CL10007 PDF

ISBN - 978-85-60755-31-8
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Qumica verde
no Brasil:
2010 - 2030
Edio revista e atualizada
Ministrio da
Cincia e Tecnologia
Braslia DF
2010
Qumica Verde
no Brasil
2010-2030
Edio revista e atualizada
ISBN 978-85-60755-31-8
Centro de G esto e Estudos Estratgicos ( CG EE)
Organizao Social supervisionada pelo Ministrio da Cincia e Tecnologia
Presidenta
Lucia Carvalho Pinto de Melo
Diretor Executivo
Marcio de Miranda Santos
Diretores
Antonio Carlos Filgueira Galvo
Fernando Cosme Rizzo Assuno
Edio / Tatiana de Carvalho Pires
Design Grco / Eduardo Oliveira
Grcos / Camila Maya
Diagramao / Hudson Pereira
Capa / Diogo Rodrigues
Centro de G esto e Estudos Estratgicos
SCN Q d 2, Bl. A, Ed. Corporate Financial Center sala 1102
70712-900, Braslia, DF
Telefone: ( 61) 3424.9600
http://www.cgee.org.br
Esta publicao parte integrante das atividades desenvolvidas no mbito do Contrato de Gesto -15
0
Termo Aditivo/
Ao/Subao:51.41.1 -Produo Limpa ( Q umica Sustentvel, Tendncias, Novos Negcios e Reciclagem) /MCT/2009.
Todos os direitos reservados pelo Centro de G esto e Estudos Estratgicos ( CG EE) . O s textos contidos nesta
publicao podero ser reproduzidos, armazenados ou transmitidos, desde que citada a fonte.
Impresso em 2010
C389q
Q umica verde no Brasil: 2010-2030 - Ed. rev. e atual. - Braslia,
DF: Centro de G esto e Estudos Estratgicos, 2010.
438 p.; il, 24 cm
ISBN 978-85-60755-31-8
1. Q umica verde - Brasil. 2. Desenvolvimento auto-sustentvel. I.
CG EE. II. Ttulo.
CDU 66( 81)
375
Q umica Verde no Brasil | 2010-2030
9. Energias renovveis
1
^s cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s |c|cscnt+m +cn+s +,/ do su||mcnto mund|+| dc cnc|g|+s ||m+||+s scn-
do uc somcntc + b|om+ss+ +t|ngc +o,/ ^s ||nc|+|s |o|+s mot||zcs uc |mu|s|on+m + ut|||z+-
io dc cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s sio +s |cocu+ocs com o +ucc|mcnto g|ob+| + busc+ o| scgu|+n+
cnc|gct|c+ c + vo|+t|||d+dc dos |cos do ct|o|co no c+so d+s b|ocnc|g|+s odc sc +d|c|on+| m+|s
um+ |o|+ uc c o |ntc|cssc dos govc|n+ntcs cm |c|o|+| + +g||cu|tu|+ domcst|c+
|m um +no|+m+ g|ob+| m+|s |o|tcmcntc |nucnc|+do c|os |ob|cm+s +mb|cnt+|s c dc scgu|+n+
cnc|gct|c+ + |ntc|n+t|on+| |nc|gy ^gcncy (||^) no documcnto \o||d |nc|gy Out|oo| .oo, |+z
um+ +dvc|tcnc|+ cm |c|+io s |m||c+ocs d+s cm|ssocs +tmos|c||c+s c do consumo dc cmc|g|+
no mundo os s|stcm+s dc cnc|g|+ do mundo cstio cm um+ cnc|uz|||+d+ ^s tcndcnc|+s +tu+|s
dc su||mcnto c consumo sio c|+|+mcntc |nsustcnt+vc|s +mb|cnt+|mcntc cconom|c+mcntc c
soc|+|mcntc
.
^ ||^ sugc|c t+mbcm uc o ccn+||o odc c dcvc sc| +|tc|+do o|s +|nd+ |+ tcmo
+|+ |sso Os do|s g|+ndcs dcs+os +ont+dos c|+ ^gcnc|+ sio + g+|+nt|+ dc su||mcnto con+vc|
c cconom|c+mcntc suo|t+vc| c + |+|d+ mud+n+ +|+ um s|stcm+ dc b+|xo c+|bono cc|cntc c
+m|g+vc| +o mc|o +mb|cntc
|o onto dc v|st+ cst||t+mcntc +mb|cnt+| dcvcm sc| cons|dc|+dos os v+||os ccn+||os c|+bo|+dos
c|o |ntc|n+t|on+| |+nc| on C||m+tc C|+ngc (||CC)
,
com |ccomcnd+io c|+|+ dc uc sc |ocu|c
m+ntc| o +umcnto dc tcmc|+tu|+ no |ongo |+zo +b+|xo dc .C +|+ sc +sscgu|+| uc +s consc-
ucnc|+s sc,+m +|nd+ suo|t+vc|s |ss+ mct+ |cuc| uc +s cm|ssocs dc g+scs dc c|c|to cstu|+ (C||)
+t|n,+m scu |co +ntcs dc .o.o |css+ c|scct|v+ o C|uo s (Cs) so||c|tou uc + ||^ c|+bo|+ssc
um cstudo |nd|c+ndo os c+m|n|os tccno|og|cos (c os custos +ssoc|+dos) uc c|m|t|sscm m+ntc|
o +ucc|mcnto g|ob+| dcnt|o dos ||m|tcs scgu|os sugc||dos c|o ||CC O |c|+to||o |o| ub||c+do cm
,u||o dc .oos c contcm|+ t|cs ccn+||os o dc |c|c|cnc|+ (|us|ncss +s usu+|) c do|s +|tc|n+t|vos o
^C m+|s modc|+do c o |||| m+|s |+d|c+| v|s+ndo |cduz|| +s cm|ssocs cm |c|+io +o ccn+||o dc
|c|c|cnc|+
|
O |o||zontc cons|dc|+do |o| .o,o
1 Este captulo foi elaborado por Manoel Regis Lima Verde Leal, Marlos Alves Bezerra, Paulo Marcos A. Craveiro e traz contribui-
es de especialistas participantes das ocinas do Estudo.
2 OECD. International Energy Agency. IEA. Energy and CO
2
implications of the 450 Scenario. In: World Energy Outlook. 2009.
3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage. IPCC., New York: Cambrid-
ge University Press, 2005.
4 OECD. International Energy Agency. IEA Energy Technologies Perspectives, 2008.
376
Cincia, Tecnologia e Inovao
^ +bc|+ ,+ |csumc +s ||nc|+|s c+|+ctc||st|c+s dc c+d+ ccn+||o Os |csu|t+dos do |c|c||do cstudo
d+ ||^ cx||c+m + |cocu+io d+ ^gcnc|+ com + m+nutcnio do ccn+||o dc |c|c|cnc|+ o +umcn-
to dc ;o/ no consumo dc ct|o|co c o +umcnto mcd|o dc tcmc|+tu|+ dc eC sio |nsustcnt+vc|s
+mb|cnt+|mcntc soc|+|mcntc c cconom|c+mcntc
Tabela 9.1: Principais parmetros dos cenrios da IEA para 2050
Item Referncia ACT BLUE
|ct+ dc |cduio dc CO
.
cm
|c|+io + .00 (`)
- 0 0
Consumo +d|c|on+| dc
ct|o|co (`)
+0 +10 -.
|m|ssocs dc CO
.
(`) +1!0 0 -0
ûmcnto mcd|o dc
tcmc|+tu|+ (C)
o .4 + .c .0 + .4
Conccnt|+io dc CO
.
n+
+tmos|c|+ (m)
0 4c 40
|nvcst|mcnto +nu+| +d|c|on+|
mcd|o (10|;;+no)
- 400 1100
Fonte: IEA, 2008.
Os custos dc m|t|g+io nos do|s ccn+||os +|tc|n+t|vos dc b+|xo c+|bono sio c|cv+dos m+s suo|t+-
vc|s |c|cscnt+ndo cc|c+ dc ++ / do ||| mund|+| +o +no ( no ccn+||o |||| m+|s |+d|c+|) ^s mc-
d|d+s dc m|t|g+io cons|dc|+d+s +|+ os do|s ||nc|+|s scto|cs d+ cconom|+ cm tc|mos dc cnc|g|+
(e|/ d+s cm|ssocs dc CO
.
) sio
gc|+io dc cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ cconom|+ dc cnc|g|+ combust|vc| |oss||;c+tu|+ c scucst|o
dc c+|bono cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s (co||c+ so|+| ||d|o b|om+ss+ c gcotc|m|c+) nuc|c+|
t|+nso|tc mc||o||+s nos vc|cu|os g+s to ||u|d (C|) co+| to ||u|d (C|) cc|u|+s + com-
bust|vc| vc|cu|os c|ct||cos c b|ocombust|vc|s
|m tot+| dc +; oocs dc m|t|g+io uc nio c+bcm sc|cm d|scut|d+s +u| |o|+m +v+||+d+s scgun-
do um c||tc||o uc |cv+ cm cont+ + oss|b|||d+dc dc sc c|cg+| m+tu||d+dc tccno|og|c+ no c||odo
377
Energias renovveis
c os custos dc m|t|g+io |cduz||cm |sscs |o|+m ||m|t+dos + |, ,o; t dc CO
.
no ccn+||o ^C c +
|, .oo; t dc CO
.
no ccn+||o ||||
|+|s vo|t+do +|+ +s cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s o |u|oc+n |cncw+b|c |nc|gy Counc|| (|||C) c|+bo|ou
do|s ccn+||os +|+ + cx+nsio dcss+s cnc|g|+s |cv+ndo cm cont+ +s o||t|c+s cst+bc|cc|d+s c o com-
o|t+mcnto d+ soc|cd+dc no +ss+do |cccntc ^|cscnt+-sc n+ +bc|+ ,. o ccn+||o m+|s consc|v+-
do| uc |cvc + m+nutcnio d+s o||t|c+s +tu+|s |csmo cm um ccn+||o consc|v+do| +|+ o |||C
+ cont||bu|io d+s cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s n+ o|c|t+ mund|+| dc cnc|g|+ ||m+||+ c|cg+ + ../ cm .o.o
c .;/ cm .o|o ^cs+| dc tc| um c|csc|mcnto m+|s |cnto + b|om+ss+ cont|nu+|+ como + m+|s |m-
o|t+ntc |ontc |cnov+vc| dc cnc|g|+ ||m+||+ c t+mbcm como + un|c+ |ontc +|+ + |oduio dc
combust|vc|s ||u|dos +|+ t|+nso|tc ^ cnc|g|+ co||c+ m+ntc|+ o c|csc|mcnto +cc|c|+do ,+ obsc|-
v+do |o,c +o +sso uc + cnc|g|+ so|+| tc|+ um c|csc|mcnto scmc||+ntc m+s um ouco +t|+s+do
cm |c|+io co||c+
Tabela 9.2: Contribuio das energias renovveis a nvel mundial (Mtep)
|nc|g|+ .001 .010 .0!0 .040
|nc|g|+ |||m+||+
(|tc)
100!c 11. 14 1o0
||om+ss+ 10c0 1.1 ...1 .c4!
|C| 1o o. 1
|o||c+ 4 ! ! c0
o|+| |otovo|t+|c+ 0. 1 110 44
o|+| tc|m|c+ 41 11 1. .4
o|+| c|mc|ct||c+ 01 04 .
Ccotc|m|c+ 4! ! 14 .o1
|+||n|+ 00 01 .
ot+| |cnov+vc| 1!o4 1oc. !41o 4c44
Cont||bu|io
|cnov+vc| (`)
1!o 14! ..0 .4
Fonte: European Renewable Energy Council, 2006
5
.
od+s +s |o|m+s dc cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s +|cscnt+d+s n+ +bc|+ ,. com cxccio d+s cnc|g|+s m+||-
5 EC. European Renewable Energy Council. Need for sectoral renewable energy targets. 2006.
378
n|+s ,+ sc cncont|+m cm cst+g|o comc|c|+| ^cs+| dc +|nd+ c+|+s ,+ sio mu|tos os +v+nos dc ||
|cst+ndo +go|+ o dcscnvo|v|mcnto dc cngcn|+||+ c g+n|os dc csc+|+ +|+ to|n+-|+s comct|t|v+s
||cntc + +|tc|n+t|v+s |nt|ct+nto c |mo|t+ntc uc sc d|g+ uc |og|+m+s |ntc||gcntcs dc || o-
dc|io |cv+| + so|uocs d|s|ut|v+s cm +|guns c+sos como o| cxcm|o + cnc|g|+ so|+| |otovo|t+|c+
|m+ |mo|t+ntc |nd|c+io do otcnc|+| |utu|o d+s cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s sio os |nvcst|mcntos cm
c+d+ +|tc|n+t|v+ c +s tcndcnc|+s +o |ongo do tcmo |m cstudo d+ United Nations Environment
Programme
most|+ uc t+|s |nvcst|mcntos cstio c|csccndo +cc|c|+d+mcntc dcsdc .oo| + t+x+s

suc||o|cs + ,o/ +o +no con|o|mc most|+ + +bc|+ +b+|xo
Tabela 9.3: Tendncias dos investimentos mundiais
em energias renovveis (bilhes US$)
|tcm .004 .00 .00o .00 .00c
|nvcst|mcnto
||n+ncc||o ot+|
1 !o o 11. 11
|o||c+ 100 11 .0 1! 1c
o|+| 0o !. 10! .. !!
||om+ss+ 1c 41 0 10o
|C| c |+||n|+ 0o 1! 1 !4 !.
Ccotc|m|c+ 0 04 10 0 ..
|c|cnc|+
cnc|gct|c+
0 0 1o .c 1c
Out|+s
tccno|og|+s dc
b+|xo c+|bono
0c 1o 1 .4 1c
||ocombust|vc|s 1! 1 1c0 1co 1o
C+stos cm ||
c cucnos
|o,ctos
1 .4 . !o !
ot+| dc novos
|nvcst|mcntos
! o ! 14c 1
|+ns+ocs
ot+|s'
4 1 1!! .0 ..!
6 UN. United Nation Environment Programme. Global trends in sustainable energy investment. Executive Summary 2009.
379
Energias renovveis
Nota: * Inclui investimentos em novas instalaes, fuses, aquisies e compra de participaes.
Fonte: UN, 2009.
^|gum+s obsc|v+ocs sio c|+|+s c|csc|mcnto |o|tc dc |nvcst|mcntos cm co||c+ so|+| c b|ocom-
bust|vc|s dcs+cc|c|+io cm .oos dcv|do c||sc cconom|c+ mund|+| |nvcst|mcnto |c|+t|v+mcntc
b+|xo cm cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ |nd|c+ndo uc os custos d+ cnc|g|+ +|nd+ cstio b+|xos O c|cs-
c|mcnto dos |nvcst|mcntos cm |nst+|+ocs comc|c|+|s cst+ mu|to m+|s +cc|c|+do uc os g+stos
com || o uc dc cc|t+ |o|m+ |nd|c+ o +|to g|+u dc m+tu||d+dc tccno|og|c+ ,+ +t|ng|do o|
cst+s +|tc|n+t|v+s Out|+ |n|o|m+io |mo|t+ntc dcst+ |c|c|cnc|+ d|z |csc|to o|ccnt+gcm dc
|nvcst|mcnto cm c++c|d+dc dc gc|+io |nst+|+d+ +d|c|on+| d+s cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s (scm |nc|u||
+s g|+ndcs ||d|c|ct||c+s) cm |c|+io c++c|d+dc tot+| |nst+|+d+ cm gc|+io nov+ uc +ssou dc
,/ cm .oo| +|+ .,/ cm .oos
|sso osto c oss|vc| +|m+| com scgu|+n+ uc +s cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s cstio c|cg+ndo com |o|+ no
ccn+||o mund|+| const|tu|ndo-sc cm oocs |c+|s +|+ +|t|c|+| n+ cx+nsio d+ o|c|t+ dc cnc|g|+
|c|cccm dcst+uc +s cnc|g|+s co||c+ so|+| b|om+ss+ c b|ocombust|vc|s Con|o|mc +ont+do c|+ |n-
tc|n+t|on+| |nc|gy ^gcncy (||^) + cconom|+ dc cnc|g|+ c + |o|m+ m+|s |+|d+ c b+|+t+ +|+ sc |cduz||
+s cm|ssocs dc g+scs dc c|c|to cstu|+ (C||) c o| |sso sc|+ |nc|u|d+ t+mbcm ncstc cstudo
|o +no|+m+ n+c|on+| + m+t||z cnc|gct|c+ b|+s||c||+ contcm|+ ||/ dc |ontcs |cnov+vc|s dc cnc|-
g|+ bcm +c|m+ dos +,/ d+ m+t||z mund|+| ^s ||nc|+|s |ontcs dc cnc|g|+s ||m+||+s |cnov+vc|s sio
+ c+n+ dc +uc+| (+e/) + ||d|oc|ct||c|d+dc (+,/) c o c+|vio vcgct+|;|cn|+ (+./)
|+ +|tc dc gc|+io dc cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ o govc|no b|+s||c||o dcc|d|u ||v||cg|+| +s cnc|g|+s |cnov+-
vc|s n+ cx+nsio do s|stcm+ b|+s||c||o |nt|oduz|ndo cm .oo. o ||og|+m+ |+c|on+| dc |nccnt|vo s
|ontcs ^|tc|n+t|v+s dc |nc|g|+ (||o|n|+) uc |o| oc|+c|on+||z+do cm .oo| O ob,ct|vo do ||o|n|+ c
d|vc|s|c+| + m+t||z dc cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ |o|tcmcntc dccndcntc d+ ||d|oc|ct||c|d+dc dc |o|m+ ||m-
+ |cs |ontcs ||m+||+s dc cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s |o|+m csco|||d+s co||c+ |C| c b|om+ss+ |nc|g|+
so|+| |o| cxc|u|d+ o| |+vc| s|do cons|dc|+d+ +|nd+ mu|to c+|+ |m tot+| dc ,,oo |\ |o| |csc|v+do
+|+ sc| d|v|d|do |gu+|mcntc cnt|c css+s t|cs |ontcs o|cm +os do|s |c||ocs + d|v|sio cou cm +|.,
|\ +|+ co||c+ ++,+ |\ +|+ |C| c es, |\ +|+ b|om+ss+ Os v+|o|cs d+s t+|||+s dc |c|c|cnc|+
+|+ +s t|cs +|tc|n+t|v+s |o|+m .+o.o +.;+| c ++.e+ |,;|\| +|+ co||c+ |C| c b|om+ss+ |cscc-
t|v+mcntc ^tu+|mcntc +s c++c|d+dcs |nst+|+d+s +|+ c+d+ um+ dc|+s sio +|., |\ (co||c+) ++,+
|\ (|C|) c e,, |\ (b|om+ss+)
+mbcm no scto| dc t|+nso|tc o ||+s|| cx|bc um c|| dc b+|xo c+|bono dcv|do ||nc|+|mcntc
g|+ndc +|t|c|+io do ct+no| uc |c|cscnt+ cc|c+ dc ,,/ do consumo cnc|gct|co d+ ||ot+ dc
380
vc|cu|os |cvcs (,o/ cm vo|umc) O b|od|csc| comcou +cn+s cm .oo, c ,+ most|+ |o|+ no c|csc|-
mcnto dcv|do s o||t|c+s govc|n+mcnt+|s dc |nccnt|vos + cstc b|ocombust|vc| |o|s dcsscs to|cos
gc|+io c|ct||c+ o| |ontcs |cnov+vc|s c cconom|+ dc cnc|g|+ sc|io t|+t+dos cm m+|s dct+||cs n+s
scocs scgu|ntcs dcstc C+|tu|o O |oco sc|+ m+|s d|||g|do nos +scctos dc v|+b|||d+dc tccno|og|c+
c no otcnc|+| dc cnct|+io d+s +|tc|n+t|v+s uc nos |occssos |odut|vos com o |ntu|to dc sc
|nd|c+| como dcvc||+ sc| + o||t|c+ c ||o||z+io dc |nt|oduio d+s v+||+s +|tc|n+t|v+s bcm como os
|nvcst|mcntos cm dcscnvo|v|mcnto tccno|og|co V+|c |cmb|+| uc b|ocombust|vc|s |o|+m t|+t+dos
nos C+|tu|os | , c s nio scndo ob,cto dc d|scussio no |cscntc C+|tu|o
|csc|cvcm-sc + scgu|| os |csu|t+dos d+s +n+||scs |c+||z+d+s +|+ o tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s no con-
tcxto do dcscnvo|v|mcnto d+ u|m|c+ Vc|dc no ||+s|| ^|cscnt+m-sc |n|c|+|mcntc os +no|+m+s
mund|+| c n+c|on+| d+ |oduio c|cnt|c+ c |o||cd+dc |ntc|cctu+| no tcm+ +bo|d+ndo-sc o c||o-
do +,,s-.oo, |+s scocs scgu|ntcs |dcnt|c+m-sc os to|cos tccno|og|cos dc |ntc|cssc +|+ o cstudo
|oscct|vo sob|c +s cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s sc|cc|on+d+s c +|cscnt+m-sc +s ||nc|+|s tcndcnc|+s tccno-
|og|c+s c +scctos dc mc|c+do + c|cs |c|+c|on+d+s |+ scucnc|+ d|scutcm-sc os m++s tccno|og|cos
dcssc tcm+ cm do|s n|vc|s dc +b|+ngcnc|+ (mundo c ||+s||) c o |cscct|vo o|t|o||o tccno|og|co cs-
t|+tcg|co +|+ o +|s cons|dc|+ndo-sc todo o |o||zontc .o+o - .o,o ^|cscnt+m-sc os |csu|t+dos d+
+n+||sc con,unt+ dos m++s tccno|og|cos c do o|t|o||o com |nd|c+io ob,ct|v+ d+s +||c+ocs m+|s
|om|sso|+s +|+ o ||+s|| |m scgu|d+ |dcnt|c+m-sc os cond|c|on+ntcs +|+ + consccuio d+ v|sio dc
|utu|o const|u|d+ + +|t|| dos |cscct|vos m++s tccno|og|cos c o|t|o||o cst|+tcg|co
9.1. Panorama mundial
O +no|+m+ mund|+| d+ |oduio c|cnt|c+ c |o||cd+dc |ntc|cctu+| sob|c o tcm+ cnc|g|+s |c-
nov+vc|s |o| c|+bo|+do + +|t|| dc |cv+nt+mcnto d||cto cm du+s b+scs dc d+dos |ntc|n+c|on+|s dc
|c|c|cnc|+ (|) Web of Science +|+ o |cv+nt+mcnto d+ |oduio c|cnt|c+
;
c (||) |c|wcnt |nnov+-
t|ons |ndcx +|+ o |cv+nt+mcnto dc +tcntcs
s
|sscs |cv+nt+mcntos +b|+ngc|+m d|vc|sos tc|mos dc
busc+ c cob|||+m o c||odo +,s,-.oo, como +|cscnt+do + scgu||
Cons|dc|+ndo uc os tc|mos gc|+|s como |cncw+b|c cnc|gy ou b|o|uc|s cng|ob+||+m to|cos
uc nio sc|io +bo|d+dos ncstc cstudo otou-sc o| sc|cc|on+| tc|mos cscc|cos |c|+c|on+dos +
to|cos dc |ntc|cssc como o| cxcm|o |yd|ogcn |oto|oduct|on c so|+| |otovo|t+|c cnc|gy
7 ISI Web of Science. Disponvel em: < http://go5.isiknowledge.com>. Acesso em: dez 2009.
8 Derwent Innovations Index. Disponvel em: < http://go5.isiknowledge.com>. Acesso em: dez 2009.
381
Energias renovveis
^s busc+s o| tc|mo |o|+m dc||m|t+d+s c|os c+mos to|c () c ub||s|cd yc+| (|) ^ |ox|m+
+bc|+ + scgu|| +|cscnt+ os tc|mos ut|||z+dos n+ cst|+tcg|+ dc busc+ dc ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s c
+tcntcs c os |csu|t+dos +g|cg+dos o| tc|mo
,
Tabela 9.4: Termos utilizados na estratgia de busca de publicaes cientcas

