EM

Reagents
Tables
For the chemical laboratory

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Table of important elements

Atomic
Number
13
51
33
56
83
5
35
48
20
6
17
24
27
29
9
31
79
1
53
26
82
3
12
25
80
42
28
7
8
46
15
78
19
34
14
47
11
38
16
52
81
50
22
74
92
23
30

Element

Symbol

AW

Aluminium
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Bismuth
Boron (cryst.)
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbon (graphite)
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine
Gallium
Gold
Hydrogen
Iodine
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus (white)
Platinum
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon (cryst.)
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur (rhombic)
Tellurium
Thallium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Zinc

Al
Sb
As
Ba
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
C
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
F
Ga
Au
H
I
Fe
Pb
Li
Mg
Mn
Hg
Mo
Ni
N
O
Pd
P
Pt
K
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Te
Tl
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Zn

26.9815
121.750
74.9216
137.340
208.980
10.811
79.909
112.40
40.08
12.01115
35.453
51.996
58.9332
63.540
18.9984
69.720
196.967
1.00797
126.9040
55.847
207.190
6.939
24.312
54.9381
200.590
95.940
58.710
14.0067
15.9997
106.400
30.9738
195.090
39.102
78.960
28.086
107.870
22.9898
87.620
32.064
127.600
204.370
118.690
47.900
183.850
238.850
50.942
65.370

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

d 420o

Density
2.7
6.68
5.72
3.5
9.8
3.33
3.14
8.64
1.55
2.25
1.507*
6.92
8.9
8.92
1.695**
5.9
19.25
0.09**
4.93
7.86
11.34
0.534
1.74
7.2
13.55
10.2
8.9
1.25**
1.429**
11.97
1.82
21.45
0.86
4.26
2.4
10.5
0.97
2.6
2.07
6.24
11.87
7.2
4.4
19.3
19.0
6.07
7.1

Melting point
[ oC ]
658
630
615 subl.
710
271
2300
- 7.3
321
850
3652 subl.
- 100.5
1920
1492
1084
- 218
29.5
1063
- 262
113.6
1535
327
179
657
1221
- 38.8
2622
1453
- 210.5
- 218.7
1555
44.1
1773
63.5
220
1414
960
97.7
757
112.8
452
303
231.8
1800
3380
1689
1726
419.4

Boiling point
[ oC ]
2057
1380
1140
1560
2550
58.78
767
1240
- 34.6
2480
2900
2336
- 188
1983
2600
- 252.8
184.35
3000
1620
1336
1107
1900
356.58
4800
2900
- 195.8
- 182.68
2200
280
4300
760
688
2355
1950
880
1150
444.6
1390
1457
2270
>3000
5900
>3000
907

EM

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Based on atomic mass 12C = 12

* at 33.6oC

** g / L (under normal conditions).

Common commercial concentrations of

some acids
Acids

**) acc.

% by weight

Density

d 420o

Degree**)
Baum

Normality
***)

8
8
5.4
10
26
16
20
22
23
18.6
41
49
19
59
62
66
14
72

17
18
5
26
8
10
12
12.5
5
14
21
9
45
48
36
4
-

Acetic acid (glacial) DAB 6

96
1.06
Acetic acid (glacial) 99 100 %
99 100
1.06
Acetic acid dilute DAB 6
30
1.04
Acetic anhydride Erg B 6
90
1.07
Formic acid
98 100
1.22
Hydrochloric acid DAB 6
25
1.12
Hydrochloric acid conc. (1.16)
32
1.16
Hydrochloric acid conc. (1.18)
36
1.18
Hydrochloric acid fuming
38
1.19
Nitric acid DAB 6
25
1.15
Nitric acid conc.
65
1.40
Nitric acid fuming
About 99%
1.51
Phosphoric acid DAB 6
25
1.15
Phosphoric acid conc. (1.71)
85
1.69
Phosphoric acid conc. (1.75)
89
1.75
Sulfuric acid conc.
95 97
1.84
Sulfuric acid dilute DAB 6
16
1.11
Sulfuric acid fuming about 65% SO3
1.99
145
o
o
o
To formula 145 density = B density at 20 / 4

***) approximate values

Degrees Baum and density

Degrees
Be
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Density

15 o
15 o

0.9991
1.006
1.013
1.020
1.028
1.035
1.042
1.050
1.058
1.066
1.074
1.082
1.090
1.098

Degrees
Be
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

Density

15 o
15 o

1.106
1.115
1.124
1.133
1.142
1.151
1.160
1.169
1.179
1.189
1.199
1.209
1.219
1.229

Degrees
Be
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

Density

15 o
15 o

1.240
1.250
1.261
1.273
1.284
1.295
1.307
1.319
1.331
1.344
1.356
1.369
1.382
1.396

Degrees
Be
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55

Density

15 o
15 o

1.409
1.423
1.437
1.452
1.467
1.482
1.497
1.513
1.529
1.545
1.562
1.579
1.597
1.615

Degrees
Be
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

Density
o

15
d15
o

1.633
1.652
1.671
1.690
1.710
1.731
1.752
1.773
1.795
1.818
1.841

EM

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Nitric acid
Density

20 o
4o

1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125

HNO3
MW 63.02

% by Density % by Density % by Density % by Density % by

o
o
o
o
weight
weight
weight
weight
weight
d 420o
d 420o
d 420o
d 420o
HNO3
HNO3
HNO3
HNO3
HNO3
0.3333 1.130
22.38
1.260
42.14
1.390
64.74
1.504
97.74
1.255
1.135
23.16
1.265
42.92
1.395
65.84
1.505
97.99
2.164
1.140
23.94
1.270
43.70
1.400
66.97
1.506
98.25
3.073
1.145
24.71
1.275
44.48
1.405
68.10
1.507
98.50
3.982
1.150
25.48
1.280
45.27
1.410
69.23
1.508
98.76
4.883
1.15
26.24
1.285
46.06
1.415
70.39
1.509
99.01
5.784
1.160
27.00
1.290
46.85
1.420
71.63
1.510
99.26
6.661
1.165
27.76
1.295
47.63
1.425
72.86
1.511
99.52
7.530
1.170
28.51
1.300
48.42
1.430
74.09
1.512
99.77
8.398
1.175
29.25
1.305
49.21
1.435
75.35
1.513 100.00
9.259
1.180
30.00
1.310
50.00
1.440
76.71
10.12
1.195
30.74
1.315
50.85
1.445
78.07
10.97
1.190
31.47
1.320
51.71
1.450
79.43
11.81
1.195
32.21
1.325
52.56
1.455
80.88
12.65
1.200
32.94
1.330
53.41
1.460
82.39
13.48
1.205
33.68
1.335
54.27
1.465
83.91
14.31
1.210
34.41
1.340
55.13
1.470
85.50
15.13
1.215
35.16
1.345
56.04
1.475
87.29
15.95
1.220
35.93
1.350
56.95
1.480
89.07
16.76
1.225
36.70
1.355
57.87
1.485
91.13
17.58
1.230
37.48
1.360
58.78
1.490
93.49
18.39
1.235
38.25
1.365
59.69
1.495
95.46
19.19
1.240
39.02
1.370
60.67
1.500
96.73
20.00
1.245
39.80
1.375
61.69
1.501
96.98
20.79
1.250
40.58
1.380
62.70
1.502
97.23
21.59
1.255
41.36
1.385
63.72
1.503
97.49

