Arquitetura, Protocolos e Aplicaes

MPLS Bsico

Marco Aurelio Ignacio marcigna@cisco.com Systems Engineer

Presentation_ID

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Confidential

Agenda
 Conceitos  Base da Tecnologia
O que MPLS? Onde usar?

 Distribuio de Label em Redes MPLS

LDP, RSVP, BGP

 Como criar Servios Baseados em MPLS

VPNs AToM Traffic Engineering

 Sumrio
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Conceitos

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Terminologia
 Acrnimos
PEProvider Edge router PProvider Core router CECustomer Edge router (also referred to as CPE) ASBRAutonomous System Boundary Router RRRoute Reflector

 TETraffic Engineering
TE head endroteador que inicial o tnel TE TE midpointroteador por onde transita o tnel TE

 VPNColeo de sites que compartilham polticas comum  AToMAny Transport over MPLS
Conhecido como mtodo de construir circuitos layer 2 sobre MPLS Attachment circuitCircuito layer 2 entre PE e CE Emulated circuitpseudowire entre PEs
4

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Evoluo do MPLS

Cisco Calls a BOF at IETF to Standardize Tag Switching

MPLS Group Formally Chartered by IETF Cisco Ships MPLS (Tag Switching)

Cisco Ships MPLS TE MPLS VPN Deployed

Traffic Engineering Deployed Large Scale Deployment

Time

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

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O que MPLS?
 Multi Protocol Label Switching  MPLS um eficiente mecanismo de encapsulamento  Utiliza Labels acoplado nos pacotes (IP packets, AAL5 frames)  MPLS pode rodar em outras tecnologia de camada 2, tais como ATM, FR, PPP, POS, Ethernet  MPLS uma tecnologia para entrega de servios IP

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Cisco Confidential

Motivao Original do MPLS

 Permitir que roteadores troquem pacotes com um cabealho simplificado.  Provr um mecanismo de alta escala  Evoluo levou o MPLS longe do seu propsito original
Hardware ficaram melhores e deciso de melhor caminho no mais um problema. Por associar labels com prefixos, grupos de sites ou caminhos selecionados por largura de banda, novos servios tais como MPLS VPN e engenharia de trfego so atualmente possveis.

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MPLS Original e Servios Adicionados

Provider Traffic Provisioned Engineering VPNs

IP+ATM

IP+Optical GMPLS

Any Transport over MPLS

MPLS

Network Infrastructure

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Base da Tecnologia

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Cabealho do Label MPLS

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1

Label

EXP S

TTL

Label = 20 Bits COS/EXP = Class of Service, 3 Bits S = Bottom of Stack, 1 Bit TTL = Time to Live, 8 Bits

 Contm informaes suficientes para encaminhamento de pacote.  Label com significncia local

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Encapsulamento
PPP Header (Packet over SONET/SDH)
PPP Header Label Layer 2/L3 Packet

One or More Labels Appended to the Packet

LAN MAC Label Header

MAC Header

Label

Layer 2/L3 Packet

ATM MPLS Cell Header

GFC

VPI

VCI

PTI

CLP HEC

DATA

Label
11

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Forwarding Equivalence Class

Determina como os pacotes so mapeados para um LSP (Label Switch Path)
 IP prefix/host address  Layer 2 circuits (ATM, FR, PPP, HDLC, Ethernet)  Grupo de endereos/sitesVPN x  Uma instncia de bridge/switchVSI  Tunnel interfacetraffic engineering

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Conceitos de MPLS
At Edge: Classifica os pacotes Coloca o Label Label Imposition In Core: Encaminha com Label. Label indica destino Label Swapping or Switching

Edge Label Switch Router (ATM Switch ou Router)

At Edge: Remove Labels e encaminha pacote IPv4 Label Disposition Label Switch Router (LSR) Router ATM switch + Label Switch Controller

Label Distribution Protocol

 Cria novos servios via classificao flexvel  Prov a habilidade de configurar garantia de banda para caminhos diferentes
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Operao do MPLS
1a. Existncia de Protocolo de Roteamento(e.g. OSPF, IS-IS) 4. Edge LSR Egress remove Estabelecer alcance para destinos desejados Label e entrega 1b. Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) pacotes IPv4 Estabelece vizinhana com roteadores que possuem o destino

2. Ingress Edge LSR Recebe o pacote, Realiza Servios de Layer 3, e associa o Labels no Pacote
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3. Encaminha pacotes e faz a troca de Labels Swapping

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Distribuio de Label em redes MPLS

