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fmOlJilillllQ.

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I

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8~

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,So .'EXperi.m:ellilaQ3o C:ia1Jtifi1J9 MiuJ:tas, il>reJ~tea,~ clentistas ger.ar~ c~~,mr:_oos ,~:s OOIl!bol~(jjas 'P~, testar ,~lJ]a$. hlp6~M~, m.etrulo

Urns h~pdtla~'S;®lm~nJi@ 'p'{~d.eni,!:\lei:" aeeita

j:~:ne']a ~.(Ifl:;~:e 'v~ii'

em ali] 3.1 113 sua t,!? , v'Oce perceueIL ,~ A·~~ :Si!lIJ..ijl" _ e, ,.u.'~,[JIe:1:ll'in;fl!ffmen .l1L11.J1J1.iaC8i: !~b~ndo. V~]n ,~.[1t.o Ida. j'm1Bi~ar virndQ do ~dor~ A.
gl!J;pcmhga"
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. E,n,q~iillmw, ,gen~]na ,ill 'h,uman .. re~,ela 'pme, i~ o .8eu~ ~gre®e:;, t13, It!i.lie!J. eN.p]o(ll;e ,3 pt:Jl~mica ~cibt'e

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tran s;gen'h;~~~ enqnm:ruto ns 'Glenristae, piBblJ pri,m~;ir~ ¥~:t::;, 'v,~ as P~oli~S p~aID.ao 'll]]Jais '~~~~} e. tn aM, ,]"·ec.u:r,sof:;i: p8r~ UUl '[feooit"' q_n.e ~9. l~t:l1I1'1O
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e ro~ch.tsaes ~:iien.t.ulC$ ,ii3M cla'1LUi.ea't3. nas quais (0 Ci.'e:tlti:S~~cl~~cr'0V1~'em detal hes a P(lh8lqlJJ sa '~~a1iJz~GI:a~;.m:tl~eJ.aba,~ e 'te'~h)'UJ,:;w, h]p6t~g~ e, c eom.'~ dl!l:igou 8i 5JL~, ~(rtlcll16jOOa. TIm 'tiI.-.-ibMb~ ~i~ntrui:eo deve ~e:t clam 10

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qu~~, 'uos 'pa~jje s~r 'bj";a'!In:sty;r,ooo. a Amt51nido ~mb~ul TIm Jll'obl~ma ,~e:riD d~\ '~'ktQ~ 1(;: '(iooJlb:llva ~;Ij:tii'l!i a cl-eoclia. ~ p(iattl~.• E 'tfw:i.bem d~ re1a~ao. O<Ut a. igl'eja.~, 3, !~UaJ, ,M'tll:tipUcit O i08 ~b.lS i:iIJter"ve:mo~ sohre e tem.a da hlomc.S!l.. 1emEl~ <~~qu~t~· ,e O!Ji\mp:]~i3 ,tJ:_·(ls,l€!'v..am;a'. de :p:rofilndm e com as miEid,o[t mai~ ,e_'iCf}]].riiidns 1lo I
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camiu'ho ~ ~['. hiTh:rJl!d.u ,Pfi1JQ~' pesqlilig~rlOf:'leS. _Iq;@! bnsea do (:Gw..1JtiJ~(:j;m,enoo" Hiipo,te s,~ l!3o'u8l1s't,@ na '~l'I~ativa de
0

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pe1Ei~8a·? E :88 ~~im, ,([tlffi1~ '1 ..] '~JJ:pr)~, :It!\!, JtL9'IiO qUt~ 10 "JU1TH~Jn PlvttlEOO 'r;eSCl',~,V.e'r' r~tra ves da :[l1Lani.,p!Ul~Q te;~etieaJ das p,3fttaa de animais, ptitobl@'m;j;:t~ OQ,mo a. fon:)l,e. e 8 mude? Vcis. d~, :m,'8do a ~transgen61'biica:l" ou, votes ~'Pilm.s~m ,nlil~' as: mub~aeSl ~azetn P~. e- es~i;Q,·ll.g~d'()8. COn'll. ,at 'hlsmria d.G D.G!lID<em?''Cmllo, gar,antir re~-m:f!~B e ~ ih~tm~dJ~aQ[5, cie]1t~·~tas?. 'q;ll;o' ''L!'OD~S pensam dos 0 '~.o,~'~~e.nbi~:~~~&1e ~~un1m d.~ i'gr::~:~J~?: ~ j~to. :pQr '~imit~
I~

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I

P.1.aneta. Th.:rra e eomo :eler~s ~~i'vC!~~ fDOf rums mmnh~5 quo pfJ[I;~~f.tml' S!!u,~I@In ·~'1Utl~, ~~~·mini'l~:lo d .. '[Lwment~j ltlt;rl;tbi~,t;)" Ate 0 :~w d.p .s~P1Jliil XVIDJ m ngll~'m ·d:my]d.~nf,[Jj ,tell1b.re· a O'l.~gemJ de d,et·.&.i.":fi.dnado:~·sel~S, 'vU. ~.O$. 'CQ;n]'~ OGi5 .. III1.;mf.ai:u]s, luil" ,ex:em pil~. foram, l:ru.:d:t.is. d~vidas' sobra a forma ,q::iOO11[~i aiP~cirun. ~)ut .. 'tt~),S~ '&in. u1l'iH:1! ·t;:;o;p~i'caC'iiiol viive'] a~ ~~eS~{iliii!:i de~. ~ha a im3Jgima~:u.:· mm.WiS gr[Jlrgt.arm. ~l1!tmlemltl:en:t~· It. 'parti:lt d~ 'nmt~ri~, bntta~ · .. .......J ~I! ]1 ~''''''''' d'""W:T'1DJTI~O~ pmm~Jl~ pOwam S1Jt'gj.~ u~ :PJta_(!;~; OOttl"fj dlelbe~1:l'!I~"ulag. p~.an,i;~ pomaJm, £!;1l:F~m:r de' animaia, Perceba que .ni D\g!;hem e stava a. .QUI!~tii))nar~~ori\gonlJl. daa 'prin'Wir,as r'o:~"U'lliM vhr~6':n.o
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i~;:ilqe\fell.1!i.

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11k&vi~ a. ,to"l"ru1f't dB q~:m gnm:os a. j!l@l:rtit,' de Cet,'k~ ~a..tv~ qttt·

(esp~]ltihl.e8,.em.ates, ~jms~'enguias ~ tartarugas, r ·t~TIdn~}i}mII!I on~, ds pm.1ida a a.,gna :P ~r~ It '~.u~Ih~ p e

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Q:ilitQI

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N~ s~lo xv;. I,. Q' 'medico. 'belp J~.iUl Bta;ptbtt{i!' ~ IF!~.f,m.t 0:.577-1644)1 w'~g.o'~. uma J[":C;r..e&:ta ;~ra pr-,od.U2ilr" r.iffilkRSl ,I)tl.l" ahi!Cl,gf:.De-.!HB":. ~:C!l,QoSJ~bejln:'IJlm' canto sossegado re peuee ihl1l11in~.d~; ea:m]S(:j\]aJ~S'ujaJ:e' Sll3.daS·, ,es:p;aJhM.dio-se: ~a~ dH t:dgp SGbre ~l:a'9\o Sw~a~ c:am,u:mrlillfigo,Si
i ••••

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DU

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plantago

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.