Hydrochloric acid
Density

20 o
4o

1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040

HCl
MW 36.47

% by Density % by Density % by Density % by Density % by

weight
weight
weight
weight
weight
20 o
20 o
20 o
20 o
d
d
d
d
o
o
o
4
4
4
4o
HCl
HCl
HCl
HCl
HCl
0.3600 1.045
9.510
1.085
17.45
1.125
25.22
1.165
33.16
1.360
1.050
10.52
1.090
18.43
1.130
26.20
1.170
34.18
2.364
1.055
11.52
1.095
19.41
1.135
27.18
1.175
35.20
3.374
1.060
12.51
1.100
20.39
1.140
28.18
1.180
36.23
4.388
1.065
13.50
1.105
21.36
1.145
29.17
1.185
37.27
5.408
1.070 14.495 1.110
22.33
1.150
30.14
1.190
38.32
6.433
1.075 15.485 1.115
23.29
1.155
31.14
1.195
39.37
7.464
1.080
16.47
1.120
24.25
1.160
32.14
1.198
40.00
8.490

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

EM

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Sulfuric acid
Density

20 o
4o

1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175

H2SO4
MW 98.08

% by Density % by Density % by Density % by Density % by

o
o
o
o
weight
weight
weight
weight
weight
d 420o
d 420o
d 420o
d 420o
H2SO4
H2SO4
H2SO4
H2SO4
H2SO4
0.2609 1.180
25.21
1.360
46.33
1.540
63.81
1.720
79.37
0.9855 1.185
25.84
1.365
46.86
1.545
64.26
1.725
79.81
1.731
1.190
26.47
1.370
47.39
1.550
64.71
1.730
80.25
2.485
1.195
27.10
1.375
47.92
1.555
65.15
1.735
80.70
3.242
1.200
27.72
1.380
48.45
1.560
65.59
1.740
81.16
4.000
1.205
28.33
1.385
48.97
1.565
66.03
1.745
81.62
4.746
1.210
28.95
1.390
49.48
1.570
66.47
1.750
82.09
5.493
1.215
29.57
1.395
49.99
1.575
66.91
1.755
82.57
6.237
1.220
30.18
1.400
50.50
1.580
67.35
1.760
83.06
6.956
1.225
30.79
1.405
51.01
1.585
67.79
1.765
83.57
7.704
1.230
31.40
1.410
51.52
1.590
68.23
1.770
84.08
8.415
1.235
32.01
1.415
52.02
1.595
68.66
1.775
84.61
9.129
1.240
32.61
1.420
52.51
1.600
69.09
1.780
85.16
9.843
1.245
33.22
1.425
53.01
1.605
69.53
1.785
85.74
10.56
1.250
33.82
1.430
53.50
1.610
69.96
1.790
86.35
11.26
1.255
34.42
1.435
54.00
1.615
70.39
1.795
86.99
11.96
1.260
35.01
1.440
54.49
1.620
70.82
1.800
87.69
12.66
1.265
35.60
1.445
54.97
1.625
71.25
1.805
88.43
13.36
1.270
36.19
1.450
55.45
1.630
71.67
1.810
89.23
14.04
1.275
36.78
1.455
55.93
1.635
72.09
1.815
90.12
14.73
1.280
37.36
14.60
56.41
1.640
72.52
1.820
91.11
15.41
1.285
37.95
1.465
56.89
1.645
72.95
1.821
91.33
16.08
1.290
38.53
1.470
57.36
1.650
73.37
1.822
91.56
16.76
1.295
39.10
1.475
57.84
1.655
73.80
1.823
91.78
17.43
1.300
39.68
1.480
58.31
1.660
74.22
1.824
92.00
18.09
1.305
40.25
1.485
58.78
1.665
74.64
1.825
92.25
18.76
1.310
40.82
1.490
59.24
1.670
75.07
1.826
92.51
19.42
1.315
41.39
1.495
29.70
1.675
75.49
1.827
92.77
20.08
1.320
41.95
1.500
60.17
1.680
75.92
1.828
93.03
20.73
1.325
42.51
1.505
60.62
1.685
76.34
1.829
93.33
21.38
1.330
43.07
1.510
61.08
1.690
76.77
1.830
93.64
22.03
1.335
43.62
1.515
61.54
1.695
77.20
1.831
93.94
22.67
1.340
44.17
1.520
62.00
1.700
77.63
1.832
94.32
23.31
1.345
44.72
1.525
62.45
1.705
78.06
1.833
94.72
23.95
1.350
45.26
1.530
62.91
1.710
78.49
24.58
1.355
45.80
1.535
63.36
1.715
78.93

