CEFET-RJ

Língua Inglesa – 4º ano

Nome: _________________________________________________________________________________

DISCOURSE MARKERS

1) Algumas palavras ajudam a entender/ prever a ideia que o autor pretende introduzir. Observe os
quadrinhos abaixo:

a) De acordo com o primeiro quadrinho, existe uma condição para que eles pensem em ter um filho.
Qual?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

b) Que palavra iniciou tal condição? _____________________________________________________

c) O senhor de óculos do segundo quadrinho acha que fazer regime, para ele, vai ser moleza. Por quê?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

d) Que palavra inicia a conclusão a que ele havia chegado?

_________________________________________________________________________________

Marcadores discursivos (discourse markers), frequentemente representados por conjunções, são

termos utilizados para ligar orações e ideias, indicando como elas se relacionam. Através dessas palavras de
ligação, os autores mostram com maior clareza a organização de suas ideias. Elas constituem, portanto,
importante recurso de coesão textual.
Ao ler, por exemplo, “Além de seu comportamento insatisfatório, ...”, você, provavelmente, irá esperar
encontrar mais informações negativas a respeito dessa pessoa, como, por exemplo, “...suas notas eram
péssimas.”.
Se, ao contrário, o começo dessa mesma oração for mudado para “Apesar de seu comportamento
insatisfatório...”, você irá esperar uma ideia contrastante, do tipo “...suas notas eram boas.”.
No quadro a seguir, observe alguns exemplos de marcadores discursivos.

also, too, as well também

ACRÉSCIMO DE IDEIAS and e
AFINS likewise do mesmo modo/ também
moreover, furthermore além do mais/ além disso
as como
COMPARAÇÃO as if/ as though como se
like como
 hence daí/ portanto/ por conseguinte
so então
CONCLUSÃO then então
RESULTADO thereby por isso / desse modo
CONSEQÜÊNCIA therefore portanto
RESUMO thus dessa forma / dessa maneira
to sum up / in summary em suma/ resumindo
as long as / so long as contanto que
if se
CONDIÇÃO in case no caso de
provided that desde que/ contanto que
unless a menos que, se não
although/ though embora
but mas / exceto
conversely ao contrário de
despite / in spite of apesar de
CONTRASTE however contudo/ porém
nevertheless / nonetheless no entanto/ entretanto / todavia
unlike ao contrário de
while / whereas enquanto (que)
yet contudo/ mas / entretanto
actually / really / in fact realmente/ de fato / na verdade
even (até) mesmo
ÊNFASE indeed de fato / na verdade / é mesmo
reflexive pronouns mesmo(a)
do, does, did (afirmativa)
first/ firstly primeiro/ primeiramente
ENUMERAÇÃO last último
then então
for example / for instance/ e.g./ por exemplo
EXEMPLIFICAÇÃO i.e. como
like (tais) como
such as tal/ tais como
as como/ uma vez que
RAZÃO because porque
due to devido a
since já que / desde que
in... / for ... / since ... / ...ago
TEMPO as quando/ à medida que
since desde
while (simultaneidade) enquanto

2) Match beginnings and endings:

(a) He loves her AND ( ) their marriage is impossible. She’s already married.
(b) He loves her BUT ( ) she’s an amazing woman.
(c) He loves her AS IF ( ) they’re making plans to get married soon.
(d) He loves her BECAUSE ( ) she were the last woman on Earth.

3) Marque de 1 – 5 nos parênteses, de acordo com a noção que as palavras em negrito sugerem,
seguindo o seguinte padrão: 1= adição; 2= razão; 3= comparação; 4= contraste; 5=
exemplificação.

( ) They study languages such as English and French.

( ) They study English and French.
( ) They study English, but they don’t like to talk to American people.
( ) They study English like adolescents before a test.
( ) They study English because they know it is important.

4) Fill in the blanks with although, and, in spite of, because, but, so.

a) We shouted ________________ no one heard us.

b) He told us to go away, ________________ we did.
c) Peter prepared the chicken _______________ Mary made the salad.
d) He didn’t do his homework ________________ he was tired.
e) _______________ she was busy, she helped me with my homework.
f) _______________ being the best player, he lost the match.

5) Fill in the blanks with since, therefore, yet, due to.

a) You must obey her___________________ she is the oldest.

b) ___________________ the rain, the game had to be called off.
c) You paid attention to last class. _______________________, you know how to use the Simple Past.
d) Smoking is dangerous to human beings. _______________ many people smoke.

6) Fill in the blanks with as soon as, by the time, while, then.

a) Football is popular in England, _____________________________ in Australia they prefer cricket.

b) The government has drastically reduced the money it gave to us. ______________________________, a
number of programs have been cancelled.
c) He told me he will let us know what he is going to do _______________________________ he decides
it.
d) ______________________________ he arrives, I will have finished all my homework.