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Os, det"eru;Oi1~

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eWtv~d;UIrn ;;u~- q.~~ :oo'Jna;g~~m a 'fm~ma de um pes(.~~o de· c~.'~. r-a:~io pela 'quiBJ 'n'e1;!l.J."$!ni ,eQnhJEH.::i,dJ[)~ ,ClOfi'O.O OSl-. &~iHjS,' com. :p,egOO~O !(::~~~. O~. ~~~ ~lil '~QW 'rum [O.ltgo e' ',e~'O tm~o~ f~(['a:m {a1vfdrrs ate '~lI1e Q
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que ja se ·dedi'c3.VIi so IMS1ll1:~li!H'antes lU.e~)(}

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ru 'cel.\1JlM.'~'ucarinl1'te~'t taErlliOl die iitegew.i.i:!. ~~}8rjO]\es. e.Q\M.O ,ite .l:tLlhi~.aiEs i5ja es~rr::utm~~e:n!~. s.eifte].ha;nji;.es:~, p ore.llJl. ~ ap:teSi~trtml] algumas

9~ 'V3E,D".IDL- . ,d'e: ';-;l!1ct1! "UlelW3!F - MD wt~ri~:": -1 _ _ _.Il _ _ 8_ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ill. _' 110 l"e9pcnis9Y€-1s p::!'lo etJjt1lilfbdo .o.sm6ttoo. S'a,fl) d,e qrte e,~ ~:FiJc~iolo uma sol~oo·forma= bi d ~ , e agua e dil,'V~~~i;l!S '5:ll~l3:t~l':1JWa8OI)wn ensd ..:: i 'L· < ' I . t--. ~• b]' ,_ ,S'I r.ngm~, os, i::1~_~,~ ~, ,41 P'r.~t9a, di";!' ,agjd~) e 0' ~bm,.i~J de te5.e~ da ~elun1!a '~eget~ut'N'~oobila .animal asu'bs,Uitnem de reserva ';9 () :g:1)]c-ogemo. in P1r:es~Ifit'3. d'e' plM_OdMDliJi}lS, - ~i!l) pclIl'~e$'
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que. :ap,aF~

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m1tt1i

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on 100, ,r.arl,c~:rta'G~"

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MI Sll1lLb~,t~:Dda.s~~~,;~i.'ttlm'l.ie~ c do~ seres v~i,;v:~~, ~.~ o,r-g~;ad'a~ ~m d~i~ ,~~p08.: • wbsl,j_nci~, mor:gimioea.s:;' o1.gIL1lliL ,~ saiB,

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m.i:~l"'Qb~anaJ~orutem
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da iluo]ecnilla d.e ,agu.a ¢luJle,31, ; ,OOm.i.1lfi :lmltE!ftcii"JJ.dfvelli1~o .iuiindoll) viVo 'flert~~e. Se


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amR 'Wlld8 a ~'l]gif[t" s, _q,l1f!ttro .b1i:~traB'm(d~lE:Ji~1

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.

part.e de eada :bJlbo ji~'ue wmxo ,dio :wv-el aa. Sgtlia" fOflliLando 'I1.m,Angulo. cl_e,!tr(j',!l 10(i\n1 '01 fmt~:Io,da 'b~m!L E:ro, qual dos 'tttM~ ~, ~~, ,mai'~, £lObe? N,fj de ,di~etr'O nli3J.~Of: On mlf.mJ(l~? E1r~tu~:. C1]'1lE-a.d:~':rm'ildo'que eada mAJ]eonla ,de se IU\ga eem qnl!l.~ ~utra'Eil'quando uma m,orec}lltL sa. desleea, t1I ,gtUpD' tl!Jth} £Ie :~~ A9 fm:~as de ,ade5M da llgU~ em l~lacM ,8 parede des 'ca;p:i1m~81: lee.,at de 0©esarJ; das .tuaM-etulaa· mEre sJ.1 9Jca:b:Htm Bt[pe:ra~o ,a p:lti'pna fll'fva Ida ,gTaJv:i.dade·,

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xlle:[[~. AtiW~de· esta vital pSlilf,~ 'q,ua1qllet:" v:€:geta:l. ~n:IIE diswti:r' 'e cite~.t:obr.ir. IOU;~OS !C-l!:laD.lp']o~ em (FQie':at e~':fldla;~id~~' ' impmt~i!.1~~ e ,3:, S'fJ~v.e:n/t:eh i!'",ui';()e't's·a-r 'Em, fW1!l'9iC) dla n.~~1IJJ~Z~ bipoUW'i .a ~a C U1 tdfJS n'llclbo~~' so']"ve;nb~ ~oJlill:l{!~,~,tad.o, idlo ~l' ehamada ..soliv"0~ ·uOOwrsM.,
A 'Ii.eDdii:nc:r~~: s ;i~ a em Sie 'a.'lO_jIl'b~lt2il" ('Ow ,(01![),~ rleg.a;tivo,s lie" pO:~li&iVO~le ,$ifrt que, a d.\ljgpmri.,(!ao m
1~{dF

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I~

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FtITfimm,""'se gotli'e;ll.l~ iSoln:e ,~ mw~ficie ~gu.8 na:rr· ,a;d'e'l"e ,8:,mtaMecu]as ,a,.p:~liEl!.re~.,

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le~.vlo~ a wa ,h.''ifoogrl-dad.e, ~ futegddade'd~ pr6p~ri~cel~1a.


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As ::r~fi!le~ de l:l~aus_e tlt';rul:meem, ~
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1~} lLax,~' ftgns. ~ 'i[],'V~ mlOn.'~ 'Pf~,pm"~i{iI[lal A M a idilde., !i:') ,A, taxa ,iLlie, apa V3:F.1a, ~utre as especie~:~ ..Ex,.: 10% dg, massa cn.rpar.:a[ 1iulttmlll, ~ ~98%nos: Cfild~r.i,t!~ e eIrl,tome ae"gO% nos mohrseos, d'} U'ma de9.irurtl'ta,~lb da ord.em .d'e JU] % ia, pride ,~~ ,[[a;ti:lt1 :p,ara 'fi1iifji, '~feit'-a :PQ(rr,g_'u,e 10El ]jm] te~ die ''!f.lBt~!ifE~atide 9gtlta nes o:rgmisn'to:s db
.m.lI~:to 18st!r,eiw;s,_

qu.e' a ~,

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-,'

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de:·

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at'hli:F::'~

a doe q ua clla

p::l:F::'~ 0 'l!"~P~]~'1

clle~envo]l!limf:l'n,t~ e;m.hrio:n:fi;iu de" ,a~es ie tlltmI~'[~ Hqui,iffu 3ID.ni6tJ~D~. do

Uma de. :prmJLti:p.ru~ '::U1:ffi3.S. de Dln:rt:lHtla;too e:rnL p,~lRe·~, p,r.lbre;s, ~ a diarr,tM,a. ~:;:at3.m.e]l'te P():f:" 'p:ro:v~'U' .,g1"8:Ilile· ,~ema d:e '~,gu~~ .8~ln.e;n.'~ de v~.getjlis :e eBp~c:.Si S~lr'l\e]n_ ,m:ll~ d:esi,d1~a.t:"l¢io, mant~a;[} -,a];l!e~ 1U a .20ii% .de. li;gti.il~ ,n:u~lio ,p'el~ q:u~,l eJ.:;;peri:ttl;ell.tmn li:ll'n
l.fl.fakl.'1!i11.
1

6. Co1'o:r' de :~ap'Om~,oo
VO~~ j! perce ben ,~)q,uaro.tq L~a.fi,!:!lpir-a q t.1LaJ:nau

feDllm.e.oo cllamaoo 'vida larellte.. \b]tam ao nermal com 00 re~nm.o da ij:i~ponibmdaa.e h:Edrica ..
C'iI ~ '111.0'1:'"
Ii,

In:ati~a, e~po:rb~ It)U .,em. diaSl d,eci,($iaiatll,e11the mttiiOO qr~1l.enl~~',7' 0 Seu, cfio dB Umgua.. de ,fms. ~orl!10 :pdr.,OO Ou
1

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[,ama?

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,"

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.

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de mn tsci,dO
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ICons,tltuintes Or:giiDnii:eos
da mlflJwrla'viva ':aru preae.D~a de n.l~roJl101e·c;n]Bt~ . nl_Q,]~~llilLaa de :ru,l;o ~ftSf:.l' mcleeul ~b",},. E'8l8~5 mo[deu~ as s;fio ,pollln@:~~os, IcollStftmoos ,p~l"l.lIrjtidad.es, bSfsje:aa die Hl€1110r 'Peso,

·'LJ'ma ~S'

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~,

m.aiol·

in1port£i:ncia MO as protemas" ns :pn]]ss:tl~ar.id,eOB e lOS tiidaoo bucl .. i!i,ooo.