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

EM

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Ammonium hydroxide solution

NH3 MW 17.03
%
by
%
by
%
by
%
by
%
by
Density
Density
Density
Density
Density
o
o
o
o
o
weight
weight
weight
weight
weight
d 420o
d 420o
d 420o
d 420o
d 420o
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
0.998 0.0465 0.974
5.75
0.950
12.03
0.926
19.06
0.902
26.67
0.996
0.512
0.972
6.25
0.948
12.58
0.924
19.67
0.900
27.33
0.994
0.977
0.970
6.75
0.946
13.14
0.922
20.27
0.898
28.00
0.992
1.43
0.968
7.26
0.944
13.71
0.920
20.88
0.896
28.67
0.990
1.89
0.966
7.77
0.942
14.29
0.918
21.50
0.894
29.33
0.988
2.35
0.964
8.29
0.940
14.88
0.916 22.125 0.892
30.00
0.986
2.82
0.962
8.82
0.938
15.47
0.914
22.75
0.890 30.685
0.984
3.30
0.960
9.34
0.936
16.06
0.912
23.39
0.888
31.37
0.982
3.78
0.958
9.87
0.934
16.65
0.910
24.03
0.886
32.09
0.980
4.27
0.956 10.405 0.932
17.24
0.908
24.68
0.884
32.84
0.978
4.76
0.954
10.95
0.930
17.85
0.906
25.33
0.882 33.595
0.976
5.25
0.952
11.49
0.928
18.45
0.904
26.00
0.880
34.35

Potassium hydroxide solution

Density

d 420o

1.000
1.010
1.020
1.030
1.040
1.050
1.060
1.070
1.080
1.090
1.100

KOH MW 56.11
% by Density % by Density % by Density % by Density % by
o
o
o
o
weight
weight
weight
weight
weight
d 420o
d 420o
d 420o
d 420o
KOH
KOH
KOH
KOH
KOH
0.197
1.110
12.08
1.220
23.38
1.330
33.97
1.440
43.92
1.295
1.120
13.14
1.230
24.37
1.340
34.90
1.450
44.79
2.38
1.130
14.19
1.240
25.36
1.350
35.82
1.460
45.66
3.48
1.140
15.22
1.250
26.34
1.360 36.735 1.470
46.53
4.58
1.150
16.26
1.260
27.32
1.370
37.65
1.480
47.39
5.66
1.160
17.29
1.270
28.29
1.380
38.56
1.490
48.25
6.74
1.170
18.32
1.280
29.25
1.390
39.46
1.500
49.10
7.82
1.180
19.35
1.290
30.21
1.400
40.37
1.510
49.95
8.89
1.190
20.37
1.300
31.15
1.410
41.26
1.520
50.80
9.96
1.200
21.38
1.310
32.09
1.420 42.155 1.530
51.64
11.03
1.210
22.38
1.320
33.03
1.430
43.04

Sodium hydroxide solution

NaOH MW 40.01
Density % by Density % by Density % by Density % by Density % by
o
o
o
o
o
weight
weight
weight
weight
weight
d 420o
d 420o
d 420o
d 420o
d 420o
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH
1.000
0.159
1.110
10.10
1.220
20.07
1.330
30.20
1.440
41.03
1.010
1.045
1.120
11.01
1.230
20.98
1.340
31.14
1.450
42.07
1.020
1.94
1.130
11.92
1.240
21.90
1.350
32.10
1.460
43.12
1.030
2.84
1.140
12.83
1.250
22.82
1.360
33.06
1.470
44.17
1.040
3.745
1.150
13.73
1.260
23.73
1.370
34.03
1.480
45.22
1.050
4.655
1.160
14.64
1.270 24.645 1.380
35.01
1.490
46.27
1.060
5.56
1.170
15.54
1.280
25.56
1.390
36.00
1.500
47.33
1.070
6.47
1.180
16.44
1.290
26.48
1.400
36.99
1.510
48.38
1.080
7.38
1.190 17.345 1.300
27.41
1.410
37.99
1.520
49.44
1.090
8.28
1.200 18.255 1.310
28.33
1.420
38.99
1.530
50.50
1.100
9.19
1.210
19.16
1.320
29.26
1.430
40.00

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

EM

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Ethanol / water mixtures

Density

20 o
20 o

1.00000
0.99813
0.99629
0.99451
0.99279
0.99113
0.98955
0.98802
0.98653
0.98505
0.98361
0.98221
0.98084
0.97948
0.97816
0.97687
0.97560
0.97431
0.97301
0.97169
0.97036

% by
% by Density % by
% by
% by
% by
Density
weight volume
weight volume
weight volume
20 o
20 o
d 20 o
ethanol ethanol d 20 o
ethanol ethanol
ethanol ethanol
0
0
0.96901
21
25.7
0.93479
41
48.43
1
1.3
0.96763
22
26.9
0.93272
42
49.51
2
2.5
0.96624
23
28.1
0.93062
43
50.6
3
3.8
0.96483
24
29.2
0.92849
44
51.6
4
5.0
0.98339
25
30.4
0.92636
45
52.6
5
6.2
0.96190
26
31.6
0.92421
46
53.7
6
7.5
0.96037
27
32.7
0.92204
47
54.7
7
8.7
0.95880
28
33.9
0.91986
48
55.8
8
10.0
0.95717
29
35.1
0.91766
49
56.8
9
11.2
0.95551
30
36.2
0.91546
50
57.8
10
12.4
0.95381
31
37.4
0.91322
51
58.8
11
13.6
0.95207
32
38.5
0.91097
52
59.8
12
14.8
0.95028
33
39.6
0.90872
53
60.8
13
16.1
0.94847
34
40.7
0.90645
54
61.8
14
17.3
0.94662
35
41.9
0.90418
55
62.8
15
18.5
0.94473
36
43.0
0.90191
56
63.8
16
19.7
0.94281
37
44.1
0.89962
57
64.8
17
20.9
0.94086
38
45.2
0.89733
58
65.8
18
22.1
0.93886
39
46.3
0.89502
59
66.8
19
23.3
0.93684
40
47.4
0.89271
60
67.7
20
24.5
Density

20 o
20 o

0.89040
0.88807
0.88574
0.88339
0.88104
0.87869
0.87632
0.87396
0.87158
0.86920
0.86680
0.86440
0.86200
0.85958
0.85716
0.85473
0.85230
0.84985
0.84740
0.84494

% by
% by Density % by
% by
weight volume
weight volume
20 o
ethanol ethanol d 20 o
ethanol ethanol
61
68.6
0.84245
81
86.2
62
69.6
0.83997
82
87.1
63
70.5
0.83747
83
87.9
64
71.5
0.83496
84
88.7
65
72.4
0.83242
85
89.5
66
73.3
0.82987
86
90.2
67
74.2
0.82729
87
91.0
68
75.1
0.82469
88
91.8
69
76.0
0.82202
89
92.5
70
76.9
0.81942
90
93.2
71
77.8
0.81674
91
94.0
72
78.6
0.81401
92
94.7
73
79.5
0.81127
93
95.4
74
80.4
0.80848
94
96.1
75
81.2
0.80567
95
96.7
76
82.1
0.80280
96
97.4
77
83.0
0.79988
97
98.1
78
83.8
0.79688
98
98.7
79
84.6
0.79383
99
99.3
80
85.4
0.79074
100
100.0