Pay attention to the following situations:

 LIKE (verbo ou marcador?)

a) I like her. → _____________________
b) Don’t be afraid to talk to them. They’re people like you. → _______________________
c) They treat diseases like cancer, lupus and meningitis at this hospital. → ___________________

 YET (advérbio ou marcador?)

a) Have you eaten your sandwich yet? No, not yet. → __________________
b) I haven’t eaten my sandwich yet. → ____________________
c) Smoking is bad. Yet, many doctors smoke. → _________________________

 WHEREAS = WHILE
a) You are writing while I am talking.
b) That’s life. While one cries the other laughs.

 introduzem a noção de _______________________

 significam _________________________________

 SINCE
a) I’ve been working here since 1995. b) Since you are good students, you’ll understand this.
 introduz as noções de _______________________ / _______________________
 significa ________________________________ / _________________________
 THEN

a) A: When I was a child, I lived in Austria for a while.

B: What age were you then?
b) Heat some olive oil in a pan, then add some chopped garlic and some salt.
c) Hiring a car is an extra expense on holiday and then there’s the cost of insurance.
d) If you are interested in food, then you will love this book.

 introduz as noções de _______________________ / _______________________

_______________________ / _______________________
 significa _____________________ / _________________________
_____________________ / _________________________

ACHIEVEMENT
Unless you try to do something beyond what you have already mastered, you will never grow.
(Sky Mall. Late Spring 2005)

7) Another way of saying “Unless you try” is:

a) If you do not try. b) If you do try. c) In case we try. d) Besides trying.

Friday the 13th: An excuse to stay home - Adie Willey

If you love scary movies, then you have undoubtedly seen any or all of the films in the Jason
Voorhees “Friday the 13th” series. However, if you are like me, and the mere thought of a horror movie
causes nightmares, then you probably fear Friday the 13 th for less cinematic reasons. This fear is one of the
most widespread superstitions in contemporary society. Known as “paraskevidekatriaphobia”, the irrational
fear of Friday the 13th has its origin in ancient mythology and has nothing to do with a hockey mask-wearing
psychopathic killer.
ORIGINS:
The number 13 and the day Friday are both considered unlucky for separate reasons, but when they fall on
the same day this bad luck is amplified.
* 13’s unluckiness is often traced to the Norse legend of a gathering of 12 gods at their heaven, Valhalla,
when an uninvited 13th guest showed up and arranged the assassination of the god of happiness and light.
* The Christian tradition also negatively associates the number 13 with Judas, the 13 th guest at the Supper
who betrayed Jesus.
* Numerologists consider 12 to be a “complete” number, the addition of one to make 13 results in a restless
and incomplete number. There are 12 months of the year, 12 gods of Olympus, 12 tribes of Israel and 12
apostles of Jesus. Alternatively, there are 13 witches in a coven, and those people with 13 letters in their
name have the devil’s luck, i.e. Jeffrey Dahmer, Jack the Ripper and Charles Manson.
* Friday’s bad luck is primarily associated with Christianity because it was on this day that Jesus was
crucified, Abel was killed by Cain and it is thought that the fall of Eve also occurred on a Friday.
If you have felt shaky, sweaty and nervous all day, then check out howstuffworks.com or
urbanlegends.about.com for more information and ideas for quelling your fears.
(The Vanderbuilt Hustler. Friday, October 13, 2006.)

8) De acordo com o texto,

a) a sexta-feira 13 é temida porque é um dia no qual costumam ocorrer assassinatos psicopáticos, como os
retratados na série “Sexta-feira 13”.
b) a fobia em relação à sexta-feira 13 é racional e pode ser explicada pela mitologia.
c) isoladamente, nem o número 13 nem o dia sexta-feira são capazes de trazer má sorte, segundo as origens.
d) o 13º convidado de um jantar foi o responsável pelo assassinato do deus da alegria e da luz.
e) o número 13, além de incompleto, é a soma de letras de nomes de pessoas que causaram muitas mortes.
 9) A coesão do texto é determinada por alguns marcadores do discurso, como if (l. 1), then (l. 1),
however (l. 2) e like (l. 2). Qual das opções abaixo contém, respectivamente, as noções que eles
iniciam?
a) razão, condição, conclusão, semelhança. d) tempo, razão, conclusão, exemplificação.
b) contraste, conclusão, condição, exemplificação. e) condição, enumeração, razão, comparação.
c) condição, conclusão, contraste, comparação.

10) Complete the sentences. Use one of these: as – although – despite – even – if – in case – unless –
since.

a) I can only go b) Tina loves c) Your car

__________ watching television. should have a
I have a car. She has a TV set in spare tire
every room of the _____________
house – ___________ you have a
in the bathroom! puncture.
d) e)
________________ f) That club is
it rained a lot, Paul exclusive. You can’t
and Joanne enjoyed go in___________
their holiday by the you are a member.
sea.
They enjoyed
themselves a lot,
________________
the rain.