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'c@Itjon

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IO.:s:

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diH' C&lbboPb~ llgadCJ5 a mm~s; hidr.,tJIrilas (OE _' fun!~~,~lL"ilQl ) e·W om, ~~,W ;rudeidrQl (,eBOi) ou; ,[IJ mn ,gl'lIl:p[[meni;1Ji estona (eCH. N 3!+, moleculas, gU,cldi~~'I para l~.;aa !bU[];D de carbone ,hE3. dois atGmos ds ik~]dhr"('jgi111Q '([i' urn ~"tQ'mo' d-e'o~i~ItlirCl\, nil Dl~~ma ~tn"OPf[(rQ9:o da mnMcuJ.a, de
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t.imai;d,,9'.
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meis sinlpl'B~, q;ne ['JJio aQllfeu.[ blil~ime" ApreseD:~!."'[ll, die 'fu~~, ,3 ~e'~e
05 ;fJj~m:e5

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fd:t'm~ ger,al ~ICHZOm.,' GrmCIJe ~t ~]'~po(l:td.e' at} :num~Jl:Io.de '.'oon]_(~8' de C'al~bm10:11~ (taaeia". Assim: n
:=::::

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4
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:=

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t~m papal ,(iiLuumnle.ntalmEn'rlte, eD,er~t[eo .e ~r'l?em 100(0],0 :m,o;I],~}:mt1'n:'O',~ (u,'lCli~:~,~;e'~ d,~ fd'Fm;~,~aoJ cEG' IC3JJI'lilJJ,ma'Ws i:ll1riS, eompielXLQS. H~:~'D8es;:

~CiH'l40"7) - .A;e]Jitoses m'D:ila8Sa.t.~,deoS' .maie, W1PaFtan~

as

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I~

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it

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'CD\Ust!l:tw,-~'no a~d.ear

do leim',,:

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tem
CO.mil

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'[]ela ll.l1diao d~ m,uj,'too mlHli£IiM~.utt.~deID~

m.illeeULas. f[inlacrnmj}l~as

a:fu.~OOOO} ..
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n-1

Os pot]~~~Rddeos de l:"esm:va ~:OJeI~etjM,sao

'mJl~dtoo~~ ~"t~lilroS9 a[j

Os; d~~d,a{ti,s

nw~,"i'm,portc_'":Ln'~s do:
I~

a htetose. " iliW:ti!li'!fU;:=;, f,OiI"lI;l~d~ po~ duas 'molM~DL]a9 de g]]e.oae;, ,:H;~.c8ll.' do rnslt:e e ,d~ee.rea.lsi .em
~llinfi!.'!f.~o~

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10011" ~!'JIl.t

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U~3 n1t~~.Q

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ffi:loon:b;a.da.. '!ii'tiO de ~I,~6pQdlJiS 'e .oa ,p:3j.rede ealnlar de


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na

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f~

be:!" Ilnrl.e 11.A Cl"eBflnnert1LUli. g~ii1., A,~tl~ b~tfrri_a, :m'a·t~.'~ e~HtJl~___sd IJ ,~tihe]>' 'p'~:r~[U!~ [1inpsde ,:;J!~' tl~l3aa ,de miliHt~d~ j'Unto ae
mCl'ilJ.

:reeo[[]'he:~e:r;, ee[umE!! ,de: tnn mesmn tec[d9 ~~i:ni ,gHtlucMi'K fUL:'IW:liadQ, pel~ ,~b(Iim'[arro~), :adeqlil8l~~1 ,dQI :me:ii(~, Ie,.: tOl!!J!i,Q d_a:, eelulla ( 'hit1r],~ uma .Tl1LMblal que ·[letmn, nuiri,el1'tes e ,e:nZllfte!!a,

~e$mus.

:ElQ

• LJi':gilii1fi:~~io; depom~, -liotaJ (]'![], parcia1 d~ '1lij~11l ('pmle ~'tereaiar' ~'nm'~15 b~mi-' ufis. da F.IW:\ooe eelular), t\, J;·igJ.d!2~'d,us :teci-, des cl:e! flll1.Steftta9&o da- .piamtaL ,esc1le:ren .. , q;~J ,00 de.ve 8 pRSJall~a de Ugofum. O~one UlIu:u~:m 'W) xiI~lljUlt ('b:a'qu«m e
tI;;~l~PJJ1!iid'eQ 'i

,8d}~o cel~' ( iOOllljj, '~mpI19't no epi'te.Ml e [tl:ervQ~o):;· ,.luge-Dico ( s


I~

redor

ce]

mafic',

'pm't~ dIn e9;Umf~~ .q.t.:lJe' lDiihtill?i

:6!Ollt1oru'"])M Wle d.e;tennJj'l_8lIn,te~ d{]~ gn..~p09 Sla_ngtHne0:9 (A. 11,., ,M e' 0 s:~o ·gllidop<t~' l~t'JiOOs ThO gJiOOcoon..
1 ),

1\o[f.:l:iia~U ~le ,rnjm'trun 'iEfllxe1l;WS)~ ,~g mbstOO1~B"


~

• Clil;lliBiza~ail: dEJPOm~o d,e 1~tm~ (61ieo)


8!llbre at ~p1iie:mle. vegetal Fmr:m:Ha cu,t[ .., el!.ila. eom 'fl!.: n~'o ,die iHlp.imll!ila,b1illiza~ifQ
!I...

ICftracte'''1!s,QC,~1e Modt?,fuSi d'g; ,MelnlJr'-':1Ii"~a _P!~'ll_W,t~t!(J,


lcrl.top,lEismattca ou, ,mnda" plinSJFrJ'a,le:111.El ,el 'W1U!L uuissbna ,me:~br.anH qb!e~se:p'2I.:f.a. 0 hiaJ,{llli~a 00'

A, membrana

pllasmttica

(0'1;1

membr-anflj,

(e'VI'~,

8, It.ra.r.iJI::tplJt'8.ba'O).,

-'

_.,,;T

tmeio ambient.ft- -dB

,~e:~U&. -

.' ClJrifie~~'0; d~osi!;~iQ ,~ :ooro, (ilpialo,~ sebre 8 ~pfderIThfll v~e1[ial Ev.[ta ,gr tr.anspi-·
:ri!i~.'o ~Bssi!va- OfHIITiJ'em 3~·lonM I~ if.reqfiel1t~)~ :fi:u.ro~ (eaf11egu.e ·'mu,psif8~p! de
~MO ''!iiUl, lIt~'lifjl~

rou~

,M:~dl~~e!fI~ d~ 1.5mn ~75A9) de es;peBlWTIl, g~lldo v~¥el ,~anM, ~.rn miL"t-rOs.OOp~!~ eJeti&.rloo.

obse~

~ i'\J$kd&~oi

.. PtliDet:"~"a~aD:;

d[erp~Q dB ~~ ~O~n"e a ,~-id;e~Em,e 1,:Ie dit7t11?.io~ ~lrgi~S ive~ge= !!j~~aib:lmca~io' {im,Pf-egoo'900' de:

m:~

O~CO:'l OD:I"e S

~,

pm:OOE= ~l-u1af

,dei:

d~.t:mi-,

nadas alga,e;, °rod'ilJIi~'&S)I~ s[l:ifica'f~o (im~1":e,w-~'ao d:e~lrua sehre .:1, ~iclel'me d,a :00= s ~lf:uu~to'm~ ~ Hl"~nB~~: Iit~jJ; ,di~m,mae~~" ftim~,~,,~ :ft:1i",tul~

1:IIIl~rugr;a,b$ ,m-Wlefurm: q:~ a. memhrana pThiEuii:nliati.ca e fOiIT[1L1i!J.da. :pGI'r' duas e.am_~[la~ eletinden:s~~, e!ii;:iitiIr.':t ,(2.~,~, c~da 1L1iti.tu) e;r.LU~ as: quais se' ~dtu!EI lllm.8 eamada de cm,eno:r 1~let.roaen.sid_8d~<.,clara (;2',.,5nm,J.A, e~e a,s,pecho, 'Cicilam:jinsl" da ~~, ~lUHiJiitU:f_a., au MJm~, d'eiLHJ:mlltm;~'-'cse llmi'~9dLe de :m.e!mJb,r.aJD_Q mGlllh1:lIiH.fi, 1D1:1:tida rRo:berfl~!O.n~ 1959)-. ·VaJ'!3' 'r.:!.ll)'ha:E que' 11t.o"d ~~ as, mern bJ,"aI:'J,a::1; ~elu[are::::: (BI_ ,pbi:Sm&t],CR as que ~nv'Dlvau1 as erganelas dto:p'las.mA~as) ,3:,'r~lMn iden~co, asp0~:~O., ~
I~
I~

". ,GUoocALl:l:
Rllll:r('j~'~'~~it~ai:3: Ie.x.te~rn Ii~, mJ~rn~b,l"~ n r.] pbmmartica. da: meioria das 1~~1u1~anim Eti:s"

, .:!Ii ..:11 . e:a~'_b ~l,tI,'[',8i,'uOS,


~e0,l":

o glicocalHx :e ~m.1tfj:fuitullidrJ pOI"


a,SHli'~m,~u8,!S

_,J_

IMlku1 aa, de
.

'Qujnfl;i,'~~m~R:'~ a.membrana ~p]a$m!i:'1.'b~ e dG 'P il.'_ ~r:e ~a 'ti.p[~'p~o t;,~,:i~~ -Ap-tre s,e:ntiil'~se ra~ 'P£inci paJ:,m;e:nte· fCI!mlf!jrla. per :fo(m5o'Up,idi'OSl. !13,p1'l0'reina

;EJ10~, 1L1oP);II,;!I·IO$,

ii',",

~_jI

..

