Volume 12, Number 3 (June 2019) p.

509 – 517 • ISSN 1983-4195

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952019000300005

Plate with holes as shear connector in cold formed steel

composite beams

Chapa com furos como conectores de cisalhamento

em vigas mistas com perfil formado a frio
O. P. AGUIAR a
opaguiar@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2640-2262

R. B. CALDAS a
caldas@dees.ufmg.br
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-7632

F. C. RODRIGUES a
francisco@dees.ufmg.br
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-6341

H. N .BELLEI b
humberto.bellei@usiminas.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3251-7675

Abstract
In search of an improved compatibility between cold-formed steel profiles and precast floor systems, this study proposes an alternative shear
connector for cold-formed steel-concrete composite beams. This connector consists of a steel plate with holes placed longitudinally in the middle
of the upper flange of the steel profile, aiming to maximize the support area for precast slabs during the assembly. The proposed solution was
experimentally tested on I-beams under bending, composed by two cold-formed steel channels, connected to a reinforced concrete slab by the
shear connector. The relative slip between the steel profile and concrete, vertical deflection of the beam, and strains at several locations of the
composite section were measured. The results show that the proposed connector assures shear transfer at the interface of the composite section
components and shows strength of the same magnitude as other commonly used connectors.

Keywords: composite beam, cold-formed steel profiles, shear connector, perfobond.

Resumo
Buscando compatibilizar as estruturas em perfil formado a frio com os sistemas de piso com pré-laje, foi proposta nesse trabalho uma alternativa
de conector de cisalhamento para vigas mistas compostas por perfil formado a frio que visa maximizar a área disponível para apoio das pré-lajes
durante o processo construtivo. Trata-se de um conector em chapa perfurada disposto longitudinalmente no centro da mesa superior do perfil.
Para testar a solução proposta, foi realizado um trabalho experimental em que se submeteu à flexão uma viga de seção I composta por dois
perfis U enrijecidos formados a frio conectada a uma laje de concreto armado através dos conectores propostos. Nestes ensaios foram medidos
o deslizamento relativo entre o perfil de aço e o concreto, o deslocamento vertical da viga e as deformações em diversos pontos da seção mista.
Analisando os resultados obtidos pôde-se concluir que o conector proposto consegue desempenhar a função de transferir o cisalhamento na
interface dos componentes da seção mista apresentando resistência da mesma ordem que conectores usuais

Palavras-chave: viga mista, perfiis formados a frio, conector de cisalhamento, perfobond.

a
Departamento de Engenharia de Estruturas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil;
b
Usiminas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.

Received: 25 Sep 2018 • Accepted: 11 Nov 2018 • Available Online: 20 May 2019

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

© 2019 IBRACON
Plate with holes as shear connector in cold formed steel composite beams

1. Introduction
1.1 Initial considerations
The use of cold-formed steel (CFS) profiles for steel-concrete com-
posite beams is still relatively uncommon, and since the headed
studs, one of the most usual sort of shear connectors, is incompat-
ible with these profiles due to their small thickness, there has been
recent efforts to study connectors that properly suit these beams.
Figure 1 shows examples of these connectors along with their av-
erage strengths (QRm).
Although these connectors are compatible with CFS profiles, the
large space that they occupy on the upper flange of the steel pro-
file can interfere with precast slabs, which need a free surface for
support during the assembly; therefore, the compatibility of such
connectors with precast floor systems is generally difficult.
As a possible solution for this problem, use of steel plate with
holes as shear connectors is suggested. Longitudinal placement
of these connectors assures that they occupy less space on the
upper flange of the profile, leaving the surface almost completely
free for receiving the precast slabs (Figure 2).
Four point beam bending tests were performed to evaluate the
proposed solution. This article presents the adopted experimen-
tal methods, the analysis of the results, and a comparison of the
strength result with theoretical predictions found in the literature.
1.2 The connector used in the study
The connector used in this study, shown in Figure 3, has similar
features to the Perfobond, an already widely studied connector,
with main applications in bridges and other large structures. The
Perfobond connector is a steel plate with longitudinally aligned cir-
cular holes that is usually thicker than 12 mm, sometimes reaching
20 mm. The connector height is about 130 mm, and the diameter
of the holes is about 50 mm, as can be seen in the works of Ogue-
jiofor & Hosain[4], Medberry & Shahrooz[5] and Al Darzi et al.[6].
Table 2 summarizes these dimensions. The connector used in the
present work, though having a similar configuration, was adapted
to be more appropriate for the reduced dimensions of the CFS
beams. The dimensions of this connector are smaller than those of
Perfobond: the thickness is set to 8 mm, height to 90 mm, and the
diameter of the holes to 20 mm, as shown in Figure 4. Therefore,

