum mjadlotgs oms rluoaüls ng erupg
Y
G
`ísaig. Assg mkunmrí m iramr ud mdàlotl dmas nlsigotrmäng pmrm m aotl-
Y
Y
M
rmåég.
R
]umas ség mjeudms nms dljfgrls dmolarms nl mprgcuonmr ms rljmåüls nlo-
trg nl slu Erupg @ísaig7
Ajustrmåég;
\d erupg `ísaig nl pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms egstmvm nl ar mimdpmr kuotgs
igdg udm dmolarm nl irlsilr lsparatumjdlotl l mprgcuonmr slu rljmiag-
omdlotg.
Grmåég l Klkud
• Grld pljgs trm`mjfmngrls qul nlvld pmrtaiapmr ld imnm rluoaég
ng oûijlg `ísaig. ‚Rlåmd mg Ylofgr nm igjflatm qul loval trm`m-
jfmngrls pmrm m sum igjflatm.— ’ Dmtlus 1;968
• ^lofmd udm imnlarm nl grmåég9 og omj nms slssüls nl pjmolkm-
dlotg8
9 M imnlarm nl grmåég á udm nms lxplraëoiams dmas saeoaimtavms qul ud
erupg pgnl igdpmrtajfmr kuotgs. Igjgqul udm imnlarm og ilotrg nm smjm. Igovanl
qumjqulr plssgm qul qularm udm grmåég lspliamj pmrm slotmr-sl om imnlarm. M pls-
sgm slotmnm om imnlarm, mprlslotm g plnang qul ljm egstmram qul grmssld. G erupg
aotlarg rgnlam m imnlarm l igjgimd sums dégs sg`rl m plssgm slotmnm, loqumotg
nums plssgms mprlslotmd sums olilssanmnls lspliäims namotl nl Nlus. Rlreuotl
sl mjeuád dmas egstmram nl slotmr-sl om imnlarm nl grmåég, mtá qul tgngs tlofmd
m gpgrtuoanmnl nl rlil`lr udm grmåég lspliamj. Oég sl surprllonm sl mjeudms
62 ldgåüls prgcuonms valrld â tgom.
• Grld igdg sl lstavlssld igovlrsmong igd ud mdaeg8 J
M
P
^
• Grld pljm aerlkm-dél8 O
L
I
• Cmåmd kgromnms nl grmåég pljm igduoanmnl8 G
L
J
• ^gquld âs pgrtms ngs jmrls nm vazaofmoåm l grld pgr plnangs nl I
Û
O
grmåég8 G
D
• Klkuld pgr qulstüls adpgrtmotls qul sureld. G
I
G
É
LY^\NL L MRPLONM Å
M
@
\
I
^gngs gs dmtlramas rligdlonmngs lstég naspgoävlas og Ilotrg nl Pliursgs O
A
>
OMNLA, www.omnla.gre »
O
G
Y
• Javrg nl Mtgs (g javrg-tlxtg pmrm g pjmotag nl aerlkms8 rligdlong Y
M
tmd`ád m @ä`jam nl Lstungs Monrlws)8 R
• Lstl Dmoumj nl Rjmotag nl Aerlkms8

• Nl Pussljj @urrajj, gs javrgs; Plmilonlong m Rmaxég Rlrnanm, Pl -
vgjuåég om Aerlkm l Iramong Aerlkms Mnvlotastms Ymunívlas (mjeuos
ld aoejës).
• Dgvm m Rlnrm nl Ngoom Uajjly; Yég rljmtgs aosparmngrls igd dua-
tgs praoiäpags sg`rl g pjmotag nl aerlkms, lsiratg pgr ud pagolarg
jlaeg, cuonmngr nl aerlkms. Aoijua plreuotms pmrm nasiusség ld
erupgs. (ld aoejës)
• Rmrtaiapl nl igoclrëoiams sg`rl Rjmotag nl Aerlkms, tmas igdg
YLLNY l Lsigjm nl Lvmoeljastms. Rmrm dmas aocgrdmåüls, vasatl
www.omnla.gre
www.omnla.gre gu igosujtl g imjlonmrag nm sum Mssgiaåég.
IPAL SMJGPLY @ÍYAIGY, DAYYÉG, SAYÉG L LY^PM^ÁEAMY
Smjgrls @ísaigs; ]uld Ygdgs
Jlam Mtgs 0;>=->58
]umas ség gs vmjgrls `ísaigs qul vgië pgnl anlotaimr om Aerlkm nl Klrusm-
jád7 Gs vmjgrls nm aerlkm nl Klrusmjád pgnld slr rlsudangs nm sleuaotl
dmolarm;
 Lvmoeljasdg æ Mtgs 0;>=->58
 Aostruåég æ Mtgs 0;>08
 Igdpmoflarasdg/Mdazmnl æ Mtgs 0;>0,>>->38
 Mngrmåég æ Mtgs 0;>0->9,>3->58
 Ylrvaåg/Daoastárag æ Mtgs 0;>9.
]umas nlstls iaoig vmjgrls `ä`jaigs `ísaigs vma prliasmr nl dmas mtloåég
ld slu pjmotag nl aerlkm7 6=
G
^ Smjgrls
Smjgrls @ísaigs m igosanlrmr;
O
L
D
M
Å
Lxiljëoiam Iramtavanmnl Lvmoeljasdg*
O
M
J \oanmnl Cmdäjam Aostruåég*
G
M
G
^ Dasség Ejg`mj Loigrmkmdlotg Igdpmoflarasdg*
O
L
D
M
K
Ngmåég Pljlvàoiam Iujturmj Mngrmåég*
L
O
M
J
Grmåég Lquapl Daoastlramj Ylrvaåg l Daoastárag*
R
G
N
;
G`lnaëoiam Savlr Ymunívlj Plmvavmdlotg
Y
M
K
L Irlsiadlotg Lsparatumj Plvlrëoiam Cajfgs/Iramoåms
P
E
A
P
M
Ermåm Rjmotag nl Aerlkms Mjtlrmåég Igduoatíram
^
O
M
J
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
R
M
P *Smjgrls @ä`jaigs @ísaigs
M
R
Y
G
Y
]ul gutrgs vmjgrls vgië plosm qul pgnlram slr mnaiagomnm m lstm jastm7
Y
M Lsirlvm-gs oms jaofms.
R
Mqua lstég ngas vmjgrls `ísaigs nl ud pjmotag nl aerlkms qul lu naraea,

mtrmvás ng prgilssg nl aoiu`måég;
 Lvmoeljasdg; Mirlnatmdgs qul, pmrm slrdgs igdg Klsus, nlvl -
dgs tlr udm pmaxég pljgs plrnangs. Lstmdgs tgtmjdlotl igdprg -
dltangs ld ud igotäoug mvmoåg ng lvmoeljasdg.
 \oanmnl; Mirlnatmdgs om uoanmnl nlotrg nm navlrsanmnl og igrpg
nl Irastg. Imnm pmrtl ng igrpg á ud dld`rg vmjgrazmng. Mtrmvás
nm grmåég l nm måég ng Lspäratg Ymotg tgdmdgs nliasüls pgr igo-
slosg.
G`slrvl qul nlpgas nl imnm vmjgr, fí udm nlsiraåég nl igdg lssl vmjgr
slrí qumong prlslotl om vanm nm Aerlkm.
Igdg ud ls`gåg aoaiamj, anlotaqul gatg vmjgrls `ísaigs pmrm g slu pjmotag
nl aerlkms l lsirlvm udm nlsiraåég. Oég sl lsqulåm ngs vmjgrls `ä`jaigs
`ísaigs jastmngs miadm (tmjvlz vgië tlrí qul lsigjflr gutrm pmjmvrm pmrm
nlsirlvlr g dlsdg vmjgr). Sgië mim`mrí pgr qulrlr adpradar udm vlrség
omj ld slu `gjltad igdg udm clrrmdlotm nl igduoaimåég l prlstmåég
nl igotms.
Lxastl udm naclrloåm lotrl gs vmjgrls mtumas l gs vmjgrls nlslkmngs. Sgië
pgnl nlslkmr ud nltlrdaomng mtraùtg pmrm ms cuoåüls nm aerlkm, dms sl m
60 aerlkm cuoiagom ld udm dmolarm gpgstm, oég á ud vmjgr rlmj.
M
P
^
Igdg slus vmjgrls aocgrdmd qumj daoastárag á pragranmnl ld sum aerlkm7 O
L
I
G
Smjgr; Nlsiraåég; L
J
I
Û
O» = WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O
G
D
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW G
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WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW Å
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@
\
I
O» 0 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
A
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Y
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW M
R
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
O» > WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
O» < WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW 69
G
^ Anlam Ifmvl;
O
L
D
M
Rrlstmåég nl igotms ngs slus vmjgrls `ísaigs á udm g`raemåég pmrm gs
Å
O
pjmotags nl aerlkms. Anlmjdlotl, m sum lquapl nl janlrmoåm nlvl pmrtaiapmr
M
J nl ud rltarg m imnm slas dlsls. Nurmotl lstl rltarg, rlvlkm slus vmjgrls,
G
M
G
dasség l vaség. Platm sg`rl gs slas dlsls motlragrls l nltlrdaomr sl vgië
^
O tld sang igosastlotl igosaeg dlsdg. Yl oég, cmåm gs mkustls olilssírags
L
D
M
pmrm vgjtmr m tlr cgig.
K
L
O
M
J
Mnvlrtëoiam;
R
G Yl vgië oég prgilssmr `ld lstl pmssg igd g erupg `ísaig, mjeuád vma prg-
N
;
Y ilssí-jg pgr vgië. Fí aonavänugs nlslquaja`rmngs igd udm melonm prùpram
M
K
L qul lstég prgiurmong ud juemr pmrm emofmr udm pgsaåég m d nl aojtrmr
P
E
A sums aoijaomåüls tlgjùeaims gu lstajg nl vanm. Ljls vég emofmr cgråm nlotrg
P
M
^
nl sum igoerlemåég sl vgië oég tavlr ijmrlzm sg`rl gs vmjgrls `ísaigs nl
O
M sum aerlkm.
J
R
M
P
M
]\LY^ÜLY NL SMJGPLY ]\L RGNLD NASANAP
R
Y Plilotldlotl, rlmjazla udm igosujtm igd udm aerlkm qul lstmvm navananm
G
Y
Y mg dlag sg`rl m qulstég nl igjgimr udm írvgrl nl omtmj om pjmtmcgrdm
M
R nurmotl g dës nl nlzld`rg. Rmrm mjeuos, lrm udm trmnaåég pmeé, pmrm
gutrgs lrm ud säd`gjg nl nínavm. \dm cmdäjam, jatlrmjdlotl, fmvam nla-
xmng m aerlkm pgr imusm nassg. Argoaimdlotl, ljls vasatmrmd gutrm aerlkm
mnvlotastm qul taofm m crlotl prmtaimdlotl nligrmnm igd udm grlstm nl
írvgrls omtmjaoms. Sírags dlsls nlpgas, m qulstég maonm lstmvm ‚qulotl—
om aerlkm. Om igotaoumåég ng naíjgeg igd gs dld`rgs, ud igdlotírag cga
clatg nl qul g ‚kuotm-pmoljms— (mjdgåg om aerlkm) oég lrm suialotldlotl
smunívlj. Dmas udm vlz, fguvl gutrm navaség nl gpaoaüls sg`rl m qulstég.
]umong plrdatadgs qul dunmoåms og cgig nm dasség nm aerlkm gigrrmd,
vmdgs mim`mr mtlrrasmong ld udm vmjm nl ud jmng gu gutrg nm pastm. Á
adpgrtmotl qul, igdg ud oûijlg `ísaig, vgiës rlsgjvmd gs prg`jldms
igduos qul tëd g pgtloiamj nl navanar m aerlkm nurmotl g plrägng nl aoiu-
`måég. Gs lxtrldgs slrég aotrgnuzangs l vgiës prliasmd slr igosastlotls
nlsnl g aoäiag.
Mqua lstég mjeudms írlms qul prliasmd prgilssmr;
DÛYAIM
Gs mnvlotastms ng sátadg nam oég ség old udm aerlkm imrasdítaim, old
lxtrldastm. Oég fí udm jastm nl aostrudlotgs mprgvmngs gu oég mprgvmngs
om @ä`jam. Om vlrnmnl, g Ogvg ^lstmdlotg á gdassg sg`rl m qulstég nm
dûsaim om aerlkm. Astg nlaxm lspmåg pmrm udm mdpjm vmralnmnl nl m`gr-
nmelos, duatms nljms nl omturlzm iujturmj. M pmrtar nl ogssms rmäzls cuo-
nmngrms, m utajazmåég nl udm vmralnmnl nl aostrudlotgs l udm lquapl nl
6> jänlrls nl jguvgr cga aoilotavmnm.
M sleuar, mjeuos praoiäpags ûtlas qul nlvld gralotmr m ogssm mngrmåég, J
M
P
aonlplonlotl ng lstajg lsigjfang; ^
O
L
I
=. M dûsaim nlvl slr nl qumjanmnl, igd lxiljëoiam. Lstmdgs mng- G
L
J
rmong g Pla ng uoavlrsg l nlvldgs trmzlr g ogssg dljfgr prl - I
Û
slotl. M prlpmrmåég právam á adpgrtmotl (g qul saeoaim losmag). O
G
Dmjmquams =;=9-=> l A Rlnrg 0;<. D
G
I
G
0. M mngrmåég nlvl slr pmrtaiapmtavm. Gs dûsaigs nlvld igonuzar m É
Å
M
igoerlemåég ld mngrmåég, oég ld ud ‚igoilrtg— gu ud ‚sfgw—. @
\
I
O
9. M mngrmåég á pmrm trmoscgrdmr-ogs
trmoscgrdmr-ogs l mtrmar-ogs â prlsloåm nl Nlus. A
>
»
O
>. Mquljls qul igonuzld m mngrmåég nlvld, pradlarg, slr áas mng- G
Y
rmngrls. Y
M
R
<. G irlsiadlotg nm aerlkm oég lstí og lstajg nl dûsaim. Om vlrnmnl,