e patentes no tema energias renovveis
|c| c|mos d+ cst|+tcg|+ dc
busc+
|umc|o dc ub||c+ocs
(\cb o | c|cncc) |umc|o dc +tcntcs
(|c|wcnt |nnov+t|ons |ndcx)
1 =|yd|ogcn
|oto|oduct|on O|
=|yd|ogcn b|o|og|c+|
|oduct|on O|
=|otosynt|' cnc|gy
04 40.
. =b|og+s |oduct|on O|
=b|og+s
.!0 ..
! =cnc|gy c c|cncy 4!co 4ooo1
4 =w|nd cnc|gy 111 11c.!
=so|+| |otovo|t+|c
cnc|gy O| = |otovo|t+|c
cnc|gy O| = |V cnc|gy
44.. !.1.
o =|yd|oowc| O|
=|yd|+u||c cnc|gy
!4. c44.
1 O| . O| ! O| 4 O|
O| o
oc4.' o14'
Nota: (*) Resultado da estratgia de busca abrangendo todos os termos com o operador booleano OR, e eliminando os
documentos em duplicata. Campo TS= tpico (mais abrangente, do que o campo TI=ttulo).
^dot+ndo-sc + cst|+tcg|+ +|cscnt+d+ n+ +bc|+ ,| |o|+m |dcnt|c+d+s es|., ub||c+ocs c|cnt|-
c+s c e;,+| +tcntcs no c||odo +,,s-.oo, o uc dcmonst|+ + |mo|tnc|+ uc vcm scndo d+d+
+|t|cu|+|mcntc n+ u|t|m+ dcc+d+ +o dcscnvo|v|mcnto c +|o||+io dc tccno|og|+s |c|c|cntcs s
cnc|g|+s +|tc|n+t|v+s +bo|d+d+s ncstc |cv+nt+mcnto
9 Almeida, M.F.L. Produo cientca e propriedade intelectual referentes ao tema energias renovveis - tpicos selecionados:
1998-2009. Texto para discusso. Mimeo. Braslia: Centro de Gesto e Estudos Estratgicos. GGEE. Dez 2009.
382
^ ||gu|+ ,+ most|+ + cvo|uio do numc|o dc ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s sob|c o tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cno-
v+vc|s no |c|c||do c||odo
Obsc|v+-sc um+ cu|v+ +sccndcntc d+ |oduio c|cnt|c+ dcstc tcm+ dcsdc +,,s dcst+c+ndo-sc os
u|t|mos c|nco +nos d+ sc||c c||odo no u+| o numc|o dc ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s |ndcx+d+s n+ b+sc
dc d+dos consu|t+d+ c|csccu + um+ t+x+ mcd|+ +nu+| dc +|/

5.650
6.819
7.719
9.542
8.889
5.377
4.877
4.214
4.203
3.911
3.679
3.549
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
10.000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Ano
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Figura 9.1: Evoluo do Nmero de publicaes cientcas sobre energias renovveis
Fonte: Busca direta da base de dados Web of Science. Acesso em dez 2009.
^ ||gu|+ ,. most|+ os |csu|t+dos d+ +n+||sc d+s es|., ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s c|+ss|c+d+s o| +|s
dc o||gcm dos +uto|cs
383
Energias renovveis
6.456
5.894 5.866
4.115
3.962
3.150
3.007
2.645
2.439
2.132 2.130 2.035
1.899
1.617
1.465 1.453
1.220 1.207
1.097
18.564
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
18.000
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Figura 9.2: Publicaes cientcas sobre o tema energias renovveis, classicadas por pas: 1998 2009
(critrio top 20)
Fonte: Pesquisa direta na base de dados Web of Science. Acesso em dez 2009.
Os ||^ ||dc|+m o |+n||ng mund|+| com +s,e| ub||c+ocs scgu|dos d+ C||n+ com e|,e ub||c+-
ocs no c||odo O ||+s|| ocu+ + +, os|io do |+n||ng mund|+| dc |oduio c|cnt|c+ no tcm+
cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s com +.o; ub||c+ocs |ndcx+d+s n+ |c|c||d+ b+sc |ss+ busc+ |nd|cou um tot+|
dc +;. +|scs
|+ scucnc|+ + +bc|+ ,, +|cscnt+ o con,unto d+s es|., ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s c|+ss|c+d+s o|
+|c+ dc cscc|+||z+io
384
Tabela 9.5: Publicaes cientcas sobre energias renovveis, classicadas por rea
do conhecimento: 1998- 2009 (critrio top 10)
reas Nmero de publicaes %
|nc|g|+ c combust|vc|s cc4 1.!
C|cnc|+s +mb|cnt+|s 1 c0o
||s|co-u|m|c+ 1 oc
||s|c+ +||c+d+ 0c 44
C|cnc|+ dos m+tc||+|s mu|t|d|sc|||n+| 4!o. o!
^st|onom|+ c +st|o||s|c+ 40.c c
|ngcn|+||+ c|ct||c+ c c|ct|on|c+ !0! 0
||s|c+ +tom|c+ mo|ccu|+| c u|m|c+ !. 4
|ngcn|+||+ u|m|c+ !1 4o
C|cnc|+ c tccno|og|+ nuc|c+| .c0 410
^s |n|o|m+ocs d+ +bc|+ ,, c|m|tcm conc|u|| uc nio |+ um+ g|+ndc conccnt|+io dc ub||c+-
ocs cm to|no dc um+ ou m+|s +|c+s dc cscc|+||z+io |+ |+|x+ dc +.,,/ + ;||/ s|tu+m-sc cnc|-
g|+ c combust|vc|s c|cnc|+s +mb|cnt+|s ||s|co-u|m|c+ c ||s|c+ +||c+d+ |m um scgundo +t+m+|
cncont|+m-sc +s +|c+s c|cnc|+ dos m+tc||+|s +st|onom|+ c +st|o||s|c+ cngcn|+||+ c|ct||c+ c c|ct|o-
n|c+ com c|ccntu+|s n+ |+|x+ dc e,; + ,;o/ ^s dcm+|s +|c+s most|+d+s ncstc |+n||ng s|tu+m-sc
cm +t+m+|cs |n|c||o|cs n+ |+|x+ dc |;, + |+o/ dc ub||c+ocs c|+ss|c+d+s n+s |cscct|v+s +|c+s
Con|o|mc |n|o|m+io d+ b+sc consu|t+d+ |o|+m |dcnt|c+d+s no tot+| .., +|c+s C+bc dcst+c+| uc
um+ dctc|m|n+d+ ub||c+io odc sc| c|+ss|c+d+ cm m+|s dc um+ +|c+ dc con|cc|mcnto
^ +bc|+ + scgu|| +|cscnt+ + +n+||sc do con,unto dc ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s cm |c|+io + |nst|tu|-
ocs dc o||gcm dc scus +uto|cs
385
Energias renovveis
Tabela 9.6: Publicaes cientcas sobre energias renovveis,
classicadas por instituio de origem dos autores: 1998- 2009 (critrio top 25)
Instituio Pas Nmero de publicaes
C||ncsc ^c+dcmy o| c|cncc C||n+ 1o04
|uss|+n ^c+dcmy o| c|cncc |uss|+ 11o1
|n|vc|s|ty o| C+|||o|n|+ |c||c|cy ||^ co!
|^^ ||^ o1
|yoto |n|vc|s|ty |+io o
|n|vc|s|ty o| o|yo |+io o
Ccnt|c |+t|on+| dc |+ |cc|c|c|c
c|cnt|uc
||+n+ 4
Os+|+ |n|vc|s|ty |+io .0
Cons|g||o |+z|on+|c dc||c ||cc|c|c |t+||+ 40
|+ss+c|usctts |nst|tutc o| cc|no|ogy
(||)
||^ 4c.
|n|vc|s|ty o| |+|y|+nd ||^ 44c
|nd|+n |nst|tutc o| cc|no|ogy |nd|+ 414
|n|vc|s|ty o| ||c||g+n ||^ 40o
|n|vc|s|ty o| ||||no|s ||^ !.
|n|vc|s|ty o| Co|o|+do ||^ !0
o|o|u |n|vc|s|ty |+io !c.
|n|vc|s|ty o| C+|||o|n|+ |os ^ngc|cs ||^ !c
|n|vc|s|ty o| |ondon |mc||+| Co||cgc o|
c|cncc cc|no|ogy |cd|c|nc
|ng|+tc||+ !
|oscow |V |omonosov t+tc
|n|vc|s|ty
|uss|+ !.
|cnnsy|v+n|+ t+tc |n|vc|s|ty ||^ !1
|n|vc|s|ty o| \+s||ngton ||^ !0
C+|||o|n|+ |nst|tutc o| cc|no|ogy
(C+|tcc|)
||^ !o
|o|ns |o||ns |n|vc|s|ty ||^ !
|n|vc|s|ty o| \|scons|n ||^ !.
o|yo |nst|tutc o| cc|no|ogy |+io !.1
Fonte: Pesquisa direta na base de dados Web of Science. Acesso em dez 2009
386
|m um tot+| dc .+,,. |nst|tu|ocs + C||ncsc ^c+dcmy o| c|cncc ||dc|+ o |+n||ng mund|+| com
+eo| ub||c+ocs cm um tot+| dc es|., ub||c+ocs |+s |ox|m+s os|ocs cncont|+m-sc + |us-
s|+n ^c+dcmy o| c|cncc d+ |uss|+ + |n|vc|s|ty o| C+|||o|n|+ |c||c|cy c + |^^ dos ||^ com ++e+
se, c e,+ ub||c+ocs |cscct|v+mcntc
|+ |+|x+ dc ,e; + ,.o ub||c+ocs no c||odo dcst+c+m-sc t|cs |nst|tu|ocs ,+oncs+s (|yoto |n|-
vc|s|ty |n|vc|s|ty o| Os+|+ c o|yo |n|vc|s|ty) c o Ccnt|c |+t|on+| dc |+ |cc|c|c|c c|cnt|uc d+
||+n+ |mbo|+ o ||+s|| ocuc + +, os|io no |+n||ng mund|+| dc ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s sob|c o
tcm+ cm ucstio nio ++|cccm |nst|tu|ocs b|+s||c||+s no |+n||ng d+s ., ||nc|+|s |nst|tu|ocs s
u+|s os +uto|cs cstio v|ncu|+dos ^d|+ntc ncst+ cio |n|o|m+ocs sob|c +s |nst|tu|ocs n+c|on+|s
s u+|s os +uto|cs b|+s||c||os cstio v|ncu|+dos sc|io +|cscnt+d+s u+ndo d+ +|cscnt+io do +-
no|+m+ d+ |oduio c|cnt|c+ |c|c|cntc + cstc tcm+ no ||+s||
cndo cm v|st+ o c+|+tc| cst|+tcg|co d+s tccno|og|+s uc sc cncont|+m cm cst+g|o cmb||on+||o;
c|csc|mcnto no ccn+||o mund|+| +|cscnt+-sc + scgu|| os |csu|t+dos d+ +n+||sc b|b||omct||c+ |oc+-
||z+ndo +cn+s o to|co |oduio b|o|og|c+ dc ||d|ogcn|o |o|+m |dcnt|c+d+s no c||odo +,,s-
.oo, ;,o| ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s c +cn+s |o. +tcntcs ^ cst|+tcg|+ dc busc+ ut|||zou tc|mos
cscc|cos do to|co como |yd|ogcn |oto|oduct|on |yd|ogcn b|o|og|c+| |oduct|on |o-
tosynt|cs|s cnc|gy c |otosynt|ct|c' cnc|gy ^s busc+s o| tc|mo |o|+m dc||m|t+d+s c|os c+m-
os to|c () c yc+| ub||s|cd (|)
^ ||gu|+ ,, most|+ + cvo|uio do |umc|o dc ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s sob|c o to|co |oduio b|o-
|og|c+ dc ||d|ogcn|o no |c|c||do c||odo Obsc|v+-sc c|o |o|m+to d+ cu|v+ uc + |oduio c|cn-
t|c+ sob|c cstc to|co sc cncont|+ cm cst+g|o cmb||on+||o +|+ c|csc|mcnto com um+ |oduio
+nu+| mcd|+ dc |.| ub||c+ocs no c||odo +,,s-.o+o |cst+c+-sc um c||odo dc |+tc+u n+ cu|v+
no c||odo dc +,,s + .oo. ^ c|scct|v+ c dc c|csc|mcnto +|+ os |ox|mos +nos c|+ tcndcnc|+
|nd|c+d+ no g|+co + +|t|| dc .oo;
387
Energias renovveis