(a) Bolt M12 (b) Arc-shaped connector (c) Channel connector 120x25x3
QRm = 44.3 kN (Lawan et al.[1]) QRm = 180.0 kN (Chaves[2]) QRm = 245.1 kN (Bremer[3])

Figure 1
Shear connectors suggested for CFS composite beams and their average strength

Figure 2
Steel plate with holes applied to CFS composite beams in precast floor systems

510 IBRACON Structures and Materials Journal • 2019 • vol. 12 • nº 3

 O. P. AGUIAR | R. B. CALDAS | F. C. RODRIGUES | H. N .BELLEI

throughout this work, when referring to this connector, the terminol-

ogy “plate with holes” is used.

2. Literature review
2.1 Composite beams with a cold-formed
steel component

The Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 14762:2010[7] specifies that

the design of the composite steel-concrete beams constituted by a
CFS profile symmetric about the plane of bending, and a concrete
slab connected to the upper surface of the steel component by
shear connectors, can be done based on Brazilian Standard ABNT
NBR 8800:2008[8].
Figure 3 The Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 8800:2008[8] specifies that the
Tested connector prior to concrete casting composite beams with h/tw ratio higher than have to be

Figure 4
Geometry of the specimens, sizes in millimeters

IBRACON Structures and Materials Journal • 2019 • vol. 12 • nº 3 511

Plate with holes as shear connector in cold formed steel composite beams

calculated in elastic range, with normal longitudinal stresses limit-
ed to steel yield strength and concrete compressive strength1.  and other structures subjected to fatigue. The connector consists of
Therefore, since the plates that form CFS profile have small thick-
ness, normally varying between 1.5 and 4.75 mm, the majority of
composite beams formed by CFS profiles will have to be designed
with this limitation.
However, if, on one hand, the reduced thickness of CFS profiles
makes them prone for local buckling, on the other hand, the small-
er sectional area of these profiles brings the neutral axis of the
composite beams to be located on concrete in most of the cases.
Hence leaving the profile completely in tension and, therefore, free
of instability.
2.2 The Perfobond
2.2.1 General properties
Perfobond is a rigid connector developed in 1987 by German
company Leonhardt, Andrä und Partner for use in composite bridges
a plate with longitudinally aligned circular holes that are filled by con-
crete and can be penetrated by reinforcement bars. The concrete
and transversal bars inside these holes improve the shear strength
and prevent uplift (vertical separation between the beam and the
slab). The Perfobond is embedded into composite structures by
welding it to the steel profile prior to casting the concrete slab.
2.2.2 Failure mode in Perfobond tests
According to Oguejiofor[10], failure mode of the concrete slab in
Perfobond specimens that don’t have transverse reinforcement
bars is brittle. Starting from cracks along the connector line, the
slab suddenly splits.
When transverse reinforcement bars are present within the holes,
splitting is resisted by reinforcement and failure is characterized by
large cracks along the connector line and crushing of concrete in

Table 1
Analytical models for prediction of Perfobond strength
Authors Model Equation
Oguejiofor & Hosain[4] (1)

Medberry & Shahrooz[5] (2)

Al Darzi et al.[6] (3)

hsc = connector height;
tsc = connector thickness;
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete in MPa;
Atr = area of transverse reinforcement;
fy = yield strength of transverse reinforcement steel;
n = number of holes in the connector;
D = diameter of the holes;
b = thickness of the concrete slab;
h = length of the concrete slab in front of the connector (considered as the average distance between the connectors in this work);
bf = width of the upper flange of the profile;
Lc = length of the contact region between the slab and the profile (considered as the average distance between the connectors in this work);
Asc = total area of the concrete dowels in the holes.