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

EM

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Organic solvents
Solvent

Boiling
o
point d 420o
o
C

n 20
D

Flash
Point
o
C

MAC
(cm3 / m3)

Acetic acid (glacial)

118

1.049 1.372

+ 40

25

Acetic anhydride

136

1.082 1.390

+ 49

Acetone

56

0.791 1.359

- 18

1000

Acetonitrile

82

0.782 1.344

+6

40

Aniline
Anisole

184
154

1.022 1.586
0.995 1.518

+ 76
+ 51

5
-----

Benzene

80

0.879 1.501

- 10

25

1 Butanol
2 Butanol
t Butanol
n Butyl acetate
Carbon disulfide

118
100
82
126
46

0.810
0.808
0.786
0.882
1.263

+ 29
+ 24
+ 11.1
+ 33
- 30

100
100
100
200
20

Carbon tetrachloride

77

1.594 1.466

Non-flammable

10

Chlorobenzene

132

1.106 1.525

+ 29.5

75

Chloroform

61

1.480 1.448

Non-flammable

50

Cyclohexene

81

0.779 1.426

- 17

400

+ 57 58

< 100

Decahydronaphthalene
(isomeric mixture)
(Dekalin)

189/
191

0.886

1.399
1.398
1.384
1.394
1.626

1.48

Drying agent
(selection)
Freeze out; P2O5;
Mg(CIO4)2; CuSO4
CaCI2
CaCI2; K2CO3
Molecular sieve 3 A
CaCI2; P2O5
Molecular sieve 3 A
KOH; BaO
CaCI2; distillation; Na
Distillation; CaCl2; Na;
Na / Pb
Molecular sieve 4 A
K2CO3; distillation
K2CO3; distillation
CaO; freeze out
MgSO4
CaCl2; P2O5
Distillation CaCl2; P2O5;
Na / Pb;
Molecular sieve 4 A
CaCl2; distillation; P2O5
CaCI2; P2O5; Na / Pb
Molecular sieve 4 A
Na; Na / Pb; LiAlH4
Molecular sieve 4 A
CaCl2; Na; Na /Pb
CaCl2; Na; Na / Pb;
LiAlH4;
Molecular sieve 4 A
K2CO3; Na2SO4
CaCl2; Na;
Molecular sieve 4 A

Dichloromethane =
Methylene chloride

40

1.325 1.424

Non-flammable

500

Diethyl carbonate

126

0.975 1.385

-----

-----

Diethyl ether

35

0.714 1.353

- 40

400

250

0.885 1.423

189

0.906 1.412

+ 82.5

CaCl2; Na

162

0.945 1.407

+ 70

CaCl2; Na

Diisopropyl ether

68

0.726 1.368

- 23

500

Dimethyl formamide

153

0.950 1.430

+ 62

20

Dimethyl sulfoxide

189

1.101 1.479

+ 95

-----

Diethylene glycol
Dibutyl ether
Diethylene glycol
Diethyl ether
Diethylene glycol
Dimethyl ether

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

CaCl2; Na

CaCl2; Na;
Molecular sieve 4 A
Distillation:
Molecular sieve 4 A
Distillation

EM

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Solvent

Reagents

Boiling
o
point d 420o
o
C

n 20
D

Flash
Point
o
C

MAC
(cm3 / m3)

Drying agent
(selection)

Dioxan

101

1.034 1.422

+ 11.8

100

Ethyl acetate

77

0.901 1.372

-4

400

Ethanol

78

0.791 1.361

+ 12

1000

Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol
Monoethyl ether
Ethylene glycol
monomethyl ether
Ethyl formate
Ethyl methyl ketone

197

1.109 1.432

+ 111

----

CaCl2; Na
Molecular sieve 4 A
K2CO3; P2O5;Na2SO4
Molecular sieve 4 A
CaO; Mg; MgO;
Molecular sieve 3 A
Distillation; Na2SO4

135

0.930 1.408

+ 41

200

Distillation

124

0.965 1.402

+ 52

25

Distillation

54
80
106/
15mm
290

0.924 1.360
0.806 1.380

- 19.5
- 4.4

100
200

CaCI2; MgSO4; Na2SO4

K2CO3; CaCI2

1.260 1.475

+ 176

-----

n Hexane

69

0.659 1.375

- 23

500

Isobutanol
Isobutyl methyl Ketone

108
117

0.803 1.396 + 28 29
0.801 1.396
+ 15.5

----100

Methanol

65

0.792 1.329

+ 11

200

Methyl acetate
Nitrobenzene
n Pentane
1 Propanol

57
211
36
97

0.933
1.204
0.626
0.804

1.362
1.556
1.358
1.385

- 10
+ 92
- 49
+ 15

200
1
1000
200

2 Propanol

82

0.785 1.378

+ 12

400

Pyridine

115

0.982 1.510

+ 20

Terahydrofuran

66

0.887 1.407

- 17.2

200

Tetrahydronaphthalene
= tetralin

207

0.973 1.546

+ 78

<100

Toluene

111

0.867 1.497

+4

200

Trichloroethylene

87

1.462 1.478

Non-flammable

100

Xylene (isomeric
mixture)

137 /
140

+ 27

200

Formamide
Glycerol

1.134 1.445

0.86

1.5
0

Na2SO4; CaO
Distillation
Na; Na / Pb; LiAIH4;
Molecular sieve 4 A
K2CO3; CaO; Mg; Ca
CaCI2; K2CO3
CaCI2; Mg; CaO;
Molecular sieve 3A
K2CO3; CaO
CaCl2; P2O5; distillation
Na; Na / Pb
CaO; Mg
CaO; Mg
Molecular sieve 3A
KOH; BaO;
Molecular sieve 4 A
KOH; Na;
Molecular sieve 4 A
CaCl2; Na
Distillation; Na; CaCl2;
Molecular sieve 4 A
Distillation;
Na2SO4; K2CO3
Distillation; Na; CaCl2;
Molecular sieve 4 A