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Protocolos de Roteamento Unicast

 OSPF / IS-IS, BGP so necessrios na rede  Estes protocolos garantem o alcance dos LSRs  Protocolos de distribuio de Label fornecem labels para os prefixos anunciados por protocolo de roteamentos, usando
Protocolo dedicado Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) Distribui labels atravs do BGP

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Label Distribution Protocol

 Definido na RFC 3035 e 3036  Usado para distribuir labels em uma rede MPLS
Usa sesso TCP

 Cria Forwarding equivalence class

Como os pacotes so mapeados para as LSPs (Label Switched Paths)

 Anuncia Labels por FEC

Alcana o destino a.b.c.d com o label x

 Discovery
Para encontrar vizinhos LDP

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Exemplo: Encaminha Pacotes

Address Prefix Address Prefix I/F Address Prefix I/F I/F

128.89 171.69

0 1

128.89 171.69

1 1

128.89 171.69

0 1

128.89 0 0 1 1 128.89.25.4 128.89.25.4 Data 171.69 Data 128.89.25.4 Data

128.89.25.4

Data

Packets Forwarded Based on IP Address

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MPLS Exemplo: Informao de Roteamento

In Label Address Prefix Out Out Iface label In Label Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label In Label Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label

128.89 171.69

1 1

128.89 171.69

0 1

128.89

0 1 0

128.89

You Can Reach 128.89 and 171.69 Thru Me

You Can Reach 128.89 Thru Me

1

Routing Updates (OSPF, EIGRP, )

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You Can Reach 171.69 Thru Me

171.69

Cisco Confidential

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MPLS Exemplo: Associao de Labels

In Label Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label In Label Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label In Label Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label

128.89 171.69

1 1

4 5

4 5

128.89 171.69

0 1

9 7

128.89

0 1 0

128.89

Use Label 4 for 128.89 and Use Label 5 for 171.69

Use Label 9 for 128.89

1

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

(Downstream Allocation)
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Use Label 7 for 171.69

171.69

Cisco Confidential

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MPLS Exemplo: Encaminha Pacotes

In Label Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label In Label Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label In Label Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label

128.89 171.69

1 1

4 5

4 5

128.89 171.69

0 1

9 7

128.89

0 0

128.89 Data

128.89.25.4 1 9 128.89.25.4 Data 4 128.89.25.4 Data 1 128.89.25.4 Data

Label Switch Forwards Based on Label

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171.69

21

Label Distribution Modes

 Downstream unsolicited
N Downstream apenas anuncia labels para prefixos/FEC alcanvel por ele mesmo

 Downstream on-demand
N Upstream solicita um label para associar ao prefixo e encaminha para o n downstream

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MPLS Exemplo: Solicita Labels

In Label Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label In Label In I/F Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label In label In I/F Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label

128.89 171.69

1 1

128.89 171.69

0 1

128.89

1 1 2 0

0 128.89

I Need a Label for 128.89 I Need Another Label for 128.89

I Need a Label for 128.89 I Need a Label for 171.69

I Need a Label for 171.69

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

Presentation_ID 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

I Need a Label for 128.89

171.69

(Downstream Allocation on Demand)

Cisco Confidential

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MPLS Exemplo: Associa Labels

In Label Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label In Label In I/F Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label In label In I/F Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label

128.89 171.69

1 1

4 5

4 8 5

2 3 2

128.89 128.89 171.69

0 0 1

9 10 7

9 10

1 1

128.89 128.89

0 0

1 1 2 0

0 128.89

Use Label 9 for 128.89 Use Label 10 for 128.89

Use Label 4 for 128.89 Use Label 5 for 171.69

Use Label 7 for 171.69

Use Label 8 for 128.89

171.69

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MPLS Exemplo: Packet Forwarding

In Label Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label In Label In I/F Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label In label In I/F Address Prefix Out Out Iface Label

128.89 171.69

1 1

4 5

4 8 5

2 3 2

128.89 128.89 171.69

0 0 1

9 10 7

9 10

1 1

128.89 128.89

0 0

1 1 2 0

0 128.89 128.89.25.4 Data

9 128.89.25.4 Data 4 128.89.25.4 Data 1

128.89.25.4

Data

Label Switch Forwards Based on Label

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171.69

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LDP
 Neighbor discovery
Busca vizinhos diretamente conectadoslinks pt-to-pt (including Ethernet) Estabelece uma sesso Troca prefixo/FEC e informao de label

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TDP e LDP
 Tag distribution protocolCisco proprietary
Precursor do LDP Usado para Cisco tag switching

