Sandvik Materials Technology

Aplicações Alta Temperatura

500ºC+
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 Ligas Alta Temperatura

Ligas Padrões Alta Temperatura

SANDVIK ASTM TP
4C54 446-1
7RE10 310S / 310H
8RE18 309S / 309H
6R35 / 8R30 321H
8R40 347H
253MA -
353MA -

Sandvik Materials Technology

 Ligas Alta Temperatura

Ligas a base de Níquel

SANDVIK ASTM TP
Sanicro 30 Alloy 800
Sanicro 31HT Alloy 800HT
Sanicro 41 Alloy 825
Sanicro 69 Alloy 690
Sanicro 70 Alloy 600

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 Composição Química e Normas

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 High Temperature Products

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 Microestrutura

Microestrutura Ferrítica Microestrutura Austenítica Microestrutura Duplex

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 Microestrutura Ferrítica

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 Microestrutura Austenítica

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 Seleção de materiais
para altas temperaturas

• Resistência à corrosão

• Resistência mecânica

• Estabilidade estrutural

• Aplicações

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 Oxidação
óxido não
protetor
Aço C

Cr2O3
Aço ao
cromo
Cr2O3
Aço ao SiO2
cromo e
Al2O3
silício

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 High Temperature Corrosion
of Stainless Steels

Aqueous Corrosion
<< Corrosion Rate

Molten Alkalai
Oxidation
Sulphur

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Temperature C
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 Corrosion Resistance
Diffusion >4000C

Oxygen O2
Carbon C, CO, CO2
Nitrogen N, N2, NH4 Base
Sulphur S, SO Metal

Molten Salts Na, K, V

Chlorine Cl2

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 Corrosion Resistance
Diffusion >4000C

Oxygen O2 Cr2O3 Oxides

Carbon C, CO, CO2 Cr23C6 Carbides
Nitrogen N, N2, NH4 CrN2 Nitrides
Sulphur S, H2S, SO2 Ni2S Sulphides
Molten Salts Na, K, V Slags
Chlorine Cl2 Chlorine
Compounds

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 Resistência á Corrosão

Oxigênio O2

Óxido Protetor Cr2O3

Cromo Cr

Metal Base

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 Metais Terras Raras

+ Alto Silicio e Metais

Oxigênio O2
Terras Raras

Óxido Protetor Cr2O3, SiO2

Cromo Cr + Si + RE
Metal Base
253MA, 353MA
Metais Terras Raras (Cerium,Lanthanum etc.)

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 Oxidação

1. AISI 309
2. AISI 446
3. AISI 310
4. 253MA
5. Alloy 800HT

5 x 24h

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 Oxidation

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 Sulphidation Resistance

Sulphur S
Sulphur Dioxide, SO2
Hydrogen Sulphide H2S
Protective Oxide Cr2O3

Nickel Sulphides Ni2 S

Melt at 6500C

Base Metal

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 Ataque por gases contendo S

SO2 H2S

+ ↑ Cr, Mn , Al , Si
- ↓ Ni

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 Sulfitação

Air-preheater tube in Inconel 600

from a mineral-wool plant. The
failure was due to severe
sulphidation.

Glass recuperator tubes in

4C54 show no attack in spite
of heavy Na2SO4 deposit.

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 Nitriding Resistance

Nitrogen, N2
Cracked Ammonia NH4

Protective Oxide Cr2O3

Chromium Nitrides Cr N2
Brittle and Reduced Oxidation Resisitance
Base Metal

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 Nitretação

Tubo mufla TP310, usado em forno

de recozimento brilhante, durante 4
meses.
Nitretação do TP310 após Atmosfera: amônia craqueada
400h exposto a nitrogênio
T= 1000°C
(gás) contendo 240 ppm de
oxigênio , T = 1000°C

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 Nitretação

353MA - Muffle tube

Sandvik Wire Mill Brazil
approx. 3 years in service

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 Resistência á Carbonetação

Carbono
Monóxido de Carbono CO
Dióxido de Carbono CO2

Óxido Protetor Cr2O3

Carbeto de Cromo Cr23 C6

Metal Base

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 Carburização
CO,CH2 ⇒ C ⇒ Cr carbono

Fragilização
Diminuição da Resistência á
Corrosão
“Metal dusting” = catastrofica carburização ocorre a 470–850°C
A trinca ou “dusts” no metal se dá devido á excessiva formação de
carbonetos.

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 Carbonetação

Falha em tubo mufla TP310 Carbonetação em aço TP310, após

devido à carbonetação pela 18 meses, T = 1100 °C, usado em
atmosfera interna forno de etileno

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 Carbonetação

Carbonetação a 0,5 mm da superfície, após 500 horas de teste

em diferentes temperaturas em 10%CH4 + 90%Ar + 0,5%O2
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 Chlorine Attack

Chlorine Gas, Cl2

Hydrogen Chloride HCl
Molten Salts, NaCl
Óxido Protetor Cr2O3

Chlorine Attack of Protective Oxide

Metal Base

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 Molten Salt and Alkalaii Attack

Chlorine Gas, Cl2

Hydrogen Chloride HCl
Molten Salts, NaCl

Óxido Protetor Cr2O3

Chlorine Attack of Protective Oxide

Metal Base

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 Resitência à ruptura por fluência
Rkm/100 000 h para alguns aços inoxidáveis e ligas à base de níquel Sandvik

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 Propriedades de Resistência a Corrosão

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 Máxima temperatura de trabalho

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 Estabilidade Estrutural

Temp ºC 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1175

Qualidade

Sanicro 31HT* γ’

253 MA σ phase

353 MA σ phase

309S σ phase

310S σ phase

4C54 475 ºC-embrittlement σ phase

Dentro da faixa de precipitação das diferentes fases a cor azul escura indica precipitação mais intensa.
1% de fase σ precipita-se a 800°C para o 353 MA após 7000 h, para o 253 MA após 2000 h, e para o 310 e 309 após <200 h.
1% de fase σ precipita-se no 4C54 a 650°C após <200h.