Notes on the handling of ether and other peroxide forming solvents

It in recommended that ether be tested for peroxides regularly and shortly before use whit the Merck-quantether peroxide test. If peroxides are
indicated, then shake the ether before use with a freshly prepared solution of iron (II) sulfate (for each liter of ether use 5 g of iron (II) sulfate dissolved in
20 mL of water). Repeat this process until no more peroxide is discernable with the Merckoquant ether peroxide test. Peroxides can, furthermore, be
most easily removed from a solvent, providing it is as dry as possible, by filtering the solvent trough a column containing Aluminium oxide (active, basic)
or Aluminium oxide (active, neutral). 30 g of Aluminium oxide in a column of 2 cm diameter cleans about 250 mL of anhydrous diethyl ether (or 100 mL
of Diisopropyl ether or 25 mL of Dioxan). The capacity of the column is dependent both on the peroxide content and on the water content of the solvent.
Therefore, the ether which has passed though the column should in any case be tested with the Merckoquant ether peroxide test.
When distilling ether, it should on no account be distilled to dryness, since when using large volumes of ether even with low peroxide
concentrations which could not be detected with the test the peroxide contents can concentrate up to dangerous levels.

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

EM

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

General formulae for mixing liquids

C ( a c )
B =

( a b )

A =C B

( a b )
C =B

( A B )

Where:
A = weight of original liquid
a = its content in % by weight
B = weight of addition liquid
b = its content in % by weight
C = weight of prepared mixture
c = its content in % by weight
For water as addition liquid, b = 0
Example:

d 420o

d 420o

10l of battery sulfuric acid of density

= 1.28 is required. Concentrated sulfuric acid of density
= 1.84
(equals 97.5 % by weight) is available.
How much sulfuric acid and water is required for the preparation of 10 l (= 12.8 kg) of battery sulfuric acid.

Calculation:
From the sulfuric acid table:

d 420o

= 1.28, 37.36 % by weight.

C ( a c ) 12 .8(97 .350 37 .36 )
B=
=
= 7.895 kg of addition liquid (water)

97 .50 0
a b

A = C B = 12.8 7.895 = 4.905 kg of concentrated sulfuric acid.

Therefore, 4.905 kg (= 2.666 l) of concentrated sulfuric acid of density
(= 1) of water to obtain 10 1 of battery acid of density

20 o
4o

d 420o

= 1.84 must be added to 7.895 kg

= 1.28.

Rules for mixing

Example: from a sulfuric acid of density
density

d 420o

d 420o

= 1.435 and another of density d204 = 1.824, a sulfuric acid of

= 1.520 is to be prepared.
1.435

1.520
1.824
From the sulfuric acid tables on page 4 we obtained the following:
Sulfuric acid of density
Sulfuric acid of density

d 420o

20 o
4o

20 o
4o

= 1.435 = 54.00 % by weight of H2SO4

= 1.824 = 92.00 % by weight of H2SO4

Sulfuric acid of density

= 1.520 = 62.00 % by weight of H2SO4
From this the mixturecross is drawn:
54

30
62

92

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

EM

10

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

i.e., 30 parts by weight of 54.00% sulfuric acid must be added to 8 parts by weight of 92.00% sulfuric acid to
obtain a sulfuric acid of 62.00% by weight, corresponding to

d 420o

= 1.520.

Acid-base indicators
Indicator
Thymol blue
m-Cresol purple
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Bromophenol blue
Congo red
Methyl orange
Bromocresol green
Mixed indicator 5 Merck
Methyl red
Litmus
Bromocresol purple
Bromophenol red
Bromothymol blue
Phenol red
Neutral red
Cresol red
m-Cresol purple
Thymol blue
Phenolphthalein
Thymolphthalein
Alizarin yellow GG
Epsilon blue

pH range
1.2 2.8
1.2 2.8
2.9 4.0
3.0 4.6
3.0 5.2
3.1 4.4
3.8 5.4
4.4 5.8
4.4 6.2
5.0 8.0
5.2 6.8
5.2 6.8
6.0 7.6
6.4 8.2
6.8 8.0
7.0 8.8
7.4 9.0
8.0 9.6
8.2 9.8
9.3 10.5
10.0 12.1
11.6 13.0

Colour change
Red yellow
Red yellow
Red yellow orange
Yellow red violet
Blue violet red orange
Red yellow orange
Yellow blue
Red violet green
Red orange yellow
Red blue
Yellow purple
Orange yellow purple
Yellow blue
Yellow red
Bluish red orange yellow
Yellow purple
Yellow purple
Yellow blue
Colourless red violet
Colourless blue
Light yellow brownish yellow
Orange violet

Redox indicator
Indicator
Neutral red
Methylene blue
Thionine
2,6-Dichlorophenol/indophenol
Diphenylamine
Diphenylaminesulfonic acid barium salt
Ferroin

E*u [volt]
pH 7; 20oC
- 0.32
+ 0.01
+ 0.06
+ 0.23
+ 0.76
+ 0.83**
+ 1.06**

Colour change
Red colourless
Blue colourless
Violet colourless
Blue colourless
Blue colourless
Violet colourless
Red colourless

* True potential (50% indicator reduced).

** In 1 M sulfuric acid.

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

EM

11

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Cooling mixtures
Figures indicate parts by weight
4 water + potassium chloride
1 water + ammonium nitrate
1 water + sodium nitrate + 1 ammonium chloride
3 crushed ice + 1 sodium chloride
1.2 crushed ice + 2 calcium chloride (CaCl2*6H2O)
1.4 crushed ice + 2 calcium chloride (CaCl2*6H2O)
Methanol or acetone + sold carbon dioxide

Decrease in temperature
From
[oC]
to
+ 10
- 12
+ 10
- 15
+8
- 24
0
- 21
0
- 39
0
- 55
+ 15
- 77

Preparing constant humidity

In a closed vessel
Saturated aqueous solution
With large amount of sediment
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3*10H2O
Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4
Potassium chloride KCl
Sodium chloride NaCl
Sodium nitrite NaNO2
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3
Calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2*4H2O
Potassium carbonate K2CO3
Calcium chloride CaCl2*6H2O

Relative humidity above

The solution (%) 20oC
92
80
86
76
65
63
55
45
35

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

EM

12

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Drying agents
Substance

Formula

Copper (ll) sulfate anhydrous

Zinc chloride fused
Calcium chloride granular
Calcium oxide
Sodium hydroxide fused
Magnesium oxide
Calcium sulfate anhydrous
Sulfuric acid conc.*
Aluminium oxide
Potassium hydroxide fused
Silica gel
Magnesium perchlorate anhydrous
Phosphorus pentoxide