~tre.,

p::KT Sl(JS 'V'eZ.

pml.'s 9"e ast";ocitaJI"- a

.brQ'~:rfd,!t'!~Nj 6 ,g,g,n:gU,~si]'d,eos,·. 0' ,PIlS l:P E"cd;e'iD n. ~I W, ~egl"a;:~:!'ij, ,d'a, m':~:II],lhr,jlJJ(F}~,. It 1:';:

,gliCdJprotmuiE:S M ,gJ]~ea:lix. [SaUl p1Iocl,'I!.tZ,~~·uj)i(J l·ili~ti,~.'LiJo ·'ii'l-ttd-op'L~iilti_oo' gr~I~Jli· ,SIZ' cQmbina-tn


:gilicidi~B. TaMs, as me.rw:m8.1:Ws; sao de nartm~, ~l.p-{O'p'tl\oteica, v.arriain,d"~. ..na quantid.ad,e ~' ,P:I.1.lt. qu:B!iJdade dsa l1;iolii!~uJ~, e-"")l{moo ,e' ~J:ro:tmn~s d
, • ,~ • I

p~ro~:fMl,W~~t.

a::01D

PiQr]

',is

aae a::rJde-o,!j,

0:-0

g\ti'l_gioiS~o:m'!ii e,
0 pa

O'~ :m,a~!C)~ JJjtt',a:


dife'l"iJn'~I~! s~'(r

eo

e·Ktt,~,f.iJ~ lilltaf\t~~;

tlio

,poo.tl2!r~iO'n:!Il_Gj!lytet

't]~,aTlSf~f'id.~l!5 PgIlrN

esmo,
animal
{az;

9 pritit1rej-ro~ wnitiilJ:~'
j1mt.O
8:.0

QjU~·~: c,6]uJa,

sen ,mElio, ~ reallsado pelo gliicocalbL


i;JIn]lort~liJ:em, '~)~raa

&~im. assume ful'lpl~~. d,~ rital c_e.J:Wa- tais ,cllil:l_Q,!.

pel B membrana pl:itt:B.1l:IS:ti.c@l sepa.ll~adQ~-POil"-~~s·o ~be ,a TItemhlra:D,~. ~)t."Q]l:IiNJ"]e; do :ir:L:ter.cimliro ,~i.trin.'~ dmB l1i])e.i,O\Stan [H_f,ere]lte_"I;. R:ep"l~et~ta, leJ~ mrl,~ ·b~i.t:a ,::;-e.l-~t'iv.!;1, iMl1'ie :~ ~lllD:ifi e s.e~ :me];o..
.--1

:M'oo'~IQ ,I.Uatal 1t1~'.rdem,ln~~, Pla~atic"a V,iiirin~, mod~]oJ~,fu,t~lm .:IP'~~i).pOSltoS'~' 'wm sj do


meli'}'orr.,acl]O!'!!l
COM.

dl~~l[ que

iila!~ 1P"],,(1I{l'ern,3~ i.!lllte~;am,s. ~,iii,or


mIU;~!l~'

jp:[locOOilna's'

a~,m.emb'r,E!J]]'u.

0 dESeI:l'lltl!hJ:1Lm!lell'oo

'tecm:o!]rl_g.im ..

't;e6ri(;rlj1 mais Rceirm,.~ ~ llilosaJi,co ~id,ol (~10hri]so]1 e SiU~l~(r1' 91'2), Pfl'siuHm1do 'qtK~ 1 ,~~,:m'~m brag~ ,p~ajtic~, Ie''~~d~ J.U),J:' 'QLQI mt)S:f1..iJeo ,de, m(Jt~u]JaiS, prob¥iMs eo.iillc;:liblS ,n»maJ, hiea 1li!1U~da 8mlbl de li;p'di~Os!J'~ E~be: m ~tll,el~1'pod;,e SiE"T a pla~~tJirlo 'PEl!~a_ tedas as· .... ......,;;·1"', 'ro~IIJLIJLI\r-~~ 00.'I'_~1 tiJ~~,
_1'[[,OOB~fQ

f-Ioje,

b) pr.omima.s, pfHj'!il£:ericaSl~, 8:i¥iJO .fricWn~,tt;e. nbtic11all p '~r,a3~Iivres d08 lipfdio·s., Uaem-se a l.~c,~],s, e!'s:pe'[;,]i.ficoffil [la, membean.a .e 'ptQ~i'1~:v~lmm1101' ]jg~if~(I,OOOtF~atr,~ve8 Jd~s, a iPTil t ef'n a 13 -',n t;'ei,gr 8.1.8,_ S&:,0 ll):1!"~"!i"~rn as :~:rif~ri~ !~ cl:rocrom1o ,!l} :(P'(jutiiCti.iP~ d~'
l

,~!'esi:Ji1.'a.{:'ioelular e 'Q 8. .:mjto~6:r:ulria )" ,at ~e~ki:ft.a( (m~mh:r&n~. d~ ~ritvo:cito<$J,


'erI""'OiIlC'liJlJlJi8L
..~ 4.:',_,

Er.illI_

:[un-~iIQ dt)

~~;]i3D!1e[fit.tD

e le~t1Gldu' dM!

.. ,........., ,i ~ t m,j,,~c ';I, e e:1~li1Li1,-u.mlf)SUli3I, ,iffil:'n:!w:uClt>!J.E).

mem'broom~ o'bse:rvo1i:-S!e q:1ilie, s~o ~mnpl~s l~,popl1Jt~,c~s, t:~:ln'Wndo ,:.l "'51% de pr(j!l;em~s 'e ~5.: i60 a ~Ol~·de ,H~diibS. de ..Lipidia$ apresenta snas nJlO.~;ecuJlfW OQIU sa eadeias lddrofd'bicas, ap'clm.~8. (2~ij'rMmJIvlIJltP!IJdrm para, Q interim' da, un~:[if:ll~ir{n1la,· jia M· ~,lie!{mo;;lJi!11arn$: bi*,ii:fliJl~:s~ 'vol'tam"'3 p3r~"
C:ml8!OO

,Al~' Ilto1liOO:laS ~fl~im~rica_,,'ilI ode'm p ,~imltf] -p,F."O,te;!l.na.s, ,em>ftlLtu:MiiSl~

·1rlr.U:iH~l'OJJ;at"'

A dupla

~eio'

~el:tJJla.r ~2.,5runJ' OLl paTR ro ciw;pl ~~m a (2.5RTRh 'me~~I$' ~,,'~~~~~.q1J!P'SO'tS;, A ..


anllJien:t"e

lIiga'~-~E, fl'RCBtB I e'nt.reSls dUM c:ooe.ias 'n~~,SMs :part~s' h]:d]:'f]f6b~e~! 'man tim. 'llll1'i ~" ~s

mrel'8.sio.,

l,Mas, ,~_~ m.J~m~b1aJ1:~aabl'

~go'Fa,

¢~.'tu~da~,
I

~nti!~u. ,lb~f;ijUp'OO~.~ pClrem,~,";l, :p1"i(~~I~ e ,~, 'toncent-~~~, d081, outroo, [I lp,idiOE;, ,sao mui fuo variaveis (1CO'~~sit'GlE'Dl, @sfin,g',.rdJ,plllli[-OS II!
,gA'JI,'Ct.J'~PIMJ;OS ,.
. ,'I.!!,U:
"':...ll,!, }'

,Esp(!lcializalJ;iies Ilia ,~n'IJ~JlQ;na


~,h..d08l d@1 eertes ,tipos 'de tecido.s; la'~p,lt;e]i,!3r.i:!:s d~. l~e"if gtti:nl,en to e a me m,b !t~,arnf S pl$;511lli't1ea ~ofre nldiJlillil~gj;,~"fies(lm~o crinseq,iieM~.
Ell'll
t

~'

'pmtBf~l!as [Jia '~lbr,E[n8

MO ,~lol1iUl~tll"e~'