Table 2
Applicability limits and values used in obtaining the analytical models
Oguejiofor & Hosain[4] Medberry & Shahrooz[5] Al Darzi et al.[6]
Parameters Limits Parameters Limits Parameters Limits
tsc (mm) 13 tsc (mm) 12.7 – 19.05 hsc (mm) × tsc (mm) 1200 – 4500
hsc (mm) 127 hsc (mm) 139.7 Atr (mm²) × fy (MPa) 20000 – 1100000
fck (MPa) 20.91 – 41.43 fck (MPa) 39.6 – 45.5 Asc (mm²) × fck (MPa) 5000 – 43000
Atr (mm²) 0,0 – 817.4 Atr (mm²) 0.0 – 999.3 – –
fy (MPa) 406.4 – 426.6 fy (MPa) Not stated – –
n 0–4 n 0–3 – –
D (mm) 50 D (mm) 50.8 – –
tsc = connector thickness;
hsc = connector height;
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete in MPa;
Atr = area of transverse reinforcement;
fy = yield strength of transverse reinforcement steel;
n = number of holes in the connector;
D = diameter of the holes;
Asc = total area of the concrete dowels in the holes.

1
According to ANSI/AISC 360-16[9], section of comments, item I3-2a, adopting first yield as flexural strength limit is a conservative specification that accounts for possible web buckling
when web is slender and has large portion in compression.

512 IBRACON Structures and Materials Journal • 2019 • vol. 12 • nº 3

 O. P. AGUIAR | R. B. CALDAS | F. C. RODRIGUES | H. N .BELLEI
Table 3
Strength of the materials
Steel
Profiles and plates Screen Q283
(USI SAC300) (CA-60)
fy (MPa) 369 690
fu (MPa) 453 725
front of the connector. In this case, failure process is slower due
to the action of transverse reinforcement and aggregate interlock,
which enables the cracked slab continue resisting to shear until
failure of the connector or transverse reinforcement.
2.3.3 Strength of Perfobond
Since the invention of Perfobond various analytical models were
proposed to predict the strength of this shear connector. The models
of Oguejiofor & Hosain[4], Medberry & Shahrooz[5] and Al Darzi et
al.[6] were chosen as a reference to verify the experimental results
in this study due to a simpler and more direct relation of the terms of
the equations to the geometry of the proposed experimental model.
Table 1 summarizes the equations for the analytical models.
The equation proposed by Oguejiofor & Hosain[4] has three terms,
the first one related to the contribution of the frontal contact be-
tween the connector and concrete, the second one related to the
transverse reinforcement contribution, and the third one related to
the shear of the concrete dowels formed through the holes of the
connector. The equation of Medberry & Shahrooz[5] also considers
these three contributions; however, it also takes into account the
term related to the adhesion between the concrete and the upper
surface of the steel profile. The equation of Al Darzi et al.[6], be-
sides the three components, includes also one constant.
The three analytical models were obtained from shear tests and
parametric studies, and their validity is limited to the range of val-
ues shown in Table 2.
Figure 5
Experimental set-up
IBRACON Structures and Materials Journal • 2019 • vol. 12 • nº 3
Transverse bars Concrete
(CA-50)
575
fcm (MPa) 20.12
633
The connector used in this study is an adaptation of the Perfobond
and has reduced dimensions which don’t comply with the limits of
the parameters tsc, hsc, D and hsc×tsc adopted by the authors above.
3. Experimental program
3.1 Bending tests
The specimens used for the tests are composite beams with the
span of 3200 mm, consisting of a 140 mm thick and 800 mm wide
slab, and one I-beam, composed by coupled back-to-back oriented
stiffened U channels (Ue200x70x25x2.25). The slab is reinforced
by welded mesh Q 283 (10x10cm – 6x6mm) on top and bottom
faces. Five connectors were used to join the components of the
composite section. The connectors are CH8x90x200 mm plates
with four longitudinally aligned holes of 20 mm diameter; steel
bars of 10 mm diameter pass through two of these holes. Figure 4
shows the detailed geometry of the specimens.
Table 3 presents average yield strength (fy) and ultimate strength
(fu) for the steel and average compressive strength (fcm) for the con-
crete used in the specimens, which were obtained by tensile tests
and cylinder compression tests respectively.
Three specimens were tested in a four point bending configura-
tion, as shown in Figure 5. Load was applied by hydraulic press
through a load distributing beam. Twenty five load cycles between
15 kN and 60 kN were applied before test, as recommended by
EN 1992 11:2004[11] for tests on shear connectors.
Figure 6
Strain gauges and displacement transducers
513
Plate with holes as shear connector in cold formed steel composite beams