 TDP e LDP so suportados no mesmo router  TDP um subconjunto do TDP  Usa o mesmo label/TAG

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Outro Protocolo de Distibuio de Label: RSVP

 Utilizado em MPLS com engenharia de trfego  Adiciona protocolo de sinalizao  Mecanismo de controte para criao de LSP com largura de banda associada feita por ele.  Solicitaes de Label so enviadas no caminho(PATH) atravs de mensagens de ida e associadas a mensagem de volta (RESV).  Objeto EXPLICT-ROUTE define quais configuraes um caminho deve ter, por exemplo: prioridade, cor, largura de banda, trajeto.  Com RSVP h mais vantagens no MPLS
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Outro Protocolo de Distibuio de Label: BGP

 Usado no contexto de MPLS VPNs  Necessrio extenses do BGP: Multi Protocolo BGP MP-BGP  Roteadores devem fazer vizinhanas de BGP  Informao de Label carregada na mensagem de update do BGP, ou seja, parte da NLRI (Network Layer Reacheability Information)

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MPLS Plano de Controle e de Encaminhamento

 Plano de Controle usado para distribuir LabelsBGP, LDP, RSVP  Plano de Encaminhamento consiste em colocar, trocar e tirar Labels este plano no se preocupa com o Plano de Controle

Resource Destination-Based IP Class Reservation Unicast Routing of Service (e.g., RSVP)

Multicast Routing (PIM v2)

Explicit and Static Routes

Virtual Private Networks

Label Information Base (LIB) Per-Label Forwarding, Queuing, and Multicast Mechanisms

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Separao do Plano de Controle e de Encaminhamento

Routing Process
Route Updates/ Adjacency

RIB

LIB

MPLS Process

Label Bind Updates/ Adjacency

MFI

FIB

MPLS Traffic

IP Traffic
31

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Empilhamento de Label
 Pode existir mais que um label em um pacote MPLS  Como sabemos, labels correspondem a forwarding equivalence classes
ExemploUm label usado para informao de roteamento do pacote para o roteador de sada e outro que separa se o pacote pertence ou cliente A ou cliente B Labels internos (Inner) so usados para utilizar servios/FECs, etc. E.g. VPNs, fast reroute

 Label externo (outer) usado para rotear o pacote dentro da rede MPLS Outer Label  Mais Labels podem ser associados
MPLS VPNs Traffic engineering e fast re-route VPNs over traffic engineered core Any transport over MPLS Inner Label
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TE Label LDP Label VPN Label IP Header

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MPLS VPN Layer 2 e Layer 3

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O que uma VPN?

 VPN um conjunto de sites que permitem a comunicao com outro site  VPN definida por um conjunto de poltica administrativa
Polticas determinam QOS e conectividade entre os sites Polticas estabelecidas por cada cliente VPN em separado Polticas podem ser implementadas completamente por VPN service providers Com o auxlio de mecanismos BGP/MPLS VPN

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VPNs
 Layer 2 VPNs
Customer endpoints (CPE) conectado via Layer 2 tais como Frame Relay DLCI, ATM VC ou conexo point-to-point Se esta VPN conecta dois routers, ento estabelecida vizinhana de roteamento

 Layer 3 VPNs
Segmentao de Sites em Layer 3 Relao de Peering com o PE (Provider Edge) Provedor responsvel por Distribuir informaes de roteamento para sites VPN Separao da tabela de roteamento da tabela da VPN.

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Layer 3 VPNs

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Uso do Labels para Construir uma IPVPN

Cust A
A
---------

A
---------

Cust A

B
---------

Cust A

B
---------

MPLS Network

Cust B

Cust B

 O backbone distribui labels para cada VPN

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Como a L3VPN funciona?

 Idia Simples
Usa um label para representar o prefixo VPN Faz o roteamento dos pacotes da VPN para o egress PE que anunciou o prefixo Usa o Label IGP para encaminhar para o egress PE

 Como feito?
Roteadores precisam manter tabelas de roteamento separadas, chamadas de VRFs (Virtual Routing and Forwarding Tables) Roteadores ento exportam e importam rotas usando extenses do BGP para identificar e separar uma rota VPN da outra Roteadores ento associam labels s rotas IGP
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RFC 2547: MPLS VPNs

CE CE
VRF iBGPVPNv4 Label Exchange P LDP LDP iBGPVPNv4 PE VRF P LDP PE LDP iBGPVPNv4

LDP PE

CE

CE CE
Overlapping Addresses Are Made Unique by Appending RD and Creating VPNv4 Addresses VRF

