Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
P. Areias
Avaliao:
Duas frequncias durante o semestre
Exame no nal do semestre
Assiduidade, trabalhos de casa e interesse demonstrado
Mini-teste surpresa
Dvidas (P. Areias):
Quintas e Sextas, fora do horrio de aulas
Sbados de manh
Urgncias: contacto telefnico (URL: http://home.uevora.pt/~pmaa/)
Bibliograa:
Vector Mechanics for Engineers, Statics, F.P. Beer, E.R. Johnston Jr., E.R.
Einsberg, Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill
Engineering Mechanics, Statics, J.L. Meriam, L.G. Kraige, Fifth Edition, John
Wiley and Sons
Mechanics of Materials, F.P. Beer, E.R. Johnston Jr., J. DeWolf, Fourh
Edition McGraw-Hill
Programa
Introduo esttica
Diagramas de esforos
A
2
=
1 cos(A)
2
cos
2
A
2
=
1 + cos(A)
2
Frmulas de meios ngulos:
sin
2
(A) + cos
2
(B) = 1
tan
2
(A) + 1 = sec
2
(A)
1 + cot
2
(A) = csc
2
(A)
sin(2A) = 2 sin(A) cos(A)
cos(2A) = cos
2
(A) sin
2
(A)
Frmulas de ngulos duplos:
Frmulas de soma/subtraco de ngulos:
sin(AB) = sin(A) cos(B) cos(A) sin(B)
cos(AB) = cos(A) cos(B) sin(A) sin(B)
Lei dos senos:
a
sin(A)
=
b
sin(B)
=
c
sin(C)
Lei dos cossenos:
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos(C)
Frmula de Euler
e
iA
= cis(A)
Lei das tangentes:
a b
a + b
=
tan
1
2
(AB)
tan
1
2
(A + B)
Trigonometria, contd
Trigonometric functions
2
(Top): Trigonometric function sin!"for selected
angles !, #!!, #+!, and 2#!!"in the four
quadrants. (Bottom) Graph of sine function
versus angle. Angles from the top panel are
identified.
In ordinary Euclidean geometry, according to the triangle postulate the
inside angles of every triangle total 180 ( radians). Therefore, in a
right-angled triangle, the two non-right angles total 90 (/2 radians),
so each of these angles must be in the range of 0"90. The following
definitions apply to angles in this 0"90 range. They can be extended
to the full set of real arguments by using the unit circle, or by requiring
certain symmetries and that they be periodic functions. For example,
the figure shows sin!" for angles !, #!!, #+!, and 2#!!" depicted
on the unit circle (top) and as a graph (bottom). The value of the sine
repeats itself apart from sign in all four quadrants, and if the range of !
is extended to additional rotations, this behavior repeats periodically
with a period2#.
The trigonometric functions are summarized in the following table and
described in more detail below. The angle !" is the angle between the
hypotenuse and the adjacent line "#the angle at A in the accompanying
diagram.
Function Abbreviation Description Identities (using radians)
Sine sin
Cosine cos
Tangent tan (ortg)
Cotangent cot (orctg
orctn)
Secant sec
Cosecant csc (orcosec)
(cos(x),sin(x))
List of trigonometric identities
4
hacoversed sine, hacoversine
cohaversine
hacoversed cosine,
hacovercosine
cohavercosine
exterior secant, exsecant
exterior cosecant, excosecant
chord
Symmetry, shifts, and periodicity
By examining the unit circle, the following properties of the trigonometric functions can be established.
Symmetry
When the trigonometric functions are reflected from certain angles, the result is often one of the other trigonometric
functions. This leads to the following identities:
Reflected in
[3]
Reflected in
(co-function identities)
[4]
Reflected in
Shifts and periodicity
By shifting the function round by certain angles, it is often possible to find different trigonometric functions that
express the result more simply. Some examples of this are shown by shifting functions round by /2, and 2
radians. Because the periods of these functions are either or 2, there are cases where the new function is exactly
the same as the old function without the shift.
Shift by n/2
Shift by n
Period for tan and cot
[5]
Shift by 2n
Period for sin, cos, csc and
sec
[6]
Relaes de simetria
Trigonometria, contd
Relaes de translao
List of trigonometric identities
4
hacoversed sine, hacoversine
cohaversine
hacoversed cosine,
hacovercosine
cohavercosine
exterior secant, exsecant
exterior cosecant, excosecant
chord
Symmetry, shifts, and periodicity
By examining the unit circle, the following properties of the trigonometric functions can be established.
Symmetry
When the trigonometric functions are reflected from certain angles, the result is often one of the other trigonometric
functions. This leads to the following identities:
Reflected in
[3]
Reflected in
(co-function identities)
[4]
Reflected in
Shifts and periodicity
By shifting the function round by certain angles, it is often possible to find different trigonometric functions that
express the result more simply. Some examples of this are shown by shifting functions round by /2, and 2
radians. Because the periods of these functions are either or 2, there are cases where the new function is exactly
the same as the old function without the shift.