CuSO4
ZnCI2
CaCI2
CaO
NaOH
MgO
CaSO4
H2SO4 (95 100%)
AI2O3
KOH
(SiO2)X
Mg(CIO4)2
P2O5

Residue of water
In mg/L of air after
Drying at 25oC
1.4
0.8
0.14 0.25
0.2
0.16
0.008
0.005
0.003 0.3
0.003
0.002
(0.0001)
0.0005
<0.000025

Vapour pressure of water over H2SO4 at 20oC

% H2SO4
Pvap [torr]
% H2SO4
Pvap [torr]

10
17.2
65
1.6

20
15.4
70
0.8

30
13.2
75
0.3

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

40
9.8
80
0.1

50
6.2
85
0.03

55
4.4
90
0.005

60
2.8

EM

13

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

US, Imperial and Metric Equivalents

Temperature
Given in

Required in
o
Raumur

Centigrade

a 18
+ 32

10

b 18
+ 32

a 8

10

a Centigrade
b 10

(c 32 ) 10

18

b o Raumur
c o Fahrenheit
o

C
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
+5

F
-40
-31
-22
-13
-4
+5
14
23
32
41

C
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55

F
50
59
68
77
86
95
104
113
122
131

Fahrenheit

(c 32 ) 8

18
o

C
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105

Length Metres
Feet
Metres
Inches
Centimetres
Inches
Millimeters
Inches

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

3.281
0.3048
39.37
0.0254
0.3937
2.540
0.0394
25.4

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Feet
Metres
Inches
Metres
Inches
Centimetres
Inches
Millimetres

Volume Litres
US gallons
Imperial gallons
US gallons
Cubic metres
Cubic feet
Cubic metres
US gallons

x 0.2642
x 3.785
x 1.201
x 0.8327
x 35.31
x 0.0283
x 264.2
x 0.00379

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

US gallons
Litres
US gallons
Imperial gallons
Cubic feet
Cubic metres
US gallons
Cubic metres

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

F
140
149
158
167
176
185
194
203
212
221

C
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155

F
230
239
248
257
266
275
284
293
302
311

Weight Kilograms
Lbs.
Tons.(long)
Tons.(long)
Tonnes(metr.)
Tonnes(metr.)
Tons.(short)
Tons.(short)
Grams
Grains
Grams
Ounces(US)

C
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
210

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

F
320
329
338
347
356
365
374
383
392
410

2.2046
0.4536
1016.05
2240
1000
2204.6
907.185
2000
15.432653
0.0647989
0.0352740
28.349527

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

EM

Lbs.
Kilograms
Kilograms
Lbs.
Kilograms
Lbs.
Kilograms
Lbs.
Grains
Grams
Ounces(US)
grams

14

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Particle sizes
Internal mesh
width in mm
0.037
0.044
0.045
0.053
0.063
0.074
0.075
0.088
0.090
0.105
0.125
0.149
0.150
0.177
0.180
0.210
0.250
0.297
0.300
0.354
0.355
0.420
0.500
0.595
0.600
0.707
0.710
0.841
1.000
1.190
1.200
1.410
1.680
2.000

US Estndar
ASTM E 11-61
400
325
--270
230
200
--170
--140
120
100
--80
--70
60
50
--45
--40
35
30
--25
--20
18
16
--14
12
10

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

Mesh number
Tyler mesh/inch
400
325
--270
250
200
--170
--150
115
100
--80
--65
60
48
--42
--35
32
28
--24
--20
16
14
--12
10
9

British Standard BS
410: 1962 mesh/inch
----350
300
240
--200
--170
150
120
--100
--85
72
60
--52
--44
36
30
--25
--22
--16
--14
--10
8

EM

15

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Wavelength and wave number

Wavelength

[ nm ]
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

Wave number

[ cm 1 ]

50000
33333
25000
20000
16666
14286
12500
11111
10000
6666
5000
4000
3333
2500
2000
1666
1429
1250
1111
1000

EM

16

Tables for the chemical laboratory

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

Reagents

EM

17

A (T = 57.36) = 0.24184 0.00045 = 0.24139

Photometry:

Transmittance and absorbance

This table is to be used like a normal logarithm table. The first

column contains the values for the transmittance T in whole
number percents. The upper row gives the tenths of a percent. The
value for the absorbance A for a transmittance given to one tenth
of a percent can be read directly from the table.
Example: T = 23.6%, A = 0.627.
For transmittances between 1 and 10% the absorbance for ten
times the transmittance in read and 1.00 is added.
Example: T = 6.7%, A = 0.17 for 67%
+ 1.00
A= 1.17 for 6.7%
An asterisk before a tree-digit number for the absorbance indicates
that the preceding digit is one lower than that at the start of the
row.
Example: T = 25.4%, A + 0.595
For transmittances given to two decimal places, the values given
in the table have to be interpolated as in customary for logarithm
tables.
Example: T = 57.36
A lies between 0.24184 (T = 57.3)
And 0.24109 (T = 57.4)
Difference
0.00075 x 6 / 10 = 0.00045

T%

0
1.000
0
0.958
6

.1
*95
7

.2
*91
4

.3
*87
2

.4
*83
0

.5
*78
8

.6
*74
7

.7
*70
6

.8
.9
*66
6 *626

547

508

469

431

393

172
827
508

136
794
477

101
761
447

066
729
416

031
697
386

318
*96
2
633
327

281

210
932
670
423
190

182
905
645
399
167

153
878
620
375
144

125
852
595
352
122

097
825
570
328
100

069
799
545
305
077

041
773
520
282
055

013 *986
747 721
496 471
258 235
033 011

968
757
556
364
180
003
834
670
513
361

946
737
536
345
162
*98
6
817
654
498
346

925
716
517
326
144
*96
9
800
638
482
331

904
696
498
308
126
*95
2
784
622
467
317

882
676
478
289
108
*93
5
768
607
452
302

861
655
459
271
091
*91
8
751
591
436
287

840
635
440
253
073
*90
1
735
575
421
272

819 799
615 596
421 402
234 216
055 038
*88
4 *867
719 702
560 544
406 391
258 243

