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Calculo Integral
Calculo Integral
CÁLCULO INTEGRAL
Definição de Integração
Integração: operação inversa da derivação. O cálculo integral tem por objetivo achar
uma função F(x) tal que a derivada F’(x) seja igual a uma função dada f(x).
dF ( x)
F ' ( x) = = f ( x)
dx
“A integral indefinida”
∫ f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C
A constante de integração C desaparece no momento da derivação, pois a derivada
de uma constante é nula.
C = y o − F ( xo )
“A integral definida”
A forma geral da integral definida é:
b b
∫ f ( x)dx = F ( x)
a
= F (b) − F (a )
a
x n +1
∫ x dx = + C , se n ≠ −1
n
n +1
dx
∫ x
= ln x + C
∫ [u ( x) ± v( x)] dx = ∫ u ( x) dx ± ∫ v( x) dx
u ' ( x)
∫ u ( x) dx = ln u ( x) + C
∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f [ϕ ( z )] . ϕ ( z ) dz
onde x = ϕ (z ) e dx = ϕ ' ( z ) dz
Exemplo:
F ( x ) = 3 x − 5 dx
dz
Façamos 3x − 5 = z , onde z ' = =3
dx
dz
Obtém-se dx = , integral em função de z:
3
1 2
F ( x) =
3 ∫ z dz = z z + C
9
2
F ( x) = (3 x − 5) 3 x − 5 + C
9
∫e dx = e x ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x
x
ax dx
∫ a dx = ∫ x − a = ln( x − a)
x
ln a
dx 1 x−a
∫ ( x − a)( x − b) = a − b ln x − b ( a ≠ b)
dx 1
∫ ( x − a) n
=−
( n − 1)( x − a ) n −1
(n ≠ 1)
dx 1 x 1 x−a
∫x 2
−a 2
= − ar coth =
a
ln
a 2a x + a
( x > a)
dx 1 x 1 a+x
∫a 2
−x 2
= arctan =
a
ln
a 2a a − x
( x < a)
dx 1 x xdx 1
∫x 2
+a 2
= arctan
a a ∫x 2
+a 2
= ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
2
dx x 1 x
∫ (x 2
+a )
2 2
= 2 2 + 3 arctan
2a ( x + a ) 2a
2
a
dx x 2n − 3 dx
∫ (x 2
+a )
2 n
= 2 2 n −1
2a (n − 1)( x + a )
2
+ 2 ∫
2a ( n − 1) ( x + a 2 ) n −1
2
2 3 dx
∫ x dx =
3
x ∫ x
=2 x
dx x dx 2
∫ a −x 2 2
= arcsen
a ∫ ax + b
=
a
ax + b
dx x
∫ x2 − a2
= arccos h
a
= ln ( x + x 2 − a 2
dx x
∫ x +a2 2
= arccos h
a
= ln ( x + x 2 + a 2
x a2 x
∫ a 2 − x 2 dx =
2
a2 − x2 +
2
arcsen
a
x a2 x
∫ x 2 − a 2 dx =
2
x2 − a2 −
2
arccos h
a
x 2 a2 x
∫ x 2 + a 2 dx =
2
x + a2 +
2
arcsenh
a
∫ sen x dx = − cos x
x 1
∫ sen x dx = − sen ( 2 x)
2
2 4
3 1
∫ sen x dx = − cos x + cos (3 x)
3
4 12
1 n −1
∫ sen x dx = − cos x . sen n −1 x +
n ∫
sen n − 2 x dx
n
1
∫ sen (ax) dx = − a cos (ax)
∫ cos x dx = sen x
x 1
∫ cos x dx = 2 + 4 sen (2 x)