,~

de .adapin:El!iQe-s .£iJWlldtm~ait1.,
eU"lfl,si~eraf:1d,Q
'~e~ij'!LllSa qtllB

bipol[(["e~ hull. ~6:!o,po!!i'tii_v(:J' e um po,tol nega.tiv.rJ;}~ tlluw.;ndo mBrgu].h,~a.:s~ 't-O't~] ~'}U 'p~t.claJm'e:nte~ na 1ioc',ra:r.na:t:'h!1l U.pidiea. A P3:r.1te, hlth~6hi,C_8, d:.l.s -~,~,futJIL~, ~s.ti ,~.Q~mi z(ljda :IIlQ ca['JItro RaJ, Ideam~dla ~,prdk2.~,iii H l'llmnfiIllic-fl( I!lfe ~\n_Cctl]11t:,SL. ~e!r'ft~ie :tU~ d~ nl~bif',~~, Jnntn ~~ ~ooea:s: hm~f[b,~:@ dos,.
llipfd]:Q~. co:ntat::tL~
(fill '0

a,

etl,ul~
R

,~pli.'CeUa[,

IQm:]l:t8t~

Jtm.to

~oblfe Q' 'tecidJG' .~o~~nt~vO't


ftel:mea~IH)

"basa1~ iei! faCl"

oposta clta:ma.~,ge' faee in~:hcal" sendo as d.e-m.dis~,mces to'ier,9:H;", .EltiL,


d:1Iamefi:niaj~ne.illft;-f2'
I

jfuJ~

;(!~'ifJL

dlfi:W:mi1J:3t'la:

face_

me.ro lenr.a:,eehJ1rID:" OiU 0

ciJto:plarsDM"'l1~
P'od amos classifiear membrSrha e'm, ('Lois gl",and,es
~1c8,

p:rQtgjilJL~s do:

't~cjd!Q~pi'~(~lw.l,~s r,:a"t-ifiJt~~fllrJl I(Imnna.dtl' Jil](f' Y'ii,"i~s C81liaiia;~ .de ~lw,8:El ~R fiEtee bas al ~ aque1!a ''il~o[~tOOa. pM'~~ It~~idgoO'r:t\jutl,t]v.~. D:..s,~, fru:ni~:~(idem~s '0 p fa1srr em, e~e~istLl"Z8IyO~~ a.pi~~~ ~,.8:.tel".9:i~, e'

gl"u._POEf~,

hasais,

~J: ]TEO£em8lS, :inte.gais:

C~):m.p:t18enrl:.e.[1[l

"l~l a

OO~~ dtas p1mteinas d~t ,m~[n'bl·9,[JJa. ID!cJu1d~s .,aqm Mfllo 8.,ma:iolria, ~.a:Mb·1Il3£~,~1'~efifiS., ]J~m~fn 'ir.:r;Ei;]L'1~pmtOOO1"mJ e i;@ceptore's, d'e iiJl8
,[;);arLe·.W~o.rijb:i.'ea de~JSiU ']1fi(j~~in~s fi,~~:P'['\~ iEIlO8' '~]p'f.c~, na reg]~o
~M'

:1 ~, i'Iie.}:'O'IVill.osidades
1:S~.O

(mic,~ruo,s.)

~lle!libr.ana~A

e:~pall'EUJ~S dlh' dt-O_P].i51'ffnla (r!)'nll_~ ,d'~diQ de· luva) 1"ecl)herb~ 'pot mlcm b!r~na
I~Olllli~~),a(~ Q,'iL'uito,Sl I(:p,mtelna)

de
e

'medial da membrana, A:s, mriTh~~,a:s


p -·:ote:ill.as,

n'~i,.~~Q.fil~I!~Jnt[)iS de'- ,ar.dma,

-eBP~'l~

poderm 'elttrave 6,8 ar -todla !11 da menmr,rula eu' ,niliJ. Po.d'i::l'ilIQS

:r-eflllp'~D..BAlIiei~ ~Ia. :ma,n,u'~I1r:;;ao, de- ,SiIlA p

fnrma,

ern ~luJi~~ ~a~i~tn1i::va~, 0 C~~., BiP,dBio. do m~tes:tiRQdelgado e ~, ~p]l:te6.0 ,~~, B~!CviQditi~ '[;mrt'al'lfro" para. ,atlm~bn" a S1Xp~_m ~ ,alwo~~iio..

,. }?t-"O'ntt;l]:fi'.,

le'iJi.o,s,

de ~~l.rVas.dl~ 3:l]im:ai~ ,illW:~l.ltiorJa~ 'e:p'ii:da:rn:!ie de 'p'l~niri,;;ti5, t~stru'L~~, 'loP(JrnQmtas1!, epit·eHtlt d¢.


l~p·n~].iQ'da t;uJ!nl :Wg1!Js. I~ {tIDb~dQS

Q'CU~iwn, ~:

~~b9~.ios c;jL~i~diO$ no ~tiEi·]iQ

:'J(~p!'tiI~timlill]w ,d~j8vi~s -rnaJpif;,ilt61':i~, lcilJe manli·:f01L~iJ.g~

utc~~l~h1l.lmr;rnu

w6spoooi'l ,00

d:ifacrem ~ld~· :!mtl'N!I;HrO parr ,eef!u];a , .m:oviDi~epdD£i: .1"8,pid.os, I"'" O;v'iiDf",~~fulliIl V1!..,_~ ,, __ '__ • J!!!_-_~,,_~eD~!l!I "I!IJ~~:.dfimio
iIla~~'9s:
L~-

S&o t~a,cteri!1!lticM. dri~'f21io~Iq~'


:apaFeCl!tHn,~

uS

I'_.]~s, vr~t:['_io.~ Qm.]JrJ:[,ati~ . n ,~pe.rm-a'l1Diz~llde' ~ :ti ·Uooil&a 6i5lu:la .U&~]ar;k de 'i!l:rL;·:[ltdfe~s}~em millit.~ ~lgas~~te~tm6ilde$. tIe 'wnr3goo .I?' $"~~ct.iIlb~ ias It} ~gl!lltUI,~: ba£bl.daL~" .s.,~ c'al:acte.I', stieas U'l[JruC£lfS de' ]1a.ge1-~t!:I:
'!E!9:pre:i~lnLa,'tozoide

,Ap-;,n'ecem em ,pr~iOO"J.Qa'[·,~~ila,g~l3.d.Qs" no.


d,e

'Ulovim@'uto.s ~
il~'ild~

lo:n g'(~':::h

'u.:iJiQ.

10 'l;I

_P;'(Ull

':'Gmlt'~S[li·
'011

e o,~

,,([HJ':t,..

~,eI\d ~

J'

Ul,!},vi"m.I@JD.O'

·pIO]"

~ & til! JlI1ji.;; ~W!itll:lo m~tr.an ,a~LIQ5 I'I'Il~iJ'lH~


~I

I~ I~e§.loo

,chlc()team:,eUiJt~
hD~e8 .

QDdulat{j·rifi~

:2 -; C~,

'e F1~Je.IIlJ~,

Os c'h1~~ e! flage:lns aM estruturalmenta ~dffi1t1;.ccr£: p!lesentrun A tr~~ pan.:es: hg(.@te~ cO]'PQ basal e :r ais. 'Baste· Co~s.re mnn pmlnl1,gam~e11Lm d~l1Ii;Lo:nd)if':'dna
lpiamlliitim
t]1Il~~e[wo1'!!le lUll'll

.09 elli,M' ei' oa _flsge]flS -szio 'respc;,n.s.a:ve:ilil ]lela! locoJllw~M de- mmti9!t3, re~~ llvres "e de: a:ni~iJ ,aJquati.,Cbi5, :p'1~11i8rjB> para 0 d.eS-]U·CSiTneuto de e'

p::l:rM~,uli3:S:ma., s~pe1'.dicie da relttla . .on ,tecido.

16j esplB',~t(ll'i:z0fies

lale'rei~'

emu

de snJilt~:t~~!,

l ,_ ·DeS:JnD~snm_os Sao ,rfITI1Ii.8J~O®S.,ralmQ'l'll.,ctBi~ p~. ,(I.14tH ed1\lliulj, 'r1!~tih~ 100m Q objeMvfJ~, aume:ntar a :~de.~l,
ICi(!]luil.a:If~,

C«r.po- b~i5!ai1I, n o
T ,"' •
".J'.

qbteJ)_~~D:mD
~

Siwa-ae I_n,al base d.o. cilio ou :l1age.1.o,. ,t'l,Q . t.e. ·,tJ . ali- clade- ~ ':11-11 ;l",ILM d·0 m:QP J.a.~ma. ,a ,re. • .... .', co· .eIi n:u.Ull
I • ........

N· •. .',~

'.

-"

I"

.'

.'

'.

.'

-l
r

--

'~9fPlU!ie-wo' 'l:JI.I!IUrn1.oo~ '4'eip.ImIl1llH!QlU


~rJ·~cas-.

..

.,i!;, ~

... ;,~,

,.;:'1i",!"

_1_··... ,

_.;n.

.'