g lstung nlslovgjvadlotg Omturmj nm Aerlkm (vlr Mpëonail I) nls-
ig`rau qul m mngrmåég trmnaiagomj vlrsus g iujtg igotldpgràolg
oég cga ud cmtgr igosanlrmng og irlsiadlotg nl aerlkms. Gs praoiä-
pags loudlrmngs motlragrdlotl ogs atlos = m >, lstls sad, cgrmd
gs cmtgrls nltlrdaomotls.
3. ^ldgs qul igduoaimr dusaimjdlotl
dusaimjdlotl nl udm cgrdm qul g ogssg
ogssg
erupg `ísaig nl locgqul lotlonm.
Igd `msl ogs praoiäpags miadm, qumj slrí m sum pgsaåég qumotg mg lstajg
nl dûsaim, gs aostrudlotgs utajazmngs l quld vma naraear m mngrmåég7
Lstajg nl Dûsaim;WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Aostrudlotgs;WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Jänlr nl Mngrmåég gu Jguvgr; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
]umong vgië cgr nlsmmng olstm qulstég, qumj slrí sum rlspgstm7
WWWW
IGDANM
Ilrtmdlotl surearí udm ermonl vmralnmnl nl pgotgs nl vastm om qulstég nl
mjadlotgs og prgilssg nl pjmotag nl udm aerlkm. Ld mjeudms iujturms nlo-
trg ng mnvlotasdg, vgië vma nlsig`rar qul qumsl oaoeuád á vleltmramog.
Ms imrols jadpms à`jaimdlotl anlotaimnms ség slrvanms ld mùonàoiam.
Lu kí lstavl ld ‚kuotm-pmoljms— gonl cga nacäiaj loigotrmr mjeg vleltmramog
pmrm igdlr.
igdlr. Kí lstavl ld gutrms aerlkms gonl gs ‚mjadlotgs irus— tgdmrmd 6<
G
^ igotm. Ljls prgdgvld g usg nl vleltmas irus l oég plrdatld lsqulotmr gs
O
L
D
mjadlotgs miadm nl ilrtm tldplrmturm. Lstls aonavänugs ség mpmaxgomngs
M
Å l qulrld aouloiamr gs gutrgs ld sum narlåég. Ld mjeuos imsgs, vgië
O
M
J vma loigotrmr ‚kuotm-pmoljms— gonl ms plssgms lstég suplrvasmong tgnm m
G
M igdanm pmrm tlr ilrtlzm nl qul oaoeuád trguxl qumjqulr igasm igd qulakg.
G
^
O
L Igdg nlogdaomåég, tldgs udm dlosmeld pgnlrgsm nl smûnl. Igdg rl-
D
M
K sujtmng, duatgs dld`rgs nm aerlkm ség vleltmramogs. Lstl á g anlmj m slr
L
O
M
prgdgvang. Og lotmotg, á cíiaj, sl tgromr ud vleltmramog aosmju`rl, dastu-
J
R rmong ud dgotég nl måuimr igd qulakg.
G
N
;
Y
M
Om sgialnmnl nl fgkl, fí udm irlsilotl igosiaëoiam nl smûnl. Dlsdg gs
K
L
P
rlstmurmotls nl igdanms rípanms lstég cgrolilong gpåüls smunívlas pmrm
E
A slus ijalotls. Gutrm rlmjanmnl irlsilotl á qul duatms plssgms tëd mjlr-
P
M
^ eams mjadlotmrls l ség aoimpmzls nl igdlr mjadlotgs qul igotád ogzls,
O
M
J
ejûtlo, jmtaiäoags l udm sáral nl gutrgs aoerlnalotls.
R
M
P
M
M praoiapmj omjanmnl nl slrvar rlclaåüls m imnm sldmom om aerlkm á m mda-
R
Y zmnl. Lssm nlvlram slr m praoiapmj dgtavmåég. Mg dlsdg tldpg, nlvldgs
G
Y
Y
slr igosastlotls og ogssg locgqul pmrm oég cmzlrdgs nassg udm qulstég
M
R nl navaség. Rlssgmjdlotl, rligdlonmram udm rlclaåég vleltmramom igd mj-
euos prmtgs vlemogs ijmrmdlotl nlstmimngs pmrm gs mnlptgs ng vlemoasdg
l sldprl sl nlvl tlr duatms gpåüls nl crutms l vleltmas crlsigs.
Rmrm qul assg migotlåm, sl prliasm nl ud ilrtg pjmolkmdlotg. Mquljms
aerlkms qul rlmjdlotl sl nlstmimd ld sums rlclaåüls nl mdazmnl cgrol -
ild mjeuos prmtgs praoiapmas ld ermonl qumotanmnl (g suialotl pmrm tg-
ngs) l slrvld âs plssgms mtrmvás nl udm jm. Gs mjadlotgs slrvangs nlvld
slr nl mjtm qumjanmnl l suialotl pmrm mtlonlr m nldmonm.
Igdg vgië arí igocrgotmr ms rlclaåüls nl mdazmnl
LV^PLDGY ^LGJÙEAIGY
Rlssgms igd udm melonm tlgjùeaim vég loigotrmr m sum ogvm aerlkm. Sgië
nlvl lstmr prlpmrmng pmrm janmr igd pgotgs nl vastm lxtrldastms motls qul
ljls ifleuld m tgdmr igotm nl sum aerlkm.
nlstruar igoerlemåüls ao-
Lu tlofg vastg gs nlclosgrls nm ‚Smrm ng Rmstgr— nlstruar
tlarms. Om Mustríjam, ud erupg igofliang igdg ‚Gs Ardégs Aotlrlssmngs—
(GAA) iramd ud mdàlotl sucgimotl nlotrg nm aerlkm. \d ogvg erupg igd
g qumj lu dl nlpmrla rlilotldlotl, lstí mjtmdlotl cgimng oms prgcliams
l mirlnatmd ld 0.<02 ld vlz nl 0.922 nams nm prgcliam nl Nmoalj 6;=>.
Mjeuos vég prlssagomr m aerlkm pmrm dmotlr gs clstavmas l nams nl clstms
kunmaims. Lu tlofg vastg pjmotag nl aerlkms navanangs sg`rl m qulstég imras-
dítaim. Gutrgs plonld cgrtldlotl pmrm g jmng nm ermåm qulrlong jlvmr ms
63 plssgms m mngtmr lssl lstajg nl vanm irastég.
^gngs lstls pgotgs nl vastm nldgostrmd udm cmjtm nl lquajä`rag l udm J
M
P
plrnm nl cgig om dasség nm aerlkm. ^
O
L
I
M dljfgr dmolarm pmrm udm aerlkm dmotlr m uoanmnl á lovgjvlr ms plssgms G
L
J
pmrm usmrld slus ngos lsparatumas pmrm cmzlr irlsilr m aerlkm nl Nlus. Sgu I
Û
rlclrar-dl ogvmdlotl m udm iatmåég nl Ljjlo Ufatl qul vadgs motlragr- O
G
dlotl; D
G
I
‚M dmagr imusm nl ogssm crmqulzm lsparatumj, igdg ud pgvg, á m cmj- G
É
tm nl vlrnmnlarm cá ogs ngos lsparatumas. Yl tgngs rlil`lssld lstl Å
M
@
tapg nl tlstlduofg ld pjlom cá, ljls igjgimramd nl jmng ms igasms \
I
qul nlsmermnmd m Nlus, l gonl qulr qul cgrm plrdmolilramd ld O
A
>
uoanmnl l cgrtmjlzm. L, trës qumrtgs ng trm`mjfg daoastlramj megrm »
O
emstgs ld mkunmr ms aerlkms, pgnlramd slr pgupmngs pmrm g trm`mjfg G
Y
Y
nl jlvmotmr ogvms aerlkms ld ogvgs imdpgs.— (Ufatl, Ljlo E., Pl- M
R
valw mon Flrmjn, => nl Kmolarg, =636).
Igdg jänlrls vgiës oég pgnld plrdatar qul plssgms lotrld l nastrmamd m
aerlkm nl sum dasség. M lstls aonavänugs, pgnl slr qul sl naem (dmas ilng
gu dmas tmrnl) qul ség `ld-vaongs pmrm pmrtaiapmr, dms ség igovanmnngs
m oég igdpmtajfmr sums gpaoaüls gu prgdgvlr l nastraùar sum jatlrmturm.
Ld imsg nl nûvanm, igosujtl g slu trlaomngr l/gu slu narltgr daoastlramj
om Mssgiamåég.
]ul lxtrldgs tlgjùeaigs vgië tlrí qul tgdmr iuanmng igd g slu igotlxtg7
]umj slrí g prgtgigjg pmrm janmr igd lssls nlsmgs pgtloiamas7
JLMJNMNLY LV^PMSAMNMY
Fí udm sáral nl írlms ld qul ms jlmjnmnls lxtrmvamnms pgnld sl tgromr
ud mssuotg pgjëdaig.
=. ]umong gs
gs dld`rgs
dld`rgs sl slotld g`raemngs m mtlonlr
mtlonlr gu smtascmzlr
udm plssgm nl aouëoiam8
0. ]umong ms rljmåüls cmdajamrls gcusimd m impmianmnl nl mear igd
igosiaëoiam8
9. ]umong qulstüls dgrmas ség aeogrmnms m cmvgr nm ‚ermåm—8
>. ]umong plssgms tmjlotgsms ség dmotanms igd rlspgosmàjanmnls,
dlsdg tlong ud igdpgrtmdlotg prlkunaiamj8
<. ]umong oég sl igocrgotmd ms plssgms qul nmoaimd m aerlkm pgr
dlng nl rlprlsíjams8
3. ]umong ogs pgsaiagomdgs
pgsaiagomdgs mg jmng
jmng nl udm plssgm qul lstí
lstí ilrtm,
dms igjgim ms igasms nl dmolarms lrrmnms.
Igdg udm lquapl nl janlrmoåm, á adpgrtmotl plril`lr qul lstls nlsm-
gs sadpjlsdlotl oég nlsmpmrlild. Lstls mssuotgs nlvld slr trmtmngs 65
G
^ m`lrtmdlotl l, qumotg dmas ilng assg migotlåm, dmas rípang sl rliuplrm
O
L
D
m smûnl nm aerlkm.
M
Å
O
M Igd `msl om jastm miadm, qumas nlsmgs ld pgtloiamj vgië pgnl vlr igdg
J
G
M
mdlmåm mg pjmotag nl sum aerlkm7
G
^
O
L
DAYYÉG; OGYYG IFMDMNG @Ä@JAIG
D
M
K
L
Om daofm gpaoaég, ms nlijmrmåüls nl dasség pmrm m aerlkm tëd sang duatg
O
M
J
igdpjlxms. Klsus nlu ijmrmdlotl m aerlkm ng Ogvg ^lstmdlotg udm das-
R
G
ség;
N
; ‚L, iflemong-sl Klsus, cmjgu-jfls, nazlong; Á dl nmng tgng g pgnlr
pg nlr
Y
M
K og iáu l om tlrrm. Rgrtmotg anl, cmzla nasiäpujgs nl tgnms ms omåüls,
L
P
E
`mtazmong-gs ld ogdl ng Rma, l ng Cajfg, l ng Lspäratg Ymotg8 lo-
A
P
saomong-gs m eumrnmr tgnms ms igasms qul lu vgs tlofg dmonmng8
M
^ l las qul lu lstgu igovgsig tgngs gs nams, mtá m igosudmåég ngs
O
M
J sáiujgs.— ’ Dmtlus 06;=6-028
R
M
P
M
R
G`slrvl gs ‚^gngs— nm ermonl igdasség;
Y
G
Y
Y
=. ^GNM mutgranmnl. Smdgs om mutgranmnl nl Irastg, oég om ogssm.
M
R 0. ^GNMY ms omåüls. Ogssg ifmdmng á nl àdàtg ejg`mj.
9. ^GNM dlosmeld. ^gnm
^gnm m vlrnmnl `ä`jaim nlvl slr prgijmdmnm.
>. ^GNM sleurmoåm. Klsus prgdltl lstmr igogsig qumong smardgs.
‚Aonlplonlotldlotl nl igdg vgië louoial sum nlijmrmåég nl dasség,
og slotang nl qul ljm slkm `ä`jaim, m ermonl igdasség nlvl lstmr ld sum
lssëoiam.— (Dmjpfurs,
(Dmjpfurs, Mu`rly, Rgrims l Rmrmcusgs ng Rjmotag nl Aerlkms,
píe. 10).
Rgnl slr ûtaj lxprlssmr g igotlûng nm Ermonl Igdasség nl udm cgrdm
gonl sl igduoaim igrrltmdlotl g igotlxtg. Mqua lstí ud lxldpjg; ‚Ogs-
sm dasség á igolitmr g nlsigolitmng ld udm rljmåég vatmj igd Klsus
Irastg.—
M Dlosmeld ngs ^rës Mokgs; M Ûoaim Dasség nm AMYN
Igdg nlogdaomåég, irldgs qul Nlus nlu udm dlosmeld lspliamj m slr
prgijmdmnm og omj ngs tldpgs. Lstm dlosmeld lstí louoiamnm ld Mpg-
imjapsl =>;3-=9. Á m nlijmrmåég nl dasség ngs Mnvlotastms ng Yátadg Nam.
Ld Mpgimjapsl =>;3-=9 g qul g adprlssagom igdg slong ûoaig sg`rl ogs-
sm dasség loqumotg nlogdaomåég7 ]umas igdpgolotls vgië pgnl anlota-
imr qul ség naclrlotls nl igdg m dmagram nms aerlkms rlmjazmd sum dasség7
WWWWW
Ajustrmåég; J
M
P
\dm ijmrm dasség nm aerlkm á ifmdmr ms plssgms pmrm ‚Mngrmr Mquljl qul ^
O
L
clz gs iáus l m tlrrm, g dmr l ms cgotls nms íeums—. ’ Mpgimjapsl =>;58 Ld I
G
udm sgialnmnl imnm vlz dmas sliujmr, gonl m lvgjuåég plrdlam tgngs gs L
J
I
oävlas ng sastldm lnuimiagomj, nl cmtg, lssm á m pmrtl lspliamj nm ogssm Û
O
dlosmeld. G
D
G
Igdg Mnvlotastms ng Yátadg Nam, pgssuädgs udm dlosmeld Irastgiëo - I
G
É
traim. Ylrí qul tldgs mjeg ûoaig pmrm igdpmrtajfmr igd gs igovlrtangs Å
M
nl gutrms rljaeaüls7 Igdg ngutraoms igdg g sí`mng, g lstmng ngs dgrtgs, @
\
I
aoclrog, smotuírag, iramåég, lti.., nlsldplofmd ud pmplj adpgrtmotl ld O
A
>
ogssm dasség7 »
O
G
Y
]ul igotraùaåüls ûoaims tldgs igdg nlogdaomåég, mg mprgxadmrdg-ogs Y
M
ng tldpg ng d7 R
WWWW
WWWW
WWWW
Lsirlvm udm pgtloiamj nlijmrmåég nl dasség pmrm sum aerlkm qul rlatm m
ermonl igdasség l ogssm ûoaim dasség igdg Mnvlotastms ng Yátadg Nam;
WWWW
WWWW
WWWW
Igdpmrtajfl sums anlams l mplrclaåül m sum nlijmrmåég nl dasség. 61
G
^ SAYÉG; M ADMELD NG C\^\PG
O
L
D
M
Ld =< nl Kmolarg nl =105, ud dlreujfg fastùraig igofliang igdg m
Å
O
‚Dmrmtgom ng Gilmog Uraejly— migotlilu. Ld ud lscgråg pmrm adpuj-
M
J sagomr g turasdg om sum ajfm l prgdgvlr m sum egdm nl dmsimr, Uajjamd
G
M
G
Uraejly gclrlilu \Y$ 0<.222,22 pmrm m pradlarm plssgm m omnmr gs dmas
^
O nl 9< hd lotrl m Ajfm nl Imtmjaom l â igstm nm Imjacùroam.
L
D
M
K
L
Ms mpgstms cgrmd igjgimnms igd prg`màjanmnls nl gatg pgr ud qul oao-
O
M
J
euád tlrdaomram m igrranm. Mplsmr nms prg`màjanmnls, =20 omnmngrls,
R
G
aoijuaong =< dujflrls, lotrmrmd om cram íeum, dms mploms ud mim`gu.
N
;
Y
\d kgvld nl =5 mogs nl anmnl ifmdmng Elgrel Qguoe.
M
K
L
P Ngzl fgrms nl igrranm l plrtg nm dlam-ogatl, mploms =0 omnmngrls lstm -
E
A
P
vmd maonm om íeum. Qguoe vau-sl lorlnmng ld udm imdm nl mjems. Ylu
M
^
O
trlaomngr sl gclrlilu pmrm tarí-jg nm íeum. Olssl dlsdg aostmotl, ud rl-
M
J
R
`gimngr sl mprgxadgu igd udm dlosmeld; ‚Oùs tldgs ud tljlermdm nl
M
P
sum dél, ld ^grgotg.
^grgotg. Ljm lstí guvaong pljg rínag. Ylu tljlermdm naz; ‖lu
M
R sla qul vgië vma emofmr‑.— Qguoe eratgu nl vgjtm; ‚tljlermcl pmrm ljm ’ ljm
Y
G
Y
pgnl mpgstmr ’ vgu emofmr pgr ljm—. M qumtrg quajþdltrgs ng slu g`kltavg,
Y
M
R
Qguoe vau juzls om igstm. Dajfmrls nl lsplitmngrls lstmvmd pasimong gs
cmrùas l ùzaomong pmrm aoilotaví-jg. Qguoe pgnam vlr qul lstmvm iflemo -
ng. G prëdag lstmvm mg slu mjimoil. ]umong slotau g ifég ng gilmog
m`maxg nl slus pás lrmd âs trës l iaoig nm dmofé. Gs rlpùrtlrls, lotég,
igrrlrmd pmrm m íeum pmrm iudpradlotí-jg.
]umong plreuotmng, dmas tmrnl, qumj cga m pmrtl dmas nacäiaj nm omtmåég,
Qguoe nassl qul fmvam duatgs dgdlotgs nacäilas, dms g dmas nacäiaj vlag m
dlogs nl ngas quajþdltrgs nm prmam, qumong m dmrá lstmvm ldpurrmong-g
nl vgjtm pmrm g dmr. Slr m jaofm nl iflemnm g aospargu m sleuar ld crlotl.
Loqumotg =2= gutrgs igoigrrlotls sl nlrmd pgr vloiangs motls nl mjimo-
åmr slu g`kltavg, Elgrel Qguoe sleuau ld crlotl.
]ul jaåüls pgnldgs mprlonlr igd m lxplraëoiam nl Elgrel Qguoe, sg`rl
m adpgrtàoiam nm plrslvlrmoåm7 Igdg qul gs ‚cmrùas pasimong— l ms ‚ù-
zaomnms— mkunmd7 Saség á m impmianmnl nl vlr m jaofm nl iflemnm, pmrm
sm`lr gonl vgië lstí aong. Saség aosparm vgië m sleuar ld crlotl qumong
ms igasms igdlåmd m imr nacäilas.
Lxldpjg `ä`jaig nl vaség;
Igdg ud erupg `ísaig, jlam g javrg nl Olldams. Nasiutm ms igoijusüls qul
vgië loigotrmr olstms trës írlms;
• Plssmjtl gs praoiapmas igdpgolotls nl udm vaség igovaoilotl8
• G`slrvl igdg nacmdmngrls tlotmrmd tarmr g cgig nm vaség8
12 • Ogtl igdg m vaség dgtavm m ar ld crlotl, mplsmr ngs g`stíiujgs.
Igd `msl om lxplraëoiam nl Olldams, qul pragranmnls nmrí udm vaség J
M
P
igovaoilotl pmrm g slu pjmotag nl aerlkm7 ^
O
L
I
M vaség paotm ud rltrmtg nl ud cuturg nlslkmng. G`slrvl m vaség nlstms G
L
J
nums ldprlsms mjtmdlotl `ld-suilnanms; I
Û
O
G
Ygutfwlst Mlrgjaolms; D
G
‚Ogssm vaség á lxpmonar ogssgs vggs tmotg ngdástaigs igdg og lxtlragr, I
G
pmrm slr m dmagr l dmas rlotívlj ldprlsm márlm m mjimoåmr ud trmospgrtl É
Å
M
limz ld vamelos nl iurtg l jgoeg iursg igd `maxg iustg. ^md`ád slr @
\
I
udm igdpmofam márlm qul tld m cgråm nl trm`mjfg dmas prgnutavm, pmrm O
A
emrmotar g dljfgr vþg pgssävlj pmrm tgngs l m imnm pmssmelarg.— >
»
O
G
DiNgomjn‑s; Y
Y
M
R
‚M vaség nl DiNgomjn‑s á cgrolilr m dljfgr lxplraëoiam mg ijalotl nl
rlstmurmotls cmst-cggn ng
ng duong. Ylr m dljfgr lxplraëoiam saeoaim qul
vmjgr, pmrm qul pgs-
cgrolilrldgs lxiljlotl qumjanmnl, slrvaåg, jadplzm l vmjgr,
smdgs cmzlr imnm ijalotl sgrrar ld imnm ud ngs ogssgs rlstmurmotls.—
Yl vgië lstavlr cmdajamrazmng igd qumjqulr udm nlssms ldprlsms, igdg
á qul m vaség nlssms ldprlsms tld imusmng adpmitg ld sum rlmjanmnl
mtumj7
Rlsquasl om aotlrolt sg`rl m nlijmrmåég nl vaség nl gutrm ldprlsm qul
vgië egstm. Lsirlvm m`maxg l nasiutm ld sum prùxadm rluoaég;
WWWW
M adpgrtàoiam nm vaség;
 ‚Yl igosleuls sgofmr, igosleuls cmzë-jg—. ’ Umjt Nasoly
 ‚G dmagr plraeg dmagram nl oùs, oég á qul g ogssg g`kl-

plraeg pmrm m dmagram
tavg slkm duatg mjtg l oég pgnldgs
pgnldgs mjimoåí-jg, dms sad qul slkm
duatg `maxg l oùs mjimoildgs.— ’ Daifljmoeljg
 ‚Nltlrdaol qul m igasm pgnl l nlvl slr clatm l, ld sleuanm, lo -
igotrmrldgs g imdaofg.— ’ M`rmfmd Jaoigjo
 ‚Yl va dmas jgoel ng qul gutrgs, á pgrqul lu lstmvm nl pá sg`rl
gs gd`rgs nl eaemotls.— ’ Asmmi Olwtgo
 ‚M plssgm dmas pmtátaim ng duong á mquljm qul pgnl vlr, dms
oég tld olofudm vaség.— ’ Fljlo Hljjlr
]umj nms iatmåüls
iatmåüls miadm sl igolitm
igolitm dmas igd vgië7 Rgr qul7
1=
G
^ M Saség ng Mpùstgjg Rmujg;
O
L
D
M
Å
‚L nlstm dmolarm dl lscgrila pgr mouoiamr g lvmoeljfg, oég gonl
O
M Irastg cga ogdlmng, pmrm oég lnaimr sg`rl cuonmdlotg mjflag8 Mo-
J
G tls, igdg lstí lsiratg; Mquljls m quld oég cga mouoiamng, g vlrég,
M
G
^
l gs qul oég guvarmd g lotlonlrég— ’ Pgdmogs =<;02-0=.
O
L
D
M
Igdg m nlijmrmåég nl vaség nl Rmujg igaoianl igd m cgrdm igdg ljl vavlu
K
L
O
m sum vanm7 ]umas ség ngas lxldpjgs ld qul vgië pgnl plosmr7
M
J
R
G
N
;
=. WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Y
M
K
L
P
E
A
0. WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
P
M
^
O
M
J
R Igdpgolotls lssloiamas pmrm m sum nlijmrmåég nl vaség;
M
P
M
R =. G qul vgië vma cmzlr
Y
G
Y
Y
0. G adpmitg qul assg vma imusmr
M
R
9. Yum igotraùaåég ûoaim igdg aerlkm
>. Ylu locgqul pradírag ng erupg
<. G g`kltavg omj nl mjdms smjvms
Naims pmrm lsirlvlr m sum vaség;

\dm nms igasms aotlrlssmotls sg`rl igdg trm`mjfmr igd Nlus á qul sum
vaség oég prliasm imr igoomnm âs jadatmåüls fudmoms.
=. Yum vaség nlvl slr ermonl. Nlvl aosparmr.
aosparmr.
0. Lsigjfm pmjmvrms qul iramd udm admeld om dlotl (DiNgomjn‑s
l g sgrrasg).
9. ^grol-g dldgrívlj.
dldgrívl j.
>. Dmotlofm-g igoiasg.
\dm nlijmrmåég nl vaség nl ud pjmotag nl aerlkm kuvloaj om Lsjgvëoam;
‚]ulrldgs dljfgrmr m qumjanmnl nl vanm pmrm m kuvlotunl pùs-dgnlrom
sliujmr om Lsjgvëoam. Ogssm vaség á m nl iramr udm igduoanmnl om qumj
imnm kgvld slkm impmz nl loigotrmr mjeg qul arí mkuní-jg, trmoquajazí-jg l
smtascmzë-jg sld g usg nl íjiggj, nrgems, lti. Lvlotumjdlotl, vmdgs m`rar
ud ilotrg nl mtlonadlotg pmrm kgvlos igd udm aerlkm kuvloaj.—
10
^mrlcm; J
M
P
^
Rlsquasl om aotlrolt nlijmrmåüls nl vaség nl aerlkms Mnvlotastms jgimas. Om O
L
prùxadm rluoaég, vlr quld trmz m dljfgr nlijmrmåég nl vaség l lsirlvë-jm I
G
L
m`maxg; J
I
Û
O
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW G
D
G
I
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW G
É
Å
M
WWWW @
\
I
O
A
Mvmjal m nlijmrmåég igd `msl oms narltrazls jastmnms miadm. >
»
O
Mqua lstí udm nlijmrmåég nl vaség qul loigotrla om aotlrolt; Aerlkm Mn- G
Y
Y
vlotastm ng Yuj nm Ísam, Yajvlr Ypraoe, Dmryjmon M
R
‚\dm aerlkm ilotrmnm ld Irastg, sadpítaim, va`rmotl, javrl nl nävanms, da-

oastrmong m dmas nl =<22 dld`rgs ld 0202, igdpmrtajfmong ms `gms
ogvms nm smjvmåég ld Klsus Irastg, slrvaong igdg udm igduoanmnl suj-m-
saítaim mtrmvás nl vírags daoastárags l prlpmrmong ud pgvg pmrm g rltgrog
nl ogssg Ylofgr.—
Ogtm; Ld sum lstrmtáeam, ljls tmd`ád pjmolkmd pjmotmr nums aerlkms. Jgu-
vmng slkm g Ylofgr! Slkm g Mpëonail E pmrm dmas nltmjfls.
Anlam Ifmvl;
Á mjtmdlotl rligdlonmng qul vgië prgermdl ud rltarg igd slu erupg
`ísaig pmrm cgrdujmr l omjazmr slus vmjgrls cuonmdlotmas, sum dasség l
sum nlijmrmåég nl vaség.
\d sleuong rltarg nlvl slr gremoazmng igd m omjanmnl ng nlslovgjva-
dlotg nl sum lstrmtáeam.
^rmil g prgkltg omj nl sum nlijmrmåég nl vaség;
WWWW
Lstrmtáeam; Igdg m Saség á Plmjazmnm
M dmagram ngs pjmotags nl aerlkms tlotmd mear igdg sl cgssld udm ermonl
aerlkm l rmpanmdlotl mdpjamd slus daoastárags. G rlsujtmng á udm dí
lxliuåég. \dm dljfgr m`grnmeld á cgimr-sl ld pguigs daoastárags l
mtlonë-jgs igd lxiljëoiam.
19
G
^ Nlus plnl pgr lxiljëoiam!
O
L
D ‚]umong vgiës trmzld moadmas rgu`mngs, mjlakmngs l nglotls l gs
M
Å
O
gclrlild ld smiracäiag, nlvlram lu milatí-jgs nl sums dégs7—, plr-
M
J euotm g Ylofgr. ‚Dmjnatg slkm g loemomngr qul, tlong og rl`mofg
G
M ud dmifg sld nlclatg, prgdltl gclrlië-jg l nlpgas smiraim pmrm
G
^
O dad ud moadmj nlclatugsg—, naz g Ylofgr ngs Lxáriatgs8 pgas lu
L
D
M
sgu ud ermonl rla, l g dlu ogdl á tldang lotrl ms omåüls— ’ Dm-
K
L
O
jmquams =;=9-=> (OSA).
M
J
R ‚Sgiës tmd`ád lstég slong utajazmngs igdg plnrms vavms om lnaimåég nl
G
N
;
Y
udm imsm lsparatumj pmrm slrld smilrnùiag smotg, gclrlilong smiracäiags
M
K lsparatumas milatívlas m Nlus , pgr dlag nl Klsus Irastg.— ’
’ A Rlnrg 0;<
L
P
E
A
P
M lxiljëoiam fgorm m Nlus l aosparm ms plssgms.
M
^
O
M
J
]umong nloar qumas daoastárags vma sl cgimr igd lxiljëoiam, lstls ség
R
M
mjeuos praoiäpags qul vgië nlvl tlr ld dlotl;
P
M
R
Y =. M qumjanmnl nlvl slr nlja`lrmnm. M aotloiagomjanmnl á olilssíram.
olilssíram.
G
Y
Y
M
0. M qumjanmnl á olilssíram
olilssíram ld tgngs gs oävlas. Á prliasg ud igd-
R
prgdassg nl `msl mdpjm.
9. Sgië nlvl prmtaimr g qul vgië vma trmosdatar.
trmosdatar.
>. Sgië nlvl slr mutg-irätaig l milatmr m irätaim igostrutavm.
Ajustrmåég;
M Aerlkm Mnvlotastm
Mnvlot astm ûjsm,
ûjsm, ng suj nl ûjsm, Ghjmf gdm, á `ld nloanm qumo-
ûjsm, Ghjmfgdm,
ng sl trmtm nl igolitmr ms plssgms. Mg iflemr ld slu lstmiagomdlotg og
sí`mng pljm dmofé, ud imrraofg nl egjcl vld mtá vgië l sl gclrlil pmrm
jfl nmr udm imrgom mtá m lotrmnm nm aerlkm. Om daofm vasatm m lstm aerlkm,
ifleula ilng. G lstmiagomdlotg taofm mploms mjeuos imrrgs. Lu lstmiagola
m ilrtm nastàoiam nm aerlkm, pgrqul lu taofm guvang sg`rl lssm imrgom og
imrraofg nl egjcl.
Plmjdlotl, m pguigs aostmotls nm daofm iflemnm, g imrraofg nl egjcl ifl-
egu pmrm jlvmr-dl mtá m lotrmnm nm aerlkm. Lu cua imjgrgsmdlotl rlilàng
pljg igonutgr.
]umong am iflemong â lotrmnm nm aerlkm, dl pmrlilu qul fmvämdgs tg -
dmng udm rgtm dmas jgoem ng qul lrm olilssírag ld vartunl nl qul g
lstmiagomdlotg lstmvm vmzag. Iuragsg, lu plreuotla mg igonutgr pgrqul ljl
oég clz ud mtmjfg. Yum rlspgstm aonaigu m rmzég, ‚oùs naraeadgs pgr lstm
rgtm pgrqul mssad tldgs m ifmoil nl nmr ms `gms-vaonms l cmdajamrazmr-ogs
igd gs vasatmotls—.
1>
]umas ség gs trës gu qumtrg daoastárags qul jfl mkunmramd m vavlr sum vaség J
M
P
igdg ud cuonmngr nl aerlkms7 ^
O
L
I
G
L
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW J
I
Û
O
WWWW G
D
G
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW I
G
É
Å
M
WWWW @
\
I
O
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW A
>
»
O
WWWW G
Y
Y
M
Lsigjfm ud daoastárag l igdlil m plosmr igdg slram pmrm adpjldlotí-jg R
igd lxiljëoiam.
Daoastárag lsigjfang; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Anlams pmrm adpjldlotmr g daoastárag lsigjfang igd lxiljëoiam;
WWWW
WWWW
WWWW
Mtraùaåüls ng daoastárag
\dm lxiljlotl nasiapjaom om tgdmnm nl nliasüls qumong m aerlkm prliasm
nl ud sleuadlotg á mtraùar udm plssgm pmrm mssudar m rlspgosmàjanmnl.
Miadm vgië jastgu trës gu qumtrg daoastárags qul cmrég pmrtl nl slu pjmotag
nl aerlkm nlsnl g igdlåg (sí`mng nl m`lrturm).
Lsirlvm ogvmdlotl imnm ud ngs daoastárags l, ld sleuanm, mg jmng nljl,
lsirlvm g ogdl nm plssgm rlspgosívlj pgr lssl daoastárag.
1<
G
^ Daoastárag; Rlssgm Plspgosívlj;
O
L
D
M
Å =. WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
O
M
J
G
M 0. WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
G
^
O
L
D
9. WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
M
K
L
O
M
J
>. WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
R
G
N
; Fí daoastárags mnaiagomas qul nlvld slr igosanlrmngs qumong vgië jmoåmr
Y
M
K
L slu pjmotag. Yl ljls oég cgrmd rljmiagomngs miadm, aonaqul ud ogdl mg
P
E
A jmng nl imnm daoastárag.
P
M
^
O
M
J
Narltgr nl lvmoeljasdg WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
R
M
P
M
R
Mndaoastrmåég/igduoaimåég WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Y
G
Y
Y
M
Iggrnlomngr nl iujtgs WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
R
Daoastárag aocmotaj WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Lsigjm sm`mtaom nl mnujtgs WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Daoastárag nl rlilpåég WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Caomoåms/dgrngdam WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Jänlr sgiamj WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