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Control Plane Path

No Direct Peering Between CEs

VPN A
Routing Relationship

VPN A

CE
IPv4 Route Exchange

CE PE PE

VPNv4 Routes Advertised via BGP Labels Exchanged via BGP

 RD8 Byte fieldassossiado por provedorsignificncia apenas para o Backbone  Endereos VPNv4 : RD+VPN Prefix  nico RD por VPN faz o endereo VPNv4 ser nico

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Data Plane Path

Routing Relationship

VPN A
IPv4 IPv4

VPN A

CE
IPv4 IPv4 Forwarded Packet

CE
IPv4

PE
Vpnv4 Routes Advertised via BGP Labels Exchanged via BGP

PE

IPv4

 Ingress PE coloca 2 labels

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BGP/MPLS VPN: Sumrio

 Suporta grande escala de servios VPN  Aumenta o valor adicionado por VPN do Service Provider  Diminuir o custo do Service Provider provisionar servios VPN  Mecanismo suficientes para suportar grandes clientes no Service Provider

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Layer 2 VPNs

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Layer 2 VPNs
Similar a L3VPN
 Um label designado por circuito  Troca de informao de label com o egress PE  Encapsula o trfego de entrada (Layer 2 frames)  Aplica o label (aprendido via troca de labels)  Encaminha pacotes MPLS (L2 encapsulado e com destino para a LSP)  No egress
Lookup de L2 label Encaminhamento de pacotes para o L2 correspondente.
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Arquitetura
Attachment Circuit Ethernet VLAN, FR DLCI, ATM VC, PPP Session

VPN A

VPN A

CE PE
Emulated VC/Pseudowire Labels Exchanged via Directed LDP

CE PE

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Frame Relay over MPLS: Exemplo

VC1Connects DLCI 101 to DLCI 201 VC2Connects DLCI 102 to DLCI 202
Directed LDP Label Exchange for VC1Label 10 Label Exchange for VC2Label 21 PE2 PE1 DLCI 101 DLCI 102
101 102 10 50 21 50 101 102 10 90 21 90

DLCI 201 DLCI 202

Frame Relay

Neighbor LDP Label 50

Neighbor LDP Label 90

MPLS Backbone
MPLS LSP

Frame Relay

CPE Router, FRAD

Any Transport over MPLS (AtoM) Tunnel

Cisco Confidential

CPE Router, FRAD

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Sumrio
 Modo fcil de transportar frames Layer 2  Pode ser usado para transportar ATM AAL5 frames, cells, FR DLCI, PPP, Ethernet VLANs  Transporte point-to-point com QoS garantido  Combinado com TE e QoS para emular servios Layer2 sobre infra-estrutura de Layer-3

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Engenharia de Trfego

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O que Engenharia de Trfego em MPLS?

 Processo de roteamento de dados que faz o balanceamento da carga de trfego em vrios links, roteadores, e switches da rede  Ponto importante o uso de mltiplos e alternados caminhos que esto disponveis

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Por que Engenharia de Trfego?

 Congestionamento na rede devido mudana do comportamento do trfegos
Eleies, eventos esportivos, notcias

 Melhor utilizao de banda disponvel

Routa para caminhos que no so considerados mais curtos

 Utiliza alternativas para links que falharam

Fast rerouting, transparente para usurios Semelhante ao SONET APS (Automatic Protection Switching)

 Constri novos serviosLinhas alugadas

Aplicaes VoIP, garantia de banda point-to-point

 Plano de Capacitao
TE aumento a disponibilidade do backbone

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IP Routing e TE
R8 R3 R4 R2 R5

R1 R6

R7

IP (Mostly) Uses Destination-Based Least-Cost Routing Flows from R8 and R1 Merge at R2 and Become Indistinguishable From R2, Traffic to R3, R4, R5 Use Upper Route Alternate Path Under-Utilized
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Problema encontrado no menor caminho

Node B C D E F G Next-Hop B C C B B B Cost 10 10 20 20 30 30 Router B

Router A tem 40Mb de trfego para o Route F, e 40Mb de trfego para o Router G 44% dos pacotes perdidos se o caminho for Router B->Router E!