633
749
723
897
824
666
638
578
577
554
539
526
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Ano
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Figura 9.3: Evoluo do Nmero de publicaes cientcas sobre produo biolgica de hidrognio
Fonte: Busca direta da base de dados Web of Science. Acesso em dez 2009.
^ ||gu|+ ,| most|+ os |csu|t+dos d+ +n+||sc d+s ;,o| ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s c|+ss|c+d+s o| +|s
dc o||gcm dos +uto|cs Obsc|v+-sc uc os ||^ ||dc|+m o |+n||ng com .,s| ub||c+ocs scgu|dos
d+ ^|cm+n|+ c do |+io com +o,; c ,.. ub||c+ocs |cscct|v+mcntc |m um tc|cc||o +t+m+|
cncont|+m-sc + C||n+ + ||+n+ c + |ng|+tc||+ com o numc|o dc ub||c+ocs v+||+ndo dc ,;, + |,|
O ||+s|| ocu+ + .+ os|io do |+n||ng mund|+| dc |oduio c|cnt|c+ sob|c o to|co |oduio
b|o|og|c+ dc ||d|ogcn|o com ++, ub||c+ocs |ndcx+d+s n+ |c|c||d+ b+sc cm um tot+| dc +o, +|scs
388
1.037
922
579
530
494
414
388 387
356 343
315
258
223
168 157 155
133 125 122 119
2.384
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
2.200
2.400
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Figura 9.4: Publicaes cientcas sobre produo biolgica de hidrognio, classicadas por pas:
1998 2009 (critrio top 21)
Fonte: Busca direta da base de dados Web of Science. Acesso em dez 2009
|+ scucnc|+ + +bc|+ +|cscnt+ o con,unto d+s ;,o| ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s sob|c |oduio b|o-
|og|c+ dc ||d|ogcn|o c|+ss|c+d+s o| +|c+ dc cscc|+||z+io
^s |n|o|m+ocs d+ +bc|+ ,; c|m|tcm conc|u|| uc nio |+ um+ g|+ndc conccnt|+io dc ub||c+ocs
cm to|no dc um+ ou m+|s +|c+s dc cscc|+||z+io |+ |+|x+ dc ...e/ + +||,/ s|tu+m-sc +s +|c+s dc
botn|c+ b|ou|m|c+ c b|o|og|+ mo|ccu|+| c ||s|co-u|m|c+ |m um scgundo +t+m+| |dcnt|c+m-sc +s
+|c+s dc b|o||s|c+ ||s|c+ +tom|c+ mo|ccu|+| c u|m|c+ c|cnc|+s +mb|cnt+|s c u|m|c+ (mu|t|d|sc|||n+|)
com c|ccntu+|s n+ |+|x+ dc s,s + ;e;/ dc ub||c+ocs c|+ss|c+d+s n+s |cscct|v+s +|c+s ^ +|c+ dc
cnc|g|+;combust|vc|s ocu+ + , os|io do |+n||ng com ,+, ub||c+ocs d||ct+mcntc ||g+d+s + css+
+|c+ Con|o|mc |n|o|m+io d+ b+sc consu|t+d+ |o|+m |dcnt|c+d+s no tot+| +|; +|c+s
389
Energias renovveis
Tabela 9.7: Publicaes cientcas sobre produo biolgica de hidrognio,
classicadas por rea do conhecimento: 1998- 2009 (critrio top 10)
|otn|c+ 1o0 ...o
||ou|m|c+ c b|o|og|+ mo|ccu|+| 1.1 1c!
||s|co-u|m|c+ 114. 144
||o||s|c+ 10 cc
||s|c+ +tom|c+ mo|ccu|+| c u|m|c+ o1 c!
C|cnc|+s +mb|cnt+|s o1o
u|m|c+ mu|t|d|sc|||n+| o0 o
||otccno|og|+ c m|c|ob|o|og|+ +||c+d+ !o0 4
|nc|g|+ c combust|vc|s !1 !c
|co|og|+ !0 !cc
^ +bc|+ + scgu|| +|cscnt+ + +n+||sc do con,unto dc ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s cm |c|+io + |nst|tu|ocs
dc o||gcm dc scus +uto|cs
390
Tabela 9.8: Publicaes cientcas sobre produo biolgica de hidrognio,
classicadas por instituio de origem dos autores: 1998- 2009 (critrio top 25)
Instituio Pas Nmero de publicaes
C||ncsc ^c+dcmy o| c|cncc C||n+ .o.
|uss|+n ^c+dcmy o| c|cncc |uss|+ 1cc
|oscow |V |omonosov t+tc
|n|vc|s|ty
|uss|+ 1.
^||zon+ t+tc |n|vc|s|ty ||^ 1o
|n|vc|s|ty o| C+|||o|n|+ |c||c|cy ||^ 1o0
|yoto |n|vc|s|ty |+io 1!
Os+|+ |n|vc|s|ty |+io 1.1
o|o|u |n|vc|s|ty |+io 110
|n|vc|s|ty o| ||||no|s ||^ 104
Ccnt|c |+t|on+| dc |+ |cc|c|c|c
c|cnt|uc
||+n+ c
Cons|g||o |+z|on+|c dc||c ||cc|c|c |t+||+ o
|n|vc|s|ty o| C|+sgow |scoc|+
ûst|+||+n |+t|on+| |n|vc|s|ty ûst|+||+ !
|n|vc|s|ty o| |c c|d |ng|+tc||+ .
V||,|c |n|vc|s|ty o| ^mstc|d+m |o|+nd+ cc
||cc |n|vc|s|ty o| |c|||n ^|cm+n|+ c
Consc,o uc||o| dc |nvcst|g+c|oncs
C|cnt|c+s
|s+n|+ o
|n|vc|s|ty o| o|yo |+io o
|mc+ |n|vc|s|ty ucc|+ oc
|n|vc|s|ty o| |un|c| ^|cm+n|+ oo
|cnnsy|v+n|+ t+tc |n|vc|s|ty ||^ o4
|n|vc|s|tc|t |c|dcn |o|+nd+ o.
^|gonnc |+t|on+| |+bo|+to|y ||^ o1
C|^ +c|+y ||+n+ o1
|und |n|vc|s|ty ucc|+ o0
391
Energias renovveis
|m um tot+| dc ,|o, |nst|tu|ocs + C||ncsc ^c+dcmy o| c|cncc d+ C||n+ ||dc|+ o |+n||ng mund|+|
com .e. ub||c+ocs no c||odo cons|dc|+do scgu|d+ dc du+s |nst|tu|ocs |uss+s + |uss|+n ^c+dcmy
o| c|cncc c + |oscow |V |omonosov t+tc |n|vc|s|ty com +ss c +;. ub||c+ocs |cscct|v+mcntc
|ctom+ndo-sc o tcm+ gc|+| +|cscnt+m-sc n+ scucnc|+ os |csu|t+dos do |cv+nt+mcnto dc +tcn-
tcs |c|c|cntcs + cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s no c||odo +,,s .oo, Como mcnc|on+do cssc |cv+nt+mcnto
|o| |c+||z+do d||ct+mcntc n+ b+sc |c|wcnt |nnov+t|ons |ndcx c +b|+ngcu os mcsmos tc|mos dc bus-
c+ do |cv+nt+mcnto +ntc||o| |o|+m |dcnt|c+d+s e;,+| +tcntcs no |c|c||do c||odo
Os |csu|t+dos do |cv+nt+mcnto dc +tcntcs c|m|t||+m |dcnt|c+| (|) +s ||nc|+|s +|c+s dc cscc|+-
||z+io +ssoc|+d+s +o con,unto dc +tcntcs (c||tc||o to +o) con|o|mc |ndcx+io d+s +|c+s c|+s
|o||+s b+scs dc d+dos consu|t+d+s (||) o numc|o dc dcos|t+ntcs c os dcst+ucs cn|+t|z+ndo-sc +
|cscn+ dc cm|cs+s (c||tc||o to .,) c (|||) um+ +n+||sc o| cod|go d+ |ntc|n+t|on+| |+tcnt C|+s-
s|c+t|on (|C|) uc |cvc|+ +s subc|+sscs |C| dc m+|o| |c|cscnt+t|v|d+dc +|+ ostc||o| mon|to|+-
mcnto d+ cvo|uio d+ |o||cd+dc |ntc|cctu+| no tcm+ nos |ox|mos +nos
^ +bc|+ ,, +|cscnt+ o con,unto d+s +tcntcs |cv+nt+d+s scgundo + c|+ss|c+io o| +|c+ dc cs-
cc|+||z+io do |o||o s|stcm+ dc |ndcx+io d+ |c|c||d+ b+sc ^ csu|s+ |nd|cou um tot+| dc .|
+|c+s dc con|cc|mcnto
Tabela 9.9: Patentes referentes ao tema energias renovveis,
classicadas por rea do conhecimento: 1998 - 2009 (critrio top 10)
|ngcn|+||+ 04c c4o
|nst|umcntos c |nst|umcnt+io 01 4c
u|m|c+ ...4 !!
|nc|g|+ c combust|vc|s 110. .!!
|+nso|tc .1c .4!
C|cnc|+ dos o||mc|os o 10o
C|cnc|+ d+ comut+io 4. o!o
ccno|og|+ dc const|uio !0!! 44
|ct+|u|g|+ c cngcn|+||+ mct+|u|g|c+ .o. !c
|ccu|sos ||d||cos .4! !o
Fonte: Pesquisa direta na base de dados Derwent Innovations Index. Acesso em dez 2009
392
ô sc +n+||s+| +s |n|o|m+ocs sob|c +tcntcs +|cscnt+d+s n+ +bc|+ ,, obsc|v+-sc uc um c|ccn-
tu+| b+st+ntc s|gn|c+t|vo |c|c|c-sc d||ct+mcntc + du+s +|c+s cngcn|+||+ c |nst|umcntos;|nst|umcn-
t+io (s;|e c ;|s;/ |cscct|v+mcntc) C|+ss|c+dos n+ +|c+ cnc|g|+;combust|vc|s |+ +;+o. docu-
mcntos co||csondcndo + .,,,/ do tot+|
O mcsmo con,unto dc +tcntcs |o| +n+||s+do cm |c|+io + scus dcos|t+ntcs (+bc|+ ,+o) Obsc|v+-
sc uc + m+|o||+ d+ cm|cs+s sio dc o||gcm ,+oncs+ scndo + oyot+ + ||dc| do |+n||ng mund|+|
com ,s, +tcntcs cgucm-sc + |C + |+tsus||t+ c + Ccnc|+| ||cct||c com ,o s, c e, +tcntcs |cs-
cct|v+mcntc ^ busc+ |nd|cou um tot+| dc |;|es dcos|t+ntcs
classicadas por depositante: 1998- 2009 (critrio top 10)
Depositante Nmero de patentes
oyot+ ||dos|+ || c c
|C ||cct|on|cs |nc 0 0
|+tsus||t+ |cn|| +ngyo || 4c1 4c1
Ccnc|+| ||cct||c Co !4c !4c
os||b+ || !.0 !.0
C+non || .o .o
||t+c|| |td .! .!
||tsubs|| ||cct||c Co .! .!
+msung || Co |td .! .!
||tsub|s|| |u|ogyo || .. ..
|+ scucnc|+ + +bc|+ most|+ os |csu|t+dos d+ +n+||sc d+s e;,+| +tcntcs scgundo +s subc|+sscs d+
|ntc|n+t|on+| |+tcnt C|+ss|c+t|on (|C|)
393
Energias renovveis
classicadas por cdigo do depositante: 1998- 2009 (critrio top 10)
Classe ICP Nmero de patentes
|0!|-00;00 .040
|0!|-011;00 101
|0!|-00!;00 .
|01|-0!1;00
|0!|-01!;00 .1
|01|-0!1;04 coo
|01|-00c;04 c.0
|.4|-00.;00 4o
|0!|-001;00 4
|0|-0C!;00 04
Fonte: Pesquisa direta na base de dados Derwent Innovations Index. Acesso em dez 2009.
Const+t+-sc uc +s subc|+sscs |C| dc m+|o| |c|cscnt+t|v|d+dc cncont|+m-sc n+ c|+ssc |o, - m+-
u|n+s ou moto|cs + ||u|dos moto|cs mov|dos + vcnto mo|+s csos ou out|os |oduio dc |o|+
mccn|c+ ou dc cmuxo |ou|s|vo o| |c+io nio |nc|u|d+ cm out|o |oc+| c n+s c|+sscs |o+
c|cmcntos c|ct||cos b+s|cos |.| +ucc|mcnto |ogocs vcnt||+io c |o, - c||m|n+io dc |cs|du-
os so||dos |ccuc|+io dc so|o cont+m|n+do
^ cxcm|o do uc |o| most|+do no +no|+m+ d+ |oduio c|cnt|c+ sob|c o tcm+ ob,cto dcstc
C+|tu|o +|cscnt+-sc + scgu|| os |csu|t+dos do |cv+nt+mcnto dc +tcntcs |oc+||z+ndo cscc|c+-
mcntc o to|co |oduio b|o|og|c+ dc ||d|ogcn|o
^ +bc|+ ,+. +|cscnt+ o con,unto d+s |o. +tcntcs |cv+nt+d+s ncstc to|co scgundo + c|+ss|c+-
io o| +|c+ dc cscc|+||z+io do |o||o s|stcm+ dc |ndcx+io d+ |c|c||d+ b+sc |o|+m |dcnt|c+-
d+s +o todo .e +|c+s dc cscc|+||z+io s u+|s +s +tcntcs |c|c|cntcs |oduio b|o|og|c+ dc ||-
d|ogcn|o cstio v|ncu|+d+s
394
Tabela 9.12: Patentes referentes ao tpico produo biolgica de hidrognio,
classicadas por rea do conhecimento: 1998 - 2009 (critrio top 10)
reas Nmero de patentes %
u|m|c+ !!! c.c!
|ngcn|+||+ .4o o11
|nst|umcntos;|nst|umcnt+io 1 !
||otccno|og|+ c m|c|ob|o|og|+ +||c+d+ 1 !c
|nc|g|+ c combust|vc|s 1!0 !.!!
^g||cu|tu|+ 11 .co0
|ccu|sos ||d||cos c4 .0c
C|cnc|+ d+ comut+io 11 .!
|ct+|u|g|+ c cngcn|+||+ mct+|u|g|c+ c 1
Ot|c+ o 14
^ +n+||sc d+s |n|o|m+ocs sob|c +tcntcs most|+d+s n+ +bc|+ ,+. |nd|c+ uc um c|ccntu+| s|gn|-
c+t|vo dos documcntos |c|c|cm-sc d||ct+mcntc + du+s +|c+s u|m|c+ (s.s,/) c cngcn|+||+ (e++,/)
|m um scgundo +t+m+| s|tu+m-sc t|cs +|c+s dc cscc|+||z+io |nst|umcntos;|nst|umcnt+io
(,,,,/) b|otccno|og|+ c m|c|ob|o|og|+ +||c+d+ (,s,,/) c cnc|g|+;combust|vc|s (,.,,/) |cstc
|+n||ng (to +o) +s dcm+|s +|c+s ossucm c|ccntu+|s |n|c||o|cs dc +tcntcs c|+ss|c+d+s scgundo
+s |cscct|v+s +|c+s (dc .seo + +|, /) C+bc |css+|t+| o|cm uc um+ dctc|m|n+d+ +tcntc odc
sc| c|+ss|c+d+ cm m+|s dc um+ +|c+ dc con|cc|mcnto
O mcsmo con,unto dc +tcntcs |o| +n+||s+do cm |c|+io + scus dcos|t+ntcs (+bc|+ ,+,) Obsc|v+-
sc uc +s cm|cs+s ||dc|cs sio + |cstc O|| |+s| ^C c + C|||tu |+n|yo +ngyo C|,|tsu |cn|yu +mb+s
com , +tcntcs scgu|d+s dc ., dcos|t+ntcs com o numc|o dc +tcntcs v+||+ndo dc | + . ^ busc+
|nd|cou +|nd+ um tot+| dc ,es dcos|t+ntcs
395
Energias renovveis
Tabela 9.13: Patentes referentes produo biolgica de hidrognio,
classicadas por depositante: 1998- 2009 (critrio top 25)
Depositante Nmero de patentes
|cstc O|| OV|
z| C|||tu |+n|yo +ngyo C|,|tsu |cn|yu
^g||c ||cct||| |cs |nst 4
C| C|ou ||C 4
um|tomo |c+vy |nd |td 4
||cmc| |\ !
C+|son | \ !
|o|u||tsu Cyosc| |o,|n +ngyo C|,utsu o !
|||C |nc|gy |nv||onmcnt+| |cs Ccnt !
||| ccno|og|c + !
c|m|st |nc !
|n|v |cn+n ^g||c !
|n|v z|c,|+ng !
^gcncy o| |ndust||+| c|cncc +nd cc|no|ogy (|+io) .
^m+|+| |cmc| | .
|+s| ^C .
|+s| | .
C+|g||| |nc .
Comm|ss+||+t ||nc|g|c ^tom|uc (||+n+) .
| C|+|g Vcntc| |nst|tutc .
Counc|| o| c|cnt|c |ndust||+| |csc+|c| (|nd|+) .
|b+|+ Co| .
||sbctt | .
C+||ow+y | .
|+|b|n |nst|tutc o| cc|no|ogy .
396
|+ scucnc|+ + +bc|+ ,+| most|+ os |csu|t+dos d+ +n+||sc d+s |o. +tcntcs scgundo +s subc|+sscs
d+ |ntc|n+t|on+| |+tcnt C|+ss|c+t|on (|C|)
|+|+ mon|to|+mcnto ostc||o| d+s +tcntcs ncstc to|co com + ut|||z+io d+ |ntc|n+t|on+| |+tcnt
C|+ss|c+t|on (|C|) como |c|c|cnc|+ |dcnt|c+m-sc sctc c|+sscs |C| + s+bc| C+.| |occssos dc
|c|mcnt+io ou |occssos uc ut|||zcm cnz|m+s +|+ s|ntct|z+| um+ comos|io ou comosto u|-
m|co dcsc,+do ou +|+ sc+|+| |somc|os ot|cos dc um+ m|stu|+ |+ccm|c+ (| subc|+sscs d|st|nt+s)
C
+.
| ++|c||os +|+ cnz|mo|og|+ ou m|c|ob|o|og|+ C
+.
| m|c|oo|g+n|smos ou cnz|m+s su+s
comos|ocs |o+g+io |csc|v+io ou m+nutcnio dc m|c|oo|g+n|smos ou tcc|do cngcn|+||+
gcnct|c+ ou dc mut+ocs mc|os dc cu|tu|+ C
+o
C- c|+uc+mcnto dc o|cos ||d|oc+|bonctos |o-
duio dc m|stu|+s ||d|oc+|bonctos ||u|dos o| cx o| ||d|ogcn+io dcst|ut|v+ o||gomc||z+io
o||mc||z+io Co.|- t|+t+mcnto dc +gu+ dc +gu+s |cs|du+|s dc csgotos ou dc |+m+s c |odos
ô+C |o|t|cu|tu|+ cu|t|vo dc vcgct+|s o|cs +||oz ||ut+s v|n|+s |uu|os ou +|g+s s||v|cu|tu|+
||||g+io ^ c|+ssc |+oC nio const+ d+ - cd|io .oo;o+ d+ C|+ss|c+io |ntc|n+c|on+| dc |+tcntcs
^tu+| uc cnt|ou cm v|go| + +|t|| dc ,+nc||o dc .oo;
+o
Tabela 9.14: Patentes referentes ao tema produo biolgica de hidrognio,

classicadas por cdigo do depositante: 1998- 2009 (critrio top 10)
Classe ICP Nmero de patentes
C1.|-00!;00 41
C1.|-001;00 !1
C1.|-001;.0 .4
^01C-00;00 .1
C0.|-00!;!4 .1
C1.|-00;0. 1o
C1.|-00;0. 1o
|10C-00!;00 14
C10C-00!;00 14
C1.|-00;00 14
Fonte: Pesquisa direta na base de dados Derwent Innovations Index. Acesso em dez 2009.
10 World Industrial Property Organization. WIPO. International Patent Classication. Edio 2007.1 em portugus. Disponvel em:
<http://www6.inpi.gov.br/patentes/classicacao/classicacao.htm>. Acesso em: dez 2009.
397
Energias renovveis
|uscou-sc most|+| |nd|c+do|cs b|b||omct||cos dc ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s c +tcntcs +ssoc|+dos +o
tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s ob,cto dcstc C+|tu|o |oc+||z+ndo-sc to|cos cscc|cos dc |ntc|cssc
+|+ o cstudo |oscct|vo |+|t|cu|+|mcntc c|+ su+ |mo|tnc|+ cst|+tcg|c+ +|+ o +|s +|cscnt+-
|+m-sc |nd|c+do|cs |oc+||z+ndo cscc|c+mcntc o to|co |oduio b|o|og|c+ dc ||d|ogcn|o Os to-
|cos ob,cto dcst+ +n+||sc const|tucm +|tc|n+t|v+s cnc|gct|c+s uc dcvc|io cont||bu|| +|+ v|+b|||z+|
+ t|+ns|io mund|+| c n+c|on+| d+ dcnom|n+d+ c|+ do ct|o|co +|+ + c|+ d+s cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s
V+|c dcst+c+| cnt|ct+nto uc u+|uc| |csu|t+do dc um+ +n+||sc b|b||omct||c+ tcm c+|+tc| +cn+s
|nd|c+t|vo |ccomcnd+ndo-sc scu c|uz+mcnto ostc||o| com out|+s |n|o|m+ocs c +n+||scs |c|c|cn-
tcs +os to|cos tccno|og|cos +ssoc|+dos +o tcm+ gc|+| (cio ,,)
9.2. Panorama nacional
Com |c|+io |oduio c|cnt|c+ n+c|on+| no c||odo +,,s-.oo, o |cv+nt+mcnto n+ b+sc \cb o|
c|cncc |nd|cou uc o ||+s|| ocu+ |o,c + +, os|io do |+n||ng mund|+| dc |oduio c|cnt|c+ no
tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s com +.o; ub||c+ocs |ndcx+d+s n+ |c|c||d+ b+sc (Vc| ||gu|+ ,.) |cst+ c-
io busc+-sc +|cscnt+| + cvo|uio d+ |oduio c|cnt|c+ no |c|c||do c||odo c +n+||s+-|+ cm |c|+io
+ |nst|tu|ocs dc o||gcm dc scus +uto|cs Os |csu|t+dos sio +|cscnt+dos n+ +bc|+ ,+, + scgu||
^ ||gu|+ + scgu|| most|+ + cvo|uio do |umc|o dc ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s sob|c cnc|g|+s |cno-
v+vc|s no c||odo +,,s-.oo,
398

97
128
130
169
176
115
79 78
78
49
54 54
0
50
100
150
200
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Ano
N