G qul cmzlr sl fí mjeuos lspmågs ld `rmoig7 G qul cmzlr sl g ogdl nl

udm plssgm mpmrlil ld duatms pgsaåüls daoastlramas7
Ld pradlarg juemr, GPL MG YLOFGP NM IGJFLA^M
IGJFLA^M RGP ^PM@MJFMNG-
PLY!
juemr, megrm qul vgië lstm`ljlilu slu NOM, vgië pgnl rliru-
Ld sleuong juemr,
tmr plssgms pmrm gs daoastárags lspliäigs ld qul vgië tld udm olilssa-
nmnl l plnar-jfls pmrm pmrtaiapmr ng slu oûijlg `ísaig loqumotg vgië ig-
dlåm m adpujsagomr l igostruar g jmoåmdlotg. Igd ud lspäratg nl grmåég,
tgng g oûijlg `ísaig nlvl tgdmr ms nliasüls qul sl cmåmd olilssírams.
Iral nlsiraåüls ijmrms l lsiratms pmrm tgnms ms mtraùaåüls nl imnm daoas -
13 tárag. Anlmjdlotl, plåm m imnm jänlr nl daoastárag pmrm iramr m sum prùpram
nlsiraåég nl trm`mjfg, rlvlkm-m igd g jänlr ng pjmotag nl aerlkm l, ld sl - J
M
P
euanm, igdpmrtajfl igd tgnm m lquapl ng oûijlg `ísaig. ^
O
L
I
Ajustrmåég; G
L
J
Igdg udm dmolarm nl iramr ud slotang nl pgssl nm vaség, ud pjmotmngr I
Û
nl aerlkms limz plnl mgs slus jänlrls nl daoastárag pmrm rllsirlvlr m O
G
nlijmrmåég nl vaség nm aerlkm pmrm g slu daoastárag. Igdg á qul g slu da- D
G
oastárag mkunm m aerlkm m iudprar m vaség qul Nlus jfl nlu7 Lstl lxlriäiag I
G
É
nlvl slr clatg igdg pmrtl nl ud rltarg nl d nl sldmom. Å
M
@
\
I
O
A
>
»
O
G
Y
Y
M
R
15
G
^
O
L
D
M
Å
O
M
J
G
M
G
^
O
L
D
M
K
L
O
M
J
R
G
N
;
Y
M
K
L
P
E
A
P
M
^
O
M
J
R
M
P
M
R
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Y
Y
M
R
16
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YAY^LDM NL MRGAG JGIMJ A

G
R
M
L
N
M
D
L
^
Gs pmas nl iramoåms igd olilssanmnls lspliamas tëd logrdls cmtgrls nl Y
A
Y
lstrlssl qul sg`rlimrrlemd sums vanms. Lstungs anlotaimrmd qul md`gs <
»
cmtgrls, aotlrogs l lxtlrogs, igonuzld m oävlas ljlvmngs nl lstrlssl; O
G
Y
Y
Aotlrogs M
R
 Iujpm-sl igdg imusm nm nliaëoiam nm iramoåm

 Cmjtm nl igdpltëoiam pmrm iramr m iramoåm
 Ylotl-sl ifgimng, nlpradang, iujpmng, igocusg, arratmng, fgstaj
l/gu nlslsplrmng og dgdlotg ng nameoùstaig
 Cmjtm nl fmàjanmnls nl locrlotmdlotg
 Nlslsplrmoåm ld rljmåég mg cuturg nm iramoåm l nm cmdäjam
Lxtlrogs
 Cmjtm nl igomoåm om rljmåég igd gs prgssagomas
 ^ldpg plssgmj jadatmng
 Lstlrlùtapgs l iujpm lxprlssmnm pgr gutrgs
 Nlsplsms lxtrms igd g trmtmdlotg dánaig
 Oég tëd aocgrdmåég suialotl sg`rl gs rlsiursgs naspgoävlas
(Lreúolr-^lhaomjp mon Mhh h, 022>8 Elttaoelr mon Eultsifgw, =1168 Jlfr, mon Jmpmnmt,
02228 Fladmo, 0220)
\dm jastm `mstmotl adprlssagomotl, oég á dlsdg7 G lstrlssl mnaiagomj

prgvgim ud nlsemstl ogs imsmdlotgs nl pmas nl iramoåms igd olilssanm-
nls lspliamas. Rmrm ms cmdäjams qul tëd ud jfg igd mutasdg, mirlnatm-sl
qul m tmxm nl navùriag lstí lotrl 6<-12%.
Ylr impmz nl mprgvlatmr gs slrvaågs ilrtgs á m dljfgr dmolarm nl igdlåmr
m rlnuzar mjeuos ngs cmtgrls nl lstrlssl. Yastldms nl mpgag, igdg migo-
sljfmdlotg aonavanumj l cmdajamr,
cmdajamr, erupgs nl mpgag l trlaomdlotg pmrm pmas
tëd nldgostrmng cmzlr udm logrdl naclrloåm.
Rrlssüls aotlroms l lxtlroms tmd`ád pgnld lstmr prlslotls om g`rm nl
Nlus, lspliamjdlotl og pjmotag nl aerlkms.
Ogtl lstm pmssmeld nl AA Igräotags 5;< ‚Rgas, qumong iflemdgs â Dm-
ilnþoam, oég tavldgs olofud nlsimosg, dms cgdgs mtraùjmngs nl tgnm
cgrdm; igoatgs lxtlrogs, tldgrls aotlrogs.— =2=
G
^ Nasiustm ld nupjms;
O
L
D
M
G igotlxtg nm pmssmeld miadm á g pjmotag nl aerlkms. ]ul tlosüls lxtlroms
Å
O
l aotlroms vgië lstí locrlotmong mtumjdlotl7
M
J
G
M ]umas ség ms sldljfmoåms lotrl nmr â juz m ud pjmotag nl aerlkm l tlr udm
G
^ iramoåm igd olilssanmnls lspliamas7
O
L
D
M
K
]umj m adpgrtàoiam ngs sastldms nl mpgag og prgilssg7
L
O
M
J
R
âpgs nl Mpgag pmrm gs Rjmotmngrls;
G
N Mu`rly Dmjpfurs dgstrm g sleuaotl; ‚Lu nlog pjmotmr aerlkms igdg udm
;
Y
M
mvloturm nl cá, qul á mg dlsdg tldpg imosmtavm, pgrád, ldgiagomotl, g
K
L
P
prgilssg pjmolkmng nl igdlåmr l nlslovgjvlr aerlkms jgimas igd `msl om
E
A
P
prgdlssm nl Klsus nl igostruar sum aerlkm l ld g`lnaëoiam m Ermonl Ig -
M
^
O
dasség— (Rgrims l Rmrmcusgs nl Rjmotmåég nl Aerlkms, Dmjpfurs, pe. =6).
M
J
R
M
]umong vgië igdlåm g prgilssg nl pjmotmr udm aerlkm, vgië lotrm om jaofm
P
M
R
nl crlotl nl udm eulrrm lsparatumj. Sgië vma vlr g nam`g mtmimr clrgzdlotl
Y
G
’ ljl lstí plrnlong tlrrlog. Rgr gutrg jmng, vgië vma tlstlduofmr surprl -
Y
Y
M
lonlotls dajmerls, ud mpùs g gutrg. G`stíiujgs tgromd-sl gpgrtuoanmnls
R
pmrm Nlus mtumr ld slu cmvgr. Mssad igdg g impljég slrvl mgs vírags rm-
dgs nms cgråms mrdmnms, á prliasg udm lquapl nl supgrtl pmrm ms plssgms
lovgjvanms ld pjmotmr aerlkms.
Slkmdgs
Slkmdgs < sastldms nl mpgag cuonmdlotmas;
=. Eulrrlargs nl grmåég8
0. Aerlkm-dél8
9. ^rlaomngr8
>. Plnl nl pjmotmngrls8
<. Mssgiamåég jgimj.
Om aotrgnuåég nlstl Dmoumj, udm sáral nl lstmtästaims sg`rl m tmxm nl
sg`rlvavëoiam nl udm aerlkm cgrmd iatmnms.
• Ms lxplitmtavms rlmjastms ng pjmotmngr nl aerlkms mudlotmd m sg`rl-
vavëoiam ld dmas nl >22%
]umj ngs sastldms nl mpgag rljmiagomngs mkunm m tlr udm lxplitmtavm rl-
mjastm7
• Ms ifmoils nl sg`rlvavëoiam mudlotmd ld dmas nl 0<2% ld
pjmotags nl aerlkms qul gclrlild impmiatmåég og slotang nl nlslo-
vgjvlr m janlrmoåm.
]umj ngs sastldms nl mpgag iatmngs pgnl cgrolilr lstl trlaomdlotg7
• Ms ifmoils nl sg`rlvavëoiam mudlotmd ld =9<% qumong g pjmotm-
=20 ngr nl aerlkm sl rlûol igd gutrgs erupgs nl pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms.
]umj ngs sastldms nl mpgag dloiagomngs mtlonl m lssm olilssanmnl7 J
M
I
G
J
WWWW G
A
G
R
M
Anlam Ifmvl; L
N
M
\d sastldm nl mpgag mnlqumng á iruiamj pmrm ud pjmotag nl aerlkm `ld- D
L
-suilnang. Ljl plrdatl qul g pjmotag nl aerlkm oég mploms sg`rlvavm, dms ^
Y
A
qul tmd`ád prgsplrl!
prgsplrl! M lxplraëoiam og ^lxms nldgostrgu qulqul qumong Y
<
»
m aerlkm-dél l g trlaomngr lstmvmd prlslotls, g suilssg ng pjmotag lrm O
G
qumsl ilrtg. Y
Y
M
R
E\LPPLAPGY NL GPMÅÉG
Iatmåüls;
‚Nlus oég cmz omnm lxiltg ld rlspgstm m grmåég nl cá— Kgfo Ulsjly
Ulsjly (Uls-
jly pmssmvm nums fgrms naírams ld grmåég).
‚Olofud mprlonazmng pgnl igdplosmr m cmjtm nl grmåég. Olofud moslag,
olofudm najaeëoiam, old lstung, old prlslotls, pgnlrí suprar m sum cmj-
tm— L. D. @guons.
‚Ymtmoís trldl qumong vë g dmas crmig irastég nl kgljfgs— Uajjamd Igwplr.
‚Yl cmjfg ld pmssmr nums fgrms ld grmåég tgnms ms dmofés, g nam`g g` -
tlrí m vatùram ng nam. Lu tlofg tmotg trm`mjfg qul oég pgssg pmssmr sld
emstmr trës fgrms namramdlotl ld grmåég— Dmrtaofg Jutlrg.
‚Oùs tldgs qul grmr igd ogssgs gjfgs pgstgs ld Nlus, l oég sg`rl ms
naiujnmnls— Gswmjn Ifmd`lrs.
‚Iuanmng igd sums grmåüls, sg`rltung, nl jadatmr m Nlus, oég sù pljm ao-
irlnujanmnl, dms admeaomong qul vgië sm`l g qul Ljl pgnl cmzlr.
cmzlr. Lsplrl
igasms aolsplrmnms ‖miadm nmquajg qul plnadgs gu plosmdgs‑— Monrlw
Durrmy.
‚\dm aerlkm qul sl lscgråm pmrm lvmoeljazmr sum igduoanmnl sld smturmr
slus lscgrågs ld grmåég á igdg ud pajgtg nl igrranms qul sg`l ld slu
imrrg om jaofm nl jmremnm l nlsig`rl qul g tmoqul oég lstí iflag nl em -
sgjaom— Elgrel @mrom.
‚Nlvldgs lstmr rlvlstangs nl tgnm m mrdmnurm nl Nlus, l prgo-
tgs imnm dgdlotg pmrm sustlr igoatg igd gs pgnlrls nms trlvms.
]umong ogs mssmjtmrld tlotmåüls l prgvmåüls, vmdgs m Nlus, l igd
vlrnmnlarm megoam nl mjdm grldgs m Ljl. Oég ogs nlsplnarí Ljl
vmzags, dms ogs nmrí ermåm l cgråm pmrm vloilr l qul`rmr g pgnlr
pg nlr ng
aoadaeg— (Ufatl, Daofm Igosmermåég Fgkl, 02=9, píe. <>3).
=29
G
^ Nasiusség ld Erupg;
O
L
D
M
]umj nms iatmåüls miadm tl nlsmmd7 Rgr qul7
Å
O
M
J Ymturl slu pjmotag nl aerlkm igd grmåég
G
M
G
^
=. Ygjaiatmr m Aerlkm-dél ud lspmåg ld slu `gjltad pmrm jld`mr mgs
O
L ardégs qul grld pljg pjmotag nm ogvm aerlkm8
D
M
K
L
O
0. Grl pgr trm`mjfmngrls l utajazl udm ‚imnlarm nl grmåég— ld tgnms
M
J
R
ms rluoaüls ng oûijlg `ísaig8
G
N
;
Y
9. G Erupg @ísaig l, dmas tmrnl, tgngs gs dld`rgs nlvld igdprg-
M
K
L
dltlr-sl m grmr namramdlotl pljg jänlr ng pjmotag nm ogvm aerlkm l
P
E
A
sum cmdäjam8
P
M
^
O
>. Dgàjazl udm lquapl plrdmolotl nl aotlrilssgrls qul vég grmr
M
J
R
pljgs nlsmgs lspliäigs qul locrlotmd ud pjmotag nl aerlkm (ao-
M
P
ijuaong m grmåég pgr dmas trm`mjfmngrls). Igduoaqul rleujmrdlo-
M
R
Y
tl m ljls ms olilssanmnls `ld igdg ms sgjuåüls8
G
Y
Y
M
<. ]umong igdlåmr ud iujtg pû`jaig, igovanl ngas gu trës aonavä-
R
nugs pmrm lstmr grmong nurmotl tgng g iujtg (ld udm smjm oms
prgxadanmnls)8
3. Mpùs ud `mtasdg, adpgofm âs dégs l grl pljgs ngos lsparatumas
pmrm imnm plssgm8
5. Adpgofm âs dégs l ‚loval— igdg dld`rgs dassagoírags âquljls
qul tlofmd dunmng nl trm`mjfg l igd assg, tmd`ád sl dunmrmd
pmrm gutrm jgimjanmnl.
]ul gutrms anlams vgië tld nl igdg aoigrpgrmr m grmåég ld slu pjmotag
nl aerlkm7
WWWWW
AEPLKM-DÉL
G pmplj nl udm aerlkm-dél kí cga nlstmqul og Rmssg O» =.
Mjád ng pmrtg aoaiamj ng pjmotag, lxastld dmolarms ld iursg ld qul m
Aerlkm-Dél pgnl prlstmr mpgag.
 Igdpmrtajfmong tmjlotgs8
 Mtrmvás ng Iju`l nl Nls`rmvmngrls, Lsigjm Ym`mtaom, lti..8
=2>
 Igovanmong m aerlkm-dél pmrm pmrtaiapmr ngs lvlotgs nl gremoa- J
M
I
zmåég, nlnaimåég l aostmjmåég nm ogvm aerlkm. Pligoflåm g pmplj G
J
adpgrtmotl nm aerlkm-dél og omsiadlotg ng pjmotag nlstm ogvm G
A
G
R
aerlkm8 M
L
N
 Igd lvlotgs igdàomngs; om slxtm-clarm m ogatl udm smotm ilam, M
D
ud gu gutrg sí`mng udm rlclaåég igdud, sárals lvmoeljästaims, L
^
mimdpmdlotgs sgiamas, lti..8 Y
A
Y
<
 Iljl`rmong ud `mtasdg ng slu pjmotag om aerlkm-dél. Rgnl slr »
O
ud sí`mng m tmrnl, pmrm qul tmotg slu pjmotag igdg m aerlkm-dél G
Y
Y
igdldgrld kuotgs. Assg plrdatl m aerlkm-dél vlr qul g crutg nl M
R
sum aoaiamtavm nl pjmotmr udm ogvm aerlkm lstí nmong rlsujtmngs8
Ngs atlos miadm, qumj slram dmas aotlrlssmotl pmrm g slu pjmotag nl aerlkm7
WWWW
]uld nlvl tgdmr m aoaiamtavm pmrm emrmotar qul lstl adpgrtmotl sastldm nl
mpgag slkm adpjldlotmng7
WWWW
^PLAOMNGP
Lstl pmplj cuonmdlotmj nl mpgag nlvl slr igosanlrmng oég-olegiaívlj
pmrm gs pjmotags nl aerlkms
‚Yl vgië nloar janlrmoåm igdg ‖aouloiamr gs gutrgs m vavlr slu pjl -
og pgtloiamj ng Plaog‑, trlaomdlotg á udm clrrmdlotm duatg limz.—
(IPLYULJJ, ^rlaomdlotg Ilotrmng ld Irastg , pe. ==1).
\d sastldm nl trlaomdlotg nlvlram slr nlslovgjvang pmrm mpgamr m lxpmo-
ség ng pjmotag nl aerlkms nlotrg nl udm Mssgiamåég jgimj.
G sleuaotl sastldm cga tlstmng ld imdpg pgr dmas nl ogvl mogs om Mssg-
iamåég ngs Mnvlotastms ng Yátadg Nam ng ^lxms. Mquljls qul tgdmrmd g
díxadg prgvlatg nl tung g qul ljl gclrlilu loigotrmrmd g supgrtl cgrol-
iang pmrm sl udm ermonl `ëoåég.
=. Imnm pjmotmngr nl aerlkms nlvl slr ud trlaomngr;
Nloaåég nl ud trlaomngr; ud daoastrg nl tldpg aotlermj, ldprl-
emng pljm Mssgiamåég. =2<
G
^ ]umas ség ms vmotmelos nl g trlaomngr slr ud pmstgr ld tldpg aotlermj;
O
L
D
M
Å
O
M
J
G
WWWWW
M
G
^
O ]umjanmnls nl ud trlaomngr;
L
D
M
K • Á, igdprgvmnmdlotl, ud emofmngr nl mjdms8
L
O
M
J
R
• Á ud lxiljlotl guvaotl8
G
N
;
• Lstí mptg m nljlemr (oég vma mpgssmr-sl ng pjmotag)8
Y
M
K
L
• Lstí cmdajamrazmng igd ms táioaims nl trlaomdlotg l igofliadlo-
P
E
A tg aotlragr l á igdprgdltang8
P
M
^
O
M
Pljmåég lotrl ud pjmotmngr nl aerlkms l ud trlaomngr
J
R
M
G pjmotmngr l g trlaomngr nlvld sl loigotrmr udm vlz pgr dës pmrm ud
P
M trlaomdlotg. Yl rligdlonm qul slkm ld ud mjdgåg gu kmotmr.
kmotmr.
R
Y
G
Y
Y
Anlam; Pligdlonm-sl qul m Mssgiamåég nlslovgjvm ud pjmog pmrm rlld-
M
R `gjsmr gs trlaomngrls mtá udm ilrtm qumotam nl naoflarg pmrm qul pgssmd
jlvmr gs pjmotmngrls jlaegs pmrm udm rlclaåég.
Igotlûng nl udm rluoaég nl trlaomdlotg
Cmzlr plreuotms igdg pgr lxldpjg;
• ]ul suilssgs/vatùrams vgië tld lxplradlotmng rlilotldlotl7
• G qul pgnldgs igdldgrmr7
]ul nlsmgs vgië lstí locrlotmong mtumjdlotl pljgs qumas pgnldgs grmr7
 Guåm8
 Moadl8
 Rrlstl igotms. Mkunl g pjmotmngr jlaeg om iramåég nl dlnanms nl
måég pmrm slrld rlvastms og prùxadg loigotrg nl trlaomdlotg8
 Elrl rliursgs. Cgrolåm dmtlramj nl jlaturm l cmåm udm mvmjamåég
ld igokuotg8
 Grl.
Ogtm; G trlaomdlotg sl igoilotrm og cuturg. Igdg ud pmstgr/trlaomngr sl
rlclrl mg trlaomdlotg7 G g`kltavg á ‚loimdaofmr g prgerlssg—. M d nl cm-
zlr assg, á adpgrtmotl qul ms plssgms qul lstég slong trlaomnms cgrdujld
ms ltmpms nl måég qul ljls vég adpjldlotmr oms rluoaüls nl trlaomdlotg
melonmnms. Lstms måüls nlvld slr ngiudlotmnms pljm plssgm qul lstí
=23 slong trlaomnm l rlvasmnm om prùxadm rluoaég nl trlaomdlotg.
Yl vgië nlslkm tlr ud trlaomdlotg dmas mvmoåmng qul g jlvl m gutrg oävlj, J
M
I
jlam g javrg nl Kmol Irlswljj, ^rlaomdlotg Ilotrmng ld Irastg. Ljm anlo - G
J
taim sltl `lolcäiags pradgrnamas nl ud rljmiagomdlotg nl trlaomngr. G G
A
G
R
trlaomdlotg ilotrmng ld Irastg mprgvlatm slus pgotgs cgrtls, prgpgriagom M
L
ijmrlzm l cgig, aocuonl igomoåm, adpujsagom m mprlonazmeld, prgdg - N
M
vl g prgerlssg aotloiagomj, á igotmeagsg l aoilotavm m iudprar dltms ng D
L
^
tmdmofg nl Nlus. G impätujg qul nasiutl pgotgs cgrtls l fmàjanmnls á Y
A
Y
lxilpiagomj l vma jfl nmr udm plrsplitavm aotlarmdlotl ogvm pmrm g slu <
»
daoastárag plssgmj l slu rmjmiagomdlotg nl trlaomngr. Rmrm meuåmr slu O
G
aotlrlssl, mqua lstí udm iatmåég nlssl javrg; Y
Y
M
R
‚Imnm ud nl oùs tld ud igokuotg lxijusavg nl pgotgs cgrtls qul lstég
miadm nm dánam... \dm vlz qul vgië plosm lrrgolmdlotl qul tgngs gs
slrls fudmogs omsild igd pgotgs cgrtls, vgië sl crustm qumong ljls oég
mprlslotmd g igdpgrtmdlotg qul sl loimaxm igd gs slus pgotgs cgrtls
qul ség suplragrls. \dm `gm dmolarm nl nltlrdaomr slus pgotgs cgrtls, á
igdlåmr m plril`lr g qul tl arratm sg`rl igdg gs gutrgs mtumd.— (Irlswljj,
Kmol, ^rlaomdlotg Ilotrmng ld Irastg, píe. ><).
0. G trlaomngr sl rlûol igd g erupg nl pjmotag nl aerlkms dlosmj-
dlosmj-
dlotl
 Mploms udm vlz pgr tradlstrl, ld ud sí`mng pljm dmofé8
 Ms gpåüls aoijuld; rluoaég ng igosljfg, rluoaég nl oleùiags,
rluoaég sgiamj, smänm nm kuvlotunl, nls`rmvmngrls, lti...
 G trlaomngr rlmjazm `mtasdgs l grnlomåüls8
Rrgpùsatg; Igostruar ud rljmiagomdlotg igd g trlaomngr.
trlaomngr. G trlaomngr pgnl
cgrolilr rliursgs mg pjmotmngr jlaeg nl udm cgrdm dmas aotljaelotl.
Rgr qul vgië mirlnatm qul á rligdlonmng g trlaomngr prlemr ûoaimdlotl
udm vlz pgr tradlstrl og pjmotag nl aerlkm7
9. G trlaomngr nlvl tlr ngas os-nl-sldmom pgr mog nl rluoaüls
lvmoeljästaims nl igjflatm igd g pjmotag nl aerlkm.
IGOILA^G LV^PM; Lstm á udm rligdlonmåég pmrm trlaomngrls... Mquljls
qul zlrld assg mifmrmd duatg ermtaimotl.
• G trlaomngr tld udm rljmåég igd g erupg pmrm qul ljls lstlkmd
`ld prlpmrmngs l mpgald ms rluoaüls8
• Rrgpgriagom ud lscgråg lvmoeljästaig milssävlj ld udm `msl rl-
eujmr pmrm m aerlkm8
=25
G
^ Gutrms Smotmelos nl ud trlaomngr;
O
L
D
M
G trlaomngr aoilotavm g pjmotmngr l g pjmotag pmrm;
Å
O
M
J
 ^rm`mjfmr og slotang nl tgromr-sl ud erupg gremoazmng l, ld sl-
G
M euanm mjimoåmr g stmtus nl aerlkm ’ vlkm g Mpëonail F8
G
^
O  Dmotlr-sl cgimng om dasség nm aerlkm mtrmvás nl lscgrågs lvmoel-
Dmotlr-sl
L
D
M
jästaigs rleujmrls8
K
L
O
M
 Rlrdmolilr lj om ngutraom8
J
R
G
 Lvatmr gs lxtrldgs l/gu lxtrldastms8
N
;
Y
M
 Rrgtlelr-sl
Rrgtlelr-sl nl plssgms qul pgnlramd nlstruar g pjmotag8
K
L
P
E
 Ylr rlmjastm sg`rl ms olilssanmnls nm aostmjmåég l plnangs8
A
P
M
^
 Dmotlr udm rljmåég pgsatavm igd m Mssgiamåég.
O
M
J
R
Gonl pgssg mprlonlr dmas sg`rl igdg slr ud trlaomngr7
M
P
M
Fí trës javrgs qul lu rligdlong pmrm mkunmr vgië m mprlonlr ms táioaims
R
Y nl trlaomdlotg;
G
Y
Y
M
R
• Ifrast-Ilotlrln Igmifaoe; 5 @lolts cgr Daoastry Jlmnlrs `y Kmol
Irlswljj. (^rlaomdlotg
(^rlaomdlotg Ilotrmng ld Irastg; 5 @lolcäiags pmrm Jä-
nlrls nl Daoastárags pgr Kmol Irlswljj) ’ Mjtmdlotl rligdlonm-
ng!
• (^rlaomdlo-
Igmifaoe =2= `y Pg`lrt L. Jgemo & Yflrajyo Imrjtgo. (^rlaomdlo
tg =2= pgr Pg`lrt L. Jgemo & Yflrajyo Imrjtgo). ’ Lstl javrg cga
nastraùäng ermtuatmdlotl m tgngs gs trlaomngrls og ^lxms/\YM).
• Jlmnlrsfap Igmifaoe `y ^goy Ytgjtzcus (^rlaomdlotg nl Janlrmoåm
pgr ^goy Ytgjtzcus).
Lssls trës javrgs lstég naspgoävlas og Ilotrg nl Pliursgs OMNLA. Jaeul
pmrm += (031) >5=-6929 gu vasatl ogssg satl www.omnla.gre.
\dm nms dljfgrls dmolarms nl mprlonlr igdg slr ud trlaomngr á prmta -
imong.
Ajustrmåég;
Gs pmstgrls nm írlm nl Ymo Motgoag, og ^lxms, sl rluoamd dlosmjdlotl
igd m omjanmnl nl dljfgrmr sums táioaims nl trlaomdlotg. Nurmotl m pra-
dlarm fgrm, momjasmrmd ud javrg sg`rl g mssuotg nl trlaomdlotg. Nurmotl
m sleuonm fgrm, sl navanarmd ld erupgs nl trës. G trlaomngr, plssgm qul
lstmvm slong trlaomnm ’ ud g`slrvmngr.
g`slrvmngr. M plssgm qul lstmvm slong trlaom-
nm pgnlram lsigjflr qumjqulr tùpaig og qumj ljl egstmram nl irlsilr. Rgr
lxldpjg; m elstég ng tldpg. G trlaomngr emstmvm =< daoutgs prgilssmong
lstm qulstég, cmzlong plreuotms pgnlrgsms, prgdgvlong m mutg-nlsig`lr-
mutg-nlsig`lr-
=26
tm l g ngdäoag ng prgilssg nl dunmoåm. Ljls sl aotlrrgemvmd pgr iaoig J
M
I
daoutgs (igd m pmrtaiapmåég ng g`slrvmngr) l sl mjtlromvmd. Lstm lxplra- G
J
ëoiam mkungu lssls pmstgrls m sl tgromrld trlaomngrls lxilpiagomas. G
A
G
R
M
]ulstüls sg`rl g ^rlaomngr L
N
M
Rgr qumotg tldpg sl nlvl ogdlmr ud trlaomngr7 D
L
^
Yl g pjmotag á janlrmng pgr jlaegs, fmvlrí sldprl ud trlaomngr, dlsdg Y
A
Y
nlpgas qul g`tlofm g stmtus nl aerlkm. Yl á janlrmng pgr ud pmstgr ld <
»
tldpg aotlermj, rligdlonm-sl qul g trlaomngr slkm g narltgr nl pjmotag nl O
G
Y
aerlkms nm Mssgiamåég jgimj. Y
M
R
G qul migotlil sl g rljmiagomdlotg igd g trlaomngr oég lstí