30

.9208
.8861
.8539
0.823
9
.7959
.7696
.7447
.7212
0.699
0
.6778
.6576
.6383
.6198
0.602
1
.5850
.5686
.5528
.5376
0.522
9

355
*99
6
665
356

214

200

186

171

157

143

31

.5086

072

058

045

031

017

003

129
*98
9

114 100
*97
6 *962

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

245

928 *894
601 570
297 268

Tables for the chemical laboratory

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

T%

.4949
.4815
.4685
0.455
9
.4437
.4318
.4202
.4089
0.397
9

Reagents

935
802
672

921
789
660

908
776
647

895
763
634

881
750
622

868
737
609

855
724
597

841
711
584

547
425
306
191
078

535
413
295
179
067

522
401
283
168
056

510
389
271
157
045

498
377
260
145
034

486
365
248
134
023

473
353
237
123
012

461 449
342 330
225 214
112 101
001 *990

969

958

947

936

925

915

904

893

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

40

0
0.3979
4

685

577

469

362

254

147

41

.38722

616

510

405

300

195

091

42

.37675

572

469

366

263

161

059

43

.36653

552

452

351

251

151

051

44

.35655
0.3467
9

556

458

360

262

164

067

040
*98
6
*95
7
*95
2
*96
9

582

486

390

294

199

103

008

630
698
785
892

50

.33724
.32790
.31876
.30980
0.3010
3

016

536
606
695
803
*93
0

51

.29243

158

073

442
514
605
715
*84
3
*98
8

348
422
515
627
*75
7
*90
4

52
53

.28400
.27572

316
490

233
409

150
327

067
246

255
331
426
539
*67
1
*81
9
*98
4
165

161
239
336
452
*58
5
*73
5
*90
1
084

068
148
247
364
*49
9
*65
1
*81
9
003

45
46
47
48
49

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

.8
*93
4
*88
2
*85
6
*85
3
*87
2
*91
3
*97
5
057
158
277
*41
4
*56
7
*73
7
*92

828
698
572

680

600

520

440

360

281

201

55

.26761
0.2596
4

2
122

885

806

56

.25181

104

026

727
*94
9

649
*87
2

571
*79
5

57
58
59

336
582
841

260
508
768

60

.24412
.23657
.22915
0.2218
5

113

040

184
433
695
*96
8

109
359
621
*89
6

033
284
548
*82
4

493
*71
8
*95
8
210
475
*75
3

61
62

.21467
.20761

.9

63

.20066

396
691
*99
7

325
621
*92
8

254
551
*86
0

183
482
*79
1

112
412
*72
3

*828

64

314

246

179

111

044

337
*56
5
*80
7
062
330
*61
0
*90
1
204
*51
8
*84
3

*779

65

.19382
0.1870
9

042
343
*65
4
*97
7

415
*64
2
*88
2
136
403
*68
1
*97
1
273
*58
6
*91
0

*754

66

.18046

642
*98
0

575
*91
4

509
*84
9

442
*78
3

376
*71
8

310
*65
3

*754

67
68

.17393
.16749

328
685

69

.16115

052

263
622
*98
9

198
558
*92
7

134
494
*86
4

070
431
*80
2

005
368
*73
9

243
*58
7
*94
1
304
*67
7

177 111
*52
2 *457
*87
7 *813
241 178
*61
4 *552

*328

T%

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

*483

70
71

0
0.1549
0
.14874

428
813

366
752

304
691

243
630

*654
*841

72

.14267

206

146

086

026

181
569
*96
6

120
509
*90
6

058
448
*84
7

.8
*99
7
388
*78
7

883

*775

54

043
259
*489
*732
*988
257
*538
*831
135
*450
*776

*819
*883
*966
069
190

EM

.9
*93
5
327
*72
7

19

Tables for the chemical laboratory

73

.13668

608

74
75
76

.13077
0.1249
4
.11919

77
78
79

Reagents

018

549
*96
0

490
*90
1

430
*84
3

371
*78
4

312
*72
6

253
*66
8

194
*61
0

436
862

378
805

321
748

263
691

205
634

148
577

.11351
.10791

295
735

238
679

182
624

126
568

182

127

073

018

014
458
*90
9

033
464
*90
2
347
*80
0

80

.10237
0.0969
1

070
513
*96
3

090
520
*95
8
403
*85
4

136
*55
2
*97
6
407
*84
6
292
*74
5

637

583

81
82

.09151
.08619

098
566

83
84

040
520

85
86

.08092
.07572
0.0705
8
.06550

87
88

.06048
.05552

89

012

474
*93
8
407
*88
3
366
*85
4
349
*84
9
355
*86
6

420
*88
4
355
*83
1
314
*80
3
298
*79
9
306
*81
8

366
*83
1
302
*77
9
263
*75
3
248
*75
0
257
*76
9

313
*77
8
249
*72
7
212
*70
2
198
*70
0
208
*72
1

259
*72
5
197
*67
6
160
*65
1
148
*65
1
159
*67
2

205
*67
2
145
*62
4
109
*60
1
098
*60
1
110
*62
4

90

.05061
0.0457
6

044
513
*98
8
469
*95
6
449
*94
8
453
*96
4

528
*99
1
460
*93
5
417
*90
5
399
*89
9
404
*91
5

528

479

91
92

.04096
.03621

048
574

001
527

431
*95
3
480

93
94

105
641

058
595

012
549

335
*85
8
386
*91
9
457

95
96

.03152
.02687
0.0222
8
.01773

383
*90
5
433
*96
5
503

182
728

136
682

091
637

045
592

000
547

287
*81
0
339
*87
2
411
*95
4
502

239
*76
3
292
*82
6
365
*90
9
457

97
98

.01323
.00877

278
833

233
789

189
745

144
700

100
656

055
612

011
568

191
*71
6
245
*78
0
319
*86
3
412
*96
6
524

144
*66
8
198
*73
3
273
*81
8
368
*92
2
480

007
500
*99
8
502

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

99
10
0

.00436
0.0000
0

393

EM

349

305

261

218

174

130

087

043

20

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Flame photometry: important emission lines

in the flame spectrum of some elements
Element
Ag
Ba
B
Ca
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
K
Li
Mg
Mn
Na
Ni
Pb
Rb
Sr
Tl

328.1
553.6
452
422.7
346.6
360.5
455.5
324.8
373.7
404.7
670.8
285.2
403.3
330.3
341.5
368.4
420.2
460.7
377.6

Wavelength in nm
338.3
744 (B)
(B)
548 (B)
554 (B)
353
427.5 (G)
852.1
327.4
(G)
386 (G)
(D)
766.5 (D)
460.3
371 (B)
(G)
543.3
(D)
589.3 (D)
(G)
352.5 (G)
405.8
(D)
780
821 (B)
535

873
345
622
387.4
425.5
894.3
520
385.6
344.6
323.3
383
279.5
818.3
385.8
261.4
794.8
407.8
276.8

(B)
(B)
(B)

(B)
(G)
(D)
(B)
(D)
(G)
(D)

(B) = band of the oxide.

