Oil History

1 Barrel = 158.9873 Liters

Why is oil sold in barrels?

From the time of high antiquity, in ancient Mesopotamia, oil that had seeped to surface was collected for
medical use, as well as lighting fuel and caulking for boats.
Today, now that we have been producing from accessible reservoirs for more than 150 years, it is
increasingly hard to find hydrocarbon-impregnated rock. Explorers now hard to look hundreds and even
thousands of meters below ground.
Marco Polo in his travels also described that in some places that he visited saw small lagoons with a
dark liquid that was collected for medical use, as well as lighting fuel and caulking for boats.
The Americans also found small lagoons with this dark liquid they called Oil.
When Industrialization began, the Americans saw that for engines this liquid could be used as fuel.

The sailors in their long journeys, carried in the boats barrels of (alchool-Rum) because it was one of the
ways to fight the lack of vitamins and, until today, there is a law in the Marines of certain Countries that
in the boats the sailors are allowed to drink a certain amount of alcohol daily.

The Americans start to carried this Oil found at surface in the empty barrels used in the boats and also
they start to sold the Oil in these barrels.

That is the why that the oil till today is sold in barrels. (1 Barrel = 158.9873 Liters)
A partir da época da alta antiguidade, na Mesopotâmia antiga, o óleo que tinha escoado para a
superfície foi coletado para uso médico, bem como a iluminação de combustível e calafetagem
para barcos.
Hoje, agora que produzimos desde reservatórios acessíveis há mais de 150 anos, é cada vez
mais difícil encontrar rochas impregnadas de hidrocarbonetos. Os exploradores agora são
difíceis de parecer centenas e até milhares de metros abaixo do solo.
Marco Polo, em suas viagens, também descreveu que, em alguns lugares que ele visitava, viu
pequenas lagoas com um líquido escuro coletado para uso médico, além de iluminar
combustível e calafetar barcos.
Os americanos também encontraram pequenas lagoas com este líquido escuro que eles
chamavam de Óleo.
Quando a industrialização começou, os americanos viram que, para os motores, esse líquido
poderia ser usado como combustível.

Os marinheiros em suas longas jornadas, carregados nos barris de barricas de (alchool-Rum),

porque era uma das maneiras de combater a falta de vitaminas e, até hoje, há uma lei nos
fuzileiros navais de certos países que nos barcos os marinheiros podem beber uma certa
quantidade de álcool diariamente.

Os americanos começam a transportar este óleo encontrado na superfície nos barris vazios
usados ​nos barcos e também eles começaram a vender o óleo nesses barris.

Esse é o motivo pelo qual o óleo até hoje é vendido em barris. (1 barril = 158,9873 litros)
Seismic
Tubing (Types)
 Completion Types – single string
 Reservoir production or injection

 Single zone or multi zone (single

zone production at one time)
 Major completion accessories
Tubing hanger
Landing nipples
Sliding side door
PBR / telescopic joint
Production packer
Wireline entry guide

 May also have side pocket mandrel

Xtree for single string
 Completion Types – dual string
 More complex that single string –
installation and recovery

 Single and dual production packer

 Used for gas lifts and multi zone

production

 Multi annulus can be formed

 Similar major completion components

Xtree for dual string
Tubing Hanger

 Supports the tubing weight

 Seals of the A annulus

Schlumberger Private
 Provides either a locking or thread
profile for a barrier to be installed

 Testing of Xmas tree or or as a

second mechanical barrier

 Routing of control line

CR – slide 22
Landing Nipples
 All are identified by their manufacturer,
profile design and size

 Size refers to the seal bore I.D.

Schlumberger Private
 Two different types of landing nipple

 Selective – allow for devices with the same

size to be installed in the completion. Only
have a profile and seal bore.

 Non-selective – all have no go shoulders as

well as a profile and seal bore to allow for
device alignment

CR – slide 23
Landing Nipples
Selective No Selective – Bottom No Go

Schlumberger Private
Restriction – Bottom No Go

CR – slide 24
Landing Nipple Baker “F”
Top NO-Go (Selective)
Landing Nipple Baker “R”
(No Selective - Botton No-Go) BAKER

S S
e e
a a
l l

B B
o o
r r
e e

NO-GO

• What gives you the size of a Landing Nipples is the ID of the Seal Bore
• For a landing Nipple (Botton No Go ), for example “Baker R” 2.312”, the size
of the Landing Nipple is 2.312” but we need to take in consideration the size
(ID) of the No-Go which is 2.259” - (Check the tables with the LN ID´s).
• Same thing for all the Landing Nipple for the different Manufactureurs.
• The Plug Packings Sizes (OD) are the same of the Seal bore of the Landing Nipple
where you go to set it.
Landing Nipples
 Developed to allow positive placement of flow
control devices

 Placed strategically in the well bore relating to

Schlumberger Private
well design

 Allowed for increase in pressure rating of devices

 All have a seal bore and a profile

 Some have a no go shoulder

 Designed specific to manufacturer’s flow control

CR – slide 26
Landing Nipples

Schlumberger Private
CR – slide 27
Selective - Landing Nipples

Schlumberger Private
CR – slide 28
No Selective / Botton No Go - Landing Nipples

Schlumberger Private
Restriction – NO Go
CR – slide 29
Sub surface safety valves
 Fall into two different categories – surface
controlled and sub surface controlled

 Sub surface controlled i.e. storm chokes

Schlumberger Private
 Ambient or differential pressure design

 Surface controlled via control line

 Slickline or tubing retrievable

 Near formation / near surface ??