Router F

OC-3
Router A

OC-3
Router E

DS3 OC-3

Router G

OC-3
Router C
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DS3 DS3
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Router D
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Como o MPLS TE Resolve o Problema

Node B C D E F G Next-Hop B C C B Tunnel 0 Tunnel 1 Cost 10 10 20 20 30 30 Router B

 Router A v todos os links  Router A calcula os caminhos com propriedades diferentes do menor caminho  No h oversubscrition!
Router F

OC-3
Router A

OC-3
Router E

DS3 OC-3

Router G

OC-3
Router C
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DS3 DS3
Cisco Confidential

Router D
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TE Fundamentos: Construindo Blocos

Path CalculationUses IGP Advertisements to Compute Constrained Paths

IGP (OSPF or ISIS) Used to Flood Bandwidth Information Between Routers

RSVP/TE Used to Distribute Labels, Provide CAC, Failure Notification, etc.

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Distribuindo Informao
 Voc precisa de um protocolo link-state (IGP)
IS-IS or OSPF

 Link-state s necessrio para MPLS-TE!

No necessrio para VPNs, etc!

 Por que o link-state necessrio?

Para enviar informaes de roteamento dos roteadores Construir um mapa de toda a rede

 Informaes de: link, banda, atributos, etc.

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Exemplo
RESV RESV PATH

RESV

PATH

TE Headend

PATH

TE Tail End

 Mensagens PATH so enviadas com o pedido de banda  Mensagens RESV so enviadas no sentido contrrio com o label do tnel TE  Tneis podem ser explicitamente roteados  Controle de Admisso de cada salto para conferir se h banda disponvel
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 Pacotes so mapeados para um tnel via

Modo esttico Autoroute Politica de roteamento

 Pacotes so enviados para os tneisLSP

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Benefcios do TE sobre Policy Routing

 Policy Routing
Deciso passo-a-passo No tem controle de banda

 Traffic Engineering
Baseado no conceito fim-a-fim Tem controle de banda Validao do tnel

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Aplicaes do MPLS TE: MPLS Fast Reroute

R8 R3 R4 R2 R1 R5 R9

R6

R7
Mimic SONET APS Reroute em 50ms ou Menos

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Link Protection
Router A Router B Router D Router E

Router X Router C

Router Y

 Primary tunnel: A -> B -> D -> E  Backup tunnel: B -> C -> D (preprovisioned)  Recovery = ~50ms

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Node Protection
Router A Router B Router D Router E Router F

Router X Router C

Router Y

 Primary tunnel: A -> B -> D -> E -> F  Backup tunnel: B -> C -> E (pre-provisioned)  Recovery = ~100ms

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Cenrios de Aplicao do Tnel

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Aplicao do TE
Requer: Manipular congestionamento na rede Soluo: Aplica MPLS TE no n com congestionamento

MPLS Traffic Engineering

Trfego Internet (Download)

Internet Service Provider Backbone

Link Saturado

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Full Mesh TE Deployment

Requer : Necessidade de aumentar a capacidade de banda do Backbone Soluo: Aplica MPLS TE com conceito lgico de distribuio de trfego para todo o backbone

Service Provider Backbone

VPN Site A

VPN Site B Full Mesh de MPLS Traffic Engineering Tunnels

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Aplicao de 1-Hop
Requer: Soluo: Proteo em caso de falhas Usa Fast Reroute e protege cada n e cada link

Service Provider Backbone

VPN Site A Primary 1-Hop TE Tunnel Backup Tunnel Physical Links

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VPN Site B

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Aplicao de Virtual Leased Line

Requer: Soluo: Necessidade de criar Circuitos Point-to-Point com garantia de banda Aplica MPLS TE com QoS; Isola servios principais em caminhos dedicados

Traffic Engineered Tunnels with Fast Reroute Protection

VPN Site A

Service Provider Backbone VPN Site B

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Central Site

Tight QoS Policing, Queuing Etc.

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Primary Tunnel Backup Tunnel

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Sumrio de MPLS TE
 Usual para re-rotear trfego em ambientes congestionados  Construir servios no Backbone  Construir solues de proteo que utilizam MPLS FRR

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Sumrio

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Cisco MPLS Caractersticas e Servios

= Disponvel Hoje
InterInterProvider Connectivity (I-AS) (ICarrier Supporting Carrier (CSC) Multicast over MPLS VPNs

Layer 2 VPN Services (L2VPN)

Aplicaes Managed VPN Services (BGP/MPLS VPNs) Any Transport over MPLS (AToM)

InfraInfraestrutura

InterInter-Area TE

Traffic Engineering (TE)

DiffServDiffServ-aware Traffic Engineering (DS(DS-TE) MPLS with LDP

Quality of Service (DiffServ QoS)

IP+ATM

Base Comum

08/2001
Presentation_ID 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

68

Presentation_ID

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Confidential

69