_ji~

,~al1'trlol'@ ~: Ifo:lf"mlM.o [1iOirmt.cn:!lt11Jljull)~' te-atn:l't1ll"lm,

C~w:ID:uO-.

".

~.,

Ii,.

'"

'0"

iisenit6

,c.~mb ~er~&gelim1.te'q_ue

f(n·_W.arlfl,
0_.0'

o ~~lQ

tetIpillI19d~r!ei~l;1e]o. ,l[Wlv]mf!nt'TI Ida. ,~m8..


'QU~
J!il,ij),,_',e

se..

qu~e 1Lemhram ¢anu.d!i ·de .a.1 dtngam. e e·mDutem 1'1a 'll.ag~~,


l

t'Omo () we:i~.o. epit..e]ial ' :pelle €I, c61~jlu ,do 1~:p.].t6]jQ iub~'~tiro~ e (.i']ula~, ,au tmcidlQ 1n'1x.~'Ubn:· !~tri~.{IDJ) ~tdt~~Q, Cada, d~dmn efu~ pat' dRaia pmcaa, !c:itO'p,IEL~:maticaa 'OOllde.n~d~ (urns, em eada ceJulaJ, vlzim.haj" p:Q:r: 'tono:[Ham.ent;Q.s l'fitaml;entolE _ die, pR!!temas ea:pe~!':SS~91' a.te 17' .nm ae ~ltnetro)1 '~pIe '~:,u.rH~'l!,I'~:m_fi:~s ilfJJ.~.eOl$· enmu reforro e' pOll" nrl:~m-uam{en,t~~ l(tiJmne.ll.U;Ja. ,de·p'iI()I~inaJS. ("tirOl. "1 a 8'rlmqlIde d:ihlnfjitf,U) q_iWi·,~'~a.\f,es~a:mi amemhrana. das
,d,ua.~~~iu.~
]~:I1.(;rr.t~elular:.i ~Oiftto; se (10J-fbllt',~_S$em, 'amhas :aJ_8 c-e[~.,

m.~ica"

O'co:liT-em £::lin ]o~ai2i' suj~lto.; '.3i

gr-an.dle l)]ift,8~ao

vi~th~. 'e o·e8p~~

ru~a

ij

il]!!IrpQ

bas~1. !8
'~_r.l~:S

P.~f

,~o'njiU:Drh)iSi d.e

'm:icl,ubibtd:o :peri£~rleils~. S~ml fjljl par


,llI.HllZ.

i~eilltT.,a[.,

Em, 'Vm_["En=p:te~i-OSl como o·e'p1.ieli.o mt~tina.l 1· ~. ~ ;}l tTIm irX-'tlnf' Il ~ h.l· :_~~A~O ,~i)DlfJ: ;~X'Q ,JI~~on:-~_1 'nln~as ,d~,l'uJ~!ij;~B'O .ved_a~'iD ca1~naI'.,0 '~OJ:l]pl~o' !e jU]flLo-illrm11iil e: furn1lR,da 'pO<T .~ ,elemof_mto5:
,a) ZMlnola. iDcbuitens I(~o:n.a, e ,od~OJi.=·t8i-· d ;m ~altt:ff]-n.H]1l ~m"torno dEill !?;ona ·,apiMi d,@ ,~]lI'~.

OfHt.1Iju.n.w d,~ :m:i~oS;'lj]lie;llt.os,(ci:~les"q~lGlt;o,)


([1])12'

,:[i:x;am n ~~~"lt'P0 'basal

~EH:J!

m'~~lLlop'~'Mm3L"

'~as treh.1i1a'$ ~,:~~na.i:s' { OOitfJO- ~. - .u![res.-I~~tila'is.' eem ,0 IDl~iett:vg' dle v.edm·"e :inl.p-ed-iF'.o trHnsit;o

CU111prea'qni'~ :p3.veld~isi.vo(I ~unealele, b) ~D.ul!.a a:dlll,~l~~' (zon:a. !'lie 'a(i,e'S'{i.o) ~ ~ :Ufi:IJ. cil"lrID ,oo(lltfulUij, em fO'r:m.~ daa r:~luJa!!':!l:["8,. . .. :F~ll"~a1'ldo ~fWi !'iil ~i;r.e :aa mesmas, "ii, ,~" JlGl~a ,adhere,l'tS, ~.a,:~_lib ail~~=l(:),) =' lil:e~
~ ,3Mtm

d:e q:ualq.tn,er' sl!l!b~~nc1a

~d'ii"

e~::iJ~l!e ,as

,oolw.u.

14

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eeIULRar das {,-el1llaJ~ Vle:~t~~ h'-,a, .f{]:H~~i3iu ~ 'tubns, ,Pl:lQ'I1~L"{~S~ p~~nd'Hsm(J~: 09' qu~ ,pe'H[]IiteltIL a ·t':pid,~ eomanie ~~~~ ,en.be, 0 ~ ~i'~!ilP~],::J.isLm,ai5l'
.....,. .... d• ..:'..... ", ,,,,-,,,, ~yll·JjJIJ...~a;U1rl~.

,pJ~ufid'~~i .N~s S~~~SOOg de- d.e~(XJD:Ilnu.idaltle

da pa:r€(i]e,

;e:ba:m.ad~;)
_

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pl'.lLmelJ:o'
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adlesi{]l,
.• ".

,errr~,:cl (eQmO~~Otr1f:lL09., ,I.e. ill "li"iioffim .. .F.


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r;.

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= •

de~nlGS~fJQ]_d

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prn~aa:f ]]lec~nie[fL, CCUll_CI, a ,pe're_ P.uil;.an:JlbOl ;:ltt];ricrt8l, Ide ,bBc"~ e-p~.t'cliaia d~ re\'l'eSHml~l'oo~' S~,o~ '~~pangije's ~ depr-,e'SS~s,' das 'm.emb:r3!naS . fle' d:i;j2L~',c:ertl:l~'iH!!l ~:~as~, p1\~FOO~O:ila:n£oo u.:m,
Il1!m~

orhl:i11as

,:f-efu1.\~mn,a

'UDiiio l~l'!l;U~

~i'Zj ahas ~

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~j)~a:~, com,

uma l:u'y,E!_

.en'tr

elss

1rM.)'D1Q

o~

rha!os

L'l:[l :E:ll'ilEEriOI"

de

l(,eJ e;~p'f!ciQ;lb,o~titi!.~,qpi~c\a~rs: ,
],

"pr~g,a;Sl b$i~d~, ]]:n"at~i5~~ if,:JUH- {lcn~ ,(113. basa dlaS ,rl&lli]as dtus e..~afei ,ren~iB. Helacitlf['i,mn...ge, 100m. ,0'
='

,,1!'a:n.s~po:rte,
e~;~m,I,3J:&.

d.e

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re,a'b~~,nr.vi,iLQ. ptrJif' lea~~

I -'.1~iies.
!.

[··l J1!D.I:~~{jJn'rJ;~'
ilil·.'"

'~il:mU1'iLi,Oa.m'~Eis:~ ne.'Dlsi,

IlliU lfilp!p'

,2' ',~, ,D~:d;esmDli1S0m~ S~ro mFm~ij~ :t13J, ,1t\!;!gH~lJu b~~'i;] ,[Iaa: "~il}l'~ epi'te:[ials, faee doe lirl~ltil:tatfH:O]]l,a. :~a.mnmbasal {]ci~a1, (t~, C[lnt.al'~:'o jitlifitn au t~i,lilt1'ei1njillif-t~Vfr mbj,~~eL'l:te)cb ' senlel~J~eS' . 3J Uiml ~mn~nl0~ ~:tti. j\ig:ai]id.ade- t 3 " "_ " ,' ", ' _ fi!H~ dk~, epi'ttUia eh'tbOl'~ a:, sua p,at'~ tt(l, deBmnS_S~ID, IPf1I"I~'m,~na,o ,M, t:DH-e~PGnrl!fUlla, clfi outm ItB!itn;,$tq,l.l.e ,bfiJ['l, h~, on'Kj,"a u~l~u]a epiteHal j ,e

Ji?(l>:ram, Oih!i!le:~:ya,das Ifd(Il:~e a~ 'c6lwas


d,e' ,!"e "if ~

s:t;iu[ iI:t~D,'~U
I

ep,i

€'pitelnaif!1l t,~U~is, g~a.m:u.ill:ul a m"t!'~,


I

sim ,~,UUru:~3baaal,

'm uscul

ares

lii.!!l:a~J

rn,U:~C'iiJ.ll ~_l!1e~" Ii:Hl"dtrhtIC:;aS e

:i],m"'ViL'li9~\,

,M j'Un,(ii~ dtJ, ipo PIl' do f:tl],'mJad~~ po[' dais t 'tu:'ba.s, :p.ri),teieos pi$E3!Je',]o~ que, ,3[;tt1l1 ~e~~am as
:nl~'m~hr3:m~u~ dUM Ill,5el:~!!l de
t'Om1!1:l4i~!:Il~io e~'1'~
!:!iii,