CR – slide 30
Sub surface safety valves
 Sub surface controlled – maintenance
intensive, must be removed to allow through
access

Schlumberger Private
 Surface controlled – slickline retrievable –
restricted through bore, can be replaced if
faulty

 Surface controlled – tubing retrievable – full

tubing through bore, wear sleeves can be
installed, locked out if problems occur

 Flapper or ball sealing

CR – slide 31
SSD applications

 Displacing annulus and tubing fluid after completion

 Selective production, testing or treating of various zones

Schlumberger Private
 Production of multiple zones

 Circulation to kill a well or introduce corrosion inhibitors

 Positioning co-mingling chokes in dual zone flow

 Gas lifting ( in the absence of suitable gas lift mandrels)

CR – slide 32
Sliding side door

 Sleeve has to be moved down to open

communication with annulus – depending on
type - some move up to open

Schlumberger Private
 To open sleeve a shifting tool is used

 Some sliding side doors have a landing

nipple as part of device

 2 x seal bores (same size) one above

sleeve and one below allow for installation of
choke / separation sleeve

CR – slide 33
 Question
All the SSD´s have a Landing Nipple in
Landing Nipple
the top and a seal bore in the bottom,
for what propose?

SSD Question
1. What is the through bore of a 2.75"
Baker L SSD
a. 2.688
b. 2.750
c. 2.625
d. 2.697

Seal Bore
S
e Separation Sleeve
p
Landing Nipple
a
r
a
t
i SSD
o
n

S
l
e
e
v Seal Bore
e
SSD separation sleeves

 Set in SSD’s when there is communication

problems between annulus and tubing

 Lock into the profile above the SSD

Schlumberger Private
 Seal on the polished bores above and below the
sleeve

 Have large through bore to allow for flowing a

lower zone

 Some have equalizing device, to be opened

before removal

CR – slide 36
Side pocket mandrels

 Pocket
Has seal bores and ports for
annulus communication. Latch
profile and nogo to secure valve

Schlumberger Private
 Tool discriminator
Come in two sizes depending on
whether the SPM accepts a 1” or 1
½” valve. Protects the valve latch
from damage

 Orienting sleeve
To rotate the KOT and align with
the SPM pocket
CR – slide 37
Uses for Side Pocket Mandrel’s

 Gas lift

 Electronic/pressure gauge

Schlumberger Private
 Chemical injection valve

 Dummy valve

 Equalizing dummy valve

 Differential kill valve

 Circulating valve
CR – slide 38
Production Packers

 Provides an anchor for the production

tubing

 Case hardened slips bite into the

Schlumberger Private
production casing wall

 Sealing elements blank off A annulus from

the formation

 Can be run with the production tubing or

set independently, depending on type

 Either permanent, retrievable or permanent

/retrievable
CR – slide 39
Production Packers
 Set mechanically, hydraulically or using an
explosive charge

 Retrievable packer – generally run with the

Schlumberger Private
production tubing and set by either rotation of
the tubing or by setting a barrier below the
packer and applying pressure to the tubing

 Permanent packer – Installed in the wellbore

independent of the production tubing. May be
considered an integral part of the casing and
can only be removed by milling

 Permanent / retrievable – as the name

suggests
CR – slide 40
Production Packers
 Single – one concentric bore through the
packer for use with a single tubing string

 Dual – two parallel bores through the

Schlumberger Private
packer for use with two tubing strings

 Triple - three parallel bores through the

packer for use with three tubing strings

 Dual and triple packers can have different

sized strings

 Multiple packers can be used to isolate

production zones

CR – slide 41
TES-10 EXPANSION JOINT

 Used in single and dual string completions to accommodate

changes in tubing length caused by variations in temperature.

 Capable of maintaining the pressure integrity of the tubing

Schlumberger Private
while allowing the string to safely expand and contract, and can
be run above rotational release or straight pickup release
packers.

 Proper placement and stroke selection of these splined slip

joints reduce the chances of stress in the production
tubing during production and/or acidizing which could cause
damage to the production strings.

 Run in either the closed or the partially extended position in

installations that require the injection of acid that has not been
preheated, or in water flood installations where the temperature
of the injected fluid is less than the mean well bore temperature.

CR – slide 42
PERFORATING PRODUCTION TUBES

 Joints of tubing with holes machined throughout the length of

the tube.

Schlumberger Private
 Usually installed in between the bottom two nipples of a
completion.

 Allows a downhole-recording device, such as temperature

and pressure probes, to be installed in the lower nipple profile.

 Allows for unrestricted flow of the oil or gas, therefore,

enhancing the reliability of the acquired data which otherwise
would be distorted due to flow restrictions in the locking
device.

CR – slide 43
WIRELINE ENTRY GUIDES

 Used for the safe re-entry of wireline tools from the casing into
the tubing string.

Schlumberger Private
 Attaches to the bottom end of the production string.

 Certain tools, such as a tubing end locator or sample baller,

are designed to be run out the end of the tubing to perform their
task. The wireline entry guide, with its internal bevel, guides the
wireline tool string back into the tubing.

 Available in bevel, full or half mule-shoed configurations.

CR – slide 44
MODEL “A” PUMP OUT PLUG
• An economical temporary plug for tubing.

• Comes with a ball and seat and has a flush or smooth OD.

Schlumberger Private
• Allows the tubing to fill as it is run.

• Steel ball may be run in place or dropped from surface.

• Shear settings on the Model “A” are easily adjusted in the

field. Once sheared, the seat simply falls to bottom, leaving
full ID.

• The Model “B” Pump-out Plug is similar to the Model “A”

Pump- out Plug, but incorporates a slickline re-entry guide
into the housing.
CR – slide 45