Table 4
Ultimate load and corresponding moment
for each specimen
Corresponding
Ultimate load
bending moment
(kN)
(kN.cm)
Specimen 01 172.51 9200.60
Specimen 02 177.94 9489.90
Specimen 03 169.61 9045.65
Average 173.35 9245.38

Vertical deflection was measured under the loading points by

displacement transducers named DT 01 and DT 03 and at mid-
span by transducer DT 02. The slip of the steel at the concrete
interface was measured at the ends of the specimen by trans-
ducers DT NOR and DT SUL. Strain gauges were placed on
the central section: on the top face of the concrete slab (strain
gauge ECSU); on the bottom face of the concrete slab (strain
gauge ECIN); on the bottom face of the upper flange of steel
profile (strain gauge EAMS); in the middle of the profile web
(strain gauge EAAL); and on the bottom face of the bottom
flange of steel profile (strain gauge EAMI). Instrumentation set
up is shown in Figure 6.
3.2 Results
The ultimate load and corresponding bending moment for each of
the three specimens are shown in Table 4.
The specimens showed the first cracks on the bottom face of the
slab between loads 70 and 114 kN, thereafter cracking increased
rapidly and longitudinal cracks appeared on the top face along the
connectors’ line. Concrete failure was first observed near the out-
ermost connectors at the end of the tests.
With the displacement transducers and strain gauges installed on
the three specimens, it was possible to obtain curves load × de-
flection at three points along the beam’s span, load × slip at both
ends of the beam, and load × strain at different points of mid-span
Figure 8
Load (kN) × slip (mm) on steel – concrete
interface, at the ends of Specimen 01
section. These curves are shown, respectively, in Figures 7, 8 and
9 for Specimen 01.
3.3 Discussion of the results
To evaluate the degree of interaction of the beams, calcula-
tions were done for the specimens with full interaction and
for the steel profile performing as an isolated beam. The
calculated ultimate bending moment obtained for these two
conditions were 10037 kN.cm and 3891  kN.cm respectively.
The average ultimate bending moment obtained in the tests
was 9245  kN.cm (this value is between the two calculated
values). Therefore, the specimens had partial-interaction
composite behavior.
When the applied load was between 80 and 100 kN, slip rate
increased, and the load × slip curves (Figure 8), as well as
load × strain (Figure 9) and load × deflection (Figure 7) curves,
started bending. This indicates that at this load level the con-
nectors started to show decreasing stiffness and partial-inter-
action mode begun.
The load × strain curve (Figure 9) show that the strains at

Figure 7
Load (kN) × vertical deflection (mm) under the Figure 9
loading points (DT 01 e DT 03) and on the central Load (kN) × strain (10-6) at various points of the
section (DT02) of Specimen 01 mid-section of Specimen 01

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the bottom face of the slab and on the upper flange of the
steel profile (ECIN and EAMS) have almost identical trajecto-
ries until the load reaches the value of approximately 100 kN.
After reaching this load, the strain curves started diverging.
This indicates that after load reached this value, relative slip
between the bottom face of the slab and the upper flange of
the profile increased, as these surfaces started deforming at
different rates, with concrete showing larger deformations than
steel profile.
By the end of the tests, slip increased drastically, showing
well-defined plateaus on load × slip curve (Figure 8), indicat-
ing that the connectors had reached their ultimate strength.
The end of the tests followed shortly after, with high level of
cracking along the connectors’ line and local failure of concrete
next to the connectors.
4. Behavior of the connectors
According to Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 8800:2008[8], the hori-
zontal shear force at the interface of the composite section (Fhd)
is equal to the compressive force on the slab when neutral axis is
in the steel profile or equal to the tensile force on the steel profile
when neutral axis is in the slab. This force is resisted by the con-
nectors located between the maximum moment section and clos-
est inflection point; in this case, by the two connectors at the ends
of the beam, because the contribution of the central connector is
negligible, since the shear flow in the central portion of the span is
zero or very small.
Since neutral axis is in the slab in this case, the resultant tension
force on the steel profile (Fhd) and the average slip between steel
and concrete at the ends of the beam were obtained at different
load levels from strain gauges (EAMI, EAAL and EAMS) and dis-
placement transducers (DT SUL and DT NOR). Dividing the resul-
tant tension force and the average slip values by the number of
engaged connectors (two), the force × slip curves for the connector
were obtained.
Table 5 shows the values of force and slip that were used to de-
scribe the connector’s force × slip curves, as well as the strain and
displacement values from which they were calculated.
Figure 10 shows the strain and stress distribution given by strain
gauges at a certain load and the resultant forces obtained. Figure
11 shows the force × slip curves.