""1'"]2.:lulb~~..'I' p€lJlnitinOO!,:a

'n't~$m,~~~

di v,e~,~,aJ,£iii subs

e ~ 1. ula B' (nt1cleo~ftt.eQ$ a:[[li:fi_t)~~idt)s.' :vffn~t pm~m .., '!laO h.;, e, 't'eall$:tr) de' m aoc:]:'~nrnrilec:ulS!r!.\
,!t.fi.:I"1 ci

,M'l'til,\i',es

rug, ,jm1rm~es ~oml~i!"'!ilt:anL"eS pa ssam


a ~ ,e,n. I'e' as t

,ABsin~~,,gropu~ ,~l~,es tions,1titu~, 'nm,, roccij'umtO funeional, aeuando de' :itnbd(], lOO()!l!.'liellJ3Jrl:O e ];t~mlAlni.«a.,

,~,p~:amADB
I1

fJ'lD'.A ~_';rc ~.~ dIi ~.~.~ ~ 11Ul

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D' i...t "~a' [''.n


.

SELRTIVA,

:IA"J:1[J!l8D':D !l_UG~r~~

)Ii Jll'['Aj

"'Ilft

pl~gmi1tica, ~ a pri'ilcipru, ~'eS~o]];.s~v~li Goobr,o.lrEl' d~'~'~1;:r.EJ;ifa61'~ ~JT(h:jj de pGlfJ ,~tlb~'I:.;1:rtrias. eel ula, Ida ·lNcl,at(;aowTeta e:nr~ sua sdlu:biliidadie nos ll:pfwu$ e S'U,fl (:-:lpaci:dad~ d.~, :pen~tta,',ll(~''D a~ ,Y~h;da:s5iub~taJnd:as' apolares, solfi:v.'eis, Q)!)Sl Jipiilios,. 3.'b:a:vessam f~Urn~']l'i:e: rEt membrana, [J,\r)r ,oubvo ~ade;o ~lJlh~t.:anciaa po.ta't'!es~ i~o']'~,veis em 1iptdi~9~, t.em malor diBc1l1d.ad.e para penetrsr ,l:iI:ElJE ,celu1,S]§. ,A conf[gu;ra'~io '!mlo1ec:m:M podera 'poltisibiH,tru: a e:x[$mn~, de· ~lln.'~spo~d'Q!I". IOOmo '0 transporb~
nttViQ
@

A" me:mthr,8fi~
Par,EtIia

o.~dge:moe' do g,;§;s. e3.r'bfm.i~o. A, ~iio d.o o:x:ngem'!J' ~(!O[1l.Woe


o
I~

djJ1,;hS;~tode

,Mi:,ilri!.ve~, ,d21, ,men'dl1:mrrh8


'[leq~OJ.e'(3)S

mo:le~w.$ ,roi~IW Ie

pl~i1:1il1Jm,
0

C!C'urra
I~Gl

do
sua

OOl1i.Ce:ntr,E,~ao 'e mal:iru: fm:iil! do qru.e ,clent;:rQ, d~


ijl

~B

·mru.'~n~

das.

8,u'bsu'lJlChu: e;dg,~

uma

tnencs omce:nb~d.o e rut.1) :bi,p!J:t6'tdeD~ .a o:bj'stivQ d.e tode t:riIDEiitu rtllt.rave8' ,dtt memhrana e' l':!l ,m.okmia f d,eixm;' es d.om mei08 oont a mesma loon~fi't.t'!!it:ao,).CO'mo a, ,c~lW.a usa 01 O:'Xig~i].i.o nat
:m:'i~pj~~SJ.o "il;:eliL'iLlLar a
j:

meto m.afu~,caoce:ntJ!;adill e: cllanJJ.fI1~JO]u,p~':Ir~il,ml(]!!!lI;

:~eh_t;]a,.

,ft

mfiu~;M 'mcn]ftad~.

do :O,le[allt~, diminul deoll;.ro da l~~lula e, assim, 'pm'" clllifii~ab, 'pal~U,,do mte:io ~.N;tl"a.~eJ:nlW"para i:~tr,ait,.~],~. ,e). i~ ~~bthlico, mm.o produ,1.J) ,iin~ d,:eJi. ~~i~~,io ~lu].&l, 'Venl ,;::Jlu:al earu,i~tr.,~.5Jo ,s.e'm~ ~~e;]ll'ta&: d;eBl;t~, ~ C~,Ulra,. iLo,go' p(n~ lilifu~fu. g~ha ~Im~it;!
~.u;o:m~n'b:'a~.a(J;
I~

'Phd.e,moilli cl~sme9.r 1], tn~:ln:si'ttJ 8.tl·a:"~E; (IDa ~~nd]r,3J:tt~ em ,pe'Eme.~bmdaJd.:e: seleti.ll:al E


liI:"""",,",lIim'1Iioih~,",,,_ I~'_ Il~·l~~.!i;:,!I,F~Jl•.J-~ ~~~I
'iI'1I1·III.;.,'II'II,~,..,lI,--.3I.". '~_~>Q\_!i!:!Il~liIlIJ~g~-!!

1E"..xti,~eh,1ilE!l,ir';

:Somcnte

loontm11Vlj, :~r,
bJ,Di~;g

A dufiLlSiEJ.o e IIl]m,
:i~(l' .

PermeQ;,bili;dtJijdeSe~ti~a A :i't~ 'b;\~i'ta, HVUlM nte U,lt;r.av,i2s lill~ -meii"!ri"i',l~"jr:"lI~ ~'(1i'"'' ,..;;.,_,.ni".d'aDl~""'iS, '·1 . !!'u~I·i!1.lbIh!!a. '-;TI~-..ti""_'I'.,,, e .!f":m,,I!'c'~ !IJU'_~ Si !:!i~5'I!.0 __ ._ ... ~.e~br.mla :~il~:i:~ 01!] :1;1 io a p'$.~S~l, ~:tr~~f6~ d,e ,S.i, AlEi~~, !ru~"i!ieque a m!enb~arla, "~,aKm:;t'tr.ic.a, e ,p~d\Vel~, '~~mJ' ,~e-]eti~ar" Podemos ,ctBlB~],tica:r a pe!'ntle®.b].lida~,e
'I;;!!'I!"'~~ 'IF"I; ".~ L

a]c,autada,

:s'€,ri~

cl]um~da, ,diifusit.1 S'-ple~ .. :i rnt '~~cPiida se a, i;sot~JIidaOO~,

l](L"O~~SffO

,ti:ffi,0Q

na.'[.1ll'~~.

a~]e~,~1" ,~, dIfiL"i!!S:io. :J~I,::,i. t~il;m:,re'J;ii~icl~a 'm.~rJla, ~)'~rr:J:lliMi.,~~ 'Ql.!1Jlil'

,A, ,diftns;io ~radiJilada. e i!lm~ ftu!m.a de


El:9J. e
l.m,pffi1.:a.J1J.te 'par,::lf

'filclBtilJa

mats "len,'~~ell1~'~ !oom.G ,g]icose ~, :8ll."tim:l'oa.ciiioB


0.

Icerto a: ~ons, comO"

0'1-,.

Na

l,

mas ta11looru
t E:1 0

rnolecruaLS
II,·
L

maiores
'P'ilir.aJ,

~ef,eH va
giI4VD~,
,;.;:

ern, ;~J:",armspO:f'te

P,3i§!!i:h;'OI

dilfusao~,

dl:Uusio faei.I,iitadla e

!o!ll1w.,OBe

) ~' 'fi".a:n.spot!tie

h
faciLi'tada

!n.~l1:y_po:rlB ,p,ft8&~NO' Fala-se em; 'tr,~~ ~~.ilfGi q:ufn.udo.niio M I~ de, ,e:ner.~ pD:f part:e. da ~lul~ J::i q1rii!: .tj d~l'~mmtQ M, ~l;gbatd:m:lia ,ottion ij~r:re ,~ favuit de, 'R!llli gradi~Db!i Q1'Il1miie.g (Ico,neeiltra,io)
i

"Verdg,eI~. Eissaa pNlLIif;e{naJS.[p<QiBiSU.em. 's.:tti.6S, ~:ilrpBcf~o8, para ICel't:tl:,~ m.o~,~euJ8:~ eu : elas ses de· €lQmp-o~tolS, ~" ~~11 ..;m'~ • quuruecs, a'L-:t::J!eru:[i:IJ.llI\~a5$IIU1• a ..::Jlj~,I,·.:>l: ..... i!,.JL[[iJl..gi:J.U\"
'Cj IO~D~e

,~oo euzimas dita;E; peJrnii,~.es q:llli.e~ na .sail p,nJtei:riaEJ integf,ffim an .n':t~ana.