* Sanicro 31HT modificado é usado em temperaturas entre 550-700°C para eliminar o risco de precipitação de γ ’.

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 Curvas TTT para σ

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 Fase σ (sigma)

Períodos longos + temperaturas altas

Fase σ

Fragilização à temperatura ambiente (paradas)

Manutenção dificultada

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 Aplicações Alta Temperatura

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 Recuperator Tubes

900
900- -1150ºC
1150ºC

z Preheats combustion air

9 Glass Manufacturing
Plants
9 Mineral Wool Plants
9 Fossil fuelled pit furnaces
in rolling and forging mills

Radiant
RadiantRecuperator
Recuperator

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 Recuperator Tubes

500
500- -1000ºC
1000ºC
z Preheats combustion air
9 All types of fossil fuelled
heating furnaces
z Preheats process gas and
natural gas
9 Iron Ore Direct Reduction
Plants
z Preheats process air
9 Carbon Black Plants
9 Blast furnace
Convection
ConvectionRecuperator
Recuperator 9 Shaft furnace
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 Steel Manufacturing Recuperators 1
z Various types of recuperators
9 Radiation
9 Convection
9 Channel type
z Fluegas from oil / gas burning
9 800 - 1100 C
z Air is heated inside of tubes
Channel Type
9 Room temp to 600 - 800 C
Recuperator (KTE)
z Fuel savings up to 40%

Convection -
Flue Type
Recuperator
(KTE)
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 Steel Manufacturing Recuperators 3
z Materiais Tubulares requisitados
9 Lado casco: Várias requisitações dependendo do tipo de
laminador
9 Lado tubo: Resistência á Oxidação ao ar á Alta Temperatura
z Ligas Usadas
9 Sandvik 253MA é frequentemente usada
9 Sandvik 4C54
• Para aços laminados usando combustíveis com alta impureza (S, V,
Na, K)

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 Sandvik Recuperator Experience

z Glass industry 4C54, 253MA

z Steel industry 4C54, 253MA, 353MA
z Carbon black 4C54, 253MA
z Direct reduction iron ore, 253MA, 6R35 (TP321H)
Midrex process Sanicro31HT (Alloy800HT)
z Sewage sludge 253MA
incineration
z Chemical waste incineration 253MA
z Sulphuric acid plants 253MA

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 Lanças de Injeção de Finos

Sandvik Materials Technology

 Lanças de Injeção de Finos

z Usiminas 253MA
z COSIPA 253MA
z Gerdau Aço Minas 253MA
z Belgo Mineira (João Molevade) Alloy 800, 253MA
z V&M 253MA
z CSN 310, 253MA
z CST 310

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 Muffle Tubes

Sandvik Materials Technology

 Muffle Tubes

Sandvik Materials Technology

 Muffle Tubes

Sandvik Materials Technology

 Muffle Tubes

z What are Muffle tubes used for ?

9 Intermediate annealing
• Recrystallize (soften) wire to make further drawing to final size possible
9 Final annealing
• Give wire final mechanical properties & surface appearance

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 Application - Bundy Tubes

SAN31HT and 353MA- muffle tubes used to braze Bundy Tubes:

- a single strip of copper coated steel, wound round twice to create a double
wall tube, capable of withstanding pressure of six thousand pounds per
square inch.
Sandvik Materials Technology
 Application - Bundy Tubes

SAN31HT and 353MA- muffle

tubes used to braze Bundy Tubes:

a single strip of copper coated steel, wound

round twice to create a double wall tube,
capable of withstanding pressure of six
thousand pounds per square inch.

Sandvik Materials Technology

 Pyrometer Tubes
Thermocouple protection tubes
Cable tubing
Sighting sheaths

Used in all industries who has a need

of measuring the temperature in their
process ( > 500 ºC ).
For example Iron & Steel, Fertilizer,
Refinery and Glass industry.

A,
53 M
A ,3
M
253 C 54
T, 4
3 1 H
Sa n

Sandvik Materials Technology

 Pyrometer Tubes

z What are Pyrometer tubes used for ?

9 Thermocouple protection tubes

9 Cable tubing
9 Sighting sheaths

Used in all industries who has a need of measuring

the temperature in their process ( > 500 ºC ), for example
Iron & Steel, Fertilizer, Refinery and Glass industry.

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 Etylene Furnace Tubes

ID finned 353MA tubes

Developed 2000
First order in October 2000
Several orders 2001-2002

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 Boiler Tubes
Boilers
Coal fired
Black liquor recovery
Municipal waste
Incineration & biomass
Waste heat recovery

Grades
Composite tubes
Mono tubes
standard grades
specialty grades

Stuart
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 Boiler Tubes

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Sandvik Composite Tubes for Recovery Boilers
in the Pulp & Paper Industry
Why composite tubes?
z Increased safety
Superheater
z Longer operating life tubes
z Better planning SAN28/T22
predictability
310/T22
Sanicro 38/4L7 Furnace
* superior corrosion and wall tubes
SCC resistance 3R12/4L7
* good thermal fatigue and
low-cycle fatigue
characteristics
Furnace floor
*11 years in- service
tubes
experience
Sanicro 38/4L7

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 Waste Heat Boiler, Boliden Sweden
by courtesy of Outokumpu, Finland

z Composite Tubes

9 improved
erosion/corrosion
resistance

9 eliminate
unpredictable
stops

9 3-7 times longer

life time compared
to carbon steel
tubes

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Sandvik Materials Technology