Table 5
Obtaining shear force and slip of the connector at various load levels
Strain Strain Resultant Shear Slip (mm)
Average
Load force on force per
εami εaal εams sami saal sams slip
(kN) profile Fhd connector SUL NOR (mm)
(kN) (kN)
0.0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.000
39.2 0.000469 0.000272 0.000058 93.81 54.35 11.59 88.1 44.0 0.004 0.047 0.025
58.8 0.000720 0.000416 0.000091 143.94 83.28 18.15 136.0 68.0 0.005 0.068 0.037
Specimen 01

78.5 0.001002 0.000574 0.000126 200.32 114.89 25.11 188.8 94.4 0.005 0.102 0.053
103.0 0.001554 0.000860 0.000186 310.86 172.02 37.19 288.8 144.4 0.072 0.212 0.142
103.0 0.001681 0.000865 0.000115 336.15 172.92 23.03 295.8 147.9 0.102 0.251 0.177
117.7 0.002169 0.001105 0.000126 369.00 220.92 25.25 352.5 176.3 0.176 0.344 0.260
137.3 0.003272 0.001670 0.000161 369.00 334.02 32.26 406.4 203.2 0.386 0.591 0.488
156.9 0.005010 0.002459 0.000286 369.00 369.00 57.27 452.4 226.2 0.657 1.078 0.868
167.7 0.007209 0.003171 0.000434 369.00 369.00 86.71 483.2 241.6 1.269 1.613 1.441
0.0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.000
39.2 0.000509 0.000300 0.000066 101.88 60.10 13.26 97.1 48.5 0.009 0.012 0.010
58.8 0.000745 0.000447 0.000099 148.91 89.36 19.70 142.8 71.4 0.015 0.016 0.015
Specimen 02

78.5 0.001052 0.000630 0.000142 210.42 126.02 28.43 202.1 101.0 0.027 0.030 0.028
98.1 0.001465 0.000880 0.000199 293.09 176.10 39.74 281.8 140.9 0.071 0.074 0.073
117.7 0.002085 0.001225 0.000227 369.00 245.09 45.38 373.3 186.7 0.154 0.147 0.151
137.3 0.003421 0.001927 0.000345 369.00 369.00 69.09 441.2 220.6 0.310 0.335 0.323
156.9 0.005362 0.002808 0.000589 369.00 369.00 117.72 494.0 247.0 0.445 0.680 0.563
164.8 0.006953 0.003399 0.000750 369.00 369.00 149.97 519.5 259.8 0.606 0.949 0.778
0.0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.000
39.2 0.000541 0.000288 0.000054 108.26 57.69 10.85 98.3 49.1 0.007 0.026 0.017
Specimen 03

58.8 0.000815 0.000438 0.000085 163.07 87.67 17.07 148.8 74.4 0.011 0.030 0.020
78.5 0.001195 0.000615 0.000124 239.02 122.98 24.85 215.4 107.7 0.017 0.036 0.026
98.1 0.001810 0.000887 0.000188 362.00 177.48 37.69 322.0 161.0 0.059 0.094 0.077
117.7 0.002657 0.001252 0.000248 369.00 250.31 49.63 385.9 193.0 0.132 0.172 0.152
137.3 0.004696 0.001998 0.000348 369.00 369.00 69.53 444.5 222.3 0.329 0.322 0.325
151.0 0.007070 0.002911 0.000462 369.00 369.00 92.39 482.0 241.0 0.747 0.523 0.635
Average max shear force per connector (kN) 247.5

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Plate with holes as shear connector in cold formed steel composite beams

Figure 10
Resultant force Fhd for applied load of 137.3 kN on Specimen 01 obtained from strain gauges