d
e

p
u
b
l
i
c
a
e
s

e

p
a
t
e
n
t
e
s
Figura 9.5: Evoluo do Nmero de publicaes cientcas de autores brasileiros sobre o tema
energias renovveis: 1998 - 2009
Obsc|v+-sc c|o |o|m+to d+ cu|v+ uc + |oduio c|cnt|c+ sob|c o tcm+ sc cncont|+ cm cst+g|o
cmb||on+||o +|+ c|csc|mcnto com um+ |oduio +nu+| mcd|+ dc +oo ub||c+ocs no c||odo +,,s-
.o+o ^ c|scct|v+ c dc c|csc|mcnto +|+ os |ox|mos +nos c|+ tcndcnc|+ gc|+| |nd|c+d+ no g|+co
^ +bc|+ ,+, +|cscnt+ + +n+||sc do con,unto dc ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s cm |c|+io + |nst|tu|ocs dc
o||gcm dos +uto|cs b|+s||c||os
399
Energias renovveis
Tabela 9.15: Publicaes cientcas de autores brasileiros sobre o tema energias renovveis,
classicados segundo a instituio de origem de seus autores: 1998 2009
Instituio Estado Nmero de publicaes
|n|vc|s|d+dc dc io |+u|o io |+u|o .
|n|vc|s|d+dc |st+du+| dc C+m|n+s io |+u|o 11.
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| do ||o dc |+nc||o ||o dc |+nc||o 10.
|n|vc|s|d+dc |st+du+| |+u||st+ |u||o
|csu|t+ ||||o (||||)
io |+u|o cc
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc V|os+ ||n+s Cc|+|s co
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| do ||o C|+ndc do u| ||o C|+ndc do u| 4
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc +nt+ C+t+||n+ +nt+ C+t+||n+ 4.
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc +nt+ |+||+ ||o C|+ndc do u| !c
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc |c|n+mbuco |c|n+mbuco !
|nst|tuto |+c|on+| dc |csu|s+s |s+c|+|s ||vc|sos !4
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc ||n+s Cc|+|s ||n+s Cc|+|s !1
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| do |+|+n+ |+|+n+ .
|n|vc|s|d+dc |st+du+| dc |+||ng+ |+|+n+ .
|n|vc|s|d+dc dc ||+s|||+ || ..
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc |bc||nd|+ ||n+s Cc|+|s .1
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc io |+u|o
(||||||)
io |+u|o 1
|n|vc|s|d+dc |st+du+| do ||o dc |+nc||o ||o dc |+nc||o 1c
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| d+ |+|+|b+ |+|+|b+ 1
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| do Cc+|+ Cc+|+ 1
|n|vc|s|d+dc |st+du+| do |o|tc ||um|ncnsc ||o dc |+nc||o 1o
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc ^|+go+s ^|+go+s 1
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| |u|+| dc |c|n+mbuco |c|n+mbuco 1
|||| ||o dc |+nc||o 1!
|mb|++ ||vc|sos 1.
400
Instituio Estado Nmero de publicaes
|ont|||c|+ |n|vc|s|d+dc C+to||c+ do ||o dc
|+nc||o
||o dc |+nc||o 1.
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc |+v|+s ||n+s Cc|+|s 1.
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc C+m|n+ C|+ndc |+|+|b+ 11
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| ||um|ncnsc ||o dc |+nc||o 11
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| do |+to C|osso |+to C|osso 10
|nst|tuto |+c|on+| dc |csu|s+s d+ ^m+zon|+ ^m+zon|+
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| d+ |+||+ |+||+
Ccnt|o ||+s||c||o dc |csu|s+s ||s|c+s ||o dc |+nc||o c
Consc||o |+c|on+| dc |cscnvo|v|mcnto
C|cnt|co c ccno|og|co (C||)
||
|nst|tuto dc zootccn|c+ io |+u|o
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc Co|+s Co|+s
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc |t+,ub+ ||n+s Cc|+|s
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| do |s|||to +nto |s|||to +nto
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc c|g|c c|g|c o
|m|cs+ dc |csu|s+ ^g|occu+||+ dc ||n+s
Cc|+|s
||n+s Cc|+|s
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| do |+to C|osso do
u|
|+to C|osso do u|
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| do |+|+ |+|+
C|||| ||o dc |+nc||o 4
C||| ||vc|sos 4
|+bo|+to||o |+c|on+| |uz |nc|ot|on io |+u|o 4
Obsc|v+to||o |+c|on+| ||o dc |+nc||o 4
|ont|||c|+ |n|vc|s|d+dc C+to||c+ do ||o
C|+ndc do u|
||o C|+ndc do u| 4
|n|vc|s|d+dc |st+du+| do Cc+|+ Cc+|+ 4
|n|vc|s|d+dc |st+du+| do Ocstc do |+|+n+ |+|+n+ 4
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc |u|z dc |o|+ ||n+s Cc|+|s 4
|n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| dc |c|ot+s ||o C|+ndc do u| 4
401
Energias renovveis
||dc|+m o |+n||ng d+s |nst|tu|ocs b|+s||c||+s + |n|vc|s|d+dc dc io |+u|o + |n|vc|s|d+dc |st+du+| dc
C+m|n+s c + |n|vc|s|d+dc |cdc|+| do ||o dc |+nc||o com .;, ++. c +o. ub||c+ocs |ndcx+d+s no c-
||odo +,,s-.oo, |o|+m |dcnt|c+d+s +o.+ |nst|tu|ocs s u+|s os +uto|cs b|+s||c||os cstio v|ncu|+dos
^|cscnt+-sc n+ ||gu|+ ,e + d|st||bu|io c|ccntu+| d+s ub||c+ocs c|cnt|c+s com |c|+io +os |s-
t+dos d+ |cdc|+io +dot+ndo-sc como ||n|+ dc co|tc +tc .o ub||c+ocs
So Paulo
43%
Paran
5%
Pernambuco
4%
Santa Catarina
4%
Distrito Federal
2%
Paraiba
2%
Cear
2%
Rio de Janeiro
16%
Minas Gerais
14%
Rio Grande do Sul
8%
Figura 9.6: Distribuio percentual das publicaes cientcas de autores brasileiros sobre o tema
energias renovveis por Estado da Federao (linha de corte at 20 publicaes)
Con|o|mc + ||gu|+ ,e ||dc|+m + |oduio c|cnt|c+ b|+s||c||+ cm cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s os |st+dos
dc io |+u|o ||o dc |+nc||o c ||n+s Cc|+|s com c|ccntu+|s dc |,/ +e/ c +|/ |cscct|v+mcntc
|mo|t+ntc mcnc|on+| + +|t|c|+io dos |st+dos d+ |cg|io |o|dcstc |c|n+mbuco |+|+|b+ c Cc-
+|+ - c d+ |cg|io u| +nt+ C+t+||n+ |+|+n+ c ||o C|+ndc do u|
|+|+ com|cmcnt+| o +no|+m+ n+c|on+| |ccomcnd+-sc ostc||o|mcntc o cstudo dos g|uos dc
csu|s+ +tu+ntcs no ||+s|| nos to|cos +bo|d+dos ncstc C+|tu|o +ss|m como o |cv+nt+mcnto
n+s b+scs dc d+dos do |nst|tuto |+c|on+| dc ||o||cd+dc |ndust||+| (||||)
++
+ccnct (|u|o+)
+.
c
11 Base de dados INPI. Disponvel em: <http://www.inpi.gov.br>. Acesso em: dez 2009.
12 Base de dados Spacenet. Disponvel em:http://ep.spacenet.com>. Acesso em: dez 2009.
402
||O (||^)
+,
+|+ |nvcst|g+| cm m+|o| dct+||c + os|io do ||+s|| cm tc|mos dc |o||cd+dc
|ntc|cctu+| cm |c|+io +o tcm+ |sso o|uc no |cv+nt+mcnto n+ |c|wcnt |nnov+t|ons |ndcx o
||+s|| nio ++|ccc cm dcst+uc cm |c|+io + ncn|um dos to|cos +bo|d+dos no c||odo +,,s-
.oo, +o cont|+||o d+ |oduio c|cnt|c+
9.3. Tpicos associados ao tema
O u+d|o ,+ +|cscnt+ os to|cos tccno|og|cos +ssoc|+dos +o tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s uc |o|+m
sc|cc|on+dos +|+ + const|uio dos m++s tccno|og|cos no mundo c no ||+s|| |nc|u| os dcsc||t|vos
dos to|cos o g|+u dc m+tu||d+dc dc c+d+ to|co no mundo
+|
c os scto|cs m+|s |m+ct+dos c|o
scu dcscnvo|v|mcnto no +|s ^s |c|c|cnc|+s +||+numc||c+s n+ ||mc||+ co|un+ do u+d|o |o|+m +do-
t+d+s +o |ongo d+ const|uio dos |cscct|vos m++s tccno|og|cos
Quadro 9.1: Tpicos associados ao tema energias renovveis
Ref. Tpicos associados Descritivo
Grau de maturidade
(mundo)
Setores mais
impactados
(Brasil)
o+ ||oduio b|o|og|c+ dc
||d|ogcn|o
||oduio dc
||d|ogcn|o o|
m|c|oo|g+n|smos
|mb||on+||o;
c|csc|mcnto
|c|o +mb|cntc
cnc|g|+ c ct|o|co
ob ||og+s ^|ovc|t+mcnto dc
|cs|duos
C|csc|mcnto |c|o +mb|cntc
ct|o|co c
+g|o|ndust||+
oc |c|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ |c||o||+ do
|cnd|mcnto
cnc|gct|co dos +tu+|s
|occssos
C|csc|mcnto odos os scto|cs
od |nc|g|+ co||c+ ||oduio dc cnc|g|+
c|ct||c+ ||m+
|+du|o |nc|g|+ c|ct||c+
oc |nc|g|+ so|+|
|otovo|t+|c+
||oduio dc cnc|g|+
c|ct||c+ ||m+
|+du|o |nc|g|+ c|ct||c+
o| |nc|g|+ ||d|+u||c+ ||oduio dc cnc|g|+
c|ct||c+ com |m+cto
do |csc|v+to||o
|+du|o |nc|g|+ c|ct||c+ c mc|o
+mb|cntc
13 Base de dados USPTO. Disponvel em:<http:// www.uspto.gov>. Acesso em: dez 2009.
14 De acordo com Roussel, P. Technological maturity proves a valid and important concept. Research Management. V. 27. n.1,
January-February 1984; Roussel, P. A., Saad, K. N.; Erickson, T. J. Tird generation R&D: managing the link to corporate strategy.
Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press. 1991.
403
Energias renovveis
^|cscnt+m-sc + scgu|| +s ||nc|+|s tcndcnc|+s tccno|og|c+s dos to|cos cm ucstio v|s+ndo
|und+mcnt+| + +n+||sc |oscct|v+ do tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s cu,os |csu|t+dos sio +|cscnt+-
dos n+s cocs ,| c ,,
9.3.1. Produo biolgica de hidrognio
O ||d|ogcn|o +cs+| dc sc| o c|cmcnto m+|s +bund+ntc n+ tc||+ c +|t+mcntc |c+t|vo c nio c cn-
cont|+do ||v|c n+ +tmos|c|+ ^tu+|mcntc + m+|o| +|tc do ||d|ogcn|o ut|||z+do como combust|vc|
c |oduz|d+ + +|t|| dc combust|vc| |oss|| cscc|+|mcntc g+s n+tu|+| |ogo nio c o ||d|ogcn|o cm
s| m+s o scu mctodo dc |+b||c+io uc dcc|d||+ sc + nov+ |ontc dc cnc|g|+ sc|+ +mb|cnt+|mcntc
+m|g+vc| ou nio
^ ||nc|+| mot|v+io +|+ os cstudos dc |occssos b|o|og|cos +|+ + |oduio dc ||d|ogcn|o c ob-
tc| um combust|vc| ||mo scm ut|||z+io |cv|+ dc c|ct||c|d+dc c scm gc|+io dc g+scs o|ucntcs
uc cont||bucm +|+ o +umcnto do c|c|to cstu|+ scndo o|t+nto cco|og|c+mcntc co||cto |st|m+-
sc uc c oss|vc| um+ cc|cnc|+ dc convc|sio d+ |+d|+io so|+| cm |
.
dc +tc +o/
^ |oduio b|o|og|c+ dc ||d|ogcn|o odc sc| |c+||z+d+ o| du+s c+tcgo||+s dc o|g+n|smos v|vos (m|-
c|oo|g+n|smos) (|) os uc ossucm + c++c|d+dc dc |c+||z+| |otoss|ntcsc c (||) +uc|cs uc |c+||z+m
o |occsso dc |oduio dc |
.
o| |c|mcnt+io (e+)
^ |oduio b|o|og|c+ dc |
.
o| |ntc|mcd|o d+ |otoss|ntcsc o| su+ vcz odc sc| conduz|d+ o| (|)
+|g+s vc|dcs (b|o|oto||sc d||ct+) (||) c|+nob+ctc||+s (b|o|oto||sc |nd||ct+) c (|||) o| b+ctc||+s |otoss|n-
tct|z+ntcs (|otodccomos|io dc comostos o|gn|cos)
|+ |oduio dc |
.
o| +|g+s vc|dcs os ||nc|+|s m|c|oo|g+n|smos dcss+ c+tcgo||+ sio +s C||+-
mydomon+s |c|n|+|dt|| +|g+s cc|cntcs n+ |oduio dc |
.
+ +|t|| d+ +gu+ |+ n+ |oduio dc |
.

o| c|+nob+ctc||+s ||d|ogcn|o c ox|gcn|o sio |o|m+dos + +|t|| d+ cnc|g|+ so|+| c d+ +gu+ scm
dcs|cnd|mcnto dc CO
.
|+s c|+nob+ctc||+s odcm cx|st|| t|cs t|os dc cnz|m+s d||ct+mcntc cn-
vo|v|d+s no mct+bo||smo do |
.
+ n|t|ogcn+sc uc c+t+||s+ + |cduio dc ||
|
+ + |
.
com ||bc|+io
ob||g+to||+ dc |
.
+ ||d|ogcn+sc dc +ss|m||+io uc |cc|c|+ o |
.
||bc|+do c|+ n|t|ogcn+sc c + ||d|o-
gcn+sc b|d||cc|on+| uc o| su+ vcz odc |oduz|| ou consum|| O
.
^s c|+nob+ctc||+s un|cc|u|+|cs
sio +s un|c+s c++zcs dc |oduz|| ||d|ogcn|o +t|+vcs d+ b|o|oto||sc |nd||ct+ d+ +gu+
|+ |oduio dc |
.
o| b+ctc||+s |otoss|ntct|z+ntcs +s b+ctc||+s cnvo|v|d+s sio +s do gcnc|o C||o-
m+t|um c++zcs dc dcg|+d+| g||cosc com|ct+mcntc CO
.
c |
.
(C
e
|
+.
O
e
+ |
.
O . +.|
.
+ eCO
.
)
404
ut|||z+ndo um +m|o cscct|o dc |uz |m+ out|+ g|+ndc v+nt+gcm dcsscs m|c|oo|g+n|smos |cs|dc
no |+to dos mcsmos consum||cm d|vc|sos subst|+tos o|gn|cos o uc oss|b|||t+ + |oduio dc |
.
+ +|t|| dc cucntcs
|+ |oduio dc ||d|ogcn|o o| |c|mcnt+io scgund+ |ot+ - o |
.
c ||bc|t+do c|+ +io dc ||d|o-
gcn+scs como mc|o dc c||m|n+| o cxccsso dc c|ct|ons gc|+dos du|+ntc + dcg|+d+io dc ||d|+tos dc
c+|bono ^s ||nc|+|s cscc|cs ut|||z+d+s +|+ cssc m sio + C|ost||d|um +cctobuty||cum c + C|os-
t||d|um c||||gcns ^mb+s ossucm +|t+ vc|oc|d+dc dc |oduio dc ||d|ogcn|o com css+ |oduio
scndo const+ntc du|+ntc o d|+ c + no|tc |m |unio do subst|+to ut|||z+do +s b+ctc||+s |c|mcnt+t|-
v+s odcm sc| c|+ss|c+d+s cm |otco||t|c+s ou s+c+|o||t|c+s
|o cxosto obsc|v+-sc uc cx|stc um+ g|+ndc u+nt|d+dc dc m|c|oo|g+n|smos |oduto|cs dc
|
.
todos c|cs +|cscnt+do v+nt+gcns uc dcvcm sc| +|ovc|t+d+s c dcsv+nt+gcns uc dcvcm sc|
suc|+d+s (u+d|o ,.)
Quadro 9.2: Vantagens e desvantagens da utilizao de diversos microorganismos para a
produo de H
2
Microorganismo Vantagens Desvantagens
^|g+s vc|dcs |t|||z+m +gu+ como subst|+to |cccss|t+m dc ||um|n+io
|cccss|t+m dc +tmos|c|+s ob|cs cm
ox|gcn|o (|n|b|io o| O
.
)
C|+nob+ctc||+s |t|||z+m +gu+ como subst|+to
||t|ogcn+sc |oduz ||nc|+|mcntc |
.
||x+m |
.
|cccss|t+m dc ||um|n+io n+tu|+|

|n|b|io d+ n|t|ogcn+sc o| O
.
||d|ogcn+sc dcvc sc| c+ncc|+d+ +|+

nio dcg|+d+| o |
.
|oduz|do
||oduio dc CO
.
|+ctc||+s |otoss|ntct|z+do|+s |t|||z+m subst|+tos dc d||c|cntcs

|cs|duos c cucntcs |t|||z+m +m|o
cscct|o dc |uz
|cccss|t+m dc ||um|n+io const+ntc
||oduio dc CO
.
|+ctc||+s |c|mcnt+t|v+s |t|||z+m subst|+tos dc +m|+ v+||cd+dc

dc |ontcs dc c+|bono
|io ncccss|t+m dc ||um|n+io
||oduzcm mct+bo||tos sccund+||os dc
+|to v+|o| +g|cg+do
||occsso +n+c|ob|co scm |ob|cm+s dc
|n|b|io o| O
.
|cs|duo dc |c|mcnt+io ncccss|t+ dc

t|+t+mcnto +|+ nio c+us+| |ob|cm+s
dc o|u|io
||oduio dc CO
.
405
Energias renovveis
^ |oduio dc |
.
o| +|g+s vc|dcs ut|||z+ +s +|g+s C||+mydomon+s |c|n|+|dt|| uc sio cc|cntcs n+
|oduio dc |
.
+ +|t|| d+ +gu+ c uc scgu|+mcntc sio + m+|o| +ost+ d+ comun|d+dc c|cnt|c+
+|+ um+ |oduio cconom|c+mcntc v|+vc| c sustcnt+vc| dc ||d|ogcn|o no |utu|o |ox|mo
O | |c+|tmcnt o| |nc|g|+ (|O|) dos ||^ cst|m+ sc| ncccss+||o +cn+s ,ooo |m. dc +|c+ cu|t|v+d+
com +|g+s +|+ sc tc| um+ |oduio dc |
.
suc|cntc +|+ subst|tu|| tod+ + g+so||n+ consum|d+ n+uc-
|c +|s (com um+ cc|cnc|+ dc convc|sio d+ |+d|+io so|+| cm |
.
dc +o/)
+,
^ |oduio sustcnt+d+ dc
|
.
c|+s +|g+s C||+mydomon+s |c|n|+|dt|| c conscucnc|+ d+ |n+t|v+io |cvc|s|vc| d+ +t|v|d+dc |otos-
s|ntct|c+ uc o| su+ vcz |cv+ + um+ d|m|nu|io n+ ox|d+io d+ +gu+ + O
.
(cond|ocs dc +n+c|ob|osc)
|studos c|cnt|cos dcmonst|+|+m uc + |cmoio do cnxo||c do mc|o dc cu|tu|+ d+s cc|u|+s |ovo-
c+ css+ |n+t|v+io |css+ cond|io (dcc|cnc|+ dc cnxo||c) oco||c um+ convc|sio dc um+ |otc|n+
do |eso (^ |cduz|d+ +|+ um+ ^ nio |cduz|d+) ^ ^ nio |cduz|d+ uc c um |ntc|mcd|+||o no
c|c|o dc |c+|o do |eso sc +cumu|+ cm |unio d+ |nc++c|d+dc do |eso sc| tot+|mcntc |c+|+do
dos c|c|tos dc d+nos |ovoc+dos c|+ |+d|+io dcv|do + dcc|cnc|+ dc +m|no+c|dos su||u|+dos
+e

