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CopyrightGruber
© 2010Fourth
WorthEdition
Publishers
Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 1 of 40
Ineficiências Fiscais e suas Implicações
para a Tributação Ótima 20
20.1 Tributação e Eficiência Econômica
20.2 Tributação Ótima de Mercadorias
20.3 Tributação Ótima da Renda
20.4 Conexão Impostos-Benefícios e o Financiamento de
Programas de Seguro Social
20.5 Conclusões
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 2 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20
Ineficiências Fiscais e suas Implicações para a
Tributação Ótima
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 3 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
Tributação e Eficiência Econômica: Abordagem
Gráfica
Price per S2
gallon (P)
S1
Tax =
$0.50
B
P2 = $1.80
E Deadweight loss, DWL
P1 = $1.50 A
F D
P3 = $1.30 C
G
D1
0 Q2 = 90 Q1 = 100 Quantity in
billions of
gallons (Q)
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 4 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
Tributação e Eficiência Econômica
• Na ausência de impostos:
preço = benefício social marginal = custo social
marginal
• O imposto insere uma cunha entre SMB e SMC,
impedindo que trocas mutuamente benéficas
ocorram.
• As unidades entre 90 e 100 teriam gerado um
excedente tanto do consumidor como do produtor.
• A perda do excedente decorrente da tributação é
chamado de perda de peso morto (DWL).
• O tamanho da DWL depende das elasticidades.
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 5 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
As Elasticidades Determinam a Ineficiência
Tributária
D1
0 Q2 Q1 Quantity in 0 Q2 Q1 Quantity in
billions of billions of
gallons (Q) gallons (Q)
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 6 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
As Elasticidades Determinam a Ineficiência
Tributária
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 7 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
Determinantes da Perda do Peso Morto
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 8 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
DWL Marginal Aumenta com a Alíquota Tributária
S3
Price Tax =
of gas $0.10 S2
D S1
P3
B
P2 Tax =
$0.10
P1 A
DWL
C
E
D1
0 Q3 Q2 Q1 Quantity of gas
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 9 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
A Eficiência de um Sistema Tributário é Afetado por
Distorções de Mercado Pré-Existentes
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 10 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
A Eficiência de um Sistema Tributário é Afetado por
Distorções de Mercado Pré-Existentes
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 11 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
Sistemas de Imposto Progressivo Podem Ser
Menos Eficientes
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 12 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
Sistemas de Imposto Progressivo Podem Ser
Menos Eficientes: Abordagem Gráfica
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 13 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
Sistemas de Imposto Progressivo Podem Ser
Menos Eficientes
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 14 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
Sistemas de Imposto Progressivo Podem Ser
Menos Eficientes
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CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.1
Os Governos Deveriam “Suavizar" as Alíquotas ao
Longo do Tempo
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 16 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.2
Tributação de Ramsey: Teoria da Taxação Ótima de
Mercadorias
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 17 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.2
Regra da Elasticidade Inversa
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 18 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.2
Implicações de Equidade do Modelo de Ramsey
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 19 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.2
Aplicação: Reforma de Preços no Paquistão
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 20 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.2
Aplicação: Consequências em Termos de Eficiência
dos Subsídios no Paquistão: Arroz (Demanda
Elástica)
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 21 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.2
Aplicação: Consequências em Termos de Eficiência
dos Subsídios no Paquistão: Trigo (Demanda
Inelástica)
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 22 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.2
Aplicação: Consequências em Termos de Eficiência
da Taxação no Paquistão: Óleos (Demanda
Elástica)
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 23 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.3
Taxação Ótima da Renda
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CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.3
Um Exemplo Simples
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CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.3
Um Exemplo Simples
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CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.3
Modelo Geral com Efeitos Comportamentais
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 27 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.3
A Curva de Laffer
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 28 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.3
Modelo Geral com Efeitos Comportamentais
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 29 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.3
Exemplo: Tributação Ótima de Renda com Dois
Tipos de Indivíduos
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 30 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.4
Conexão Impostos-Benefícios e o Financiamento de
Programas de Seguro Social
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 31 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.4
Conexão Impostos-Benefícios: Representação
Gráfica
Wage
S1 =
Taxes C SMC
G
S2
A
W1 Benefits
F
W2 B
D
E
D1 =
D2
SMB
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 32 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.4
Conexão Impostos-Benefícios: Representação
Gráfica
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 33 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.4
Conexão Perfeita Elimina a DWL
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 34 of 40
CHAPTER 20 ■ TAX INEFFICIENCIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMAL TAXATION
20.4
Questões Levantadas pela Conexão Impostos-Benefícios
20.5
Conclusões
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 36 of 40