lst í cuoiagomong7
M pradlarm smjvmeumrnm pmrm mkunmr m lvatmr assg á qul g trlaomngr mssaol
ud igotrmtg motls ng rljmiagomdlotg igdlåmr. Astg lstí naspgoävlj og
Mpëonail A.
G narltgr nl pjmotag nl aerlkms nm Mssgiamåég jgimj prliasm lstmr ialotl
nms prlgiupmåüls m rlsplatg ng rljmiagomdlotg. Yl g trlaomngr oég slotl
qul pgnl igotaoumr m rljmåég, igocgrdl igdàomng, ld sleuanm, ud ogvg
trlaomngr nlvl slr aonaimng. Yl g pjmotmngr jlaeg oég lstí naspgstg m cmzlr
ng slu trlaomdlotg udm pragranmnl, lotég g narltgr nl pjmotag nl aerlkms
nlvl lotrmr ld naíjgeg igd m janlrmoåm ng pjmotag nm aerlkm l, omjdlotl,
pgnlrí aonaimr-sl ud ogvg jänlr. M cmjtm nl ud lspäratg nùiaj qul lstlkm
naspgstg m mprllonlr pgnl jlvmr mg nlsmpmrliadlotg ng prgkltg nl ud
pjmotag nl aerlkm. G rljmiagomdlotg nl trlaomngr nlvl slr jlvmng m sárag.
]umas `lolcäiags lxastld pmrm g pmstgr-trlaomngr7
pmstgr-trlaomngr7 Lxastl mjeud aoilotavg7
G dmagr `lolcäiag á slr impmz nl nlslovgjvlr ud jänlr mpmaxgomng l limz
om g`rm nl Nlus. Lstl jlemng nl janlrmoåm á mjeg qul nlvl cmzlr pmrtl nl
imnm pmstgr. Og ^lxms, ogs Lstmngs \oangs, oùs pmemdgs mtá udm ilrtm
qumotam nl nùjmr pmrm qul g trlaomngr pgssm jlvmr g jänlr pjmotmngr pmrm
udm rlclaåég kuotgs. Lu rligdlong aoijuar udm vlr`m lxtrm og gråmdlotg
nm aerlkm pmrm nlsplsms nl vameld gu rlld`gjsg nl quajgdltrmeld. Fí
nums vamelos; g igdprgdassg nl udm rlclaåég dlosmj igd g trlaomngr l
gutrm nl aotlrmåég igd g erupg nl pjmotag nl aerlkms.
Rgr qul g trlaomngr á ud pmstgr l oég ud jlaeg qumjaimng7
Á vlrnmnl qul m fmàjanmnl nl trlaomr l cmzlr plreuotms pgnlrgsms pgnl
slr mprlonanm l utajazmnm nl cgrdm limz pgr md`gs, pmstgrls l jlaegs.
@usimr rliursgs á ud msplitg ng trlaomdlotg l uoaimdlotl ud pmstgr
lstí qumjaimng pmrm assg. G pmstgr cga trlaomng pmrm janlrmr udm aerlkm.
Ljls lstég ialotls nms clrrmdlotms l rliursgs qul pgnld mkunmr tmotg g
jänlr pjmotmngr igdg g pjmotag nl aerlkms m grlsilr. Mjád nassg, ud pmstgr
ld tldpg aotlermj lstí aocgrdmng, tld igduoaimåég narltm igd m Mssg- =21
G
^ iamåég jgimj l, slrí impmz nl mkunmr g pjmotag m `loliamr-sl pjlomdlotl
O
L
D
ngs sastldms l prgermdms nl mpgag l supgrtl nm Mssgiamåég.
M
Å
O
M Yl vgië mirlnatm oud pjmotag nl aerlkms jlaeg, pgr qul quld `mtazm á g
J
G
M
pmstgr-trlaomngr7
G
^ G Dmoumj nm Aerlkm plrdatl, ld imsgs lspliamas, ud moiaég grnlomng `m-
O
L
D
tazmr igd mutgrazmåég ng prlsanlotl nm Mssgiamåég jgimj. Imnm Mssgiamåég
M
K
L
nlvl rlsgjvlr astg nlotrg ng slu igotlxtg jgimj. ]umong sl rlmjazld `mtas-
O
M
J
dgs, gs trlaomngrls pgnlramd igovanmr g pjmotmngr jlaeg m imr mg jmng nm
R
G
plssgm m slr `mtazmnm l su`dlrear-jfl
su`dlrear-jfl kuotgs.
N
;
Y
M
K
L sl imrdgs sld trlaomngrls7
L
P
E
M dmagram ngs pmstgrls qul egstmd nl trlaomdlotgs lstmramd cljazls ld
A
P
M
milatmr janlrmr nums aerlkms naraeanms pgr jlaegs. Gutrm gpåég qul plrdataram
^
O m dujtapjaimåég slram cgrdmr udm rlnl nl pjmotmngrls jlaegs nl aerlkms, g
M
J
R qul vmdgs vlr m sleuar.
M
P
M
R PLNL NL RJMO^MNGPLY JLAEGY
Y
G
Y
Y
M
\d ngs dmas moadmngrls nlslovgjvadlotgs pmrm mpgamr pjmotmngrls l
R
pjmotags nl aerlkms á m Plnl nl Rjmotmngrls Jlaegs.
Ld 0221, m pradlarm rlnl nl Rjmotmngrls Jlaegs nm Navaség Ogrtl Mdlra-
imom cga cgrdmnm ld Fgustgo, og ^lxms. Ljm cga nlslovgjvanm pljg pmstgr
Umjtlr Mjjrln ld rlspgstm m ud nlsmg qul ljl lstmvm locrlotmong. Yl
lspmjfgu udm igovlrsm nl qul ljl lrm ud lxiljlotl trlaomngr pmrm pjmo -
tmngrls jlaegs nl aerlkms l dmas l dmas pjmotmngrls jlaegs igdlåmrmd m
prgiurmr g Rmstgr Umjtlr plreuotmong sl ljl lstmram naspgstg m slr slu trla-
omngr.
omngr. Igocrgotmng igd m nldmonm nl ud nastratg igd nums aerlkms, igdg
ljl pgnlram mssudar dmas ud pmr nl pjmotags nl aerlkms jlaems7 Cga qumong
Umjtlr nlianau kuotmr tgngs gs pjmotmngrls jlaegs mg dlsdg tldpg.
Mqua lstí igdg ljl lstruturgu m rlnl;
 Yí`mng m tmrnl nms =<f âs =5f, udm vlz pgr dës8
 Imnm pjmotmngr jlaeg trmz ngas gutrgs jlaegs ifmvls igd ljl, pmrm
aoilotavmr g nlslovgjvadlotg nm janlrmoåm l m dujtapjaimåég8
 M pradlarm fgrm á pmrm trlaomdlotg nl pjmotag nl aerlkms nmnm pgr
Umjtlr igd plreuotms aotlrimjmnms ngs pmrtaiapmotls8
 M sleuonm fgrm á pmrm mprlonlr ld pmrilram l grmåég lotrl gs
pjmotmngrls jlaegs8
 G jgimj ng loigotrg á udm aerlkm lstm`ljlianm qul lstí naspgstm m
slr dél pmrm imnm oûijlg mtá qul sl tgrold ud erupg gremoazmng8
==2  \d jmoifl á rligdlonmng mpùs imnm rluoaég8
M rlspgstm â rlnl tld sang logrdl. Mtumjdlotl, gatg pjmotags nl aerlkms J
M
I
pmrtaiapmd dlosmjdlotl igd trës lquapls imnm ud. Ljls nlsig`rarmd G
J
qul gs pjmotags nl aerlkms jutmd igd duatgs prg`jldms sldljfmotls. Gs G
A
G
R
pjmotmngrls jlaegs ség cgrtmjliangs lsparatumjdlotl l lolreazmngs ldgiag- M
L
omjdlotl mg igdpmrtajfmrld kuotgs. \d lxiljlotl trm`mjfg ld rlnl tld N
M
gigrrang. D
L
^
Y
A
Ajustrmåég; Y
<
Jasm vasatgu m rlnl pljm pradlarm vlz l igdlågu m igdpmrtajfmr sg`rl ud »
O
erupg nl lstungs nm @ä`jam igd imd`gkmogs qul ljm rlmjazmvm ld sum G
Y
Y
imsm. G aotlrlssl pljg lstung cga mudlotmong rmpanmdlotl l ljm lstmvm M
R
imong sld imnlarms pmrm migdgnmr ms plssgms. Adlnamtmdlotl, gutrg
pjmotmngr nl aerlkms jlaeg sl gclrlilu pmrm lotrlemr-jfl mjeudms imnla-
rms ng`rívlas ld sum imsm og nam sleuaotl. Nlpgas nl Jasm igdpmrtajfmr
lstm lxplraëoiam, tgng g erupg adpþs ms dégs sg`rl ljm l grgu pmrm qul
Nlus m`loågmssl slu daoastárag nl udm dmolarm pgnlrgsm. Ljm lstmvm
vasavljdlotl ldgiagomnm l igdlotgu dmas tmrnl sg`rl quég moadmnm l
loigrmkmnm ljm fmvam sl slotang nurmotl m rluoaég. Gs lstungs `ä`jaigs qul
Jasm igdlågu pmrlil tmd`ád slr `ld m aoiu`måég nl ud ogvg pjmotag
nl aerlkm!
‚G mpgag nl erupgs nl pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms ség gs dlogs utajazm-
ngs l gs qul lstég dmas su`nlslovgjvangs og msplitg ng sastldm
nl pjmotag nl aerlkms. G erupg nl mpgag mg pjmotmngr nl aerlkms, qul
lovgjvl vírags pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms kuotgs, nlvam sl rluoar igd ud
trlaomngr-cmiajatmngr trlaomng pmrm nasiutar qulstüls rljmiagomnms
igd g pjmotag nl aerlkms l rlil`lr lnuimåég l cgrdmåég igotäoum
sg`rl g pjmotag. Lstls erupgs nl mpgag cgrolild ud gutrg oävlj â
lquapl nl pjmotmngrls jlaegs nl aerlkms, qul duatms vlzls sl slotld
asgjmngs l sgzaofgs ld slu pjmotag nl aerlkm. Gs pjmotmngrls jlaegs
ség impmzls nl mprlonlr uos igd gs gutrgs loqumotg igdpmrtajfmd
ms sums lxplraëoiams igjltavms— ’ Y^L^[LP, G Lstmng ng Rjmotag nl
Aerlkms ogs L\M Fgkl, Plnl nl Janlrmoåm 0225, píe. 09. ^fl Ytmtl
gc Ifurif Rjmotaoe ao tfl \.Y. ^gnmy, Jlmnlrsfap Oltwgrh, 0225,
píe. 09.
Fí ud nlslkg nl nmr udm dmagr lxpgsaåég mg adpmitg qul udm rlnl

igdg lstm pgnl tlr og mpgag l dujtapjaimåég ng pjmotag nl aerlkms. Yl vgië
tld aotlrlssl ld nlslovgjvlr udm rlnl, pgnl vmjlr m plom udm vameld
m Fgustgo, og ^lxms, L\M, pmrm lxplradlotmr ld pradlarm dég. Yl vgië
egstmram nl lotrmr ld igotmtg igd g Rmstgr Mjjrln, vgië pgnl igduoaimr-sl
igd ljl mtrmvás ng slu l-dmaj wnmjjrlnBfgtdmaj.igd gu pljm sum píeaom
nl aotlrolt www.jlvljupdaoastrals.igd.
www.jlvljupdaoastrals.igd.
===
G
^ MRGAG NM MYYGIAMÅÉG
O
L
D
M
Fí nums dmolarms saeoaimtavms qul udm Mssgiamåég jgimj pgnl mkunmr l
Å
O mpgamr gs pjmotags nl aerlkms og slu tlrratùrag;
M
J
G
M =. Mssleurmong-sl nl qul tgngs gs pjmotags tlofmd udm aerlkm-dél8
G
^
O 0. Mssleurmong-sl nl qul tgngs gs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms tlofmd
L
D
M
ud trlaomngr.
K
L
O
M
J
Yl lstls ngas sadpjls dlimoasdgs nl mpgag lstavlrld og juemr,
juemr, m qumjanm-
R
G
nl l m sustlotmàjanmnl ngs pjmotags nl aerlkms mudlotmrég nrmstaimdlotl.
N
;
Y
M
K
AEPLKM-DÉL
L
P
E
A
Aerlkms-déls smunívlas arég prgnuzar l pmtrgiaomr aerlkms-jfms qul sl-
P
M
rég smunívlas tmd`ád. Pligdlonm-sl qul ms aerlkms-déls mprgvlatld m
^
O
M
plsquasm Nlslovgjvadlotg Omturmj nl Aerlkm pmrm trm`mjfmr ld dljfgrmr
J
R m sum smûnl. Rgnl slr qul m Mssgiamåég jgimj igoigrnl ld pmemr pgr lstm
M
P
M
plsquasm (NOA) pmrm mquljms aerlkms qul lstég pjmolkmong ud pjmotag nl
R
Y gutrm aerlkm. Rmrm dmas aocgrdmåüls igosujtl g Mpëonail I.
G
Y
Y
M
R
^PLAOMNGP
Igdg rligdlonmng motlragrdlotl, slral ûtaj sl mjeud mpgag omoilarg
pmrm rlclaåüls, quajgdltrmeld gu vamelos cgssl cgroliang mgs pmstgrls-
-trlaomngrls qul lstlkmd naspgstgs m trlaomr gs pjmotmngrls jlaegs nl aerl-
kms. Smjgrazmdgs gs rliursgs omoilargs. Mjád nassg, ljl mnaiagom udm
lxplitmtavm l oävlj nl rlspgosmàjanmnl pmrm qul g trlaomngr slkm igosas -
tlotl ld dmotlr sums rluoaüls dlosmas igd gs erupgs nl pjmotmngrls l
nl pjmotag nl aerlkms.
Fí udm sáral nl dmolarms mnaiagomas qul udm Mssgiamåég pgnl slr cmvg -
rívlj l mpgamr ud pjmotag nl aerlkms
=. Nlsaeomong ud iggrnlomngr nm Mssgiamåég pmrm g pjmotag nl aerl-
km. Astg oég rlqulr udm nlsaeomåég nl tldpg igdpjltg mploms
pmrm lssl pmplj, pgrád, slrí vmotmkgsg8
0. Cgrolilong rliursgs (nldgeíigs, javrgs, NSNs, Rgwlr Rgaots,
lti... )8
9. Rmtrgiaomong trlaomngrls l pjmotmngrls pmrm qul mssastmd m igo-
clrëoiam sg`rl pjmotag nl aerlkms igoflianm igdg YLLNY8
>. Ylong g motraég nl udm iûpujm nl pjmotag nl aerlkms ld slu
tlrratùrag8
<. Igosanlrmong ud omoiamdlotg lxtrm pmrm m pradlarm imdpmofm
lvmoeljästaim ng pjmotag8
3. Ylong g motraég nl ud `moqultl nl mprliamåég mgs pjmotmngrls/
==0 trlaomngrls.
Ajustrmåég; J
M
I
G `moqultl moumj nl mermnliadlotg pmrm gs pjmotmngrls jlaegs/pmstgrls G
J
trlaomngrls á g lvlotg nl nlstmqul ng mog pmrm gs pjmotmngrls ng ^lxms, G
A
G
R
ogs Lstmngs \oangs. Las mqua g cgrdmtg; M
L
N
Nam/Fgrm; \d ngdaong, nms 1f22 âs =>f22. \dm M
D
L
vlz mg mog. ^
Y
A
Y
Lstruturm; Gs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms ség nastraùängs <
»
O
ld dlsms (rlngonms) l sl slotmd igd G
Y
ud Rmstgr/trlaomngr. Y
M
R
]uld á igovanmng7 G pjmotmngr jlaeg l iþokuel, g pmstgr/trla-

omngr l iþokuel. Igosanlrl m pgssaàjanm-
nl nl mtlonadlotg pmrm ms iramoåms gu
ud prgermdm lspliamj pmrm ljms.
Igotlûng; \d nlvgiagomj pljg mndaoastrmngr gu
gutrg rlprlslotmotl nm Mssgiamåég jgimj,
tlstlduofgs aosparmngrls, mdazmnl l
igocrmtlroazmåég oms dlsms (tgdmr
(tgdmr `ms-
), mpgag nl grmåég, trlaom -
tmotl tldpg ),
dlotg lstrmtáeaig (nums slssüls nl >2
daoutgs) l ud mjdgåg CMO^ÍYÂIG!
Iustg; Nmr fgsplnmeld ld ud fgtlj om oga-
tl motlragr mg lvlotg l ud `moqultl nl
qumjanmnl igdpjltg igd nligrmåüls. Yl
pgssävlj, lstlonlr ud tmpltl vlrdljfg!!!
==9
G
^
O
L
D
M
Å
O
M
J
G
M
G
^
O
L
D
M
K
L
O
M
J
R
G
N
;
Y
M
K
L
P
E
A
P
M
^
O
M
J
R
M
P
M
R
Y
G
Y
Y
M
R
==>
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e
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DGDLO^G NG JMOÅMDLO^G Å