Como conscucnc|+ + t|+ns|c|cnc|+ dc c|ct|ons n+ mcmb|+n+ dos t||+co|dcs c s|gn|c+t|v+mcntc
|cduz|d+ ou +tc mcsmo |ntc||om|d+ |ovoc+ndo + |cduio n+ |oduio dc O
.
|o| conscucnc|+
oco||c um+ t|+ns|io do mc|o dc cu|tu|+ dc C |c|n|+|dt|| dc +c|ob|co +|+ +n+c|ob|co |csu|t+ndo
n+ |nduio dc um+ ||d|ogcn+sc uc c |csons+vc| c|+ |oduio dc |
.
|+|+ uc + |oduio dc |
.
o| +|g+s vc|dcs sc to|nc v|+vc| +|guns g+|g+|os dc |oduio dcvcm
sc| suc|+dos (|) |cduio do t+m+n|o do s|stcm+ +ntcn+ do |eso (||) +umcnto d+ t+x+ dc d|s-
s|+io dos |otons |o|m+dos no |umcn do t||+co|dc c (|||) |cduio d+ |n|b|io d+ +t|v|d+dc d+
||d|ogcn+sc c|o O
.
^s cu|tu|+s dc +|g+s uc sio cncont|+d+s ||v|cmcntc n+ n+tu|cz+ +|cscnt+m um+ b+|x+ cc|cnc|+
dc ut|||z+io d+ |+d|+io so|+| |sso dcco||c do |+to d+s mcsm+s ossu|| um g|+ndc s|stcm+ +n-
tcn+ do |eso ou sc,+ +|cscnt+m g|+ndc u+nt|d+dc dc c|o|o|+s ||g+d+s +o |otoss|stcm+ || |ss+
m+ss+ dc c|o|o|+ |oo|c|on+ um+ co| vc|dc cscu|+ cu|tu|+ dc cc|u|+s o uc |cduz + cnt|+d+ dc
|+d|+io +|+ +s c+m+d+s |n|c||o|cs do cu|t|vo dcc|csccndo + cc|cnc|+ dc ut|||z+io d+ |+d|+io
Como |csost+ +o cxosto +c|m+ v+||os mut+ntcs com + c+|+ctc||st|c+ dc ossu|| um s|stcm+ +n-
15 US Department of Energy. DOE. A prospectus for biological H
2
production. 2009. Disponvel em:<http://www1.eere.energy.gov/
hydrogenandfuelcells/production/pdfs/photobiological.pdf>. Acesso em: dez 2009.
16 Ghirardi, M. L; Kosourov, S.; Tsygankov, A.; Rubin, A.; Seibert, M. Cyclic photobiological algal H
2
production. In: Proceedings of
the 2002 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review, NREL/CP-610-32405, 2002.
406
tcn+ mcno| ,+ |o|+m |oduz|dos |nt|c csscs odcmos c|t+| um mut+ntc dc C||+mydomon+s |c|-
n|+|dt|| nomc+do ,||
,
uc +umcntou cm |,/ + cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ do |otoss|stcm+ ||
+;
|+|+ uc + ||d|ogcn+sc +tuc cc|cntcmcntc no cst|om+ do c|o|o|+sto d+s +|g+s |+z-sc ncccss+||o
uc os |otons gc|+dos c|+ ||d|o||sc d+ +gu+ c c|+ |ccuc|+io do oo| ox|d+do dc u|non+s no
|umcn do t||+co|dc sc,+ t|+ns|c||do +|+ o cst|om+ |ssc t|+nso|tc c mcd|+do o| um+ s|ntcsc do
^| |cscntc n+ mcmb|+n+ do t||+co|dc uc tcm um+ t+x+ ||m|t+d+ dc t|+nso|tc (||gu|+ ,;)
Figura 9.7: Insero de um canal de prtons na membrana do tilacide de cloroplastos de
Chlamidomonas reinhardtii
|ss+ b+||c||+ cst+ scndo su|+nt+d+ o| m+n|u|+io gcnct|c+ dos c|o|o|+stos d+s +|g+s com + +d|-
io dc c+n+|s dc |otons n+ mcmb|+n+ dos c|o|o|+stos |m dos ccnt|os dc csu|s+ uc sc dcst+-
c+ ncss+ +|c+ c o O+| ||dgc |+t|on+| |+bo|+to|y nos ||^
| n+|mcntc +|+ |cduz|| + |n|b|io d+ +t|v|d+dc d+ ||d|ogcn+sc c|o O
.
+|gum+s cst|+tcg|+s vcm
scndo ut|||z+d+s |m um+ dc|+s csu|s+s vcm scndo dcscnvo|v|d+s no scnt|do dc mod|c+| o|
cngcn|+||+ gcnct|c+ + con|o|m+io d+ ||d|ogcn+sc dc modo uc o s|t|o c+t+||t|co d+ cnz|m+ sc,+
|n+|c+n+vc| c|o O
.
o|cm scm +|tc|+| + t+x+ dc d||usio do |
.
|o|m+do
17 Mussgnug, J. H.; Tomas-Hall, S.; Rupprecht, J.; Foo, A.; Klassen, V.; McDowall, A.; Schenk, P.M.; Kruse, O.; Hankamer, B. Enginee-
ring photosynthetic light capture: impacts on improved solar energy to biomass conversion. Plant Biotechnology Journal, v. 5,
p. 802-814, 2007.
407
Energias renovveis
|m out|o c+mo +s csu|s+s busc+m sc+|+| tcmo|+|mcntc + |oduio dc O
.
c |
.
|ss+ cst|+-
tcg|+ ,+ c b+st+ntc ut|||z+d+ com o |occsso scndo nomc+do dc |oduio |otoss|ntct|c+ dc O
.
c
|oduio dc |
.
cm du+s |+scs |+ ||mc||+ |+sc +s +|g+s vc|dcs sio c|csc|d+s cm +mb|cntc sob |||+-
d|+io (|otoss|ntcsc no|m+|) +tc +|c+n+| um+ cc|t+ dcns|d+dc dc cc|u|+s n+ cu|tu|+ ôs sc |ct||+
o cnxo||c do mc|o dc cu|tu|+ |ovoc+ndo o dcc||n|o d+ |otoss|ntcsc c + m+nutcnio d+ |cs||+io
|+zcndo com uc cm ouco tcmo o mc|o +mb|cntc sc to|nc +n+c|ob|co c |o|c|c + +t|v|d+dc d+
||d|ogcn+sc c |oduio dc |
.
+s
^d|c|on+|mcntc csu|s+s vcm scndo dcscnvo|v|d+s no scnt|do
dc |oduz|| ||d|ogcn+sc to|c|+ntc +o O
.
||d|ogcn+scs ||-|c to|c|+ntc +o O
.
,+ |o|+m |dcnt|c+d+s
cm v+||os m|c|oo|g+n|smos como n+ b+ctc||+ |ub||v|v+x gc|+t|nosus odcndo cm cu|to tcmo sc|
gcnct|c+mcntc cx|css+ cm um+ c|+nob+ctc||+
^|cm d+ |o||+ |cso|uio dos g+|g+|os +c|m+ dcsc||tos v|s+ndo |oduio dc +|g+s +|+ + |odu-
io dc |
.
cm |+|g+ csc+|+ out|+ g+m+ cno|mc dc oss|b|||d+dcs dcsco|t|n+-sc no c+mo d+ |odu-
io dc b|ocombust|vc|s o| o|g+n|smos |otoss|ntct|cos |nt|c csscs dcst+c+-sc + |oduio |ntcg|+-
d+ dc |
.
c|o cu|t|vo |ntcg|+do dc d||c|cntcs m|c|oo|g+n|mos
u+ndo um+ cu|tu|+ dc C |c|n|+|dt|| c submct|d+ + um +mb|cntc dcs|ov|do dc cnxo||c conco-
m|t+ntcmcntc com + |oduio dc |
.
cm |unio d+ +|+d+ dos t|+nso|tcs dc c|ct|ons n+ c+dc|+
dc t|+nso|tc dc c|ct|ons dos t||+co|dcs oco||c um+ m+ss|v+ mud+n+ n+ cx|cssio gcn|c+ c |og|-
c+mcntc no mct+bo||smo d+s cc|u|+s com um+ |o|tc dcg|+d+io dc |otc|n+s c um su||ccndcntc
+umcnto no contcudo dc +m|do
+,
(||gu|+ ,s)
Figura 9.8: Produo de amido concomitante com declnio da fotossntese e atividade da Rubisco
em clulas de Chlamidomonas reinhardtii cultivadas sob condies de anaerobiose
18 Melis, A., Happe, T. Hydrogen Production. Green Algae as a Source of Energy. Plant Physiology, v.127, p. 740 - 748, 2001.
19 Melis, A. Photosynthetic H
2
metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (unicellular green algae). Planta, v.226, p. 10751086, 2007.
408
^ |oduio mct+bo||c+ dc |
.
||g+d+ + um+ |oduio dc +m|do o| C |c|n|+|dt|| +||+d+ +o mct+-
bo||smo dos out|os o|g+n|smos +u| d|scut|dos sugc|c o dcscn|o dc um s|stcm+ |ntcg|+do cm uc
os m|c|oo|g+n|smos submct|dos t+nto + cond|ocs +c|ob|c+s u+nto + cond|ocs +n+c|ob|c+s ut|-
||z+ndo |+d|+io v|s|vc| c no |n||+vc|mc||o |oduzcm |
.
c subst|+to (cscc|+|mcntc +m|do c m+tc-
||+| cc|u|os|co) +|+ out|o g|uo dc m|c|oo|g+n|smo uc cm cond|ocs dc +n+c|ob|osc dcg|+d+m
css+s mo|ccu|+s o| um |occsso |c|mcnt+t|vo |oduz|ndo t+mbcm |
.
c cucn+s mo|ccu|+s o|-
gn|c+s uc o| su+ vcz odcm +||mcnt+| os m|c|oo|g+n|smos |otoss|ntct|cos
.o
(||gu|+ ,,)
Figura 9.9: Co-cultura de algas verdes, cianobactrias, bactrias fotossintetizadoras e bactrias
fermentativas em reatores integrados
|m um+ out|+ ||n|+ dc csu|s+ |cccntcmcntc |o| most|+do uc + +d|io dc n+no+|t|cu|+s dc |+-
t|n+ no |;oo dc um+ b+ctc||+ tc|mo||||c+ |oo|c|onou + |oduio dc |
.
|n v|t|o sob ||um|n+io
+|t|c|+| |cssc +||+n,o os c|ct|ons t|+nso|t+dos dcsdc o |eso +o c|cg+|cm no |;oo +o |nvcs dc
sc|cm cnt|cguc + ||d|ogcn+sc sio c+t+||s+dos c|+ |+t|n+ |o|m+ndo |
.
cgundo os +uto|cs css+
|oduio sc m+ntcvc cst+vc| o| cc|c+ dc s, d|+s
.+
|v|dcntcmcntc uc +s csu|s+s ncssc scnt|do
sio |nc||cntcs dcvcndo sc| css+ um+ ||n|+ |om|sso|+ +|+ o +v+no do con|cc|mcnto sob|c +
|oduio b|o|og|c+ do |
.
20 Melis, A.; Melnicki, M .R. Integrated biological hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v.31, p. 1563
1573, 2006.
21 Iwuchukwu, I. J.; Vaughn, M.; Myers, N.; O'Neill, H.; Frymier, P.; Bruce, B. D. Self-organized photosynthetic nanoparticle for cell-free
hydrogen production. Nature Nanotechnology, Published online: 8 November 2009 | doi:10.1038/nnano.2009.315.
409
Energias renovveis
9.3.2. Biogs
O b|og+s c um g+s n+tu|+| |csu|t+ntc d+ |c|mcnt+io +n+c|ob|c+ dc dc,ctos +n|m+|s |cs|duos vc-
gct+|s ||xo |ndust||+| ou |cs|dcnc|+| cm cond|ocs +dcu+d+s Comoc-sc dc um+ m|stu|+ dc g+scs
uc tcm su+ conccnt|+io dctc|m|n+d+ c|+s c+|+ctc||st|c+s do |cs|duo c c|+s cond|ocs dc |un-
c|on+mcnto do |occsso dc d|gcstio | const|tu|do ||nc|+|mcntc o| mct+no (C|
|
) c d|ox|do dc
c+|bono (CO
.
) c gc|+|mcntc +|cscnt+ cm to|no dc e,/ dc mct+no scndo o |cst+ntc comosto n+
m+|o| +|tc o| d|ox|do dc c+|bono c +|guns out|os g+scs o|cm cm mcno|cs conccnt|+ocs
..
^
+bc|+ ,+e +|cscnt+ + comos|io do b|og+s
^ ut|||z+io do b|og+s como |ccu|so cnc|gct|co c dcv|d+ |und+mcnt+|mcntc +o mct+no uc u+n-
do u|o cm cond|ocs no|m+|s dc |cssio (+ +tm) c tcmc|+tu|+ (o) ossu| um odc| c+|o||co
|n|c||o| (|C|) dc ,, |\|;m' O b|og+s com um tco| dc mct+no cnt|c ,o c so/ tcm um |C| cnt|c
|,, c ;,. |\|;m'
Tabela 9.16: Composio do biogs
Gs Smbolo Concentrao no biogs (%)
|ct+no C|
4
0 - c0
||ox|do dc c+|bono CO
.
.0 - 40
||d|ogcn|o |
.
1 - !
||t|ogcn|o |
.
0 - !
C+s su|||d||co c out|os |
.
|
.
|
.
CO O
.
1 -
Fonte: La Farge, 1979
23
.
^ +bc|+ + scgu|| most|+ + cu|v+|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ do b|og+s com+|+do + out|+s |ontcs dc cnc|g|+
22 Ferraz, J. M. G.; Mariel, I. E. Biogs uma fonte alternativa de energia. Sete Lagoas: Embrapa.CNPMS,1980.
23 La Farge, B. Le biogaz. Proceds de fermentation mthanique. Paris: Masson, 1979.
410
Tabela 9.17: Equivalncia energtica do biogs comparado a outras fontes de energia
Energtico Ferraz; Mariel, 1980 Sganzerla,1983 Nogueira, 1986 Santos, 2000
C+so||n+ (|) 0o1 0o1! 0o1 0o
uc|oscnc (|) 0c 0 0o. -
||csc| (|) 0 0! 0 0o
C|| (|g) 04 044 14! -
^|coo| (|) - 0 0c0 -
Fonte: Ferraz; Mariel, 1980
24
; Sganzerla, 1983
25
; Nogueira, 1986
26
; Santos, 2000
27
apud Coldebella et al, 2008
28
.
|+ns|o|m+| o b|og+s cm cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ dccndc d+ ut|||z+io dc gc|+do|cs |+|+ uc oco||+ +
uc|m+ c su+ t|+ns|o|m+io cm cnc|g|+ tc|m|c+ |+z-sc ncccss+||o o uso dc |o|nos c +|+ ut|||z+io
cm moto|cs + g+so||n+ to|n+-sc ncccss+||+ + convc|sio do moto| +|+ b|og+s Os moto|cs + b|og+s
|unc|on+m scgundo os mcsmos ||nc||os dos moto|cs d|csc| c Otto b+st+ndo +cn+s +|gum+s
mod|c+ocs no s|stcm+ dc +||mcnt+io |gn|io c t+mbcm n+ t+x+ dc com|cssio
O b|og+s odc sc| us+do como combust|vc| cm subst|tu|io do g+s n+tu|+| ou do g+s ||uc|c|to dc
ct|o|co (C||) +mbos cxt|+|dos dc |csc|v+s m|nc|+|s |odc sc| t+mbcm ut|||z+do +|+ coz|n|+| cm
|cs|dcnc|+s |u|+|s |ox|m+s +o |oc+| dc |oduio cconom|z+ndo out|+s |ontcs dc cnc|g|+ como |c-
n|+ ou C|| |+ |oduio |u|+| odc sc| ut|||z+do no +ucc|mcnto dc |nst+|+ocs +|+ +n|m+|s mu|-
to scns|vc|s +o |||o ou no +ucc|mcnto dc cstu|+s dc |oduio vcgct+| +|+ c|t+| +|guns cxcm|os
^|cm dcsscs usos odc +|nd+ sc| ut|||z+do n+ gc|+io dc cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ o| mc|o dc gc|+do|cs
c|ct||cos +co|+dos + moto|cs dc cx|osio +d+t+dos +o consumo dc g+s
.,
O b|og+s tcm s|do ut|||z+do o| mc|o d+ combustio cm |ogocs +ucccdo|cs |ncub+do|+s c cucnos
moto|cs no|m+|mcntc cu|+mcntos dc uso cst+c|on+||o |m moto|cs cst+c|on+||os odc-sc ut|||z+|
o b|og+s d||ct+mcntc |oduz|do nos b|od|gcsto|cs +|+ o +c|on+mcnto dc bomb+s ||d|+u||c+s c gc|+-
do|cs dc cnc|g|+ scndo +ss|m um+ g|+ndc v+nt+gcm o scu uso no mc|o |u|+| |o scto| +g||co|+ o|
24 Ferraz, J. M. G.; Mariel, I. E. Biogs uma fonte alternativa de energia. Sete Lagoas: Embrapa. NPMS,1980. 27p.
25 Sganzerla, E. Biodigestor: uma soluo. Ed.Agropecuria. Porto Alegre, 1983.
26 Nogueira, L. A. H. Biodigesto: A alternativa energtica. Nobel - So Paulo, 1986.
27 Santos, P. Guia tcnico de biogs. Centro para a Conservao de Energia. Guia Tcnico de Biogs. AGEEN. Agncia para a Energia,
Amadora, Portugal, 2000. 117 p.
28 Coldebella et al. Viabilidade da gerao de energia eltrica atravs de um motor gerador utilizando biogs da suinocultura.
Informe Gepec, v.12, n.2, jul./dez. 2008.
29 Avellar, L. H. N.; Luczynski, E. Abordagem qualitativa da insero do biogs x diesel para o meio rural. In: 4 Encontro de Energia
no Meio Rural. CD ROM, 2002, So Paulo. Anais... So Paulo: Encontro de Energia no Meio Rural, 2002. p. 44-49.
411
Energias renovveis
cxcm|o +s g|+n,+s dc su|nos ut|||z+m o |occsso dc d|gcstio +n+c|ob|c+ +|+ t|+t+| +s +gu+s |cs|du+|s
d+ ||mcz+ d+s oc||g+s c |oduz|| b|og+s |+ no ccn+||o u|b+no nos d|+s +tu+|s + gc|+io dc cnc|g|+
c|ct||c+ + +|t|| do b|og+s cst+ cm cx+nsio ||nc|+|mcntc nos +tc||os s+n|t+||os
9.3.3. Ecincia energtica
O dcsc|d|c|o c + ut|||z+io |ncc|cntc dc |ccu|sos sio |+t|c+s uc nio m+|s sc co+dun+m com +
soc|cd+dc contcmo|nc+ c+|+ctc||z+d+ c|+ vc|t|g|nos+ +|tc|+io dc como|t+mcnto c +c|||+d+
comct|io cnt|c os scus scgmcntos |+|tc subst+nc|+| d+s dcc|socs cst|+tcg|c+s |cuc||d+s c|+ so-
c|cd+dc cnvo|vc + cnc|g|+ |nsumo csscnc|+| +|+ + conso||d+io do dcscnvo|v|mcnto cconom|co c
do bcm cst+| soc|+|
^ |oduio dc cnc|g|+ cm cscc|+| cx|gc cs+dos |nvcst|mcntos com |ongos |+zos dc |cto|no uc
|cc|cutcm dc modo |c|cv+ntc sob|c o |occsso dc dcscnvo|v|mcnto c scm|c c+us+m |m+ctos so-
b|c o mc|o +mb|cntc cm |ntcns|d+dcs uc dccndcm ||nc|+|mcntc d+ n+tu|cz+ d+ |ontc cnc|gct|c+
^ cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ c o m+|s |mo|t+ntc vcto| uc d|soc + soc|cd+dc contcmo|nc+ +|+
+tcnu+| o +umcnto mund|+| dc |oduio dc cnc|g|+ mot|v+do c|o c|csc|mcnto ou|+c|on+| c
d+s +t|v|d+dcs |odut|v+s cm cscc|+| +s cnc|go-|ntcns|v+s | um+ |mo|t+ntc +bo|d+gcm csc-
c|+|mcntc o|uc c um gc|cnc|+mcnto c|o |+do d+ dcm+nd+ cgundo + +v+||+io do ||og|+m+
|+c|on+| dc Consc|v+io dc |nc|g|+ (||occ|) c+d+ |, +oo |nvcst|do cm cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ cv|t+
cc|c+ dc |, +;oo n+ +||c+io dc |ccu|sos no s|stcm+ c|ct||co n+c|on+|
|c|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ odc sc| dcn|d+ como + |c|+io cnt|c + cnc|g|+ ut|| c + cnc|g|+ |o|ncc|d+ + um
s|stcm+ +|+ sc obtc| um dctc|m|n+do |oduto ou sc|v|o O ob,ct|vo c obtc| o mcsmo |oduto
ou sc|v|o com u+||d+dc +dcu+d+ ut|||z+ndo + mcno| u+nt|d+dc dc cnc|g|+ c o m+x|mo dc c-