Shift by n/2
Shift by n
Period for tan and cot
[5]
Shift by 2n
Period for sin, cos, csc and
sec
[6]
Prova da lei dos cossenos
c = a cos(B) + b cos(A)
c
2
= ac cos(B) + bc cos(A) (eq.1)
a
2
= ac cos(B) + ab cos(C) (eq.2)
b
2
= bc cos(A) + ab cos(C) (eq.3)
a
2
+ b
2
= ...(eq.2 + eq.3)
a
2
+ b
2
c
2
= 2ab cos(C)
Alguns valores teis:
Distribuio dos alunos pelas 2 turmas prticas
Datas de frequncias e exames
Primeira Frequncia:
17 de Outubro de
2011
Segunda Frequncia:
13 de Dezembro de
2011
Exame:
28 de Janeiro de
2011
Nmero Turma Nmero Turma
13751 B 25964 A
24405 A 25829 A
24517 A 25839 A
24647 A 25893 A
24694 B 25963 A
24747 A 26016 A
24906 A 26024 A
24967 B 26027 A
24676 A 26181 B
25017 A 26290 B
25219 A 26341 A
25249 B 26397 B
25308 A 26431 A
25325 A 26511 A
25407 B 26645 B
25424 A 26695 A
25706 B 26741 B
25824 A 26804 A
25828 A 26943 A
Recurso:
4 de Fevereiro de
2011
Princpios fundamentais
Princpio de transmissibilidade
Segunda lei:
Denio
V =
3
i=1
V
i
e
i
com e
i
vectores da base
Base cannica (i,j,k)
e
1
= i = {1, 0, 0}
e
2
= j = {0, 1, 0}
e
3
= k = {0, 0, 1}
Na base cannica
V =
V
1
V
2
V
3
V W =
3
i=1
V
i
W
i
V W =
V
2
W
3
V
3
W
2
W
1
V
3
W
3
V
1
V
1
W
2
V
2
W
1
V V
I saac Newton f al ava de
foras. Para o corpo rgido
tambm so necessri os
momentos
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No caso de um binrio (duas
foras paralelas no colineares e
com a mesma norma mas sentidos
opostos), ao escrever a condio
de equilbrio esttico no sentido
de Newton, surge a necessidade de
mais uma quantidade, o momento.
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Equivalncia
Foras no plano Foras no coplanares
Momentos de uma fora Resultantes
Q
P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
F
1
F
2
F
3
F
4
M
1
M
2
M
R
Q
=
N
f
i=1
QP
i
F
i
+
N
m
i=1
M
i
R =
N
f
i=1
F
i
Invariante escalar R M
R
Q
Invariante vectorial R
F
Q
P
r
M
Q
(F
P
) = r F
r =
QP = P Q =
OP
OQ
Z
d
M
Zd
(F
P
) = M
Z
(F
P
)
d
M
Zd
(F
P
) = M
Zd
(F
P
)
d
1125 N
Determi ne o momento da
t e n s o n o t r o o B H
relativamente aos eixos AD e
AG
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Ponto para o qual a fora resultante paralela ao momento resultante (wrench)
R
M
R
Q
Q
P
M
R
P
OP =
OQ+
RM
R
Q
R
2
Chave de fendas
R
M
R
P
=
M
R
Q
R
R
2
R
M
R
Q
= M
R
P
+
QP R
*
* demonstre geometricamente
Alternativa para a determinao do ponto P
M
R
P
=
M
R
Q
R
R
2
R
aX +bY +cZ = d
Casos em que
M
R
P
= 0
Foras coplanares
Foras concorrentes
Foras paralelas
Casos em que R = 0
M
R
Q
= M
R
P
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Determine o wrench usando a anlise anterior e o wrench usando os planos x-y e y-z
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Interpretao
R = 0, M
R
= 0
R = 0, M
R
= 0
R = 0, M
R
= 0
Casos possveis
Equivalncia e equipolncia
Dois sistemas de foras actuando no mesmo corpo rgido so
equivalentes
sse a soma das foras e a soma dos momentos das foras dos dois
sistemas num ponto dado A forem respectivamente iguais.
Dois sistemas de foras actuando num conjunto de pontos so
equipolentes sse a soma das foras e a soma dos momentos das foras
dos dois sistemas num ponto dado A forem respectivamente iguais.