O
M
J
G
N
G
^
O
M`raong imdaofg lotrl m dujtanég, igjgqula dlu pá om jaofm nl pmrtanm. L
D
G
Lrm m igrranm navlrtanm ng @gjltad nm \oaég nl Umjjm Umjjm, ogs Lstmngs D
3
\oangs, dms lu lstmvm jí pmrm dmas ng qul mploms ‚navlrség—, lu lstmvm jí »
O
cmjmong sárag ld emofmr m igrranm. ]umong g targ nl pmrtanm sggu, lu igrra. G
Y
\d imdaofég igd udm iàdlrm nl tljlvaség om pmrtl nl trís tlvl qul Y
M
R
dmotlr-sl â daofm crlotl. ]umong lu ng`rmvm m pradlarm iur-
miljlrmr pmrm dmotlr-sl
vm, plrilà qul kí taofm tgdmng udm vmotmeld su`stmoiamj. Nl rlplotl,
qula sld cgjëeg, daofms plroms igdlåmrmd m trldlr.
trldlr. Lu dl plreuotmvm
igdg nlsmiljlrmr sld slr igostrmoeang. Loqumotg cmzam udm trmosaåég
lotrl igrrlr rípang l trgtmr, gs igrrlngrls dmas lxplralotls igdlåmrmd m
dl pmssmr cmiajdlotl. Daofms lsplrmoåms pmrm udm iflemnm sleurm cgrmd
crustrmnms. Caomjdlotl lu iruzla m jaofm nl iflemnm ld =35» juemr.
juemr.
Ld igotrmstl, nurmotl g dlu tlrilarg mog ng sleuong ermu om Mimnldam
ng Smjl ld Umjjm Umjjm, lu l gutrgs trës igjlems pmrtaiapmdgs om igrranm
nl rlvlzmdlotg >x=322 rlprlslotmong m ogssm turdm. Imnm ud nl oùs
aram igrrlr udm vgjtm nl >22 dltrgs l, ld sleuanm, lotrlemr g `mstég pmrm
g prùxadg igrrlngr nl ogssm lquapl. Lotrl gs qumtrg, arämdgs igrrlr gs
=322 dltrgs.
âvldgs ud igdlåg cgrtl l rmpanmdlotl mssudadgs m janlrmoåm. G ratdg
lrm duatg rípang l, nurmotl m daofm vgjtm, dmotavldgs m janlrmoåm cgrtl.
G tlrilarg igrrlngr nm ogssm lquapl tmd`ád cga impmz nl dmotlr g ratdg
igrrlong miljlrmng. Lstívmdgs igdlåmong m slotar m vatùram l tmjvlz mtá
dlsdg m pgssaàjanmnl nl qul`rmr g rligrnl nm lsigjm. ]umong g igrrlngr
omj nl ogssm lquapl plegu g `mstég, ljl naspmrgu igdg ud imofég. G
ädpltg ng dgdlotg g adpljau pmrm crlotl. M nastàoiam lotrl ljl l gs gu-
trgs igrrlngrls tgrogu-sl imnm vlz dmagr.
dmagr. Ylu pmssg igotaougu m mudlotmr
qumong ljl iruzgu m jaofm nl iflemnm. Ljl igdpjltgu m sum vgjtm ld <9
sleuongs. G lscgråg nl lquapl igdàomng prgnuzau ud ogvg rligrnl om
lsigjm rgdplong m dmrim nl 9;<9 sleuongs. Oég cga rípang g suialotl
pmrm emofmr g imdplgomtg lstmnumj, dms ogs slotadgs rlmjazmngs l oao -
euád qul`rgu lstl rligrnl mtá g nam nl fgkl ld ogssm lsigjm. ]ul nacl-
rloåm pgnl cmzlr ud dgdlotg nl ädpltg!
Kgfo Dmxwljj rlssmjtm m adpgrtàoiam ng dgdlotg; ‚G dgdlotg á rlmjdlo-
tl g dljfgr mdaeg nl ud jänlr.
jänlr. Âs vlzls, á m ûoaim naclrloåm lotrl plrnlr
l emofmr— (DMVULJJ, Ms 0= Arrlcutívlas Jlas nm Janlrmoåm , Ríe. =5=).
==5
G
^ Ld udm lsimjm nl = m =2, igdg vgië mvmjamram g ädpltg ng slu pjmotag nl
O
L
D
aerlkm olstl dgdlotg7
M
Å
O
M
J
G
M
G
^
O
L
D
M
K
L
]ul írlms vgië lsigjflram pmrm vmjanmr m sum ijmssaimåég7
O
M
J G praoiapmj g`kltavg nlstm ltmpm á mkunmr pmrm qul vgië pleul g ratdg
R
G
N
(tgdl adpujsg) loqumotg sl prlpmrm pmrm jmoåmr g slu pjmotag nl aerlkm.
;
Y M tmrlcm dmas adpgrtmotl slrí m nl igdlåmr m lxpmonar g tmdmofg ng slu
M
K
L erupg `ísaig. Sgië lstlvl aoiu`mong m d nl prlpmrmr udm `msl sùjanm
P
E
A pmrm cuonmr sum aerlkm (NOM smunívlj). Sgië iragu udm narlåég ijmrm qul
P
M
^
pgnl igdpmrtajfmr igd gutrgs. Motls nl nlstmimr dátgngs pmrm lxpmonar
O
M
J
slu erupg nl jmoåmdlotg, fí dmas mjeuos nltmjfls qul sl nlvl prlstmr
R
M
mtloåég.
P
M
R
Y
Lsigjfm ud ogdl
G
Y
Y Ygdgs Mnvlotastms ng Yátadg Nam. Lu ouoim aram loigrmkmr ud pjmotag nl
M
R aerlkm m lsigonlr sum anlotanmnl qumong sl trmtm nl sljliagomr ud ogdl.
Lu oég tlofg g`slrvmng qumjqulr `lolcäiag g`tang pgr mquljls qul qul-
rld lxijuar Mnvlotastms ng Yátadg Nam nl slu ogdl. Ms plssgms nlsirlo-
tls mprliamd m mutlotaianmnl.
Nltlrdaol gs fgrírags ngs iujtgs
Ogs ûjtadgs nlz mogs, tlofg g`slrvmng l mpgamng vírags dátgngs pmrm
mjtlromr gs fgrírags ngs iujtgs nurmotl ms fgrms ng sí`mng. Mjeudms anlams
tëd cuoiagomng dljfgr qul gutrms ogs Lstmngs \oangs.
Rradlarm Imtlegram; g dátgng ‚pmnrég gurg—, qul tld sang igosastlotl-
dlotl g dmas `ld-suilnang;
=. \dm `gm fgrm nl aoäiag pmrm m Lsigjm Ym`mtaom á =2f22
nm dmofé. Gs traotm daoutgs lxtrms pljm dmofé slrég
mprliamngs pgr tgngs.
0. Cuoiagom dljfgr nmr ud tldpg pmrm igocrmtlroazmåég og
aotlrvmjg lotrl m Lsigjm Ym`mtaom l g iujtg navaog (tmjvlz
sl pgnl igosanlrmr ld mjeud juemr slrvar ud plqulog
jmoifl rípang l smunívlj). G rlilssg nlvl slr lotrl =<-
02 daoutgs.
9. G Ylrvaåg nl Mngrmåég nlvl slr igoijuäng lotrl âs =0f92
l =0f>< igd ud mjdgåg qul nlvl slr cgroliang m imnm
sí`mng.
==6
Yleuonm Imtlegram; anlams iramtavms qul trm`mjfmrmd rmzgmvljdlotl `ld; G
^
O
L
=. ]ul g iujtg navaog igdlil âs =2f22, ud aotlrvmjg, l D
M
ld sleuanm, m Lsigjm Ym`mtaom, tlrdaomong âs =0f92 l Å
O
M
=0f>< sarvm ud mjdgåg. J
G
N
M dgtavmåég pmrm lstl dátgng; Ms iramoåms ség impmzls G
^
O
nl sl igoilotrmr dljfgr om aerlkm qumong g iujtg nl mng- L
D
rmåég vld pradlarg lstmr motls nm Lsigjm Ym`mtaom. Ld G
D
sleuanm, ljls pgnld lstmr dmas mtavgs om Lsigjm Ym`mtaom. 3
»
O
Lstm aerlkm ld pmrtaiujmr,
pmrtaiujmr, tld ud EPMONL cgig og daoas- G
Y
tárag aocmotaj. Ljls tëd dmotang lstl dátgng nlsnl g slu Y
M
R
jmoåmdlotg l pmrlild duatg cljazls igd ljl.
0. Gs pjmotags igdpmrtajfmd dlimoasdgs nl måüls igd
udm igoerlemåég lxastlotl. Assg tld cuoiagomng `ld
pmrm pjmotags nl aerlkms átoaims ld ud jgimj mnlqumng
pmrm migdgnmr ud erupg mnaiagomj (ogrdmjdlotl og sm-
jég nl igocrmtlroazmåég). G mjdgåg pgnl slr udm mtavanm-
nl igdpmrtajfmnm igd m igoerlemåég praoiapmj.
^lrilarm Imtlegram; Anlams iramtavms qul oég cuoiagomrmd `ld;
=. Lsigjm Ym`mtaom âs ==;92 nm dmofé, mjdgåg l, ld sleua-
nm, g iujtg navaog â pmrtar nm =9f92 âs =>f92 nm tmrnl.
Lstl pjmotag nl aerlkm mim`gu clifmong.
0. Md`gs, m Lsigjm Ym`mtaom l g iujtg nl mngrmåég om pmr-
tl nm tmrnl (ud `gd oûdlrg nl pjmotags tlotmrmd assg),
igd naclrlotls fgrírags pmrm g aoäiag, qul vmramvmd lotrl
=>f22 l =3f22. Astg oég cuoiagogu! Gs pjmotags nl aerl-
kms qul tlotmrmd assg l sg`rlvavlrmd cga pgrqul vgjtmrmd
m sl rluoar pljm dmofé. G dmagr prg`jldm cga m cmjtm nl
igdprgdassg lotrl gs dld`rgs. Igdg taofmd g sí`m-
ng pljm dmofé javrl, duatgs imrmd igolitmngs m gutrms
aerlkms mnvlotastms, crlqulotmvmd jí pljm dmofé l g pjmo -
tag og plrägng nm tmrnl. Igdg rlsujtmng, ljls navanamd
aotlrlssls l ouoim iramrmd rmäzls og pjmotag nl aerlkm.
Lstl cga g dátgng usmng pgr duatgs mogs og mnvlotasdg l
lrm igofliang igdg ‚Lsigjms Ym`mtaoms Cajamas—.
Anlam Ifmvl;
Mjeuos pjmotmngrls nl aerlkm narég (igd ermonl igovaiåég) qul ljls oég
qulrld mjimoåmr mnvlotastms l lstég cgimngs omquljls qul oég ség mnvlo-
tastms. Loqumotg lstm slkm m dasség nm aerlkm, lu mirlnatg qul lssl rmiag-
iäoag á cmjfg. Gs pjmotags nl aerlkms oég pgnld nmr-sl mg juxg nl lxijuar
qumjqulr plssgm qul qularm kuotmr-sl m ljls l mkunmr pmrm qul m dasség nm
aerlkm slkm iudpranm. Á prliasg plssgms pmrm mjimoåmr plssgms! \dm nms ==1
G
^ rmzüls pgrqul gs iujtgs oég cuoiagomd `ld á qul ljls lxijuld g pû`jaig
O
L
D
mnvlotastm qul lstí migstudmng m mngrmr og sí`mng pljm dmofé. ]umong
M
Å
udm ogvm cmdäjam sl dunm pmrm m ianmnl, slu pjmotag nl aerlkm oég á igosa-
O
M
J
nlrmng igdg udm gpåég jleätadm. \dm vlz dmas á prliasg nasiäpujgs pmrm
G cmzlr nasiäpujgs! Dmas trm`mjfmngrls ség olilssírags! Yum vaség vma mtrmar
M
G ms plssgms qul vgië qularm mtrmar. Rlrdatm qul Nlus cmåm m trameld pmrm
^
O
L
vgië. ^lofm
^lofm iuanmng qumong lovamr dlosmelos (vlr`mas gu oég-vlr`mas) m
D
M
rlsplatg nl quld vgië oég qulr.
K
L
O
M
J
Mjeuos ngs pjmotags nl aerlkms dmas smunívlas tëd udm ijmssl nl gralo -
R tmåég pmrm gs ogvgs dld`rgs qul lstég sl uoaong... gu pljg `mtasdg gu
G
N
;
pgr trmosclrëoiam. Nurmotl lstl prgilssg, g ogvg dld`rg emofm udm igd-
Y
M
K
prlloség ijmrm nm narlåég l nms pragranmnls ng pjmotag nl aerlkm. Lotég,
L
P
mtrmvás nm narlåég ng Lspäratg Ymotg, lstm plssgm nlianarí sl lstm á m aerlkm
E
A qul ljl nlslkm pmrm ljl.
P
M
^
O
M
]ul vmjgr vgië pgnl vlr om anlam nl udm ijmssl nl gralotmåég pmrm gs og-
J
R vgs dld`rgs7 G qul nlvl slr aoijuäng7
M
P
M
R Ylu pjmotag nl aerlkm, gclrlilrí udm ijmssl nl gralotmåég pmrm ogvgs
Y
G dld`rgs7
Y
Y
M
R
YAD OÉG
Yl mssad cgr, quld slrí g rlspgosívlj pljm jgeästaim7
Lspmåg pmrm irlsilr; G juemr ilrtg pljg prlåg ilrtg!
Loigotrmr ud juemr pmrm mjuemr.
Ms pradlarms igasms pradlarg... Sgië lstí prgotg7
=) G slu erupg rluoau-sl crlqulotldlotl ld udm imsm gu om aerlkm-
-dél pgr pljg dlogs slas dlsls pmrm aoiu`mr7
0) Sgië tld ud erupg `ísaig crlqulotl l igdprgdltang7
9) Sgië kí lsirlvlu slus vmjgrls, dasség, vaség l lstrmtáeam7
>) Sgië lstí nl migrng igd slu erupg `ísaig7
<) Sgië tld gs sastldms nl mpgag gremoazmngs7 Eulrrlargs nl grmåég7
Aerlkm-dél7 ^rlaomngr7
3) Sgië tld pljg dlogs 02 plssgms igdprgdltanms m crlqulotmr g
pjmotag nl aerlkm7
5) Yl vgië rlspgonlu YAD m lstms plreuotms, vgië pgnl lstmr prgotg
pmrm mjuemr ud jgimj.
IGOYANLPMÅÜLY ELPMAY
MILYYA@AJANMNL; Cmiajdlotl milssävlj pmrm g erupg nldgeríig qul nl-
=02 slkm mjimoåmr.
SAYA@AJANMNL; Lonlrlåg nl cíiaj milssg l cíiaj nl loigotrmr.
loigotrmr. G
^
O
L
IGOCGP^G; Sasatmotls l dld`rgs prliasmd slotar qul g jgimj á jadpg l D
M
igocgrtívlj. Å
O
M
LYRMÅG; Nlvl fmvlr lspmåg suialotl pmrm irlsilr, dms oég tmotg qul J
G
N
mim`l sl slotaong ‚udm egtm n‑íeum og dlag ng gilmog—. G
^
MDA[MNL; M pragranmnl á m igduofég l m gpgrtuoanmnl nl igovavlr kuotgs O
L
D
’ og iujtg l om igdanm. G
D
3
GRÅÜLY NL LYRMÅGY RMPM MJ\EMP »
O
G
Igosanlrl mjeuos lxldpjgs Y
Y
M
R
=. Jgimas ld ilotrgs igdlriamas
Smotmelos;
• Yl pgnl usmr 0>f pgr nam, 5 nams pgr sldmom. M aostmjm-
åég lstí sldprl naspgoävlj pmrm usg.
• ]umsl sldprl, udm lxiljlotl vasaàjanmnl l milssg.
• Rgtloiamj pmrm mjuemr mgs ngdaoegs, pmrm mkunmr m ig`rar
gs emstgs.
• Mdàlotl lvmoeljastaimdlotl olutrg.
• Oég tld qul lstmr suàong l `maxmong igd imnlarms, mpm-
rljfg nl sgd, lti...
• Oég fí prg`jldms nl prligoilatg ld mjuemr pmrm g slu
erupg.
Nlsvmotmelos;
• Âs vlzls g iustg á prgaàtavg.
• Âs vlzls g lspmåg pmrm smjms nl ijmssls pgnl slr jadatmng.
• Oég sl tld m ‚slosmåég nl udm aerlkm—. Astg á duatg ad-
pgrtmotl pmrm mjeuos erupgs.
Pligdlonmåüls;
• YAD! Yl vgië tld ud erupg duatg mtavg igd mtavanm-
nls l fgrírags vmramngs.
• YAD! Yl vgië lstí naspgstg l aotlrlssmng ld gpåüls
iramtavms pmrm cmzlr g pmemdlotg (mjuemr pmrm gutrg eru-
pg).
• OÉG! Yl vgië oég tld igdg pmeí-jg.
Ogtm; Gjfl pmrm írlms nl ilotrgs igdlriamas gonl fí duatgs jgimas vmzags.
Írlms nl mrdmzáos ség mjtmdlotl igovloalotls, pgrád, duatms vlzls oég
plrdatld aerlkms mjád ng qul ség `mstmotl imrgs. =0=
G
^ 0. Rránags nl Irlifls/Kmrnaos nl Aocàoiam/Lsigjms
O
L
D
M
Å
Smotmelos;
O
M
J
• G iustg á rlnuzang qumong á igdpmrtajfmng igd mjeudm
G
M nlstms aostatuaåüls.
G
^
O
• Elrmjdlotl, tëd udm lxiljlotl vasaàjanmnl l milssg.
L
D
M
• Ogrdmjdlotl lstég naspgoävlas nurmotl tgng g nam nl Yí-
K
L
O
`mng l udm gu nums ogatls mpùs ms =6;22 fs.
M
J
R • Yl pgnl cmzlr mrrmokgs mnaiagomas pmrm lvlotgs lvmoeljäs-
G
N
;
taigs (tlrég qul pmemr pljg usg mnaiagomj).
Y
M
K
L
• Á duatg cíiaj nl loigotrmr. Fí dlogs prg`jldms nl prl -
P
E
A
igoilatg pgrqul vgië lstí janmong igd lotanmnls igdpjl-
P
M
tmdlotl naclrlotls.
^
O
M
J
R
Nlsvmotmelos;
M
P • ^ld qul mrrudmr, igjgimr l tarmr ms imnlarms/`moigs/sgd,
M
R
Y
lti... m imnm sldmom.
G
Y
Y
• Gs dùvlas elrmjdlotl lstég nlslofmngs pmrm iramoåms.
M
R
• Oég fí udm ‚slosmåég nl aerlkm—.
Pligdlonmåüls;
• YAD! Yl vgië quaslr udm gpåég milssävlj ld ud jgimj
olutrg.
• OÉG! Yl
Yl ud jgimj ld ud ilotrg igdlriamj á gpåég vaívlj
pmrm g slu erupg.
9. Ymjm nl Pluoaüls ld ud Fgtlj
Smotmelos;
• Jgimj nl trícleg ljlvmng. Nl cíiaj milssg.
• Jadpg l prgssagomj.
• Yl pgnl loigotrmr pgr prlågs rmzgívlas.
• Yastldm nl sgd l imnlarms crlqulotldlotl cgroliangs.
• Mdàlotl lvmoeljastaimdlotl olutrg.
Nlsvmotmelos;
• Aotlrvmjgs nl fgrírags lxtrldmdlotl jadatmngs. Rgnld tlr
naiujnmnls ld naspgr nl ud fgrírag xg.
• Ymjms pmrm ijmssls, âs vlzls, pgnlrí slr jadatmnm.
• Oég fí udm ‚slosmåég nl aerlkm—.
=00
Pligdlonmåüls; G
^
O
L
• YAD! Rgr
Rgr pguig tldpg (díxadg 9 dlsls). D
M
Å
• YAD! Rmrm
Rmrm udm rluoaég lvmoeljästaim `ld pjmolkmnm igd O
M
motlilnëoiam. J
G
N
• OÉG! Rmrm udm sgjuåég m jgoeg prmzg. G usg á duatg G
^
jadatmng. O
L
D
G
>. Lsigjms Rû`jaims D
3
»
O
Smotmelos; G
Y
Y
• Duatms, sl vgië rlmjazm gs slrvaågs nl iujtg mgs ngdaoegs. M
R
Om vlrnmnl, duatgs pjmotags nl aerlkm ngdaoaimas usmd
lstm gpåég.
Nlsvmotmelos;
• Rrmtaimdlotl adpgssävlj g`tlr ud fgrírag igosastlotl
pmrm g sí`mng pljm dmofé nlvang m kgegs nl `msqultl,
eaoístaim l gutrgs lvlotgs lsigjmrls qul migotlild mgs
sí`mngs.
Pligdlonmåüls;
• Oég fí olofudm rmzég pmrm plrnlr tldpg plrsl -
OÉG! Oég
euaong lstm gpåég.
Olegiamåég ng igotrmtg nl mjueulj
 Ogrdmjdlotl mssaomr pgr ud mog, sl pgssävlj. ^lotmr
^lotmr olegiamr ud
vmjgr ng mjueulj jaelarmdlotl rlnuzang ogs pradlargs slas dlsls.
 G igotrmtg nl mjueulj nlvl slr rlvasmng pljg tlsgurlarg gu g prl -
sanlotl nm Mssgiamåég.
 Igdprl m ig`lrturm nl sleurg nl rlspgosmàjanmnl mtrmvás nm Ms-
sgiamåég (dmas `mrmtg) l cgrolåm udm iùpam nm mpùjail mg prgpral-
tírag ng adùvlj.
Rgr qumotg tldpg vgië nlvl mjuemr7
 Pligdlonmng nl trës m iaoig mogs.
 Nlvl-sl ligogdazmr nurmotl lssl tldpg uos P$ <2.222,22 (<2
daj rlmas) pmrm igdprmr ud jgimj gu ud tlrrlog.
 G tlrrlog pgnlrí slr igdprmng dmas ilng (lotrl ngas l trës mogs),
sl lstm á m narlåég qul g erupg nlianl sleuar.
sleuar.
 Og dgdlotg, nlvld-sl `mslmr om dasség nm aerlkm, oég ld tlr g
slu prùprag jgimj. Aovastm ld emofmr mjdms! =09
G
^  Igosanlrl sldlmr motls nl igostruar.
igostruar. Yldlmr mtá pgr vgjtm ng tlr-
O
L
D
ilarg mog dmotád g cgig ld mjimoåmr mjdms pmrm Irastg.
M
Å
O
M GPEMOA[L YL\ IMJLONÍPAG!
J
G
M Megrm qul vgië kí lsigjflu ud ogdl, nloau gs fgrírags nl iujtgs l em -
G
^
O
rluoar-sl, á fgrm nl igjgimr mjeudms nmtms adpgrtmo-
rmotau ud jgimj pmrm rluoar-sl,
L
D tls og imjlonírag. M lstm mjturm slu pjmotag kí nlvlram lstmr aoiu`mong pgr
M
K
L ilrim nl slas dlsls. Sgië vma prliasmr nl ud däoadg nl trës dlsls, mtá g
O
M
J slu pradlarg sí`mng nl m`lrturm.
R
G
N
=) Lsigjfm udm nmtm pmrm g sí`mng nl aomueurmåég lotrl trës m slas
;
Y
M
dlsls m pmrtar nl megrm.
K
L
P 0) Rrgermdl udm rluoaég dlosmj ld ud sí`mng m tmrnl lotrl megrm
E
A
P
l qumong g slu pjmotag nl aerlkm cgr m`rar ms pgrtms. Sgië tlrí nl
M
^
O
trës m slas nlssms rluoaüls, nlplonlong nm nmtm prgermdmnm pmrm
M
J
R
g sí`mng nl m`lrturm.
M
P
M
9) Rrgermdl ud sí`mng nl igosmermåég om aerlkm-dél ud gu ngas
R
Y
sí`mngs motls nm m`lrturm.
G
Y
Y
M
R
Smdgs lxpjgrmr imnm ud nlstls pgotgs igd dmas nltmjfls;
YÍ@MNG NL M@LP^\PM/AOM\E\PMÅÉG;
M@LP^\PM/AOM\E\PMÅÉG;
Nlvlrí fmvlr duatg pjmolkmdlotg mg mprgxadmr-sl g ermonl nam nm aomueu-
rmåég! Lstm á udm nms rmzüls pljms qumas vgië prliasm nl 9 ’ 3 dlsls nl
aoiu`måég pmrm sl prlpmrmr.
\d ermonl adpujsg slram sl m aerlkm-dél lstavlssl naspgstm m clifmr olssl
nam pmrm migdpmofí-jg olstm ermonl iljl`rmåég.
Ajustrmåég
M aerlkm-dél clifgu og sí`mng nl m`lrturm ng dlu pradlarg pjmotag nl
aerlkms. Cga udm lxplraëoiam pgnlrgsm qumong tavldgs m prlsloåm nl <<2
plssgms og sí`mng nl m`lrturm. \dm plssgm igu om aerlkm-dél lotrlemo-
ng igovatls l gralotmåüls sg`rl g lonlrlåg pmrm ms pguims plssgms qul
oég fmvamd lsiutmng sg`rl m aomueurmåég mpmrlilrmd. Omquljm tmrnl, g
pjmotag nl aerlkm vgjtgu pmrm m aerlkm-dél pmrm quladmr g ngiudlotg nm
fapgtlim, qul ljls fmvamd mkunmng m pmemr.
pmemr.
Nl qul cgrdm vgië cmrí qul g sí`mng nl m`lrturm slkm lspliamj7
Lstl sí`mng nl m`lrturm nlvlrí slr mjtmdlotl gremoazmng l pjmolkmng mtá
g ûjtadg daoutg. Rrmtaqul g qul vma nazlr. Ilrtaqul-sl nl nlsaeomr udm
plssgm pmrm qul slkm rlspgosívlj pgr tgngs gs mplitgs nm prgermdmåég.
• Dûsaim
=0> Plspgosívlj; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWW
• Igdanm G
^
O
L
Plspgosívlj; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWW D
M
Å
O
M
• Grmngr/prlemngr J
G
N
WWWWWW G
^
O
L
D
• Rrlslotls G
D
3
WWWWWW »
O
G
Y
• Igdpmrtajfmong sum vaség Y
M
R
WWWWWW
• Rrgermdmåég Aocmotaj
WWWWWW
• Plilpåég/`gms-vaonms
WWWWWW
• Igduoaimåég/`gjltad
WWWWWW
• Irmifís/anlotaimåég
WWWWWW
• Pligofliadlotg nl aonavänugs l/gu nm aerlkm-dél
WWWWWW
• ^lstlduofgs
WWWWWW
Ajustrmåég
Lstl igosljfg nl Ljjlo Ufatl m rlsplatg nl ud msplitg ng iujtg igotád
praoiäpags qul nlvld slr sleuangs ld udm lsimjm dmas mdpjm;
‚Gremoazl ud erupg igd gs dljfgrls imotgrls, iukms vgzls pgssmd
naraear m igoerlemåég, l nlpgas tgngs gs qul qularmd uomo-sl igd
ljls... Ljls nlvld nlnaimr mjeud
mje ud tldpg pmrm prmtaimr, pmrm qul pgs-
smd ldprlemr lstl tmjlotg pmrm m ejùram nl Nlus— UFA^L, Ljjlo E.,
M Sgz om cmjm l og imotg, píe. >9>.
=0<
G
^ Ogtl-sl qul gs dljfgrls imotgrls (mquljls igd g ngd) nlvld nlnaimr
O
L
D
tldpg pmrm m prítaim!
M
Å
O
M \d dës motls nm m`lrturm/aomueurmåég, loval igovatls mgs prgvívlas igo-
J
G
M
vanmngs.
G
^
O
L
^lofm ilrtlzm nl qul gs pmstgrls mnvlotastms nl sum írlm lstlkmd jfl
D
M
mpgamong igd suelstüls pmrm qul vgië loval igovatls;
K
L
O
M
J
 Mdaegs l cmdajamrls8
R
G
N
 Aonavänugs qul dgrmd plrtg nl vgië l oud rmag nl mtumåég jgimj
;
Y
M
nl slu pjmotag nl aerlkm (lssm jastm pgnl slr g`tanm om \oaég)8
K
L
P
E
 Aotlrlssmngs ld lstungs `ä`jaigs (igosaem mtrmvás ngs daoastá-
A
P rags mnvlotastms nl igduoaimåég rmnag l ^S Ogvg ^ldpg, Cá pmrm
M
^
O Fgkl, Lstí Lsiratg, Sgz nm Rrgcliam, lti...) l ogdls ld pgtloiamj
M
J
R
nl plssgms aotlrlssmnms ld slu tlrratùrag)8
M
P
M  Aotlrlssmngs jlvmotmngs pgr igjpgrtgrls qul trm`mjfmrmd gu trm`m-
R
Y
G
jfmd ld slu tlrratùrag8
Y
Y
M  Lx-mnvlotastms gu mquljls qul lstég aomtavgs. Mjeuos lstmrég
R
prgotgs pmrm ud ogvg igdlåg8
 M aerlkm-dél. Imsg ljm gptl pgr oég clifmr olstl sí`mng igocgrdl
g rligdlonmng motlragrdlotl, pgssavljdlotl ljls vég pu`jaimr
udm aoslråég ld slu `gjltad ogs ngas ûjtadgs sí`mngs motls nm
sum m`lrturm/aomueurmåég.
Pluoaég dlosmj aocgrdmtavm;
M rluoaég dlosmj aocgrdmtavm vma slrvar pmrm mkunmr ms plssgms qul ls-
tég aonliasms m tgdmrld m nliaség nl crlqulotmr g slu pjmotag nl aerlkm.
Mjeuos varég sadpjlsdlotl pgr iuragsanmnl pmrm guvar l vlr g qul lstí
migotlilong. ûng `ld. Om vlrnmnl, assg nlvl slr aoilotavmng. Ms rlu-
oaüls aocgrdmtavms ség udm gpgrtuoanmnl pmrm qul vgiës mngrld mtrmvás
nm dûsaim, igdpmrtajfld gs vmjgrls cuonmdlotmas, dasség l vaség nl slu
pjmotag nl aerlkm, grld kuotgs l dmotlofmd g igdpmoflarasdg. Rjmolkl m
rluoaég udm gu nums fgrms motls ng kmotmr pmrm qul fmkm udm gpgrtuoanm-
nl nl igdpmrtajfmr udm rlclaåég kuotgs. Lstm rluoaég nlvl slr prgermdmnm
pmrm g sí`mng m tmrnlzaofm, udm vlz pgr dës, mtá qul ifleul g sí`mng nl
m`lrturm/aomueurmåég.
Rmssl udm jastm l në âs plssgms gpgrtuoanmnl pmrm qul ljms lsirlvmd trës
igasms ld qul ljms egstmramd nl lstmr lovgjvanms og pjmotag nl aerlkm;
• Lu egstmram nl dl tgromr pmrtl nlstl pjmotag nl aerlkm8
=03
• Lstgu naspgstg m slr ud ‚Eulrrlarg nl Grmåég— nlstl pjmotag nl G
^
O
aerlkm8 L
D
M
Å
• Lu egstmram nl rlil`lr aocgrdmåüls sg`rl lvlotgs/prgermdms ls- O
M
J
pliamas8 G
N
G
Ilrtaqul-sl nl g`tlr aocgrdmåüls rljlvmotls ngs igotmtgs; lonlrlågs, ^
O
L
ldmajs l oûdlrgs nl tljlcgols. D
G
D
Ogtm; Sgië nlvl igdlåmr m aoilotavmr mquljls qul aonaimrmd qul qulrld 3
»
O
sl tgromr pmrtl ng pjmotag nl aerlkm pmrm qul ljls mssaold m ‚ifm nl G
Y
trmosclrëoiam nl dld`rgs— (igosujtl g Mpëonail K). Ylu g`kltavg nlvl Y
M
R
slr mjimoåmr g oûdlrg nl dld`rgs olilssírags pmrm tgromr-sl ud erupg
gremoazmng g dmas rípang pgssävlj.
Ajustrmåég
M Aerlkm Mnvlotastm ng Yátadg Nam nl Fajj Iguotry, og ^lxms, L\M, á duatg
limz ld igduoaimr lvlotgs pgr sum jastm nl l-dmajs imnm vlz dmas. Ljls
lovamd rleujmrdlotl lssm aocgrdmåég igd ud imjlonírag nl mtavanmnls
cuturms. ]umong ljls tëd ud lvlotg/prgermdm lspliamj, ljls lovamd ud
l-dmaj nlstmimong mploms lstm mtavanmnl.
M @LOÅÉG NM AEPLKM-DÉL RMPM G RJMOÂG NM OGSM AEPLKM
\d gu ngas sí`mngs motls ng sí`mng nl m`lrturm/aomueurmåég, igdàol
igd sum aerlkm-dél pmrm tlr udm nlnaimåég lspliamj nl slu pjmotag nl
aerlkm, nurmotl g iujtg. ^gngs mquljls qul lstég ldplofmngs ld cmzlr
pmrtl ng pjmotag nl aerlkm nlvld var â crlotl. Gs dld`rgs nm aerlkm-dél
cmrég ud iäriujg mg rlngr nljls l igjgimrmd âs dégs loqumotg g pmstgr
cmz m grmåég nl nlnaimåég. Lstm pgnlrí slr udm lxplraëoiam pgnlrgsm mg
‚lovaí-jgs— l sleul g dgnljg nm aerlkm ld Motagquam (Mtgs =9;9). Sgiës
ség dassagoírags qul lstég slong lovamngs pgr sum aerlkm jgimj. Olstm gim-
saég tmd`ád sl pgnlram mprgvlatmr pmrm rligjflr udm gclrtm lspliamj pmrm
g pjmotag nlstm ogvm aerlkm.
G qul dmas pgnlram mkunmr m tgromr lstl sí`mng nl nlnaimåég udm lxpl -
raëoiam lspliamj7
Cljaz moavlrsírag!
Igd m `loåég nl Nlus, vgië jmoågu igd suilssg slu pjmotag nl aerlkm.
Á fgrm nl igdldgrmr! \dm lxiljlotl cuonmåég cga clatm pmrm qul vgiës
igostrumd g cuturg.
Ms píeaoms sleuaotls nlstl dmoumj aoijuld udm sáral nl ngiudlotgs qul
slrég ûtlas mg vgiës mvmoåmrld.
=05
G
^ Në udm gjfmnm ogs rlqusatgs pmrm sl tgromr ud erupg gremoazmng l udm
O
L
D
aerlkm gremoazmnm. Aonlplonlotldlotl ng qul m sum Mssgiamåég jgimj lxa-
M
Å el, lssms ség lxiljlotls narltrazls pmrm nloar igdg dltm. M dltm lstí
O
M
J aotloiagomjdlotl ljlvmnm. Gs pjmotags nl aerlkms rlspgonlrég mg nlsmg.
G
M Slkm g Mpëonail F.
G
^
O
L Sgië vma ogtmr qul ogs rlquasatgs pmrm sl tgromr udm Aerlkm gremoazmnm m
D
M
K pgotumåég dánam á nl mjimoåmr gs <2 dld`rgs om plsquasm NOA. Lstm clr-
L
O
M
rmdlotm á nl aolstadívlj vmjgr pmrm mkunmr ms aerlkms m iramr ud daoastárag
J
R lquaja`rmng l naoàdaig. G Mpëonail I nlstmim mjeuos nltmjfls nl igdg
G
N
;
vgië pgnl adpjldlotmr m plsquasm NOA ld sum aerlkm. Á mjtmdlotl rlig -
Y
M
K
dlonívlj qul vgië usl lssm plsquasm mg dlogs udm vlz pgr mog.
L
P
E
A Caomjdlotl, jld`rl-sl nm dasség nm aerlkm. Oùs lxastadgs pmrm mjimoåmr
P
M
^ ms plssgms plrnanms. ârl ud tldpg pmrm rltargs (rligdlonmng pljg dlogs
O
M
J
nums vlzls pgr mog) pmrm rligolitmr gs jänlrls igd sums rmäzls. Assg arí
R
M mkuní-jg m plrdmolilr igd g cgig ld slu ifmdmng lvmoeljästaig.
P
M
R
Y ]ul Nlus tl m`loåül raimdlotl mg ldprllonlr lstm mvloturm ldgiagomo-
G
Y
Y
tl pmrm Ljl!
M
R
=06
MRËONAILY Y
L
I
A
N
O
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW Ë
R
M
MRËONAIL M
Aovlstaong prgcuonmdlotl
Imnm nasiäpujg nl Irastg nlvlram lstmr euamong lotrl qumtrg l sltl gutrms
plssgms. Yl vgië lstí pjmotmong udm aerlkm, nlvlram lsigjflr pljg dlogs
gutrgs ngas aonavänugs pmrm aovlstar prgcuonmdlotl oljls pmrm qul ljls
pgssmd sl tgromr pgtloiamas cuturgs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms tmd`ád.
Klsus aovlstau prgcuonmdlotl;
prgcuonmdlotl;
‚Lsigjflu ngzl, nlsaeomong-gs mpùstgjgs, pmrm qul lstavlssld igd ljl, l
gs lovamssl m prlemr—. Dmrigs 9;=>8
‚Rlnrg, âmeg l Kgég prgiurmvmd tgnm gpgrtuoanmnl nl lotrmr ld
äotadg igotmtg igd slu Dlstrl, l slu nlslkg lrm smtasclatg. Nlotrl
gs ngzl, sum rljmåég pmrm igd Ljl lrm dmas äotadm. Kgég pgnlram
smtascmzlr-sl mploms igd udm aotadanmnl maonm dmagr, l astg ljl
g`tlvl.— (UFA^L, Lnuimåég , píe. 65)
Rlnrg, âmeg l Kgég;
• Og dgotl nm trmoseurmåég
• Om rlssurrlaåég nm jfm nl kmarg
• Og kmrnad ng eltsëdmoa
Rlnrg, âmeg, Kgég l Monrá;
• Gs saomas nm sum vaonm
Rlnrg l Kgég;
• Kuotg m ljl og iloíiujg
Kgég
• M rlspgosmàjanmnl pgr sum dél
Gs jänlrls nm aerlkm pradatavm aovlstarmd prgcuonmdlotl;
• @mrom`á ‚Cajfg nm Lxgrtmåég— aovlstau ld Ymujg (Rmujg) l Kgég
Dmrigs
• Rmujg aovlstau ld Juims, âtg, Yajms, âdùtlg, Kgég Dmrigs, Rras -
iajm l Mquajm
=01
G
^ Anlotaimong ld quld vgië vma aovlstar
O
L
D
M
Å
Mjaofl-sl igd Nlus ’ plåm m narlåég ng Lspäratg Ymotg pmrm sm`lr ld
O
M quld vgië nlvl aovlstar prgcuonmdlotl.
J
G
M
G
=. Plspgstm â sum grmåég pgr ‚g`rlargs— ’ Dmtlus 1;96.
^
O
L
D
0. Ogdlmåég navaom. \d loigotrg nl sum vanm igd gutrm qul
M
K
L
lstí slong grqulstrmnm pljg Lspäratg Ymotg.
O
M
J
R 9. Jänlrls igd tmjlotgs/ngos qul vgië prliasm ld sum lquapl.
G
N
;
Y
M
>. Aonavänug(s) nl sum lsigjfm.
K
L
P
E
A
]umjanmnls-ifmvl pmrm prgiurmr ld ud aonavänug qul vgië qularm aovlstar;
P
M
^
O
=. Rmaxég8
M
J
R 0. \reëoiam8
M
P
M
R
9. Lsparatumjanmnl mjtm8
Y
G >. Rgtloiamj pmrm udm mdpjm `msl nl aouëoiam (AA âdùtlg 0;0).
Y
Y
M
R ]uld vgië igoflil qul mprlslotm lssms qumjanmnls7 Cmåm udm jastm igd
lssls ogdls l usl assg igdg pgotg nl pmrtanm pmrm grmr pgr ljls;
Nums írlms pmrm igosanlrmr;
 Igdg qul g igoilatg nl ‚aovlstar prgcuonmdlotl— sl rljmiagom
igd slu iþokuel l slus jfgs7
 ]ul prlimuåüls nlvld slr tgdmnms sl m plssgm m qul Nlus jfl
adprlssagom m aovlstar á ng slxg gpgstg7
=92
Nurmotl dlu tldpg igdg narltgr nl pjmotag nl aerlkms og ^lxms, fmvamd Y
L
I
sltl aonavänugs ogs qumas lu aovlsta prgcuonmdlotl, dmas qul ld gutrgs. A
N
O
Lstls aonavänugs taofmd pgtloiamj pmrm slrld jänlrls. M jastm m sleuar á Ë
R
M
cgrolianm pmrm nmr-jfl mjeudms anlams sg`rl igdg slr qumong sl aovlstl
prgcuonmdlotl ld mjeuád;
• Igdpmrtajfmr m vanm kuotgs ’ emstmr tldpg sgiamjdlotl8
• Ymar pmrm rlclaåüls kuotgs ’ igdpmrtajfmr pmaxég l lstrmtáeam8
• Rjmolkmr l naraear lvlotgs igdg udm lquapl8
• Samkmr kuotgs pmrm cgrm ng lstmng gu pmäs. Irlsilr rljmiagomjdlotl
l prgssagomjdlotl8
• ^lr duatm mrdmåég vlr`mj l lsiratm8
• Nmr prlslotls ’ qumong cgrld mprlslotmngs; imdasltms ng pjmotag
nl aerlkm igd slu ogdl, ilstm nl prlslotl, lti...
• Igdpmrtajfmr rliursgs, igdg; javrgs, INs, NSNs, mrquavgs ld
Rgwlr-Rgaots8
• Yupgrtmr uos mgs gutrgs ’ mprlonlr m slrld vujolrívlas uos igd
gs gutrgs. Igdpmrtajfmr gs lvlotgs nm vanm8
• Ylrld cgrtmjliangs igd gpgrtuoanmnls daoastlramas8
• Iramr dmtlramas kuotgs l sgjaiatmr gpaoaüls sg`rl lstrmtáeams8
• Igostmotldlotl sl mvmjamr pmrm qul tgngs pgssmd dljfgrmr8
• Rrgnuzar flrùas (mirlnatmr =22% oljls).
Lsigjfm trës nms anlams miadm qul vgië egstmram nl aoijuar ld sum tutgram/
dlotgram igd gutrgs;
O» = WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
O» 0 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
O» 9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Igjflong gs Crutgs;
‚Ogrdmjdlotl, g tldpg, g naoflarg l g lscgråg rlqulrangs pmrm nl-
slovgjvlr gs dld`rgs nm lquapl oég dunm m lquapl nm ogatl pmrm
m dmofé, dms impmiatmr-jm sldprl igdplosm. Aovlstar om lquapl m
jgoeg prmzg prgnuz navanlongs...— (DMVULJJ, Ms =5 Jlas Aoigotls-
tívlas ng ^rm`mjfg ld Lquapl , píe. 0>6). =9=
G
^ Nm jastm motlragr nl cuturgs jänlrls qul vgië vë pgtloiamj, qumas ség gs ngas
O
L
D
ogdls qul vgië mirlnatm qul pgnld naraear ud cuturg prgkltg nl pjmotag
M
Å nl aerlkms7
O
M
J
G
M
G
^
O
L
D
M
K
L
O
M
J
R ]umj g prùxadg pmssg pmrm pþr ld dmrifm m dujtapjaimåég nl pjmotags nl
G
N
;
aerlkms mtrmvás ng nlslovgjvadlotg aotloiagomj nl gutrgs jänlrls7
Y
M
K
L
P
E
A
P
M WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
^
O
M
J
R
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
M
P
MRËONAIL @
M
R
Y
G
Y
Y
M
R ârl ud tldpg pmrm cmzlr ms igotms...
 =612 ’ = Aerlkm
 =122 ’ 0 Aerlkms (Aerlkm-dél l jfm)
M pmrtar nlstl pgotg, tgnm aerlkm pjmotmnm tmd`ád pjmotmrí...
 =1=2 ’ > Aerlkms
 =102 ’ 6 Aerlkms
 =192 ’ =3 Aerlkms
 =1>2 ’ 90 Aerlkms
 =1<2 ’ 3> Aerlkms
 =132 ’ =06 Aerlkms
 =152 ’ 0<3 Aerlkms
 =162 ’ <=0 Aerlkms
 =112 ’ =20> Aerlkms
 0222 ’ 02>6 Aerlkms
 02=2 ’ >213 Aerlkms
 0202 ’ 6=10 Aerlkms
Igd `msl olssls oûdlrgs, ld 0202, fmvlram udm Aerlkm Mnvlotastm ng
Yátadg Nam pmrm imnm 0>< plssgms.
=90
MRËONAIL I Y
L
I
A
N
O
Nlslovgjvadlotg Omturmj nl Aerlkm (NOA) Ë
R
M
Cuonmdlotg @ä`jaig;
‚G Plaog nl Nlus á sldljfmotl m ud fgdld qul jmoåm m sldlotl
sg`rl m tlrrm. Ogatl l nam, lstmong ljl ngrdaong gu migrnmng, m
sldlotl elrdaom l irlsil, ld`grm ljl oég sma`m igdg. M tlrrm pgr
sa prùpram prgnuz g erég; pradlarg g tmjg, nlpgas m lspaem l, lotég,
g erég iflag om lspaem. Jgeg qul g erég im dmnurg, g fgdld jfl
pmssm m cgail, pgrqul iflegu m igjflatm— ’ Dmrigs >;03-018
Rlosmdlotg Ifmvl;
Om omturlzm, qumong ms igonaåüls ség mnlqumnms, g sgjg omturmjdlotl
prgnuzarí m igjflatm. Om aerlkm, qumong ms igonaåüls ség smunívlas, m
aerlkm vma irlsilr omturmjdlotl.
\d lstung ejg`mj cga igonuzang pgr Ifrastamo Yifwmrz pmrm nltlrdaomr
qul cmtgrls (praoiäpags uoavlrsmas) lstmvmd prlslotls ld aerlkms ld irls-
iadlotg. G lstung prljadaomr lovgjvlu =222 aerlkms nl 90 pmäsls ogs
iaoig igotaolotls. Cgrmd anlotaimngs gatg praoiäpags qul imrmd ig-
ofliangs igdg ‚imrmitlrästaims nl qumjanmnl—. Ms aerlkms ld irlsiadlotg
lxaàrmd lssms qumjanmnls igd ud dmagr ermu nl igosastëoiam ng qul
mquljms aerlkms qul lstmvmd ld nlijäoag.
Ms gatg imtlegrams ség;
 Impmiatmåég nl janlrmoåm8
 ^mjlotgs/ngos gralotmngs mg daoastárag8
 Lsparatumjanmnl mpmaxgomnm8
 Lstruturms limzls8
 Iujtg aosparmngr8
 Fgjästaim nl plqulogs erupgs8
 Olilssanmnl nl ud lvmoeljasdg gralotmng8
 Pljmiagomdlotgs mcltugsgs.
M plsquasm plrdatl âs aerlkms rlil`lrld pgotumåüls ld imnm udm nms
gatg imrmitlrästaims nl qumjanmnl, `ld igdg udm dánam elrmj. <2 cga g
oûdlrg nloang igdg m ogrdm. M dmagram nms aerlkms (52%) rlil`ld udm
pgotumåég lotrl 9<-32, =<% udm pgotumåég m`maxg nl 9< l =<% udm
pgotumåég miadm nl 3<.
=99
G
^ Rgr qul lu egstg ng NOA7
O
L
D
M
• Gs praoiäpags lstég sgjanmdlotl cuonmdlotmngs om @ä`jam l og
Å
O
Lspäratg nl Rrgcliam.
M
J
G
• Ogssm ëocmsl og daoastárag nl smûnl igdg aerlkm cmz igd qul NOA
M
G slkm cíiaj nl igdprllonlr l mpjaimr.
^
O
L • Ljl ní m aerlkm udm vaség g`kltavm nl gonl lstmdgs mtumjdlotl. M
D
M
K rlmjanmnl pgnl slr locrlotmnm!
L
O
M
J
• Ljl ní lsplrmoåm â aerlkm. Fí mjeg prítaig qul pgnldgs cmzlr pmrm
R
G
dljfgrmr sum aerlkm!
N
;
Y • Oég á ud prgermdm pmrm slr usmng udm vlz sù. \smng igrrltm -
M
K
L dlotl, tgrom-sl pmrtl nm vanm nm aerlkm.
P
E
A
P
• Aerlkms smunívlas loigotrmd suilssg ld rltlr ogvgs dld`rgs
M
^ qul sl uold mtrmvás nl rluoaüls lvmoeljästaims.
O
M
J
R
• G rlsujtmng omj omturmj á udm aerlkm qul, nl cgrdm dmas limz,
M
P
mtaoel m igjflatm l dujtapjaim jfms!
M
R
Y
G Ld elrmj, gs pjmotags nl aerlkm mjimoåmd udm pgotumåég dmagr qul ms
Y
Y
M
aerlkms lstm`ljlianms. Gs mkustls pgnld slr clatgs dmas rmpanmdlotl pmrm
R
qul sl dmotlofm m smûnl ng pjmotag. \dm `gm dltm pmrm ud pjmotag nl
aerlkm á ljlvmr ms gatg írlms pmrm g jadatl nl 3< gu dmas. G`slrvl g qul
rlvljmd gs rlsujtmngs;
‚M ‖fapùtlsl 3<‑ sadpjlsdlotl mrdm qul sldprl qul ud ngs gatg
vmjgrls sg`ld pmrm 3<, m prg`màjanmnl lstmtästaim nl qul m aerlkm
lstí irlsilong á nl 11,>%. Lstl á ud ngs pguigs praoiäpags nl
irlsiadlotg nm aerlkm pmrm g qumj maonm oég tldgs loigotrmng udm
ûoaim lxilåég ld olofud juemr ng duong— (YIFUMP[, Nlslovgj-
vadlotg Omturmj nm Aerlkm , píe. >2).
\d pmstgr Mnvlotastm (Pgnoly Dajjs) igoijuau sum tlsl ngutgrmj sg`rl g
Nlslovgjvadlotg Omturmj nl Aerlkm nlotrg ng Mnvlotasdg. Ylu g`kltavg lrm
nltlrdaomr sl fmvam naclrloåms dlosurívlas oms aerlkms qul utajazmrmd m
plsquasm NOA l adpjldlotmrmd mjeudms dunmoåms, igdg rlsujtmng. Gs
ogdls nl tgnms ms aerlkms mnvlotastms qul taofmd pmrtaiapmng nm plsquasm
mtá mquljm nmtm cgrmd igjgimngs ld ud ifmpáu. G g`kltavg lrm anlotaimr
nums imtlegrams nl aerlkms igd <2 pgotgs ld imnm imtlegram. Imtlegram M
cgrmd aerlkms qul pmrtaiapmrmd nm plsquasm l oég zlrmd omnm igd ljm.
Imtlegram @ cgrmd aerlkms qul pmrtaiapmrmd nm plsquasm l, gonl punlrmd
anlotaimr nliaëoiams, adpjmotmrmd ms dunmoåms olilssírams. Gs rlsuj-
tmngs cgrmd surprllonlotls;
M Imtlegram M (mquljls qul pmrtaiapmrmd nm plsquasm l oég zlrmd omnm)
=9> igosanlrívlj om crlquëoiam mgs iujtgs, og oû-
lxplradlotgu ud nlijäoag igosanlrívlj
dlrg nl dld`rgs, `mtasdgs, näzadgs l gclrtms. Y
L
I
A
N
M Imtlegram @ (mquljls qul pmrtaiapmrmd om plsquasm l adpjldlotmrmd O
Ë
R
dunmoåms) lxplradlotgu ud mudlotg igosanlrívlj om crlquëoiam mgs iuj- M
tgs, og oûdlrg nl dld`rgs, ogs näzadgs l oms gclrtms.