c+c|+ no |occsso |cstc scnt|do sc| cc|cntc do onto dc v|st+ cnc|gct|co cu|v+|c + g+st+| mcnos
cnc|g|+ +|+ sc obtc| um mcsmo |csu|t+do n+| ou +|nd+ g+st+| + mcsm+ u+nt|d+dc dc cnc|g|+ c
obtc| um mc||o| |csu|t+do n+|
O concc|to dc cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ cng|ob+ out|os concc|tos |c|+c|on+dos + c+|+ctc||st|c+s tccn|c+s
dos cu|+mcntos dc gc|+io dc cnc|g|+ dos |occssos |odut|vos dos bcns |oduz|dos dos cu|-
+mcntos dc uso n+| dc cnc|g|+ +|cm dos +scctos cconom|cos
412
|cccntc cstudo |c+||z+do c|+ |c||nscy
,o
|nt|tu|+do Te Carbon Productivity Challenge +ont+
uc + cst+b|||z+io d+s cm|ssocs dc g+scs com c|c|tos dc cstu|+ scm com|omctc| o ||tmo dc c|cs-
c|mcnto cconom|co const|tu| um g|+ndc dcs+o uc govc|n+ntcs c cm|cs+s cstio cn||cnt+ndo
|+|+ t+| o ||oduto |ntc|no ||uto (|||) |oduz|do o| un|d+dc dc c+|bono tc|+ uc +umcnt+| dcz
vczcs +tc .o,o |m+ |ntc|vcnio ncstc ccn+||o +dvc|so c ncccss+||+ no scnt|do dc |cduz|| s|gn|c+-
t|v+mcntc +s cm|ssocs dc CO. c + cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ dcvc|+ +ssum|| um +c| |und+mcnt+| n+
c+dc|+ d+ cnc|g|+ dcsdc + |oduio +tc o consumo n+|
^ |m|cmcnt+io dc |og|+m+s dc cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ (ec) dcvc|+ sc| + ||o||d+dc +|+ dcs+-
cc|c|+| o +ucc|mcnto g|ob+| ,+ uc odcm cont||bu|| com do|s tc|os d+ mct+ dc |cduio dc
c+|bono +tc .o.o
|scc|+||st+s |ntc|n+c|on+|s +ont+m uc tccno|og|+s |nov+do|+s odc|io cont||bu|| s|gn|c+t|v+-
mcntc +|+ + |cduio d+s cm|ssocs dc g+scs com c|c|tos dc cstu|+ mc|cccndo dcst+uc tccno-
|og|+s m+|s cc|cntcs n+s scgu|ntcs +|c+s (|) vc|cu|os +utomot|vos (||) c||m+t|z+io +mb|cnt+| (|||)
cd|c+ocs c (|v) ||um|n+io
|o ||+s|| +|nd+ nio cx|stc um |og|+m+ n+c|on+| dc cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ como um todo m+s
somcntc +bo|d+gcns scto||+|s O +|s vcm dcscnvo|vcndo cs|o|os +|+ mc||o|+| + cc|cnc|+
cnc|gct|c+ dos scus |occssos dcsdc mc+dos d+ dcc+d+ dc so u+ndo |o|+m c||+dos do|s ||n-
c|+|s |og|+m+s n+c|on+|s o ||og|+m+ |+c|on+| dc Consc|v+io dc |nc|g|+ ||ct||c+ (||occ|) d+
||ct|ob|+s c o ||og|+m+ |+c|on+| d+ |+c|on+||z+io do |so dos |c||v+dos dc |ct|o|co c do C+s
|+tu|+| (Conct) d+ |ct|ob|+s
|mbo|+ out|+s |n|c|+t|v+s +ntc||o|cs t|vcsscm oco|||do csscs do|s |og|+m+s const|tucm + m+|o|
cx|cssio do |ntc|cssc do govc|no |cdc|+| c um+ m+n||cst+io |+vo|+vc| dc sc cst+bc|ccc| um+
o||t|c+ ub||c+ +|+ + +|c+ dc cnc|g|+ uc |nco|o|+ssc + ncccss|d+dc dc +g|| sob|c o cont|o|c d+
dcm+nd+ dc cnc|g|+ |+ vc|d+dc c m+|s |+zo+vc| +cc|t+| uc os ||nc|+|s |+to|cs uc mot|v+|+m +
c||+io dos |og|+m+s dc cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ |o|+m +s |o|tcs |cssocs +mb|cnt+|s |ntc|n+c|on+|s
uc comc+|+m + cs+| sob|c o ||+s|| c o ++gio n+c|on+| do +no dc .oo+
|o ||+s|| |o|+m |omov|d+s |n|c|+t|v+s bcm succd|d+s com c||+io dc |c|s |og|+m+s cscc|cos
dc cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ |cgu|+mcntos c mcc+n|smos modc|nos c utc|s no scnt|do dc |omovc| +
|nt|oduio dc mc||o|cs tccno|og|+s c |+t|c+s +|+ uso cc|cntc dc cnc|g|+ |+mcnt+vc|mcntc + |c-
30 McKinsey & Co. Te carbon productivity challenge: curbing climate change and sustaining economic growth. June 2008.
413
Energias renovveis
su|t+ntc n+| dos cs|o|os dcsscs u+sc ,o +nos c modcst+ c ||ust|+ntc cons|dc|+ndo-sc o cno|mc
otcnc|+| c +s oo|tun|d+dcs c|d|d+s no c+mo d+ cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+
|o |n|c|o d+ ||v+t|z+io dc cm|cs+s do scto| c|ct||co |o|+m co|oc+d+s c|+usu|+s nos ||mc||os
cont|+tos dc conccssio sob|c ob||g+ocs dc |nvcst|mcntos cm cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ most|+ndo +
|mo|tnc|+ uc o scto| ub||co con|c||u +o tcm+ |sso sc to|nou |cg|+ + +|t|| dc +,,s u+ndo +
|cccm c||+d+ ^|||| cst+bc|cccu um+ dctc|m|n+io dc |nvcst|mcnto dc +/ d+ |ccc|t+ oc|+c|on+|
||u|d+ d+s cm|cs+s dc c|ct||c|d+dc cm |og|+m+s dc |c|cnc|+ |nc|gct|c+ c dc |csu|s+ c |cscn-
vo|v|mcnto (|c| |umc|o ,,,+ dc .|;o;;.ooo)
^ +|t|| dcst+ |c| o +|s nunc+ tcvc t+ntos |ccu|sos dcst|n+dos + |og|+m+s dc cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+
c |n|c|ou-sc um+ |+sc ondc os |ccu|sos +ss+|+m + sc| mu|to m+|o|cs uc +uc|cs ||sto||c+mcntc
dcst|n+dos + css+s +t|v|d+dcs |o b|cn|o .oo,;o| m+|s dc |, +s, m|||ocs |o|+m +||c+dos c|+s cm-
|cs+s cnu+nto uc o ||occ| |nvcst|u somcntc |, ., m|||ocs cm .oo, ^ +|t|| dc .oo, m+|s dc
|, |oo m|||ocs tcm s|do |nvcst|dos c|+s cm|cs+s cm |og|+m+s dc cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ o uc c
mu|to s|gn|c+t|vo
io ||+gc|s +s +v+||+ocs do uc |o| cconom|z+do com todos csscs |nvcst|mcntos Os numc|os +|c-
scnt+dos c|+ ^|||| c c|+s conccss|on+||+s nio |ns||+m mu|t+ c|cd|b|||d+dc ^s conccss|on+||+s
v|vcm um c|m+ncntc con|to dc |ntc|cssc como vio |c+||z+| bons |og|+m+s dc cc|cnc|+ cnc|-
gct|c+ sc sio |cmunc|+d+s c|+s vcnd+s dc cnc|g|+ |o| out|o |+do c m+|s |+t|co +|+ + ^||||
sc+||z+| +s dcscs+s com os |og|+m+s uc +v+||+| + cc+c|+ dos mcsmos um+ +t|v|d+dc mu|to
cscc|c+ c tccn|c+ b+st+ntc d||c|cntc d+s +t||bu|ocs usu+|s dc um o|gio |cgu|+do| |m |csumo c
|ov+vc| uc sc cstc,+ g+st+ndo mu|to +|+ sc cconom|z+| ouc+ cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+
O |+c|on+mcnto dc cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ dos +nos .oo+-o. tcvc o mc||to dc mot|v+| o +|s +|+ +s oss|-
b|||d+dcs c + busc+ dc |csu|t+do d+s mcd|d+s dc cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ |m+ d+s |mo|t+ntcs consc-
ucnc|+s |o| tc| dcscntc||+do c mc||o|+do um |o,cto dc |c| uc t|+m|t+v+ |+ m+|s dc dcz +nos no
Cong|csso t|+ns|o|m+ndo-o n+ |c| |umc|o +o.,, |omu|g+d+ cm +;;+o;.oo+ |ss+ |c| c con|cc|-
d+ como |c| dc |c|cnc|+ |nc|gct|c+ c tcm como ob,ct|vo cst+bc|ccc| |nd|ccs dc consumo m+x|mo
dc cu|+mcntos comc|c|+||z+dos no +|s u+ +||c+io dcvc|+ mc||o|+| cont|nu+mcntc + cc|cn-
c|+ dos cu|+mcntos c|ct||cos us+dos c|os b|+s||c||os no |ongo |+zo tod+v|+ o |og|csso n+ su+
|m|cmcnt+io tcm s|do |ncom|ccns|vc|mcntc |cnto
O |undo cto||+| C-|nc|g c||+do + +|t|| do +no dc .oo+ c m+|s um cxcm|o dc +ocs uc |+vo-
|cccm o +v+no d+ cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ no ||+s|| |stc |undo c dcst|n+do + n+nc|+| |og|+m+s c
414
|o,ctos n+ +|c+ dc cnc|g|+ cscc|+|mcntc n+ +|c+ dc cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ no uso n+| ^ cn|+sc c
n+ +|t|cu|+io cnt|c os g+stos d||ctos d+s cm|cs+s cm || c + dcn|io dc um |og|+m+ +b|+n-
gcntc +|+ cn||cnt+| os dcs+os dc |ongo |+zo no scto| t+|s como |ontcs +|tc|n+t|v+s dc cnc|g|+
com mcno|cs custos c mc||o| u+||d+dc c |cduio do dcsc|d|c|o +|cm dc cst|mu|+| o +umcnto
d+ comct|t|v|d+dc d+ tccno|og|+ |ndust||+| n+c|on+|
O otcnc|+| dc cconom|+ dc cnc|g|+ odc sc| +v+||+do c|+ cc|cnc|+ mcd|+ t||c+ no uso d+ cnc|g|+
c|o scto| dc +t|v|d+dc cnc|gct|co c uso n+| ^ +bc|+ + scgu|| +|cscnt+ o otcnc|+| dc cconom|+ dc
cnc|g|+ no ||+s||
Tabela 9.18: Potencial de economia de energia no Brasil
Potencial de economia Descrio Ecincia mdia (%)
cto| dc +t|v|d+dc
|nc|gct|co o
|ndust||+| 1
|ub||co;comc|c|+|;+g|occu+||o 4
|cs|dcnc|+| 4
|+nso|tcs 40
ot+| c
|ontc cnc|gct|c+
||ct||c|d+dc
O|co combust|vc| !
C+s n+tu|+|;g+s;C|| o1
C+|vio vcgct+|;|cn|+;b+g+o
C+so||n+;uc|oscnc;d|csc|;+|coo| 40
ot+| c
|so n+|
C+|o| dc |occsso 4
^+ucc|mcnto d||cto
|o|+ mot||z 1
Out|os 41
ot+| c
Fonte: Brasil. Ministrio de Minas e Energia, 2005.
415
Energias renovveis
9.3.4. Energia elica
^ cnc|g|+ co||c+ (ed) c + cnc|g|+ c|nct|c+ do dcs|oc+mcnto dc m+ss+s dc +| (vcnto) Os vcntos
sio c+us+dos c|+ +ssoc|+io do mov|mcnto dc |ot+io d+ c||+ com + |+d|+io so|+| |nc|dcntc
gc|+ndo d||c|cn+ dc +ucc|mcnto cnt|c o cu+do| c os o|os |cnomcnos n+tu|+|s uc sc |cc-
tcm o| |sso c cons|dc|+d+ cnc|g|+ |cnov+vc| |cv|do + cstc |+to| vcntos d+s suc|||c|cs |||+s so-
|+m dos o|os +|+ o cu+do| +|+ subst|tu||cm o +| ucntc uc sobc +|+ + +tmos|c|+ suc||o|
cm d||cio +os o|os
O vcnto us+do c|os gc|+do|cs co||cos c o vcnto |ox|mo suc|||c|c tc||cst|c |st+ cnc|g|+ c ut|||-
z+d+ v|s+ndo do|s ob,ct|vos b+s|cos |oduio dc cnc|g|+ mccn|c+ +|+ bombc+mcnto dc +gu+ ou
|oduio dc cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ +|+ ut|||z+io d||ct+ ou +|m+zcn+mcnto cm b+tc||+s
^ cnc|g|+ co||c+ +|cscnt+ como v+nt+gcns ||nc|+|s sc| |cnov+vc| c d|son|vc| cm u+sc todos os
|oc+|s do |+nct+ O vcnto cm s| c g|+tu|to o|cm + c+tu|+ d+ su+ cnc|g|+ cx|gc um custo |n|c|+|
|c|+t|v+mcntc +|to dcv|do su+ b+|x+ dcns|d+dc O +|ovc|t+mcnto d+ cnc|g|+ co||c+ +|+ gc|+io
dc c|ct||c|d+dc cm csc+|+ |ndust||+| comoc +tu+|mcntc + m+t||z cnc|gct|c+ dc ,o +|scs |nc|u|ndo
o ||+s|| |m dczcmb|o dc .oos cst+v+m cm oc|+io cm todo o mundo cc|c+ dc .oo m|| tu|b|n+s
co||o-c|ct||c+s co||csondcndo + um+ otcnc|+ tot+| |nst+|+d+ dc +.++ss |\ c com c++c|d+dc
dc |oduio suc||o| + .oo b|||ocs dc u||ow+tts-|o|+ o| +no |o +no dc .oos +cn+s o mc|c+do
dc +c|ogc|+do|cs tcvc o scu v+|o| +v+||+do cm |, |; , b|||ocs c um+ cx+nsio dc .ss / n+ su+
c++c|d+dc |nst+|+d+
|o n+| dc .oos os ||^ ||dc|+v+m mund|+|mcntc o +|ovc|t+mcnto d+ cnc|g|+ co||c+ com .,+;o
|\ dc c++c|d+dc |nst+|+d+ scgu|dos d+ ^|cm+n|+ (.,,o, |\) c d+ |s+n|+ (+e;|o |\) O
||+s|| ocu+v+ + .| os|io com ,,s, |\ dc c++c|d+dc |nst+|+d+ ^ cnc|g|+ co||c+ c ut|| +|+ o
mc|o +mb|cntc c c+d+ vcz m+|s c|+ sc to|n+ um |mo|t+ntc |+to| n+ cconom|+ g|ob+| ^ |ndust||+
dos vcntos ,+ c||ou m+|s dc |oo m|| cm|cgos +o |cdo| do mundo | sc + c||sc cconom|c+ mund|+|
nio sc +g|+v+| mu|to tc|cmos c+d+ vcz m+|s |nvcst|mcntos ,+ uc os |cos dos combust|vc|s |os-
sc|s cstio c+d+ vcz m+|s +|tos c vo|+tc|s
O dcscnvo|v|mcnto dc +c|ogc|+do|cs modc|nos tcm |og|cd|do no scnt|do dc do|s t|os b+s|-
cos c+|+ctc||z+dos c|+ o||cnt+io do c|xo dc |ot+io d+ tu|b|n+ cm |c|+io +o so|o tu|b|n+ co-
||c+ dc c|xo |o||zont+| (|o||zont+| ^x|s \|nd u|b|nc |^\) c tu|b|n+ co||c+ dc c|xo vc|t|c+|
(Vc|t|c+| ^x|s \|nd u|b|nc V^\) |o +sccto comc|c|+| +s tu|b|n+s dc c|xo |o||zont+| tcm
+|c+n+do +cc|t+io u+sc unn|mc (cc|c+ dc ,,/) cmbo|+ +s csu|s+s cont|nucm v|s+ndo o
416
+||mo|+mcnto dos cu|+mcntos dc c|xo vc|t|c+| uc vcm scndo ut|||z+dos ||nc|+|mcntc cm
|cg|ocs dc cond|ocs +mb|cnt+|s cxt|cm+s
^s tu|b|n+s dc c|xo vc|t|c+| sio m+|s s|m|cs cm su+ conccio c m+nutcnio ||nc|+|mcntc o| nio
ncccss|t+|cm dc mcc+n|smo dc d||cc|on+mcnto c tc|cm o gc|+do| c|ct||co |nst+|+do n+ +|tu|+ do so|o
|nt|ct+nto o| scu |oto| cst+| m+|s |ox|mo do so|o not+d+mcntc +s do t|o |+|||cus nio +|ovc|-
t+m + c+|+ctc||st|c+ do g|+d|cntc vc|t|c+| do vcnto +umcnto d+ |ntcns|d+dc do vcnto com + +|tu|+
cndo cm v|st+ uc +s tu|b|n+s dc c|xo vc|t|c+| +|nd+ nio +t|ng||+m um cst+g|o tccno|og|co uc |ns-
||c con+b|||d+dc oc|+c|on+| css+ +n+||sc cst+ vo|t+d+ cscc|c+mcntc +|+ +s tu|b|n+s co||c+s dc
c|xo |o||zont+| ^tu+|mcntc cstio d|son|vc|s comc|c|+|mcntc v+||os modc|os dcsscs +c|ogc|+do-
|cs scndo os ||nc|+|s |+b||c+ntcs dc o||gcm cu|oc|+ mc|cccndo |c|cvnc|+ s cm|cs+s |nc|con
Vcst+s ||C ||con c ^| \|ndcnc|gy Os +c|ogc|+do|cs dc c|xo |o||zont+| sio c|+ss|c+dos scgun-
do + su+ d|mcnsio con|o|mc d+dos d+ +bc|+ + scgu||
Tabela 9.19: Classicao dos aerogeradores de eixo horizontal pela dimenso
Tamanho Dimetro do rotor (m) Potncia nominal (kW)
|cucno |n|c||o| + 1. |cno| uc 40
|cd|o |c 1. + 4 |c 40 + 1000
C|+ndc uc||o| + 4 ^c|m+ dc 1000
|m u|nzc +nos o t+m+n|o d+s tu|b|n+s co||c+s cvo|u|u d+ d|mcnsio dc +.m dc d|mct|o c +,|\
dc otcnc|+ nom|n+| +tc + +tu+| dc +|o m c ;ooo|\ |stc dcscnvo|v|mcnto |o| su||ccndcntc cm
um c||odo dc tcmo |c|+t|v+mcntc cu|to cscc|+|mcntc +os + cxc||cnc|+ sob + scns+io dc ||+-
c+sso do dcscnvo|v|mcnto dc tu|b|n+s com otcnc|+ suc||o| + + mcg+w+tt no n+| dos +nos so c
|n|c|o dos ,o O comc|c|o dc +c|ogc|+do|cs no mundo sc dcscnvo|vcu |+|d+mcntc cm tccno|og|+
c t+m+n|os du|+ntc os u|t|mos +, +nos como most|+ + +bc|+ ,.o c ||ust|+ + ||gu|+ ,+o
417
Energias renovveis
Tabela 9.20: Evoluo dos aerogeradores comerciais: 1985 - 2010
Ano Dimetro do rotor (m) Potncia nominal (kW)
1c 1 0
1c !0 !00
1. ! 00
14 4o o00
1c 0 100
.00 110 000
.010 140 000
Fonte: Dewi, 2006
31
.
^ ||gu|+ + scgu|| ||ust|+ o |m|css|on+ntc dcscnvo|v|mcnto do t+m+n|o c d+ otcnc|+ dc +c|ogc-
|+do|cs dcsdc +,s,
Figura 9.10: Evoluo dos aerogeradores comerciais: 1985 - 2010
Fonte: Dewi, 2006
32
.
31 German Wind Energy Institute.DEWI. Wind energy study 2006. Market assessment of the wind energy industry up to the year
2014. Hamburg: Dewi. 2006.
32 German Wind Energy Institute.DEWI. Wind energy study 2006. Market assessment of the wind energy industry up to the year
2014. Hamburg: Dewi. 2006.
418
O dcscnvo|v|mcnto dc tu|b|n+s co||c+s v|s+ndo o +umcnto do t+m+n|o |osscguc cm ||tmo +cc-
|c|+do |scc|+|mcntc +|+ +||c+ocs no m+| g|+ndcs +c|ogc|+do|cs cc|c+ dc ;o |\ dc otcnc|+
nom|n+| c +|om dc d|mct|o dc |oto| cstio cm |+sc dc |o,cto c cst+|io |ontos +tc o +no .o+o
|m n|vc| mund|+| os custos dc |oduio dc c|ct||c|d+dc v|+ cnc|g|+ co||c+ sio +|t+mcntc dccn-
dcntcs do |cg|mc dc vcntos c do o|tc dos cm|ccnd|mcntos Cons|dc|+ndo csscs +|mct|os os
custos odcm +t|ng|| +s scgu|ntcs |+|x+s dc v+||+io (|) g|+ndcs cm|ccnd|mcntos |, ,, + eo;
|\| (||) mcd|os cm|ccnd|mcntos |, |, + so;|\| c (|||) cucnos cm|ccnd|mcntos |, ;o