Num corpo rgido sistemas equipolentes so equivalentes
Equilbrio, parte I
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Ligaes 2D Ligaes 2D, contd
Equilbrio, parte I, contd
Sistemas com 2 e 3 foras
F
1
F
2
F
1
F
2
F
3
2 Foras: colineares, norma igual e sentidos opostos
3 Foras: concorrentes OU paralelas (neste caso, pense-se numa balana)
F
x
= 0, F
y
= 0, M
A
= 0
F
x
= 0, M
A
= 0, M
B
= 0
M
A
= 0, M
B
= 0, M
C
= 0
Alternativas (no plano)
Universal
Condicional (neste caso,
linha AB no vertical)
Condicional (A, B e C no
colineares)
Frequentemente, pode
simplicar-se a anlise
Equilbrio, parte II Ligaes 3D
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Anlise das restries
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As equaes de equilbrio so necessrias e
sucientes para estabelecer o equilbrio de um
corpo. Porm,podem no providenciar toda a
informao para calcular as foras incgnitas
actuantes num corpo em equilbrio.
Um corpo ou combinao de elementos que
possua mais ligaes ao exterior do que as
necessri as para o equi l bri o di t o
estaticamente indeterminado.
Apoios que possam ser removidos sem destruir
o equilbrio so ditos redundantes.
Grau de indeterminao esttica: nmero de
foras exteriores incgnitas menos o nmero de
equaes independentes de equilbrio.
2D 3D
Restries imprprias:
Em 2D: quando as linhas de aco das reaces
so concorrentes ou paralelas
Em 3D: quando as linhas de aco das reaces
intersectam um eixo comum
Exemplos de problemas impropriamente restringidos
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Trace os
diagramas
de corpo
livre
Metodologia:
Isolar o corpo do exterior
Incluir o peso e outras
foras volmicas
Incluir reaces sempre
q u e o mo v i me n t o
impedido ou limitado (e.g.
por uma mola)
Incluir todas as foras e
momentos actuantes sobre
o corpo
19
Conveno de sinais
Como no caso 2D os vectores do binrio so ortogonais ao plano, a sua direco
sempre conhecida, apenas a magnitude pode variar.
Os clculos envolvendo momentos de foras e binrios podem ser executados
apenas utilizando as suas magnitudes, desde que seja admitida uma conveno
de sinais.
No diagrama de corpo livre, as foras e binrios de reaco no tm de ser
marcados com o sentido correcto, embora a direco tenha de ser a correcta.
admitido um sentido, no final dos clculos, o aparecimento de um valor
negativo indica que o sentido admitido o contrrio do real.
O clculo do momento resultante deve ser efectuado em relao a um ponto
que permita simplificar os clculos.
Em geral o ponto escolhido deve ser aquele em relao ao qual existe o
maior nmero de foras produzindo um momento nulo.
Exerccios
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1) Determine as resultantes no ponto O
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2) Determine as resultantes no ponto A
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3) Determine a interseco de R com x e y
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4) Determine as componentes da fora
no cabo CD
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5) 6)
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7)
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8) Determine as resultantes nos pontos A e B
9)
10)
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11) Determine T
12) De t e r mi ne a f o r a
necessria a aplicar pelo
homem represent ado de
forma a que a balana leia
500lb (227 Kg)
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13)
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14)
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15)
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16)
17)
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18) A barra uniforme AB tem
uma massa de 200 Kg.
Determine as reaces das
paredes e do soalho
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19) Determine a massa m que
pode ser suportada e as
reaces nas chumaceiras
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20) Determine as reaces
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21) Determine as reaces
22)
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23)
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24)
Introduo s estruturas
Trelias (1)
Mecanismos (3)
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(1)
(2)
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Bifora
Multifora
(3)
*
* pode exigir a separao de membros
Trelias: mtodo dos ns
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m + 3 = 2j
Condio necessria
de det er mi nao
esttica interna 2D
Estrutura simples: obtida por
ligao de tringulos satisfaz
automaticamente
Casos especiais:
j : juntas
m : membros
Peso: normalmente distribudo pelas juntas
juntas podem denominar-se ns
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Determine as foras em todos os membros
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1)
2)
3)
1
4)
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5)
6)
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7)
F
1
F
2
F
3
Em 3D
1) 2) 3)
Foras em todos os membros
Alternativa: mtodo das seces (usado quando no se pretende
conhecer as foras em todos os membros).
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3membroscortadose3equaes
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Determine a fora no membro DJ
Exerccios para o mtodo das seces
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1)
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2)
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3)
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4)
Membros multi-fora e mecanismos
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Diagramas de corpo livre do conjunto e dos membros separados
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Problemas
1)
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2)
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3)
Diagramas de esforos
Vigas
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i) Reaces
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Foras e momentos internos
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Conveno de sinais
w =
dV
dx
V =
dM
dx
Exerccios elementares
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1)
2)
Exerccios elementares, contd
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3)
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4)
5)
6)