M igoijuség; cmåm mjeudm igasm igd gs rlsujtmngs l dunmoåms pgsatavms
slrég vastms ld sum aerlkm.
Rrlpmrmåég pmrm g NOA;
m) Mvmjal m naspgoaàjanmnl nm igoerlemåég ld sl lovgjvlr og prgils-
sg (gs praoiapmas igoatgs nlvlramd slr rlsgjvangs motls nl lotrmr
og prgilssg NOA).
`) Dgàjazl aotlrilssgrls pmrm grmrld nurmotl tgng g prgilssg.
i) Plirutl dld`rgs aoaiamas pmrm cgrdmr m lquapl nl adpjldlotmåég
(vlkm m`maxg).
n) Om Mdáraim ng Ogrtl, vgië loigdlonm m plsquasm NOA nl OM -
NLA (Aostatutg nl Nlslovgjvadlotg Lvmoeljästaig nm Navaség Ogrtl
Mdlraimom) jaemong pmrm; += (031) >5=-6969 (jaemåég aotlromiag-
omj). G iustg á nl \Y$ =5<,22.
l) ^md`ád á mjtmdlotl rligdlonmng pmrm udm aerlkm qul loigdlo-
nl g rljmtùrag ‚Rlrj Lxtrm—. Astg jfl nmrí ud mnaiagomj ngs rlsuj-
tmngs nm plsquasm NOA qul slrí duatg plrspaimz. G iustg pmrm
lstl rliursg mnaiagomj á nl \Y$ >2,22.
Yljliagomong m lquapl nl adpjldlotmåég;
M lquapl nl adpjldlotmåég slrvarí igdg udm igmjazég nl gralotmåég pmrm
m aerlkm loqumotg g prgilssg NOA á adpjldlotmng om igoerlemåég. M lqua-
pl nl adpjldlotmåég nlvl slr igdpgstm nl slas dld`rgs l g pmstgr. \dm
plssgm nlvl slr lsigjfanm igdg jänlr nm lquapl.
]umjaimåüls;
 ]ul slkm lsparatumjdlotl dmnurg8
 ]ul plosl lstrmtleaimdlotl8
 ]ul vlkm tgng g iloírag8
 ]ul slkm igdprgdltang igd m aerlkm md nl tgroí-jm imnm vlz
dmas smunívlj8
Anlotaqul ms qulstüls nl cmtgrls däoadgs;
G jänlr nm lquapl nl adpjlotmåég prgilssm gs cmtgrls däoadgs igd tgnm m
aerlkm ld udm rluoaég mndaoastrmtavm, usmong g ‚lxlriäiag nl moanmnl—.
m. Imnm dld`rg rlil`l udm gu nums cgjfms pmrm mogtmåüls, sl g
erupg cgr nl 02 gu dlogs. =9<
G
^ `. Gs dld`rgs ség igovanmngs m grmr kuotgs ld erupgs nl ngas gu
O
L
D
trës, plnaong m ajudaomåég nl Nlus.
M
Å
O i. Imnm dld`rg á igovanmng m lsirlvlr om cgjfm nl ogtms \DM rm-
M
J
G
zég pljm qumj lxastl gs cmtgrls däoadgs om aerlkm. Oég prliasm pgr
M
G
ogdl oms cgjfms nl mogtmåüls.
^
O
L n. M lquapl nl adpjldlotmåég, ld sleuanm, gremoazm ms ogtms nl pm-
D
M
K páas om crlotl nm aerlkm nl migrng igd ms imtlegrams sldljfmotls.
L
O
M
(Rgr lxldpjg; sl udm mngrmåég aosparmngrm á m írlm qul dmas prl-
J
R iasm nl dljfgrams l cga m dmas dloiagomnm igd m olilssanmnl nl
G
N
;
dmas pjmolkmdlotg l gremoazmåég pmrm ud iujtg milatívlj, tgnms
Y
M
K
ms ogtms rljmiagomnms igd lstm g`slrvmåég nlvld slr igjgimnms
L
P
E
om dlsdm imtlegram). ^rës gu qumtrg pgotgs-ifmvls nlvld surear.
A
P Lstms ség írlms adpgrtmotls pmrm m lquapl nl adpjldlotmåég sl
M
^
O igoilotrmr loqumotg prgilssmd aoaiamtavms pgtloiamas ld prlpm-
M
J
R
rmåég prm cmzlr rligdlonmåüls m Igdasség nm aerlkm.
M
P
M
R Ogtm; Ms sleuaotls rligdlonmåüls ség ud prgilssg ‚anlmj— m sleuar. Ls -
Y
G tungs tëd dgstrmng qul, sl mjeg cgr clatg pmrm daoadazmr gu nadaouar gs
Y
Y
M cmtgrls däoadgs fmvlrí dljfgrams ogtívlas. Oég sl nlaxl prlonlr pgr dmas
R
prgilssmdlotgs.
Iramr l adpjldlotmr udm lstrmtáeam
M lquapl nl adpjldlotmåég nlvl sl rluoar m imnm sldmom nurmotl slas
sldmoms motls nl mprlslotmr rligdlonmåüls â igdasség nm aerlkm. Ms
rluoaüls nlvld nurmr nl udm m nums fgrms. Nurmotl lstms slas sldmoms,
g sleuaotl nlvl slr rlmjazmng suelstüls;
m. Imnm dld`rg nm lquapl nl adpjldlotmåég nlvl jlr g cgjfltg nl
Pusslj @urraj aotatujmng Iramong Aerlkms Mnvlotastms Ymunívlas.
`. Lxpjgrl g dmtlramj Rlrj Lxtrm l utajazl pmrm aocgrdmr-sl sg`rl
írlms qul prliasmd nl mtloåég lspliäim.
i. Sasatl pljg dlogs ud jänlr l igosujtl vam tljlcgol g jänlr nm sl-
euonm aerlkm qul tlvl udm pgotumåég mjtm om írlm ngs cmtgrls dä-
oadgs. \dm jastm nl rliursgs pgnl slr g`tanm mtrmvás ng Aostatutg
nl Lvmoeljasdg nm Navaség Ogrtl Mdlraimom ’ OMNLA.
n. \tajazl Ymûnl pmrm m Igjflatm l Ja`lrmong g Rgtloiamj nl sum
Aerlkm . Lxpjgrl impätujgs rljmiagomngs igd gs cmtgrls däoadgs.
Lstls pgnld slr loigdlonmngs om javrmram OMNLA (Aostatutg nl
Lvmoeljasdg nm Navaség Ogrtl Mdlraimom). Jaeul pmrm g Ilotrg nl
Pliursgs OMNLA; += (031) >=5-6969/L\M.
l. Cgrdujl trës aoaiamtavms lspliäims pmrm g prùxadg mog qul slkmd
AO^LJAELO^LY l mjimoåívlas;
=93
a. Lspliäims Y
L
I
A
aa. Dlosurívlas N
O
Ë
aaa. Mjimoiívlas R
M
av.
av. Pljlvmotls
Pljlvmot ls pmrm gs cmtgrls däoadgs
v. Igd prmzg nltlrdaomng (nmtm pmrm adpjldlotmr l mvmjamr)
c. Rrgilssl ms aoaiamtavms prgpgstms mtrmvás nm igdasség nm aerlkm
pmrm m adpjldlotmåég.
e. M igdasség nm aerlkm nlvl mutgrazmr udm plssgm pmrm iggrnlomr m
lxliuåég nl imnm aoaiamtavm.
f. M lquapl nl adpjldlotmåég nlvl rluoar-sl
rluoar-sl igd `msl oms olilssa-
nmnls, pmrm rlsgjvlr prg`jldms l cmzlr igrrlåüls nl iursg.
a. M lquapl nl adpjldlotmåég nlvl igduoaimr g prgerlssg, ms ol -
ilssanmnls nl grmåüls l igotaoumr prgkltmong m vaség tmotg igd m
lquapl nl janlrmoåm qumotg igd m igoerlemåég.
k. M lquapl nl adpjldlotmåég oég nlvl igosanlrmr g slu trm`mjfg
igoijuäng mtá qul m aerlkm vgjtl m mpjaimr m plsquasm NOA ngzl
dlsls mpùs m mvmjamåég motlragr l udm ogvm lquapl nl adpjldlo-
tmåég slkm lsigjfanm.
h. Igdlil m prgilssmr g igoilatg nl qul Aerlkms smunívlas prgnu-
zld jfms smunívlas. M rlprgnuåég á omturmj qumong udm aerlkm
á smunívlj.
MRËONAIL N
=95
G
^ Ld Mtgs =;6, Klsus cgrolil udm lstrmtáeam nl pjmotag nl aerlkms pmrm
O
L
D
gs slus nasiäpujgs, qul aoijua ‚mtá gs igoos nm tlrrm— . ^gng prgkltg nl
M
Å pjmotag nl aerlkms ld ud pmäs nl pradlarg duong nlvlram igosanlrmr g nl-
O
M
J slovgjvadlotg nl udm rljmåég ardé igd gutrg pjmotag nl aerlkm ld gutrm
G
M pmrtl ng duong.
G
^
O
L Ld ud rlilotl lvlotg nl pjmotag nl aerlkms og ^lxms,
^lxms, ogs Lstmngs \oangs,
D
M
K sl jlvmotmrmd cuongs pmrm igdprmr =6 dgtgiaijltms pmrm slrld usmnms
L
O
M
pgr jlaegs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms ld írlms dgotmofgsms ng sunlstl nm
J
R Ísam.
G
N
;
Y
M
MYMR (prgkltg Mnvlotastms ng Yunlstl Msaítaig) á ud trldlong daoastárag
K
L
P
pmrm udm pmrilram. M grmåég á ilotrmj ld tung g qul cmzld. G cgig nl
E
A MYMR á jlvmotmr, g dmas rípang pgssävlj, dassagoírags omiagomas. M dlo-
P
M
^ smeld nl Nlus lstí mvmoåmong ld pmäsls gonl sldprl tld sang duatg
O
M
J
nacäiaj nl sl trm`mjfmr.
R
M
P
M
Sasatl g satl ng MYMR pmrm vlr igdg slu pjmotag nl aerlkm pgnl sl lovgjvlr;
R
Y www.msmpdaoastrals.gre
G
Y
Y
MRËONAIL L
M
R
fttp;//www.rlcuelldaoastrals.gre
=96
MRËONAIL C Y
L
I
A
N
O
Mnavaofl m nurmåég nl ‚aoiu`måég—, m ermvanlz... Ë
R
M
Fudmogs ? 033 nams