+ +.o;|\| |mbo|+ scu custo dc |nst+|+io cstc,+ s|tu+do o| vo|t+ dos |, +,ooooo o| |\ dc
c++c|d+dc |nst+|+d+ +s v+||+ocs nos |cg|mcs c uxos dos vcntos +|cscnt+m g|+us dc |ncc|tcz+
m+|o|cs do uc +s v+||+ocs d+ v+zio d +gu+ |sso sc |cctc cm |+to|cs dc c++c|d+dc dc cc|c+ dc
,,/ cont|+ e,/ d+s ||d|oc|ct||c+s
^ tcndcnc|+ do dcscnvo|v|mcnto dc +c|ogc|+do|cs no mundo c +t|ng|| + |oduio dc m+u|n+s dc
g|+ndc o|tc |unc|on+ndo com g|+ndc cc|cnc|+ +|+ +tcndc| ||nc|+|mcntc + cx|gcnc|+ n+tu|+|
d+s conccss|on+||+s dc cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ dc gc|+io |ntcg|+d+ dc g|+ndcs b|ocos dc cnc|g|+
^ tccno|og|+ dos +c|ogc|+do|cs conso||dou o dcnom|n+do concc|to d|n+m+|ucs - m+|co no dc-
scnvo|v|mcnto dc tu|b|n+s co||c+s modc|n+s u+ conccio c c+|+ctc||z+d+ o| um t|o dc m+u|-
n+ dc c|xo |o||zont+| |oto| u-w|nd dc t|cs +s com cubo ||g|do c |ot+io const+ntc c uc oc|+m
+co|+d+s |cdc c|ct||c+ com gc|+do| +ss|nc|ono O s|stcm+ dc +c|on+mcnto obcdccc + um o|dc-
n+mcnto ||nc+| mu|t|||c+do| dc vc|oc|d+dc-||c|o-+co|+mcnto gc|+do| ^ o||cnt+io d+ tu|b|n+ c
|c|t+ o| um moto| dc +c|on+mcnto + ||m|t+io dc otcnc|+ c |c+||z+d+ +t|+vcs do c|c|to st+|| ou
cont|o|c dc +sso c + |otcio cont|+ to|mcnt+s o| um ||c|o +c|od|nm|co Os +c|ogc|+do|cs do
concc|to d|n+m+|ucs t|vc|+m + su+ com|ov+d+ v|+b|||d+dc tccn|c+ n+ C+|||o|n|+ nos ||^
Os modc|os m+|s |cccntcs dc +c|ogc|+do|cs |+n+dos o| +|guns |+b||c+ntcs no mc|c+do con|-
m+m d|vc|s+s c+|+ctc||st|c+s do concc|to d|n+m+|ucs o|cm |nco|o|+m +|guns novos +scctos
mc|cccndo |c|cvnc|+ c||m|n+io d+ c+|x+ dc cng|cn+gcns (t|+io d||ct+ |oto|-gc|+do|) |oto| dc
vc|oc|d+dc v+||+vc| c +s com c|| +c|od|nm|co d+ g|+ndc cc|cnc|+ dc convc|sio c oc|+io
m+|s s||cnc|os+
^s v+nt+gcns dcss+s |nov+ocs sio tio cv|dcntcs uc dcvc|io sc|v|| dc |c|c|cnc|+ +|+ os dcm+|s
|+b||c+ntcs sob o ||sco dc to|n+|cm-sc obso|ctos os scus |odutos |o +c|ogc|+do| dc t|+io d||c-
t+ |oto|-gc|+do| o numc|o dc c+s mccn|c+s c scns|vc|mcntc |cduz|do o |unc|on+mcnto m+|s
s||cnc|oso o |o,cto d+ n+cc|c mu|to s|m|cs c todo o o|co dc |ub||c+io ou ||d|+u||co odc sc|
cv|t+do Os +c|ogc|+do|cs dc |oto| com vc|oc|d+dc v+||+vc| +|cscnt+m como ||nc|+|s v+nt+gcns
419
Energias renovveis
m+|o| |oduio dc cnc|g|+ c+|g+s mcno|cs no |oto| dcv|do + |+,+d+s mu|to b+|x+ cm|ssio dc |u|-
dos cm b+|x+s vc|oc|d+dcs c oss|b|||d+dc dc cucn+s t+x+s dc v+||+io do +sso
^ |ox|m+ +bc|+ +|cscnt+ os ||nc|+|s d+dos d+s us|n+s co||co-c|ct||c+s cm oc|+io no ||+s||
Tabela 9.21: Principais usinas elico-eltricas em operao no Brasil
Usina Potncia (kW) Proprietrio Municpio
|o||c+ dc ||+|n|+ 10000
\obbcn \|nd |owc|
|ndust||+ c Comc|c|o |td+
û||+z - C|
|o||c+ dc +|b+ 000
\obbcn \|nd |owc|
io Con+|o do ^m+|+ntc
- C|
|o||c+-||ct||c+ |xc||mcnt+|
do |o||o do C+mc||n|o
1000
C|||C Cc|+io c
|+nsm|ssio ^
Couvc|+ - |C
|o||o - ||ct||c+ dc |+|m+s .00
Ccnt|+|s |o||c+s do |+|+n+
|td+
|+|m+s - ||
|o||c+ dc |c|n+ndo dc
|o|on|+
..
Ccnt|o ||+s||c||o dc |nc|g|+
|o||c+ - |^||;||||
|c|n+ndo dc |o|on|+ - ||
|+|uc |o||co dc |cbc||bc .o00 |o||c+ |cbc||bc ^ |cbc||bc - C|
|o||c+ do |ucu||c .400
\obbcn \|nd |owc|
|o|t+|cz+ - C|
|| 1 - ||o do |ogo 4!00
|nc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s do ||+s||
^
||o do |ogo - ||
|o||c+ dc |om |+|d|m o00
|+|uc |o||co dc +nt+
C+t+||n+ |td+
|om |+|d|m d+ c||+ - C
|oz do ||o C|o|o ..00
||| C|nco Cc|+io c
Comc|c|+||z+io dc |nc|g|+
^
|cbc||bc - C|
|o||c+ O||nd+ ..
Ccnt|o ||+s||c||o dc |nc|g|+
|o||c+ - |^||;||||
O||nd+ - ||
|o||c+ C+no+ ucb|+d+ 1000
|os+ dos Vcntos Cc|+io c
^
^|+c+t| - C|
|+go+ do |+to !.!0
|os+ dos Vcntos Cc|+io c
^
^|+c+t| - C|
|+|uc |o||co do |o||zontc 4c00
Ccnt|+| |+c|on+| dc |nc|g|+
|o||c+ |td+
^gu+ |occ - C
|o||c+ |+|+cu|u .!400
|o||c+ |+|+cu|u Cc|+io c
^
|+|+cu|u - C|
420
Usina Potncia (kW) Proprietrio Municpio
|o||c+ ||+|+s dc |+|+,u|u .cc04
Ccnt|+| |o||c+ ||+|+ dc
|+|+,u|u ^
|cbc||bc - C|
|cd|+ do +| 1c000 |o||c+ |cd|+ do +| ^ |+|n+|b+ - ||
|+c+u 1c00 |ct|o|co ||+s||c||o ^ |+c+u - ||
|o||c+ ^gu+ |occ 000
Ccnt|+| |+c|on+| dc |nc|g|+
|o||c+ |td+
^gu+ |occ - C
|+|uc |o||co dc Oso||o 0000 Vcntos do u| |nc|g|+ ^ Oso||o - |
|+|uc |o||co +ng|+dou|o 0000 Vcntos do u| |nc|g|+ ^ Oso||o - |
+|b+ ^|b+t|oz 1o00
|ons Vcntos Cc|+do|+ dc
|nc|g|+ ^
io Con+|o do ^m+|+ntc
- C|
|+|uc |o||co dos |nd|os 0000 Vcntos do u| |nc|g|+ ^ Oso||o - |
||||cnn|um 10.00
|| ||||cnn|um Ccnt|+|
Cc|+do|+ |o||c+ ^
|+t+|+c+ - ||
||cs|dcntc 400
V+|c dos Vcntos Cc|+do|+
|o||c+ ^
|+t+|+c+ - ||
C+mu||m 400
|o||c+ ^
|+t+|+c+ - ||
^|b+t|oz 400
|o||c+ ^
|+t+|+c+ - ||
Coc||os | 400
|o||c+ ^
|+t+|+c+ - ||
Coc||os ||| 400
|o||c+ ^
|+t+|+c+ - ||
^t|nt|c+ 400
|o||c+ ^
|+t+|+c+ - ||
C+|+vc|+ 400
|o||c+ ^
|+t+|+c+ - ||
Coc||os || 400
|o||c+ ^
|+t+|+c+ - ||
Coc||os |V 400
|o||c+ ^
|+t+|+c+ - ||
|+t+|+c+ 400
|o||c+ ^
|+t+|+c+ - ||
ot+| !4 us|n+s |otcnc|+ tot+| 44!.c4 |\
Fonte: ANEEL, 2009
33
.
33 Agncia Nacional de Energia Eltrica. ANEEL. Banco de Informaes de Gerao. 2009. Disponvel em: <www.aneel.gov.br>.
Acesso em: dez 2009.
421
Energias renovveis
9.3.5. Energia solar fotovoltaica
^ convc|sio d||ct+ d+ |uz so|+| cm cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ c |c+||z+d+ +t|+vcs do c|+m+do c|c|to |otovo|t+|co
(ec) cstud+do o| |ccuc|c| dcsdc +s,, | |mo|t+ntc |css+|t+| uc cssc |occsso dc convc|sio nio
dccndc do c+|o| c c|o cont|+||o o |cnd|mcnto d+ cc|u|+ |otovo|t+|c+ dcc|cscc u+ndo + su+ tcmc-
|+tu|+ sc c|cv+ |ssc como|t+mcnto c cx||c+do c|o |+to dc uc os |otons d+ |uz so|+| t|+ns|c|cm su+
cnc|g|+ d||ct+mcntc +os c|ct|ons scm + ncccss|d+dc dc um+ ct++ tc|m|c+ |ntc|mcd|+||+
O c|c|to |otovo|t+|co odc sc| obt|do cm todos os m+tc||+|s scm|conduto|cs o|s sio |n+dcu+-
dos os |so|+ntcs o| c+us+ d+ su+ b+|x+ condut|v|d+dc c os mct+|s cm dcco||cnc|+ d+ su+ c|cv+d+
conccnt|+io dc c|ct|ons no cscu|o ||c so oco||c u+ndo cx|stc um+ b+||c||+ dc otcnc|+| no sc-
m|conduto| nio ||um|n+do como + cncont|+d+ n+ |ntc||+cc cnt|c du+s +|c+s dc do+gcm d|vc|s+
|sto c ondc do|s t|os dc |mu|cz+s |o|+m |nt|oduz|d+s cm conccnt|+ocs |n|c||o|cs + +/ c cssc
m+tc||+| c ||um|n+do +s c+|g+s c|ct||c+s c||+d+s c|+ |uz +t|+vcs do c|c|to |otoconduto| sc|io sc+-
|+d+s c|+ b+||c||+ cm c+|g+s os|t|v+s dc um |+do c ncg+t|v+s do out|o oss|b|||t+ndo + gc|+io
dc otcnc|+ c|ct||c+
^tu+|mcntc o s|||c|o c o m+|s |mo|t+ntc m+tc||+| scm|conduto| us+do n+ convc|sio |otovo|t+|c+
c t+mbcm o m+tc||+| b+s|co +|+ tod+ + |ndust||+ c|ct|on|c+ ^s cc|u|+s |otovo|t+|c+s d+ +tu+||d+dc
sio |oduz|d+s + +|t|| dc s|||c|o monoc||st+||no o||c||st+||no ou +mo||o
|m+ us|n+ c|ct||c+ |otovo|t+|c+ oc|+ndo |ntc|||g+d+ |cdc c|ct||c+ convcnc|on+| comoc-sc
b+s|c+mcntc do gc|+do| so|+| c do subs|stcm+ cond|c|on+do| dc otcnc|+ uc convc|tc + s+|d+
do gc|+do| cm otcnc|+ ut|| ^ ||gu|+ + scgu|| most|+ o d|+g|+m+ dc b|ocos dc um+ us|n+ |oto-
vo|t+|c+ |ntc|||g+d+ |cdc c|ct||c+
Gerador
solar
Seguidor de
mxima
potncia
Inversor
Corrente contnua/
corrente alternada
Rede el trica
Figura 9.11: Diagrama de blocos de uma usina fotovoltaica interligada rede eltrica
O gc|+do| so|+| cons|stc dc um +||+n,o c|ct||co cm sc||c c +|+|c|o dc modu|os |otovo|t+|cos mon-
t+dos cm um+ cst|utu|+ dc sustcnt+io dc |o|m+ + sc obtc| + otcnc|+ c + tcnsio nom|n+| cm co|-
|cntc cont|nu+ |cuc||d+s O modu|o c |o|m+do o| um con,unto dc cc|u|+s |otovo|t+|c+s |ntc|||g+-
422
d+s c cnc+su|+d+s |o|m+|mcntc sio |nco|o|+dos d|odos dc otcnc|+ no +||+n,o +|+ |otcio
dos modu|os cont|+ sob|c +ucc|mcnto c c||cu|+io |ntc|n+ dc co||cntc
O modu|o comc|c|+| dc s|||c|o monoc||st+||no +|cscnt+ cc|cnc|+ n+ |+|x+ dc +o + +, / tod+v|+ o-
dc|io sc| |oduz|dos cu|+mcntos uc +|c+nccm |cnd|mcnto dc .s/ sob |uz so|+| o|d|n+||+ cm
cond|io ^| +, (cscct|o so|+| n+ suc|||c|c d+ tc||+ com o so| c|cv+do dc |s. cm |c|+io vc|-
t|c+| do |oc+|) c dc ,|/ sob conccnt|+io
O modu|o dc s|||c|o o||c||st+||no +|cscnt+ cc|cnc|+ um ouco |n|c||o| + do monoc||st+||no cnt|c-
t+nto o otcnc|+| dc mcno| custo dc |oduio to|n+ cst+ +|tc|n+t|v+ mu|to +t|+cntc do onto dc
v|st+ comc|c|+| +|cm d+ obtcnio dc cc|u|+s u+d|+d+s ^s cc|u|+s u+d|+d+s oss|b|||t+m |oduz||
modu|os |otovo|t+|cos com um |+to| dc ocu+io dc +oo/ dc |o|m+ comcns+| + |cduio dc c-
c|cnc|+ d+s cc|u|+s o||c||st+||n+s
Os modu|os dc s|||c|o mono c o||c||st+||no +|cscnt+m v|d+ ut|| suc||o| + .o +nos ou sc,+ m+ntcm
+ cond|io o||g|n+| dc |oduio dc cnc|g|+ du|+ntc todo o c||odo |c|c||do o|cm ossucm custo
dc |oduio c|cv+do como conscucnc|+ do +|t|ss|mo g|+u dc u|cz+ cx|g|do +|+ o s|||c|o c d+s
c|cv+d+s c|d+s dcsscs m+tc||+|s du|+ntc o |occsso dc co|tc
O s|||c|o +mo||o +|cscnt+-sc como + m+|s |mo|t+ntc +|tc|n+t|v+ +|+ |oduio dc cc|u|+s |otovo|-
t+|c+s dc b+|xo custo o|s |cuc| um+ u+nt|d+dc mu|to mcno| dc m+tc||+| o| w+tt c c|m|tc +
|o|m+io dc cc|u|+s com g|+ndc +|c+ cm |occsso +utom+t|z+do Os modu|os comc|c|+|s dc s|||c|o
+mo||o +|cscnt+m como ||nc|+|s dcsv+nt+gcns cm |c|+io +os mono c o||c||st+||nos + cc|cnc|+
cm to|no dc ,/ c v|d+ ut|| dc +o +nos o|s sio m+|s scns|vc|s +o |occsso dc dcg|+d+io
^ cst|utu|+ dc sustcnt+io dos modu|os odc sc| x+ ou movc| +t|+vcs dc moto-|cduto|cs uc
scgucm o mov|mcnto do so| O mov|mcnto c com+nd+do o| scnso|cs ou t+bc|+s dc os|io do
so| uc s|n+||z+m +|+ d|sos|t|vos c|ct|on|cos ou m|c|ocomut+do|cs c cstcs com+nd+m o +c|o-
n+mcnto dos moto-|cduto|cs
O subs|stcm+ cond|c|on+do| dc otcnc|+ (|owc| Cond|t|on|ng ubsystcm - |C) co|ct+ + cnc|g|+
|oduz|d+ c|o gc|+do| so|+| n+ |o|m+ CC c +os o cond|c|on+mcnto + t|+nso|t+ +|+ + |cdc c|c-
t||c+ n+ |o|m+ C^ O |C c comosto dc d|vc|sos d|sos|t|vos +co|+dos s|c+mcntc com +s |un-
ocs dc cont|o|+| o +c|on+mcnto-dcs+c|on+mcnto onto dc oc|+io do gc|+do| so|+| |otcio
do s|stcm+ convc|sio dc co||cntc cont|nu+ cm +|tc|n+d+ c s|nc|on|z+io com + |cdc c|ct||c+ O
cont|o|c do onto dc oc|+io c cxc|c|do c|o scgu|do| dc m+x|m+ otcnc|+ o|s + s+|d+ dc o-
423
Energias renovveis
tcnc|+ dc um gc|+do| so|+| c scns|vc|mcntc |nucnc|+d+ c|o n|vc| dc |nso|+io do |oc+| c tcmc|+-
tu|+ dc oc|+io d+s cc|u|+s |otovo|t+|c+s O scgu|do| +,ust+ + c+d+ |nst+ntc + tcnsio c + co||cntc
dc oc|+io oss|b|||t+ndo uc o gc|+do| oc|c scm|c no onto dc m+x|m+ otcnc|+
O |nvc|so| c o comoncntc do |C uc t|+ns|o|m+ + cnc|g|+ CC cm ^C d|ss|+ndo o m|n|mo dc
otcnc|+ +|+ |cduz|| c|d+s c |o|m+t+ndo + ond+ com um b+|xo tco| dc |+|mon|cos c cm s|nc|o-
n|smo com + |cdc ^tu+|mcntc ut|||z+m-sc |nvc|so|cs comut+dos ||n|+ c +utocomut+dos |o ||-
mc||o t|o o |occsso dc |nvc|sio c cont|o|+do c|+ tcnsio d+ |cdc c no +utocomut+do o cont|o|c
c |c+||z+do o| um s|n+| gc|+do no |o||o |nvc|so| O |C ossu| um t|+ns|o|m+do| dc |otcio
uc dcs+co|+ +|tc CC d+ ^C c out|o uc c|cv+ + tcnsio dc s+|d+ +|+ o n|vc| d+ |cdc dc d|st||-
bu|io O |C +|cscnt+ um+ cc|cnc|+ mcd|+ cm to|no dc ,./
^s ccnt|+|s |otovo|t+|c+s cm oc|+io n+ C+|||o|n|+ nos ||^ +|cscnt+m um |+to| dc c++c|d+dc
m+x|mo +nu+| (|c|+io cnt|c + otcnc|+ mcd|+ gc|+d+ c + otcnc|+ nom|n+| no c||odo cons|dc|+-
do) n+ |+|x+ dc .,/ + ,o/ c cc|cnc|+ mcd|+ g|ob+| dc convc|sio dc , + +./
Os custos dc |nvcst|mcntos c oc|+c|on+|s d+s us|n+s |c||oc|ct||c+s +cs+| dc +|nd+ sc|cm m+|s
c|cv+dos do uc os d+s us|n+s tc|mo c ||d|oc|ct||c+s convcnc|on+|s +|cscnt+m tcndcnc|+ dcc|cs-
ccntc cm |+zio dos scgu|ntcs |+to|cs (|) +umcnto dc cc|cnc|+ dos co|cto|cs c +bso|vcdo|cs so|+|cs
como conscucnc|+ d+ mc||o||+ do |cnd|mcnto ot|co c |cduio d+ cm|ss|v|d+dc (||) c|cv+io d+
tcmc|+tu|+ do u|do tc|m|co oss|b|||t+ndo c|cv+| + cc|cnc|+ do con,unto tu|b|n+;gc|+do| (|||)
+umcnto d+ c++c|d+dc |nst+|+d+ o| ccnt|+| t|+duz|ndo-sc cm |cduio dos custos dc |nvcst|mcn-
to o| un|d+dc dc otcnc|+ c dc oc|+io c m+nutcnio (|v) +c||c|o+mcnto dos cu|+mcntos
dc cont|o|c o uc |cv+ + um+ scns|vc| mc||o||+ n+ |c|+io custo-bcnc||c|o (v) |nco|o|+io dc mc-
||o||+s tccno|og|c+s t+|s como c||m|n+io do u|do tc|m|co +|m+zcn+mcnto tc|m|co cc|cntc
+c||c|o+mcnto do c|cmcnto dc co|cio d+ |+d|+io c dos s|stcm+s dc scgu|mcnto d+ os|io do
so| c (v|) mc||o||+ d+ cc|cnc|+ d+s cc|u|+s |otovo|t+|c+s c |cduio n+s su+s c|d+s dc |oduio
424
^ +bc|+ ,.. +|cscnt+ d+dos com+|+t|vos d+s tccno|og|+s +|+ gc|+io |c||oc|ct||c+
Tabela 9.22: Dados comparativos das tecnologias para gerao helioeltrica
Tecnologia
Parmetro
Usina solar torre
de potncia
Usina solar
calha parablica
Piscina solar
Central
fotovoltaica
Pais/ local Espanha/Sevilha EUA/Califrnia Israel/ B H rava Portugal/Serpa
|otcnc|+ d+ |+nt+
(|\)
11 !40 11
^|c+ do co|cto| (|+) 1.0 . !.
|cns|d+dc dc
otcnc|+ (|\;|+)
100 .c00 .00 !0
|c|cnc|+ g|ob+| +nu+|
(`)
14 + 1 14 + 1c . + 1.
Custo dc |nvcst|mcnto
(|;;|\)
1100 +
4c00
.c0 +
400
4000
o00 +
00
Custo d+ cnc|g|+
gc|+d+ (|;;|\|)
40 + 10 .00 + 400 c0
.00 +
400
Fontes: Fraindenraich; Lyra, 1995; PSA, 1999; EC, 2009.
425
Energias renovveis
^ ||gu|+ ,+. most|+ + cvo|uio d+ c++c|d+dc |otovo|t+|c+ |nst+|+d+ no mundo cx|css+ cm +ooo
|\ c + cu|v+ dcc|csccntc dc c|csc|mcnto (/) +o |ongo do c||odo
2.530
4.511
8.688
15.690
33.328
23.501
41.371
48.901
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
35.000
40.000
45.000
50.000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Anos
C
a
p
a
c
i
d
a
d
e