2
3 1
∫ cos x dx = sen x + sen (3 x)
3
4 12
1 n −1
∫ cos x dx = sen x . cos n −1 x +
n ∫
cos n − 2 x dx
n
1
∫ cos (ax) dx = a sen (ax)
1
∫ tan x dx = − ln cos x ∫ tan (ax) dx = − a ln cos (ax)
∫ tan x dx = tan x − x
2
tan n −1 x
∫ tan x dx = − ∫ tan n − 2 x dx (n ≠ 1)
n
n −1
1
∫ cot x dx = ln sen x ∫ cot (ax) dx = a ln sen (ax)
∫ cot x dx = x − cot x
2
cot n −1 x
∫ cot x dx = − n − 1 − ∫ cot x dx
n−2
n
(n ≠ 1)
dx x dx
∫ sen x = ln tan 2 ∫ sen 2
x
= − cot x
dx 1 cos x n−2 dx
∫ sen n
x
=− . + ∫
n − 1 sen x n − 1 sen n − 2 x
n −1
( n ≠ 1)
dx ⎛x π⎞ dx
∫ cos x = ln tan⎜⎝ 2 + 4 ⎟⎠ ∫ cos 2
x
= tan x
dx 1 sen x n−2 dx
∫ cos n
x
= . + ∫
n − 1 cos x n − 1 cos n − 2 x
n −1
( n ≠ 1)
dx ⎛x π⎞ dx ⎛x π⎞
∫ 1 + sen x = tan⎜⎝ 2 − 4 ⎟⎠ ∫ 1 − sen x = − cot ⎜⎝ 2 − 4 ⎟⎠
dx x dx x
∫ 1 + cos x = tan 2 ∫ 1 − cos x = − cot 2
sen (ax + bx) sen (ax − bx)
∫ sen (ax) sen (bx) dx = − 2(a + b)
+
2(a − b)
( a ≠b)
xn n
∫ x sen (ax) dx = − cos (ax) + ∫ x n −1 cos (ax) dx
n
a a
xn n n −1
∫ x cos (ax) dx = a sen (ax) − a ∫ x sen (ax) dx
n
∫ arcsen x dx = x . arcsen x + 1− x2
∫ arccos x dx = x . arccos x − 1− x2
1
∫ arctan x dx = x . arctan x − 2 ln(1 + x
2
)
1
∫ arc cot x dx = x . arc cot x + 2 ln(1 + x
2
)
∫ senh x dx = cosh x
1 x
∫ senh x dx = senh ( 2 x ) −
2
4 2
1 n −1
∫ senh x dx = cosh x . senh n −1 x −
n ∫
senh n − 2 x dx
n
1
∫ senh (ax) dx = a cosh (ax)
∫ cosh x dx = senh x
1 x
∫ cosh x dx = senh ( 2 x) +
2
4 2
1 n −1
∫ cosh x dx = senh x . cosh n −1 x + ∫ cos n − 2 x dx
n
n n
1
∫ cosh (ax) dx = a senh (ax)
∫ tanh x dx = ln cosh x
∫ tanh x dx = x − tanh x
2
1
∫ tanh x dx = − tanh n −1 x + ∫ tanh n − 2 x dx ( n ≠ 1)
n
n −1
1
∫ tanh (ax) dx = a ln cosh (ax)
∫ coth x dx = ln senh x
∫ coth x dx = x − coth x
2
1
∫ coth x dx = − coth n −1 x + ∫ coth n − 2 x dx ( n ≠ 1)
n
n −1
1
∫ coth (ax) dx = a ln senh (ax)
dx x
∫ senh x = ln tanh 2
dx
∫ senh 2
x
= − coth x
dx
∫ cosh x = 2 arctan e
x
dx
∫ cosh 2
x
= tanh x
∫ arcsenh x dx = x . arcsenh x − x2 +1
∫ arccos h x dx = x . arccos h x − x2 −1
1 n −1
∫ sen x . cos n x dx = sen m +1 x . cos n −1 x +
m+n∫
sen m x . cos n − 2 x dx
m
m+n
sen m +1 x
∫ sen x . cos x dx =
m
m +1
Referência Bibliográfica
GIECK, Kurt. Manual de fórmulas técnicas. São Paulo: Hemus Livraria Editora
Ltda. 2 ed. 1979