@mjlam ? 993 nams
Earmcm ? >0< nams
Imvmjg ? 932 nams
Jlég ? =26 nams
Iég ? 39 nams
Ljlcmotl ? 30> nams
Pmtg ? 0= nams
Aerlkm ? WWWWWWW
MRËONAIL E
LVLDRJG NL DAYYÉG, SAYÉG L LY^PM^ÁEAM
LY^PM^ÁEAM @LD ^PM@MJFMNM
Aerlkm Mnvlotastm ng Yátadg Nam ng Yuj Msaítaig
Yajvlr Ypraoe, Dmryjmon, L\M
OGYYM DAYYÉG
‚Igoflilr m Klsus l tgroí-Jg igofliang—
OGYYM SAYÉG
‚\dm Aerlkm ilotrmnm ld Irastg, sadpítaim, va`rmotl, javrl nl nävanms l
daoastrmong m dmas nl =.<22 dld`rgs ld 0202, igdpmrtajfmong ms `gms
ogvms nm smjvmåég ld Klsus Irastg, slrvaong m igduoanmnl suj msaítaim
mtrmvás nl vírags daoastárags l prlpmrmong ud pgvg pmrm g rltgrog nl
ogssg Ylofgr.—
OGYYGY G@KLÂSGY
IGDRMPÂJFMP;
=. Nasiapujmng ’ trlaomr l nlslovgjvlr gs dld`rgs pmrm nmrld lstu-
ngs `ä`jaigs plssgmas om igduoanmnl.
0. Rrgijmdmåég ’ slr motraég nl udm sáral lvmoeljästaim imnm mog.
=91
G
^ 9. Imnm ud, mjimoåmong ud ’ aoilotavmr m imnm dld`rg m vasatmr,
O
L
D
grmr l igovanmr pljg dlogs ud mdaeg, pmrlotl, igjlem nl trm`mjfg
M
Å gu vazaofg â ogssm aerlkm tgng sí`mng.
O
M
J
G
M
>. Daoastárag nl Plstmurmåég ’ Nlslovgjvlr ud prgermdm mdaeívlj
G
^
l oég mdlmåmngr pmrm rliuplrmr gs mcmstmngs nm aerlkm l gs qul
O
L maonm oég ség dld`rgs.
D
M
K
L
O
<. Aerlkms ardés ’ lstm`ljlilr nums ogvms aerlkms jgimas.
M
J
R
G
YLPSAP;
N
;
Y
M
K
=. Yg` g daoastárag pmstgrmj ’ lovgjvlr moiaégs l jänlrls pmrm vasatmr
L
P
E
imnm dld`rg nm aerlkm nl sum lquapl l daoastrmr âs sums olilssa-
A
P nmnls pmrm nlslovgjvlr jmrls mnvlotastms cgrtls.
M
^
O
M
J
0. Rrgermdm nl dlotgram ’ nlslovgjvlr ud prgermdm nl dlotgram
R
M kuvloaj/kgvld mnujtg qul cgrolåm dlotgram om írlm nl janlrmoåm l
P
M
R
sarvm igdg euam nl gralotmåég mgs kgvlos nm aerlkm.
Y
G
Y
Y 9. Sasatmåég ’ lscgril-sl pmrm vasatmr fgspatmas nm igduoanmnl l jmrls
M
R nl dld`rgs nm aerlkm, pljg dlogs udm vlz pgr sldmom, nlslovgj-
vlong, mssad, udm cgrtl lquapl ng daoastárag nm vasatmåég plssgmj.
>. Yarvm m igduoanmnl mtrmvás nl daoastárags, tmas igdg; clarms nl
smûnl, erupgs nl grmåég, tutgram ld mujms nl dmtldítaim, pgr
lxldpjg, mimdpmdlotgs nl vlrég, mujms nl eaoístaim, mujms nl
iujaoíram, sldaoírags nl cmdäjam, lstung nl anagdms, lti...
<. Nlslovgjvm mtavanmnls lsparatumas, sgiamas l lspgrtavms qul sarvmd
tmotg pmrm m aerlkm, igdg pmrm m igduoanmnl.
3. Nlslovgjvm ud prgermdm nl migjfadlotg l iuanmng nl angsgs l
gutrg nl iuanmngs aocmotas oms ogssms aostmjmåüls.
DGPNGDAM;
=. Rmtrgiaol, udm vlz mg mog, ud d-nl-sldmom nl ëocmsl om dgr-
ngdam.
0. Nlslovgjvm ud gråmdlotg moumj l vavm nlotrg ng gråmdlotg.
9. Nlslovgjvm udm imdpmofm ld qul imnm dld`rg slkm ud ngm-
ngr pmrm m aerlkm md nl qul m dlsdm lstlkm javrl nl nävanms mtá
0202.
>. Cgrtmjlåm sum igduoanmnl mtrmvás nl vírams mtavanmnls qul mpgald
=>2 m aerlkm l slus vírags daoastárags.
MRËONAIL F Y
L
I
A
N
O
Lssms ség ms narltrazls lstm`ljlianms pljm Igoclrëoiam ng ^lxms, ogs Lstm - Ë
R
M
ngs \oangs nm Mdáraim. Igotmtl m sum Mssgiamåég jgimj pmrm rlqulradlo-
tgs lspliäigs.
Pligdlonmåüls pmrm sl tgromr ud erupg nl RJMOÂG NL AEPLKMY;