The force × slip curves of the three specimens converge to a maxi-

Figure 11
Force (kN) × slip (mm) curves of the connector
mum average strength (QRm) of 247 kN.
The strength of the tested connector was calculated using the
analytical models for Perfobond proposed by Oguejiofor & Ho-
sain[4], Medberry & Shahrooz[5] and Al-Darzi et al.[6]. Predic-
tions of these models are compared with experimental average
strength at Table 6.
Even though the average of the three predictions are close to
the experimental strength, none of the individual predictions
are close enough to the experimental strength, with the models
of Medberry & Shahrooz[5] and Al-Darzi et al.[6] resulting in
predictions 20 and 17% above experimental strength respec-
tively, and the quite conservative model of Oguejiofor & Ho-
sain[4] predicting strength 31% below.
A possible explanation for the unsatisfactory approximation of the
predictions is the fact that the thickness of the plate, the diameter
of the holes and the height of the tested connector are beyond the
applicability limits of the analytical models developed for Perfobond.
With the connector’s strength value (Q Rm) of 247 kN, theo-
retical ultimate bending moment of the composite beam in

516 IBRACON Structures and Materials Journal • 2019 • vol. 12 • nº 3

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Table 6
Comparison of the experimental and predicted result of QR
Experimental Analytical predictions Average analytical
strength Oguejiofor & Hosain[4] Medberry & Shahrooz[5] Al-Darzi et al.[6] prediction
247 kN 171 kN 296 kN 289 kN 252 kN
Difference 31% 20% 17% 2%

partial-interaction mode was calculated and compared to the
average experimental ultimate bending moment shown in Ta-
ble 4. The interaction degree for such Q Rm value was found
to be 0.78, which resulted in a theoretical ultimate bending
moment of 9322  kN.cm. This value is only 1% different from
average experimental ultimate bending moment.
5. Conclusions
The test results show that the proposed solution is viable, since the
tested beams showed a satisfactory composite behavior, resisting
238% higher average moment (9245 kN.cm) than the bending strength
moment of the isolated steel beam (3891 kN.cm). And the tested con-
nector showed strength compatible with theoretical predictions, and
comparable with strength of other commonly used connectors.
Among the analytical models used in this study, only the model of
Oguejiofor & Hosain[4] was appropriate, since the other models
predicted strength values higher than the obtained in tests. How-
ever, the model of Oguejiofor & Hosain[4] was very conservative,
perhaps because it was developed for Perfobond, which usually
has different dimensions than the connector dimensions used in
the present work. Therefore, the development of an analytical
model that can be applied for a wider range of geometry dimen-
sions is desirable.
composite beams with Perfobond rib connectors, Canadian
Journal of Civil Engineering, n.22, p.80-92, 1995.
[5] MEDBERRY S. B.; SHAHROOZ B. M. Perfobond shear con-
nector for composite construction, AISC Chicago 2002;1:212.
[6] AL-DARZI S. Y. K.; CHEN A. R.; LIU Y. Q. Finite element
simulation and parametric studies of Perfobond rib connector,
American Journal of Applied Sciences 4 (3): 122-127, 2007.
[7] Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas – ABNT. NBR
14762:2010, Dimensionamento de Estruturas de Aço Con-
stituidas por Perfis Formados a Frio, Rio de Janeiro, 87p.
[8] Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas – ABNT. NBR
8800:2008, Projeto de Estruturas de Aço e de Estruturas
Mistas de Aço e Concreto de Edifícios, Rio de Janeiro, 237p.
[9] American Institute of Steel Construction – AISC, ANSI/
AISC 360-16, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,
Chicago, 385p.
[10] OGUEJIOFOR, E. C. Perfobond rib shear connectors for com-
posite beams. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, 1994.
[11] EN 1992-1-1:2004. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Struc-
tures, Part 1.1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. Euro-
pean Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium.

6. Acknowledgements
The authors thank FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa
do Estado de Minas Gerais), CAPES (Coordenação de Aper-
feiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), CNPq (Conselho
Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) and
UFMG (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais) for their finan-
cial support.

7. References
[1] LAWAN, M. M.; TAHIR, M. M.; MIRZA, J. Bolted Shear Con-
nectors Performance in Self Compacting Concrete Integrat-
ed with Cold-Formed Steel Section, Latin American Journal
of Solids and Structures, n.13, p.731-749, 2016.
[2] CHAVES, I. A. Viga Mista de Aço e Concreto Constituída por
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