(D) = line doublet, the centre point of the two lines is given.
(G) = line group in the region of the stated wavelength.

Inverse voltametry
Peak potentials of some important metals
Metal
Zn2+
Cd2+
Pb2+
Cu2+
Tl+
Sn2+ (4+)

Peak
potentia
l
- 0.85 V
- 0.47 V
- 0.26 V
- 0.05 V
- 0.40 V
- 0.30 V

Support electrolyte
0.1 M pyridine hydrochloride
0.1 M pyridine hydrochloride
0.1 M pyridine hydrochloride
0.1 M pyridine hydrochloride
0.02 M TitriplexIII
5 M Hydrochloric acid

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

Interference
try

Sn2+
Pb2+

EM

21

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Direct current polarography

Half-ware potentials of some important metals
Metal
Cu2+
Pb2+
Cd2+
Ni2+
Zn2+
Co2+
Fe2+
Mn2+
Cu2+
Pb2+
Co2+
Zn2+
Mn2+

Half-wave
Support electrolyte
potential
0.85 M CH3COONH4
- 0.42 V
0.0025 M KSCN
- 0.48 V

- 0.64 V

- 1.0 V

- 1.06 V

- 1.30 V

- 1.41 V

- 1.55 V

Saturate CaCl2 solution,

- 0.32 V
about 10 - 12 N
- 0.52 V

- 0.86 V

- 1.08 V

- 1.40 V

Cathode ray polarography

Peak potentials of some important metals*
Metal

Peak
potential

Zn2+

- 1.03 V

Cd2+
Cu2+
Pb2+

- 0.63 V
- 0.15 V
- 0.40 V

Ni2+

- 0.80 V

Bi3+

- 0.08 V

Co2+

- 1.05 V

Sb3+
Sn2+
Cr6+
Cr3+

- 0.13 V
- 0.50 V
- 0.75 V
- 1.10 V

Support
electrolyte
0.2 M HCl,
neutralized with
pyridine-KOH**
0.2 M HCl
0.2 M HCl
0.2 M HCl
0.2 M HCl,
neutralized with
pyridine-KOH**
0.5 M HCl
0.2 M HCl,
neutralized with
pyridine-KOH**
0.5M HCl
5 M HCl
0.5 M LiOH
0.5 M LiOH

Interference
by
Co2+
Sb3+
Sn2+

Cu2+
Zn2+
Cu2+
Pb2+,Tl+
Zn2+

* measured against a silver/silver chloride reference electrode.

** 8 mL pyridine + 2.3 g KOH + 5 mL methanol + water ad 50 mL.

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

EM

22

Tables for the chemical laboratory

Reagents

Periodic table of the elements

1
2
3
4

IA
1H
1.008
0
3 Li
6.939

II A

III B

IV B

VB

VI B

VII B

VII B

IB

II B

III A

IV A

VA

VI A

VII A

0
2 He
4.003

4 Be
9.012
2

11 Na
12 Mg
22.99
24.31
0
19 K
20 Ca
39.10
40.08
2

21 Sc
44.96

22 TI
47.90

23 V
50.94

24 Cr
52.00

39 Y
88.91

40 Zr
91.22

41 Nb
92.91

42 Mo
95.94

37 Rb
85.47

38 Sr
87.64

55 Cs
132.9
1

87 Fr
223

56 Ba 57-71
72 Hf
137.3 see Rare
178.5
Earths
4
88 Ra 89-102 104
226.0 see Acti- Unq
nides
5
261

73 Ta 74 W
180.95 183.85
105
Unp
262

106
Unh
263

Rare 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr
Earths 138.91 140.12 140.91
Actinides

89 Ac
227

90 Th
232.04

91 Pa
231

25
Mn
54.94

27 Co
58.93

28 Ni
58.71

7N
14.00
7
15 P
30.97
4

8O
15.99
9
16 S
32.06
4

29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As
63.54 65.37 69.72 72.59 94.92

34 Se
78.96

44 Ru 45 Rh
47 Ag 48 Cd
46 Pd
101.0 102.9
107.8 112.4
106.4
7
1
7
0
78 Pt
80 Hg
75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir
79 Au
195.0
200.5
186.2 190.2 192.2
197.0
9
9
107
108
109
110
112
111 Pl
Gp
Hr
Wl
Mv
Da
272
264
265
266
269
270

6C
12.01
1

13 Al
26.98

14 Si
28.09

18 Ar
39.948
36 Kr
83.80

60 Nd
62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho
61 Pm
144.2
150.3 151.9 157.2 158.9 162.5 164.9
147
4
5
6
5
2
0
3

68 Er
167.2
6

69
Tm
169.3
4

70 Yb
173.0
4

71 Cp
(Lu)
174.97

92 U
238.0
3

100
Fm
255

101
Md
256

102
No
259

103 Lw
260

95
Am
243

96
Cm
245

97 Bk
249

98 Cf 99 Es
249 253

52 Te
127.6
0

10 Ne
20.183

51 Sb
121.7
5
83 Bi
208.9
8
115
Me
279

93 Np 94 Pu
237
242

49 In
114.8
2
81 TI
204.3
7
113
Tf
272

9F
19.99
8
17 Cl
35.45
3
35 Br
79.90
9
53 I
126.9
0

50 Sn
118.6
9
82 Pb
207.1
9
114
Eo
276

43 Tc
99

EM Laboratories, Inc.
500 Executive Boulevard
Elmsford, New York 10523
Telephone: 914-592-4660

MARIA DEL PILAR HARO VAZQUEZ

26 Fe
55.85

5B
10.81

84 Po 85 At
210 210
116
Nc
282

54 Xe
131.30
86 Rn
222

117 El 118 On
286
288

Associate of

E. Merck, Darmstadt
Federal Republic of Germany

EM

23