=. M vamàjanmnl nldgeríim á igordmnm pgr sum Mssgiamåég jgimj.
0. M aerlkm-dél gu m mndaoastrmåég nm Mssgiamåég jgimj vgtgu mpgamr
g erupg pmrm rluoar-sl sldmomjdlotl l igdlåmr m pjmolkmr ud
pjmotag nl aerlkm.
9. Pluoaég sldmomj igd g prgpùsatg nl igduofég lsparatumj l pjm-
olkmdlotg lstrmtáeaig pmrm g pjmotag nl aerlkm. G plrägng nl ‚ao-
iu`måég— nlvl igotaoumr pgr ud plrägng däoadg nl slas dlsls
motls qul g erupg igdlil m rluoar-sl pmrm gs iujtgs nl sí`mng.
>. Lstung rligdlonmng pmrm g erupg; Rmssgs Rmrm Rjmotmr Aerlkms;
Ng Rjmolkmdlotg mg Jmoåmdlotg nl
nl ^gd J. Lvmos, Plmilonlong
m Rmaxég Rlrnanm l gs M@I ng Nlslovgjvadlotg Omturmj nl Aerlkms ,
nl Pusslj @urraj, l g Javrg nl Mtgs. Sgië pgnl igdprmr jaemong
pmrm OMNLA (Aostatutg nl Lvmoeljasdg nm Navaség Ogrtl Mdlraim-
om) pljg tljlcgol; += (031) >5=-6969 / L\M.
<. Ms igotraùaåüls omoilarms nlvld slr mndaoastrmnms pljm aerl-
km-dél. Yl lstm`ljlilrí udm jaofm slpmrmnm pmrm ngmåüls clatms
pljgs dld`rgs ng erupg naraeanms mg prgkltg nl pjmotag. Gs cuongs
lstmrég naspgoävlas pmrm g erupg igocgrdl sureld ms olilssanm-
nls.
Plquasatgs pmrm mjimoåmr g stmtus nl EP\RG GPEMOA[MNG;
=. 92 dld`rgs `mtazmngs8
0. 92 gu dmas igd m crlquëoiam dánam ogs ûjtadgs trës dlsls8
9. Caomoåms nl aerlkm jgimj cuoiagomong.
\dm vlz qul g stmtus nl Erupg Gremoazmng á vgtmng, g erupg m`rarí udm
igotm `moiíram igd m mqualsiëoiam l gralotmåég ng tlsgurlarg nm Mssgiam-
åég jgimj. G munatgr nm Mssgiamåég tmd`ád nlvl slr igotmitmng pmrm qul
rlil`md ud sgctwmrl nl igotmàjanmnl pmrm igoeurí-jg.
G erupg igoigrnm ld lstm`ljlilr ud atld og slu gråmdlotg igd g cuong
pmrm igostruåég gu ‚Rrù-^ldpjg—. Lstl cuong arí rlil`lr udm mjgimåég
dlosmj ng gråmdlotg igdàomng.
=>=
G
^ >. Yl xmrí udm nmtm pmrm igoijuar m plsquasm NOA (Nlslovgjvadlo-
O
L
D
tg Omturmj nl Aerlkm). Rgnl-sl plnar qul m Mssgiamåég muxajal og
M
Å iustg nlstm plsquasm.
O
M
J <. Yl ogdlmrí ud pmstgr gu ud pmstgr-trlaomngr, imsg g erupg slkm
G
M
G
janlrmng pgr ud jlaeg.
^
O
L
D
Plquasatgs pmrm mjimoåmr g stmtus nl AEPLKM GPEMOA[MNM
M
K
L Nlvlrí tlr g migdpmofmdlotg l mvmj nm Mssgiamåég jgimj.
O
M
J
MRËONAIL A
R
G
N
;
Y
M
K
L
P
LY^PM^ÁEAM
LY^PM^ÁEAM NL RJMOÂG NL AEPLKM NAPAEANG RGP \D JLAEG/RMY-
JLAEG/RMY-
E
A ^GP-^PLAOMNGP
P
M
^
O
M
=. Aotlrmåég dlosmj lotrl
lotrl g pmstgr-trlaomngr
pmstgr-trlaomngr l g jänlr jlaeg ng pjmotag
J
R nl aerlkm.
M
P
M
R Rrgpùsatg; Lsiutmr, grmr, cmzlr ud rljmtùrag, nlslovgjvlr m vaség,
Y
G
Y
prlstmåég nl igotms (rlvasmr ms ltmpms nl måég ng dës motlragr),
Y
M
R
nlslovgjvlr ud pjmolkmdlotg m jgoeg prmzg.
G trlaomngr mkunm g pjmotmngr jlaeg m anlotaimr vírags pmssgs nl
måég m slrld rlmjazmngs om prùxadm rluoaég.
Fgrírag; udm fgrm l dlam m nums fgrms dlosmjdlotl, loqumotg m
aerlkm lstlkm slong naraeanm pgr ud jlaeg. Aotlrmåég pgr tljlcgol gu
l-dmaj nlvl lstmr naspgoävlj qumong cgr prliasg lotrl ms rluoaüls.
Juemr; Om dmagram nms vlzls, ld ud rlstmurmotl.
]uld pmem ms nlsplsms7 G pmstgr-trlaomngr.
0. Aotlrmåég dlosmj lotrl
lotrl g pmstgr-trlaomngr
pmstgr-trlaomngr l g erupg nl pjmotag nl
aerlkm.
Rrgpùsatg; G`slrvmr, trlaomr l mpgamr.
Fgrírag; \dm vlz pgr dës. M nurmåég vmram nl migrng igd g lvlo-
tg. M aotlrmåég slrí rlmjazmnm loqumotg g pjmotag nl aerlkm lstavlr
slong naraeang pgr ud jlaeg.
Juemr; Fí vírams gpåüls qul pgnld aoijuar m rluoaég nm igdas-
ség nl aerlkm, rluoaég nl moiaégs, udm sgiamj, rluoaég nl grmåég,
rluoaég mndaoastrmtavm nm aerlkm, ud `mtasdg, iujtg navaog, rltarg,
nls`rmvmngrls, lti... G trlaomngr nlvl pjmolkmr pmrm lstmr prlslotl
qumong g pjmotag sl tgrol ud erupg gu udm aerlkm gremoazmngs.
=>0
Ogtm; m prlemåég nl sí`mng pljm dmofé oég nlvl migotlilr dmas Y
L
I
qul udm vlz pgr tradlstrl. A
N
O
Ë
R
]uld tgdm m aoaiamtavm7 G pmstgr-trlaomngr nlianl nl migrng m sum M
pmrtaiapmr. G jänlr jlaeg á g qul ig-

melonm qumas lvlotgs ljl pgnl pmrtaiapmr.
duoaim gs plnangs ’ igd ëocmsl ogs lvlotgs lspliamas qul lstég
slong pjmolkmngs.
9. Pluoaég moumj nl
nl lvmoeljasdg
lvmoeljasdg nl igjflatm pljg pmstgr-trlaom
pmstgr-trlaomngr
ngr
igd g erupg nl pjmotag nl aerlkm. (Pligdlonmng, dms oég g`ra-
emtùrag).
Rrgpùsatg; Irlsiadlotg lsparatumj l oudáraig ng pjmotag nl aerlkm.
Fgrírag; ngas os nl sldmom (aoijuaong qumrtms-clarm m ogatl).
Jgimj; Aerlkm.
Nl quld á m aoaiamtavm7 Ng pmstgr-trlaomngr, igosujtmong g jänlr
jlaeg l m aerlkm.
>. Pluoaég moumj
moumj nl pjmotag nl aerlkms pmrm
pmrm tgngs gs pjmotags,
pjmotags, tgngs
gs pmstgrls-trlaomngrls l tgngs gs jänlrls jlaegs.
Rrgpùsatg; Yldaoírags lspliamjazmngs ld pjmotag nl aerlkms daoas-
trmngs pgr lspliamjastms og mssuotg igd vaség sg`rl m lstrmtáeam
pmrm tgnm m írlm, aosparmåég.
Fgrírag; Yl nlsaeom ud d nl sldmom, udm vlz pgr mog.
Jgimj; Ilotrmj, suialotldlotl ermonl prm migdgnmr
migd gnmr m crlquëoiam.
<. Imcá nm dmofé moumj
moumj nl mermnliadlotg pmrm gs pmstgrls-trlaom-
ngrls l jänlrls jlaegs.
Rrgpùsatg; Aosparmåég, trlaomdlotg, dmrhltaoe nl rlnl, prgvanlo -
iamong rliursgs pmrm g prùxadg mog, lxprlssmog slu mprlåg.
Fgrírag; \d Ngdaoeg nms 1f22 âs =>f22.
Jgimj; Ylrí nltlrdaomng pljm Mssgiamåég jgimj.
Nl quld á m aoaiamtavm7 Iggrnlomngr nm Mssgiamåég.
=>9
G
^ MIGPNG NL ^PLAOMDLO^G
O
L
D
M
Å
Ogdl ng pjmotag nl aerlkm; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
O
M
J
G Lonlrlåg ng jgimj nl rluoaüls; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
M
G
^
O Fgrírag ngs iujtgs; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
L
D
M
K
L
Írlm dltrgpgjatmom; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
O
M
J
R Jänlr jlaeg; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
G
N
;
Y
M
Lonlrlåg; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
K
L
P
E
A
^ljlcgol nl igotmtg; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
P
M
^
O L-dmaj; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
M
J
R
M
P
Rmstgr-trlaomngr; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
M
R
Y
G
Lonlrlåg; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Y
Y
M
R Aocgrdmåég nl igotmtg; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Oûdlrg nl tljlcgol; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
L-dmaj; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Iggrnlomngr nl pjmotag nl aerlkms; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Igotrmtg igd g iggrnlomngr,
iggrnlomngr, igd nmtm; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Jänlr jlaeg Rmstgr-trlaomngr Narltgr nl pjmotag nm mssgiamåég
‚Lu m`sgjutmdlotl mirlnatg qul ms plssgms, m dlogs qul slkmd trlaom-

nms, ouoim mjimoåmrég sums impmianmnls díxadms.— ’ @g` Omrnljja, ILG
Fgdl Nlpgt.
=>>
MRËONAIL K Y
L
I
A
N
O
Cgjfm nl aosiraåég pmrm trmosclrëoiam nl dld`rgs; Ë
R
M
Ogdl ng erupg; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
WWWW
Nmtm nl Nl qumj aerlkm

Og d l Lonlrlåg ^ljlcgol Omsiadlotg lstí slong Mssaomturm
trmosclrang
‚Yld nûvanm ^gd Lvmos á á m vgz ifmvl pmrm gs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms om

Mdáraim ng Ogrtl. Yum pmaxég á igotmeagsm. ^gd tld
tld clatg ud trm`mjfg
aoirävlj og nlslovgjvadlotg nl ud sastldm nl pjmotag nl aerlkms og ^lxms
^lxms
l, megrm lstí igdpmrtajfmong lstm vaség ejg`mj. ^gd prgvgu
prgvgu qul oég fí
dljfgr lvmoeljasdg ng qul m cuonmåég nl ogvms igoerlemåüls. Ylus mogs
nl msslssgram m pmstgrls, jlaegs l jänlrls nl pjmotag nl aerlkms, cgrdmd g
pjmog nl cuong pmrm lstl lxiljlotl rliursg. — ’
’ Paih DiLnwmrn, Narltgr nl
Dasség Ejg`mj l Ilotrgs nl Lstungs Pljaeagsgs nm Igoclrloiam Elrmj ngs
Mnvlotastms ng Yátadg Nam.
‚Rmstgr ^gd Lvmos tld
tld sang g igdpgolotl aosparmngr pmrm gs pjmotags nl
aerlkms ld tgnm m Mdáraim ng Ogrtl l ld tgng g duong. Ylu NOM á qul
cmz ld`maxmngrls. Ljl trmz uoaég l vaség mg igrmåég nms plssgms, aerlkms,
rleaüls l navasüls. ^gd tld sang ud eaemotl lsparatumj, trlaomngr l mdaeg
pmrm tgngs oùs. — ’
’ Pgn l Ngoom Uajjly, Rjmotmngrls nl Aerlkms Jlaegs,
Rlgram, Ajjaogas, L\M.
‚M lxplraëoiam nm Mssgiamåég ng ^lxms om ûjtadm náimnm ajustrm omdlotl
qul g lstm`ljliadlotg lstrmtáeaig nl aerlkms maonm á g dátgng nl navuj-
emåég nl dmagr suilssg om Mdáraim ng Ogrtl, dms tmd`ád, ld elrmj, og
igotlxtg gianlotmj. G lotusamsdg ng mutgr á igotmeagsg, nl cgrdm aotlo-
iagomj ljl dgstrm qul gs lscgrågs pmrm m lxiljëoiam ség mjtmdlotl aospa -
rmngrls. Lu rligdlong lstl trm`mjfg igdg udm jlaturm g`raemtùram pmrm
tgngs gs pmstgrls mnvlotastms l dld`rgs jlaegs. — ’
’ Jmszjg Emjjusz, RfN,
Rrgclssgr ng Yldaoírag ^lgjùeaig nl @ljermng, Yárvam.
=><
G
^ ‚ ^gd
^gd Lvmos tgrogu-sl
tgrogu-sl ud ogdl cmdajamr qumong sl trmtm nl pjmotag nl
O
L
D
aerlkms om Aerlkm Mnvlotastm ng Yátadg Nam om Mdáraim ng Ogrtl. Ljl tld
M
Å igdpmrtajfmng sum vaség sg`rl igjflatm igd ms aerlkms l jänlrls jlaegs, oég
O
M
J sù ogs Lstmngs \oangs, dms tmd`ád mg rlngr ng duong. Yù mjeuád igd
G
M g slu igofliadlotg, pmaxég l lxplraëoiam pgnlram lsirlvlr ud rliursg tég
G
^
O
adpgrtmotl pmrm pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms l jänlrls jlaegs. — ’ Ljtgo NlDgrm-
L
D
ls, Narltgr nl Rjmotag nl Aerlkms om Mssgiamåég ng ^lxms,
^lxms, \YM.
M
K
L
O
M
‚^motg
‚^motg igdg pmstgr l dmas tmrnl igdg narltgr nl pjmotag nl aerlkms om Ms-
J
R sgiamåég ng ^lxms, g pmstgr ^gd Lvmos
Lvm os tld
tld sang ud mpmaxgomng pgr pjmotag
G
N
;
nl aerlkms. ^long igonuzang l trlaomng ==> pjmotags nl aerlkms nurmotl
Y
M
K
ud plrägng nl ogvl mogs og ^lxms,
^lxms, ljl sm`l dmas ng qul oaoeuád qul lu
L
P igoflåm sg`rl gs praoiäpags olilssírags pgr trís nl ud pjmotag nl aerlkm
E
A
P `ld-suilnang. — ’ Jlaeftgo Fgjjly, Rrlsanlotl nm Mssgiamåég ng ^lxms,
M
^
O
L\M (022>/02==).
M
J
R
M ‚Rgr duatgs mogs gs ogssgs pjmotmngrls nl aerlkms prliasmvmd nl udm
P
M
R
clrrmdlotm pmrm naraear g slu oûijlg `ísaig mtrmvás nl íeums turvms nurmo -
Y
G tl g prgilssg nl aoiu`måég. Lstm á m cmsl dmas irätaim nl ud pjmotag nl
Y
Y
M
aerlkm, qumong ms qulstüls tëd nl slr lsijmrlianms, gs vmjgrls nloangs,
R
l ms lstrmtáeams pjmolkmnms l nlslovgjvanms. ]uld dljfgr pmrm lsirlvlr
sg`rl assg pmrm oùs ng qul ^gd Lvmos igd
igd tgngs gs slus mogs nl lxplra-
ëoiam l udm logrdl lxpgsaåég nl pjmotags nl aerlkms og ^lxms l mg rlngr
ng duong7 Yum prgcuonm igdprlloség vld nl mjeuád qul igoflil gs
prg`jldms l pgnl rlsgjvë-jgs igd udm vaség ijmrm.— ’ Umjtlr Mjjrln, Rmstgr
nastratmj l cuonmngr nm Plnl nl Rjmotmngrls Jlaegs, Fgustgo, ^lxms/L\M.
‚G pmstgr ^gd Lvmos
Lv mos janlrgu
janlrgu g dgvadlotg nl pjmotag nl aerlkms dmas naoà-
daig l `ld-suilnang om Aerlkm Mnvlotastm og duong gianlotmj. G qul ljl
igdpmrtajfm olstl javrg oég á udm tlgram aosparmnm ld udm smjm nl mujm,
dms iramnm l tlstmnm og duong rlmj. Yl vgië quaslr tlr suilssg ld pjmotag
nl aerlkms á `gd prlstmr mtloåég mg pmstgr ^gd Lvmos
Lv mos . — ’
’ Kustao Jmwdmo,
Rrlsanlotl nm Mssgiamåég Ogrtl/Yuj nl Umjls, Mustríjam.
‚^gd Lvmos
Lv mos tld
tld trlaomng l adpjmotmng igd suilssg ud sastldm nl pjmotag
nl aerlkm ld vírams aerlkms om Navaség Ogrtl Mdlraimom. Ylu ijmrg nasilr -
oadlotg ld iramr,
iramr, igd suilssg, aerlkms mnvlotastms cuoiagomas l smunívlas
á nltmjfmng olstl dmoumj. Yum jlaturm á m`sgjutmdlotl adprlsiaonävlj
pmrm qumjqulr plssgm aotlrlssmnm ld cuonmr udm ogvm aerlkm. Yleuar lstls
sadpjls pmssgs, pgnlrí lvatmr vírags prg`jldms ld slu pjmotag nl aerlkm. —
’ Nr.
Nr. Pussljj @urrajj, Rrgclssgr Ldáratg nl Irlsiadlotg l Nlslovgjvadlotg
nl Aerlkms nm \oavlrsanmnl Monrlws, Daifaemo, L\M.
=>3
Rrm quld
slrvl lstl dmoumj7
G igotlûng l g cgrdmtg nlstl dmoumj
lstég ljm`grmngs pmrm ms aerlkms
Mnvlotastms ng Yátadg Nam qul qularmd
prlpmrmr-sl l jmoåmr-sl oud prgkltg nl
^gd J. Lvmos
pjmotmr ogvms aerlkms. Rmrm g`tlr ud dljfgr
rlsujtmng, gs igoilatgs mqua mprlslotmngs
nlvld slr trmtmngs l nasiutangs ld
erupgs. ^md`ád tldgs sjanls
(RgwlrRgaot) pmrm udm mprlslotmåég
qul pgssaàjatmrí udm dljfgr
igdprlloség ng dmtlramj
mqua lsiratg.

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^gd J.

Narlatgs rlslrvmngs © ^gd J. Lvmos, 02==

nl Cgrt Ugrtf, ^lxms,

Cga ud rltgrog âs daofms rmäzls cmdajamrls qumong milatla g igovatl pmrm

Lsirlvm m`maxg ogdls nl ianmnls l vajms (plquloms) ld sum rleaég qul

oaoeuád pmrm igjfë-jg. Igduoanmnls aotlarms lstég aotgimnms

• Gs pmstgrls cgrolild trlaomdlotg pmrm gs pjmotmngrls jlaegs (ud

igd ud gu ngas ogvgs pjmotmngrls kí ld sum lquapl. (Emry Ar`y)

]umotms vlzls g Rmstgr-^rlaomngr nlvl prlemr7

Sgië maonm tld mjeudm plreuotm7 N

Ld 26 nl megstg nl ==59, igdlågu m igostruåég nl udm lstruturm qul

G igoilatg nl jadatl om janlrmoåm á mploms ud lxldpjg nl pgrqul g nl -

 ]umtrg lrmd igonuzangs pgr plssgms cgrtldlotl aouloiaívlas.

Rgr quë7 Ms Aerlkms Mnvlotastms irlsild

Igdg m tlonëoiam nl qul g ‚m ermdm ng vazaofg á sldprl dmas vlrnl—

slus jfgtls gu sum prgjl.Âs vlzls, gs jmågs dmtlrogs om omturlzm pgnld

cga mpmtam l, duatms vlzls, rlsastëoiam tgtmj â anlam nl pjmotmåég nl ogvms

Mu`rly Dmjpfurs nlijmrm locmtaimdlotl; ‚m dljfgr dmolarm nl pjmotmr

Daoastárags Iramnm ld rlmåég â udm Igd `msl og slotadlotg

G qul dmas tl surprllonl om jastm miadm7 Yl vgië kí pjmotgu mjeudm aerl-

[mqulu l Klsus, ud daoastárag nl `usimr l smjvmr8

Ogs Lstmngs \oangs, lxastl ud lxliljlotl rliursg nldgeríig qul meg-

• Ms plssgms ngmd pmrm udm vaség igovaoilotl. Sanms trmoscgrdm -

CGPDMP \DM L]\ARL NL JANLPMOÅM E

RMPM G RJMO^AG NL AEPLKMY

GY RPADLAPGY NAYIÄR\JGY LY^MSMD IFLAGY J

MJAOFMONG-YL IGD G IGPMÅÉG NL NL\Y

‚G ifmdmng nl Nlus pmrm ogssms vanms pgnl, ld ermonl

Jänlrls ldprllonlngrls pgnld slr ud erupg `mstmotl mutgssuialotl P

= Mquljls qul lstég om lquapl nl janlrmoåm ng pjmotag nl aerlkms nlvld

ud prgilssg nl rlirutmdlotg vgjuotírag l aotloiagomj qul jfl prgpgriag- G

Dld`rgs Rgtloiamas ng Erupg @ísaig;

IGD\OANMNL ANLO^ACAIMNG N

O» = WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 0 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

O» = WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 0 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O» 9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Rgnl slr tlotmngr oég cgimr ld ud sledlotg lspliäig nm pgpujmåég. M

0 M elrmåég pùs-dgnlrom oég lstí prgiurmong plssgms qul ség elouäoms

^ARGY NL RJMO^AGY NL AEPLKM

G duong vlag mtá oùs!

RAGP AE\MJ DLJFGP R

]umj slrí g slu erupg nl locgqul7

AOI\@MÅÉG IGD G OÛIJLG ILO^PMJ L

cmiajdlotl pmssmvm gs gutrgs imvmjgs pmrm ud omj nrmdítaig. Ljl igdl-

AOI\@MÅÉG; \D RPGILYYG ADRGP^MO^L OM

• Lstl Dmoumj nl Rjmotag nl Aerlkms8

Mqua lstég ngas vmjgrls `ísaigs nl ud pjmotag nl aerlkms qul lu naraea,

<. G irlsiadlotg nm aerlkm oég lstí og lstajg nl dûsaim. Om vlrnmnl,

 ‚G dmagr plraeg dmagram nl oùs, oég á qul g ogssg g`kl-

Naims pmrm lsirlvlr m sum vaség;

‚\dm aerlkm ilotrmnm ld Irastg, sadpítaim, va`rmotl, javrl nl nävanms, da-

Daoastárag lsigjfang; WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Anlams pmrm adpjldlotmr g daoastárag lsigjfang igd lxiljëoiam;

Daoastárag aocmotaj WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Lsigjm sm`mtaom nl mnujtgs WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Daoastárag nl rlilpåég WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Jänlr sgiamj WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

G qul cmzlr sl fí mjeuos lspmågs ld `rmoig7 G qul cmzlr sl g ogdl nl

YAY^LDM NL MRGAG JGIMJ A

 Iujpm-sl igdg imusm nm nliaëoiam nm iramoåm

\dm jastm `mstmotl adprlssagomotl, oég á dlsdg7 G lstrlssl mnaiagomj

G qul migotlil sl g rljmiagomdlotg igd g trlaomngr oég lstí

Fí ud nlslkg nl nmr udm dmagr lxpgsaåég mg adpmitg qul udm rlnl

]uld á igovanmng7 G pjmotmngr jlaeg l iþokuel, g pmstgr/trla-