(
1
0
0
0

M
W
)
78%
93%
81%
50%
42%
24%
18%

0

78%
93%
81%
50%
42%
24%
18%
78%
93%
81%
50%
42%
24%
18%
Figura 9.12: Evoluo da capacidade fotovoltaica instalada no mundo
Fonte: IMS Research, 2009
34
.
Os cstudos c + cxc||cnc|+ +du|||d+ n+ ut|||z+io do |ccu|so so|+| +|+ gc|+io dc c|ct||c|d+dc cm |+|g+
csc+|+ tcm dcmonst|+do uc os |m+ctos tc|m|cos c c||m+t|cos +ssoc|+dos + um+ ccnt|+| |otovo|t+|c+ sio
m|n|mos Os modu|os |cduzcm + |cct|v|d+dc |cvcmcntc o uc tcndc + c|cv+| + tcmc|+tu|+ do |oc+|
o|cm cssc c|c|to c comcns+do c|+ convc|sio dc bo+ +|cc|+ d+ |uz so|+| cm c|ct||c|d+dc uc no|m+|-
mcntc ||+ |oduz|| c+|o| |cst+ tccno|og|+ nio cx|stc cm|ssio dc |cs|duo u+|uc| cscc|c
Com |c|+io s ccnt|+|s so|+|cs do t|o |C c |CC os |+b||c+ntcs |o|ncccm d+dos uc most|+m
um n|vc| dc cm|ssio dc |Ox c CO. bcm +b+|xo dos no|m+|mcntc vc||c+dos cm |+nt+s tc|m|c+s
convcnc|on+|s ^|cm d|sso +s cm|ssocs sc dio ||nc|+|mcntc no|tc u+ndo os c|c|tos dc o|u|io
+tmos|c||c+ sio m|n|m|z+dos
34 IMS Research. YMRs Solar Cell Capacity, Shipment and Company Prole Database and Report. 2009.
426
^ cnc|g|+ so|+| +|nd+ nio ocu+ um+ os|io dc dcst+uc n+ m+t||z cnc|gct|c+ mund|+| o|uc
sc +|cscnt+ sob |o|m+ dcscont|nu+ su,c|t+ + +|tc|nnc|+s c||od|c+s (d|+-no|tc |nvc|no-vc|io) c
c+su+|s (ccu c|+|o-ncbu|oso) o uc cx|gc o uso dc d|sos|t|vos dc +cumu|+io com + conscucntc
c|cv+io dos custos ^|gum+s ucstocs mc|cccm dcst+uc (|) + cnc|g|+ so|+| c ||uto dc um |ongo
|occsso dc m+tu|+io +|tc|n+ndo su+ cx|stcnc|+ com c||odos dc +m|+ d||usio c c||odos dc |+|-
t+ dc |ntc|cssc c ouc+ +cc|t+io |io obst+ntc os +v+nos c |ct|occssos mcnc|on+dos + c|cnc|+ c
tccno|og|+ so|+| const|tucm |o,c um+ b+sc dc con|cc|mcnto cu,os |und+mcntos cstio so||d+mcn-
tc cst+bc|cc|dos (||) + tccno|og|+ so|+| so |ng|cssou no c+mo dos cnc|gct|cos cm s|tu+ocs cm uc
+s c|scct|v+s dc uso dc combust|vc|s |ossc|s comc+|+m + dcc||n+| (|||) no +ss+do + tccno|og|+
so|+| |o| mu|to m+|s o |csu|t+do dc cst|mu|os cxtc|nos
O c+|cu|o t|+d|c|on+| do custo d+ cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ gc|+d+ o| |ontcs convcnc|on+|s nio |nco|o|+ +
subst+nc|+| +|cc|+ dcco||cntc dc |m+ctos +mb|cnt+|s dcss+s |ontcs dcv|do +o |+to dc sc|cm |c+s-
s+dos +|+ tod+ + soc|cd+dc O +|o|und+mcnto d+s d|scussocs sob|c ucstocs dc cnc|g|+ c mc|o
+mb|cntc |+vo|ccc|+ um+ ut|||z+io +m|+ c |og|css|v+ d+ cnc|g|+ so|+|
O ||+s|| s|tu+-sc cm scgundo |ug+| no mundo u+nto cnc|g|+ so|+| |nc|dcntc ^ t|tu|o dc ||ust|+-
io o |st+do do Cc+|+ c c+|+ctc||z+do o| |nso|+io suc||o| + .eoo |o|+s o| +no |+d|+io so|+|
g|ob+| mcd|+ +nu+| dc ,| |\|;m` o| d|+ c um+ +|c+ dc |.,se |m` cscc|+|mcntc |+vo|+vc| +o
+|ovc|t+mcnto dcss+ cnc|g|+ +scctos uc o c|cdcnc|+m como um dos m+|s |ntc|css+ntcs |oc+|s
do |+nct+ +|+ +||c+ocs dc cnc|g|+ so|+| V+|c |css+|t+| uc +s tccno|og|+s +|+ +|ovc|t+mcnto
dcssc |ccu|so vcm +|cscnt+ndo scns|vc|s |cduocs no scu custo dc |oduio c ,+ sio comct|t|v+s
com cnc|g|+s convcnc|on+|s cm +||c+ocs cscc|c+s
|o toc+ntc +o mc|c+do otcnc|+| +|+ + tccno|og|+ tc|mc|ct||c+ so|+| somcntc n+ |cg|io |o|dcstc
cx|stcm cc|c+ dc ,os m|||ocs dc |cct+|cs dc tc||+s ||||g+vc|s d|st||bu|d+s cm +; +|c+s ||o||t+||+s
|nt|ct+nto dcv|do + ||m|t+ocs no su||mcnto dc cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ odc|io nio sc| +|ovc|t+d+s cm
cu|to c mcd|o |+zos ^ dcm+nd+ otcnc|+| dc c|ct||c|d+dc +ssoc|+d+ ||||g+io c cst|m+d+ dc +,oo
|\ + ,ooo |\ cm |unio d+ tccno|og|+ dc ||||g+io ut|||z+d+ c d+ d|stnc|+ |ontc O otcnc|+|
||d|c|ct||co d+ |cg|io |o|dcstc c d+ o|dcm dc .e;oo |\ dos u+|s m+|s dc +,,,o |\ ,+ sio cx-
|o|+dos cm us|n+s ||d|c|ct||c+s +o |ongo do ||o io ||+nc|sco
^ ||m|t+io do uso d+ ||d|c|ct||c|d+dc c + dcm+nd+ otcnc|+| dc cnc|g|+ c|ct||c+ +|+ ||||g+| o scm|-
+||do d+ |cg|io |o|dcstc ,ust|c+m + |dc|+ dc +ssoc|+| + gc|+io tc|mc|ct||c+ so|+| + |o,ctos dc ||||-
g+io |nt|c os |numc|os bcnc||c|os dcst+c+m-sc c|csc|mcnto |oc+| c dcscnvo|v|mcnto |m|cmcn-
t+io dc bcnc||c|os soc|+|s o|c|t+ dc novos cm|cgos no c+mo cv|t+ndo o cxodo |u|+| m+|s +gu+
427
Energias renovveis
odc|+ sc| d||cc|on+d+ +|+ ||||g+io +o |nvcs dc gc|+io c|ct||c+ c + ||d|c|ct||c|d+dc nio us+d+
+|+ ||||g+io cst+|+ d|son|vc| +|+ out|+s +||c+ocs
9.3.6. Energia hidrulica
^ cnc|g|+ ||d|+u||c+ (e|) c um+ |ontc |cnov+vc| c um+ d+s |o|m+s |nd||ct+s d+ cnc|g|+ so|+| |+t+-
sc dc um |ccu|so cnc|gct|co s|m|cs dc sc| cx|o|+do c |+t|c+mcntc |ncsgot+vc| o|s o otcnc|+|
||d|+u||co dccndc d+ cnc|g|+ so|+| c d+ cnc|g|+ otcnc|+| g|+v|t+c|on+| d+ tc||+ O +|ovc|t+mcnto
do otcnc|+| ||d|+u||co cx|stcntc cm um ||o +t|+vcs dc ||d|c|ct||c+s c|m|tc + gc|+io dc c|ct||c|-
d+dc cm |+|g+ csc+|+ com b+|xo |m+cto +mb|cnt+| c com cc|cnc|+ d+ o|dcm dc so/ O otcnc|+|
||d|+u||co c |oo|c|on+do c|+ v+zio ||d|+u||c+ c c|+ conccnt|+io dos dcsn|vc|s |cscntcs +o
|ongo do cu|so dc um ||o ^s ||nc|+|s +|tcs dc um+ ccnt|+| ||d|oc|ct||c+ sio b+||+gcm condutos
dc +duio d+ +gu+ c+s+ d+s m+u|n+s c c+n+| ou g+|c||+ dc |cst|tu|io
^ b+||+gcm ossu| +s scgu|ntcs n+||d+dcs |c|cs+| +s +gu+s do ||o +|+ c|m|t|| su+ c+t+io c
dcsv|o c c|cv+| o n|vc| d+s +gu+s + m dc |oo|c|on+| um dcsn|vc| +dcu+do + um +|ovc|t+mcn-
to ||d|oc|ct||co ou cond|ocs dc n+vcg+b|||d+dc +o ||o c |o|m+| o |csc|v+to||o |cgu|+do| dc v+zio
|+ os condutos dc +duio d+ +gu+ dcst|n+m-sc conduio d+ +gu+ d+ b+||+gcm +|+ +s tu|b|n+s
^ c+s+ dc m+u|n+s const|tu| o comoncntc m+|s |mo|t+ntc dc um+ ||d|oc|ct||c+ n+ u+| cstio
|oc+||z+dos os gc|+do|cs c|ct||cos c +s tu|b|n+s O c+n+| ou g+|c||+ dc |cst|tu|io dcvc sc| const|u|do
u+ndo + |cst|tu|io d+ +gu+ nio udc| sc| |c|t+ d||ct+mcntc +o |c|to do ||o
|ssc c o +no|+m+ d+s oss|b|||d+dcs c dcs+os d+s tccno|og|+s +ssoc|+d+s s cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s
cm |oco cu,o cst+g|o dc dcscnvo|v|mcnto odc sc| obsc|v+do cm scu con,unto nos m++s tccno-
|og|cos mund|+| c do ||+s|| +|cscnt+dos n+s cocs ,| c ,, + scgu||
9.4. Mapa tecnolgico no mundo: 2010-2030
^ ||gu|+ ,+, |c|cscnt+ o m++ tccno|og|co do dcscnvo|v|mcnto do tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s
no mundo |ssc m++ c|m|tc com+|+| +s t|+,cto||+s mund|+|s dos to|cos com +s t|+,cto||+s no
||+s|| tcndo cm v|st+ + dcn|io d+ cst|+tcg|+ tccno|og|c+ + sc| scgu|d+ cm n|vc| n+c|on+| c o cs-
t+bc|cc|mcnto d+s ||o||d+dcs d+ |cdc ||+s||c||+ dc u|m|c+ Vc|dc no uc sc |c|c|c gc|+io dc
con|cc|mcnto c |nov+ocs ncstc tcm+
428

Est gios
Desenvolvimento do tema energias renov veis
no mundo
2010 - 2015 2016 - 2025 2026 - 2030
Comercializa o
Produ o/
processo
Inova o/
implanta o
Scale- up
Fase demonstra o
Fase piloto
Pesquisa em bancada
Est gios
Desenvolvimento do tema energias renov veis no mundo

2010 - 2015 2016 - 2025 2026 - 2030
Comercializao
Produo/
processo
Inovao/
implantao
Scale-up
Fase demonstrao
Fase piloto
Pesquisa em bancada
T6a
T6a
T6a
T6a
T6a
T6f
T6b T6d
T6e
T6d T6e
Figura 9.13: Mapa tecnolgico do tema energias renovveis no mundo: 2010 2030
Notao: T6a Produo biolgica de hidrognio; T6b Biogs; T6c Ecincia energtica; T6d Energia elica; T6e Energia
solar fotovoltaica; T6f Energia hidrulica.
^s |n|o|m+ocs c d+dos const+ntcs no +no|+m+ mund|+| do tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s c +s ||n-
c|+|s tcndcnc|+s tccno|og|c+s uc |o|+m d|scut|d+s n+ cio ,, dcstc C+|tu|o sustcnt+m o cxc|-
c|c|o |oscct|vo d+s t|+,cto||+s tccno|og|c+s dc c|nco dos sc|s to|cos tccno|og|cos dcscn|+d+s n+
||gu|+ ,+ cons|dc|+ndo-sc os c||odos .o+o-.o+, .o+e -.o., c .o.e -.o,o ^ t|+,cto||+ do to|co
cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ (ec) nio |o| dcscn|+d+ no m++ cm |unio dc scu c+|+tc| t|+nsvc|s+| c
t+mbcm c|o |+to dc su+ |m|+nt+io tc| comoncntcs cu|tu|+|s c o||t|cos m+|s m+|c+ntcs uc os
dcs+os tccno|og|cos c| sc
^s t|+,cto||+s tccno|og|c+s |ccon|z+d+s no m++ tccno|og|co d+ ||gu|+ ,+. |nd|c+m uc cm mc+-
dos do c||odo .o+o-.o+, o to|co |oduio b|o|og|c+ dc ||d|ogcn|o (e+) sc cncont|+|+ n+ |+sc
||oto c uc scus |csu|t+dos |om|sso|cs |cv+|io |+sc dc dcmonst|+io +|nd+ ncstc c||odo
429
Energias renovveis
|+ os to|cos b|og+s (eb) cnc|g|+ co||c+ (ed) cnc|g|+ so|+| |otovo|t+|c+ (ec) cst+|io cm |+sc
dc |oduio cm |+|g+ csc+|+ como |nd|c+do n+ ||gu|+ ,+. O to|co cnc|g|+ ||d|+u||c+ (e|) t+m-
bcm cons|dc|+do m+du|o cncont|+-sc no cst+g|o suc||o| do m++ tccno|og|co
|o c||odo do mcd|o |+zo (.o+e- .o.,) dcst+c+-sc + t|+,cto||+ do to|co |otoss|ntcsc +|t|c|+| (e+)
uc +ss+|+ d+ |+sc dc sc+|c-u +|+ |m|+nt+io |cvcndo-sc + cnt|+d+ cm oc|+io cm |+|g+ csc+|+
no c||odo scgu|ntc (.o.e -.o,o) ^|nd+ no mcd|o |+zo os to|cos cnc|g|+ co||c+ (ed) c cnc|g|+
so|+| |otovo|t+|c+ (ec) cst+|io no cst+g|o suc||o| do m++ como odc sc| v|su+||z+do n+ ||gu|+ ,+.
9.5. Mapa tecnolgico no Brasil: oportunidades estratgicas
no perodo 2010- 2030
^ ||gu|+ ,+, +|cscnt+ o m++ tccno|og|co do dcscnvo|v|mcnto do tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s no
||+s|| tcndo cm v|st+ + +n+||sc d+s v+nt+gcns comct|t|v+s otcnc|+|s +|+ o +|s ||nc|+|mcntc no
cu|to c mcd|o |+zo cm |c|+io s t|+,cto||+s mund|+|s
^s ||nc|+|s tcndcnc|+s tccno|og|c+s |c|c|cntcs +o tcm+ c +s |n|o|m+ocs c d+dos const+ntcs no
+no|+m+ n+c|on+| +|cscnt+do n+ cio ,, dcstc C+|tu|o sc|v||+m dc b+sc +|+ + const|uio do
m++ tccno|og|co do tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s no ||+s|| |nd|c+m-sc +s t|+,cto||+s dc c|nco dos sc|s
to|cos tccno|og|cos dcscn|+d+s n+ ||gu|+ ,+, cons|dc|+ndo os c||odos .o+o-.o+, .o+e -.o., c
.o.e -.o,o |c|os mot|vos +ont+dos n+ scio +ntc||o| + t|+,cto||+ do to|co nov+s tccno|og|+s
vo|t+d+s +|+ cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+ (ec) t+mbcm nio |o| t|++d+ no m++ tccno|og|co do ||+s||
Com |c|+io s t|+,cto||+s |nd|c+d+s no m++ tccno|og|co d+ ||gu|+ ,+| obsc|v+-sc uc no |n|c|o
do c||odo .o+o-.o+, o to|co m+tc||+s-||m+s o|c+g|nos+s nio-convcnc|on+|s (e+) cst+|+ no
cst+g|o dc csu|s+ cm b+nc+d+ um ouco m+|s +t|+s+do do uc + s|tu+io +ont+d+ no m++
mund|+| Os |csu|t+dos d+s csu|s+s cm b+nc+d+ so dcvc|io +ss+| +|+ + |+sc ||oto no n+| dcstc
c||odo dcvcndo c|cg+| |+sc dcmonst|+io no mcd|o |+zo (.o.o) c +o csc+|on+mcnto o| vo|-
t+ dc .o., |nov+ocs c |oduio cm |+|g+ csc+|+ cstio |cv|st+s +|+ o |ongo |+zo (.o.e -.o,o)
O |+to dc cnc|g|+ so|+| |otovo|t+|c+ (ec) sc| um+ tccno|og|+ cons|dc|+d+ m+du|+ no mundo ||+
sc |cct|| n+ t|+,cto||+ dcstc to|co no ||+s|| ||cvc-sc uc +|nd+ no c||odo .o+o-.o+, ,+ cstc,+ cn-
t|+ndo cm |+sc dc |oduio cm |+|g+ csc+|+ Os to|cos cnc|g|+ ||d|+u||c+ (e|) c cnc|g|+ co||c+
(ed) cons|dc|+dos m+du|os cst+|io nos cst+g|os suc||o|cs +u| t+mbcm no m++ do ||+s||
430

Est gios
Desenvolvimento do tema energias renov veis
no Brasil
2010 - 2015 2016 - 2025 2026 - 2030
Comercializa o
Produ o/
processo
Inova o/
implanta o
Scale- up
Fase demonstra o
Fase piloto
Pesquisa em bancada
Est gios
Desenvolvimento do tema energias renov veis no Brasil

2010 - 2015 2016 - 2025 2026 - 2030
Comercializao
Produo/
processo
Inovao/
implantao
Scale-up
Fase demonstrao
Fase piloto
Pesquisa em bancada
T6f
T6d
T6b T6d
T6e
T6e
T6e
T6a
T6a
T6a
T6a
T6a
T6a
Figura 9.14: Mapa tecnolgico do tema energias renovveis no Brasil: 2010 2030
Notao: T6a Produo biolgica de hidrognio; T6b Biogs; T6c Ecincia energtica; T6d Energia elica; T6e Energia
solar fotovoltaica; T6f Energia hidrulica.
O to|co b|og+s (eb) cu,+ tccno|og|+ |o,c cst+ cm |+sc dc c|csc|mcnto |n|c|+|+ scu c|c|o dc uso
cm |+|g+ csc+|+ o| vo|t+ dc .o+.-.o+,
^ ||gu|+ ,+, |c|cscnt+ o o|t|o||o tccno|og|co cst|+tcg|co do tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s no u+|
os to|cos +ssoc|+dos |o|+m c|+ss|c+dos c d|sostos no g|+co scgundo do|s c||tc||os (|) sustcnt+-
b|||d+dc c+|cu|+d+ cm |unio do |m+cto cconom|co c soc|o+mb|cnt+| d+s +||c+ocs otcnc|+|s
do to|co no c||odo .o+o-.o,o c (||) g|+u dc cs|o|o +|+ +t|ng|| o os|c|on+mcnto dcscn|+do no
m++ tccno|og|co do ||+s|| (||gu|+ ,+,)
ô sc +n+||s+| o o|t|o||o tccno|og|co d+ ||gu|+ ,+| con|m+-sc o os|c|on+mcnto cst|+tcg|co
|nd|c+do nos m++s tccno|og|cos (||gu|+s ,+. c ,+,) +|t|cu|+|mcntc no uc t+ngc +o to|co
431
Energias renovveis
cnc|g|+ co||c+ (ed) c +os to|cos cnc|g|+ ||d|+u||c+ (e|) c b|og+s (eb) uc sc s|tu+m n+s
os|ocs |dc+| c +cc|t+vc| |cscct|v+mcntc

Ideal Desejvel
Desejvel Aceitvel
Aceitvel Indesejvel Indesejvel
Indesejvel
Aposta
Grau de esforo requerido
baixo mdio alto
S
u
s
t
e
n
t
a
b
i
l
i
d
a
d
e
m
d
i
a
a
l
t
a
b
a
i
x
a
T6a
T6b
T6c
T6d
T6e
T6f
Figura 9.15: Portfolio tecnolgico estratgico do tema energias renovveis no Brasil:2010 2030
Notao: T6a Produo biolgica de hidrognio; T6b Biogs; T6c Ecincia energtica; T6d Energia elica; T6e
Energia solar fotovoltaica; T6f Energia hidrulica.
C+bc |css+|t+| o|cm uc os to|cos com m+|o| otcnc|+| c uc |c|cscnt+m +s c|+m+d+s +os-
t+s cst|+tcg|c+s +|+ o +|s sio |oduio b|o|og|c+ dc ||d|ogcn|o (e+) cc|cnc|+ cnc|gct|c+
(ec) c cnc|g|+ so|+| |otovo|t+|c+ (ec)
9.6. Condicionantes do futuro em relao ao desenvolvimento
do tema
ônt+m-sc ncst+ scio os ||nc|+|s cond|c|on+ntcs do |utu|o cm |c|+io +o dcscnvo|v|mcnto
dos to|cos +ssoc|+dos +o tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s no ||+s|| n+ c|scct|v+ dc co||c|+c|on+| t+|s
cond|c|on+ntcs m+|s gc|+|s +os |+nos dc +io dc cu|to mcd|o c |ongo |+zo uc v|+b|||z+io o
432
dcscnvo|v|mcnto dos |c|c||dos to|cos nos |cscct|vos c||odos O u+d|o ,, +|cscnt+ t+|s con-
d|c|on+ntcs no cu|to mcd|o c |ongo |+zo
Quadro 9.3: Condicionantes do futuro do desenvolvimento do tema energias renovveis
no Brasil
Condicionantes do futuro do desenvolvimento do tema energias renovveis no Brasil
2010 2015 2016 2025 2026 2030
ûcc|mcnto g|ob+| c scus |m+ctos |duc+io cm todos os n|vc|s |duc+io cm todos os n|vc|s
|cg|s|+io +mb|cnt+| m+|s |cst||t|v+ |o||t|c+s c|cd|t|c|+s c t||but+||+s +|+
conso||d+| + b+sc |ndust||+| b|+s||c||+
|ccu|sos |um+nos cm n|vc| tccn|co c
g|+du+do c os-g|+du+do
|+|cc||+s ub||co-||v+d+s |+|cc||+s ub||co-||v+d+s |m+ctos d+ u|m|c+ Vc|dc c d+
||otccno|og|+ (cst+do-d+-+|tc mund|+|)
|o|m+io dc +||+n,os cooc|+t|vos
dc csu|s+ como |cdcs c|ustc|s c
s|stcm+s |oc+|s dc |nov+io
|x|gcnc|+ dc csc+|+ dc |oduio |so dc cnc|g|+s ||m+s
||oduio m+|s ||m+ |c|ccio d+ soc|cd+dc u+nto +o
v+|o| d+s tccno|og|+s ||m+s
||oct|c+
|ccon|ccc-sc |o,c uc o su||mcnto dos combust|vc|s convcnc|on+|s not+d+mcntc os |ossc|s -
c ||m|t+do c |nsuc|cntc +|+ sustcnt+| + +tu+| t+x+ dc dcscnvo|v|mcnto |ndust||+| c ou|+c|on+|
o| mu|to tcmo ^ +|tc|n+t|v+ dc cx|o|+io comc|c|+| dc um con,unto m+|s +m|o dc |ontcs
cnc|gct|c+s ||nc|+|mcntc +s |cnov+vc|s +|cscnt+-sc como um+ oio contcmo|nc+ dc dc-
scnvo|v|mcnto soc|occonom|co sustcnt+vc| |css+ c|scct|v+ |o|+m |dcnt|c+dos c sc|cc|on+dos
sc|s to|cos dc |ntc|cssc +|+ o ||+s|| uc |o|+m ob,cto d+ v|sio dc |utu|o do dcscnvo|v|mcnto do
tcm+ cm um |o||zontc dc .o +nos |css+|t+-sc uc os to|cos |c|+t|vos + b|ocombust|vc|s (b|oct+no|
c b|od|csc|) nio |o|+m +u| |nc|u|dos o| tc|cm s|do c|cnc+dos n+ +n+||sc dos tcm+s b|o||cn+||+s
c o|cou|m|c+ |cscct|v+mcntc
^ v|sio dc |utu|o const|u|d+ +|+ o ||+s|| no uc sc |c|c|c gc|+io dc novos con|cc|mcntos c
|nov+ocs no tcm+ cnc|g|+s |cnov+vc|s cst+|+ su,c|t+ o|t+nto +os cond|c|on+ntcs |nd|c+dos no
u+d|o ,, |cssc contcxto c v|s+ndo + conc|ct|z+io d+s t|+,cto||+s tccno|og|c+s |ccon|z+d+s n+
||gu|+ ,+, +s +ocs vo|t+d+s cst|utu|+io c +o |o|t+|cc|mcnto d+ c++c|d+dc n+c|on+| dcvcm sc|
|m|cmcnt+d+s como ||o||d+dcs cst|+tcg|c+s como sc|+ dcv|d+mcntc +bo|d+do no |o+dm+ |s-
t|+tcg|co d+ |cdc ||+s||c||+ dc u|m|c+ Vc|dc

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most|+ uc t+|s |nvcst|mcntos cstio c|csccndo +cc|c|+d+mcntc dcsdc .oo| + t+x+s

Tabela 9.4: Termos utilizados na estratgia de busca de publicaes cientcas

Tabela 9.14: Patentes referentes ao tema produo biolgica de hidrognio,

|cccss|t+m dc ||um|n+io n+tu|+|

||d|ogcn+sc dcvc sc| c+ncc|+d+ +|+

|+ctc||+s |otoss|ntct|z+do|+s |t|||z+m subst|+tos dc d||c|cntcs

|+ctc||+s |c|mcnt+t|v+s |t|||z+m subst|+tos dc +m|+ v+||cd+dc

|cs|duo dc |c|mcnt+io ncccss|t+ dc

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