'''~;'!T;;T'm~$' [1ldl1cioo~d~~. ~\ril, ,~ cliidliE:ao>

eiOg ,eletri:C!!llI\~

aJ lJjJ\u.ao :~p.I··s

r &'tmUO,3,i
esse

A d]UUESRO,

j]Co.l'l"e

mo.Meu[M~,

'dIDfundirL ,Lowoomm1W",
,d~~].,~.g ~~

~mtrrimenw

PO'i"'

mro~ t.e.f:ulEm1r a
\o~o~e

pnrque 'baclas sa pan.icnJ,as iLons.... l ,esltao em oo;])HtW!1.ie


,i

S'I?

(i)lrtd.e ~~ 'p~n161l.[~' ~s:ti¥eJ:i~ em 1l'nti.(I(f' qll~lfi'Lid'~J~j~ ®rjs tm tOO ©~l.'b-oooJ :~'ira 3, ~egi~(~ rjk, n1:~O'(' ~I'U8Lr.rt;d~d;El

.eta da 'Jlcgjio

pod~ eonelnir q.u~

~spaH"1L91'

ill, ,aguiPl Sil':!vera.~e' .univarsal). A:smn" dm.'"~'m $1;, osmose 0, ~~.';,fe(ll,te tr,amgita. do msio 'bj:potin:jeo, pat,~, t!l h.i,jlertO-:nfi1~oi' 0' f:lbj'~:ti;''/l' ~ 0' ,Ul~m!D ~a mfi'H~9.o.,ntiI;j)\~:r lJ1:rnR m.owrnm.
I[ eJ.'1t\wJJlar,se

qualquem

:("st.t:iiUtada (;!COm:.ir"~ 'ua:a:1rsiw' ar:fl:rav:es da membrarm. de selnte. '[)e5t~, fe-r:wm~ 0 soluw tr.~a1:i§ga, '00 Ul,e:W ,li1:iJ:lffil't~ni.eo para ij t1'ipO'oon;i)oo. . A, ~~. ~ 'wm ··tYpo ~.fi,pem;Jl de diwJSilJ) n.~, ~~a
eJ1iI1 ~lm:plet5l
ti;a;J, !D:.rulmt~. :p,el'8L .~b.r,~" 'G :~,ilJ.'v.ent'e

Observ;e. que .,fl~9n~Qi fffilrun~4' ,9'U1 ,d.ifU.a~~

im~lO:Tli:tifllms, da 'bit;llogia
Pbr'lffi,u;ujJ,pIOj,

A cif"iim~j~e ~ um

dG\$

fe:o:iJm\C::nos' m~is ,~e:ro.~;iin.ro~.e fi:


:um.8..,oolru'a
12:l:m

!OonieeJ:ltr:~io).. P'ar~ q!J~' baja .anil:saWj ~]lila'''mmo,. em p!1m~ifir:') 'I:l~ga't a '~"tL"llCtnbra:llt! tk,V~~er''~nneav,~l a .s1JlJ)s'll.iru;ia, :~I ""in ~gjIi:iHd:~, ~,Ug~ibi~ ,~l~ve:OC"{ll~ dirc~~iilIi- ~ ·IC(]Dt.tfrttl:b:,aCM 1C~:u;Ll"Bi lu:i -m~,11:li~in,L1];'Ol'ii. E
LmiB]l,Gl"
I

,~gu~ pura;

'~n,el'guilifuad~n~a

id)cll.arl.~

eJa

sa col{,u}as'Semlfi~

~b9QJ've'cia, ~wu.a

~'IJ~ ,~t_o~!

e~!~]'~Ir~

~e:J."d~, ,a;~ '~~r,o !I,;,L""~ ~, ';,&I_p_ ~,'I')i'::""

'!;oI,~.!.!

,nrigi:lilian;J;l, do

'$·oliiJ~~Q ru:~a:t[It~r:liLeSa1.irOil:r ,~lii, ~ :ii;U.'rLiIj'cl~i!3l,. As l~eLn1$dn 'm'as~" i!\!~iiflnb;j.'to cam ;"'~ ~ :~r """"'·H t.~f'!Iil]:]d,(ii iooJrln."00 . -~Jl _ _ . _ 1_
""
~,~I_ __

AA~; ~~n'liu.:,~~i(, ~,

rc~s.e

s;:~,~~;.

,~mdill~ 'OOj[]jce[]f~aa ::ljj,

0f],ilIivSi.1Q:'·

it

C.OOOmrt;.I'a~fl

11~i'

d,eV'idas·

a Gi3,nIDSe.,

dlo ciJ.ij}plaGlJi'iL1£l. Logo, em eo~rOOs' as nnasas ce1lWet~, 1.1!RO SoH.,eD] aJ,tlE!(r.El~a.es

maier lcalola
I~

.:sera:

,B

terudend;D1 de 11,

ti,glJ,S

pmetr;ar

:0.6;

,n~-::-.,"'-~"',iIi'ii.-~'-~ ," -~~,~,~,iIi''''''""","",, u '--"~~ iI!'f"_ ,",I,fll! LlI'!SI.,,;r.lI;.Wjn.n:;;'~,rI'

eorn mn :s~ d~'mawl1al :~ml.i~~aw'$] (d,@i~~~~ ,atra,ws~w' apenas '~iii]n ~a) armrnrri3l'ri1ll .om '1l4'iI'N'I das ~'\'3imid~~~s- M<@,t~gtilb~ (]i' c('uYll.I!(;ho.]]J1iiJ1],_ 00110 com ~t~ pura ..A;p6.s nlgum, tempo :wE'ifique eomo
'0

'~!~~~r d€ m~in1J;)~l)g.e.ntw df~

Go Ioq,U.e' uma

StJlu~aQ!

tl~'

'iJJlll l~tJhg 'd~

agu~ e

,5.ae~O'8e

'Jita~f\~

·Vge~'~u:f.i!J)(h'n J,6r . ~e.IQ~ ,lSe a. ~ !O"~:t1LTa t~st.iver 'welD' 'W~trorfi(;.o'l' p~:tae.:!~,Ei :~~ e 'fi~:f~, m liIT·~~a~ ~ nfi1rn,lW~ ~'1amRdJl]n~ ~:ttl:]ula ..;r~t!il] d~, 'p~~oJiJSe" d:~O ,e.a:al.qu.~ tltr::o:n"e'Bep.Ht:r.:~u;a:odat _mdmlhll'8J18., jIlli:smtitiC8!.L ,dE! p:3Jrede celuJIaL
~IIiiM'

om e iUiI -

¥qetllili

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O,'smQsf! Ie ,ft·e;,'alu' aBfMLiI

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entre· tl.il ~.O~iOOl mD.cnlm.eizDS d~ clithu)9'!.m. ru. mieelas g~ :mao·tem iBm. 1~EIlIUbu]t,e: 'e !='rrli:ttoo ~'ll,fim en:to, ,0 m.ovr. m_mlltil 'b1.~i1wnia.mO', gra~~Slg; a _m::-'BP~~U eDtID~ as JllL'teEmi~ e·I:il. thn~aa,de: ~U~, car-gas el~tn~3;s! Fe;nommo 1e9,'Le respo.rn,sa.Vtel :pffi~. es;~lhlsrle ~ :!Sfl:lU~~ ~tiloida5.s.!"e:\Ii;~l];~ a :preci ~H3.f;3Lo, e:~~1:PQiai'lti:Il~e.3de suas :p,arlillfiuLl~. QLi!and,o, as mieelas e~;1ti:verem.l~~msep~radas p~La!s .. mDl~~o;la;s' de Sgtm'! dlz-se q,UE! esil:a 1'].0 estado ~O~.;
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Ap,]~e:~ entam movimsntc d,e C(llm."I[';~,~.'r;,~f~, .:".21 s ." 21, ~ t ~ . ltIi.)!?Jl~I:I;C'~. 'uua1. (i! :n:o:m:e...,~ ~e Si:S,!.!i)~je·:edi~boda,. F?1l~,lirnl~'·,~ a eli:nii]'1a~~]J00 eiceSSil de D.gu8. da ceh;_lI~resultants (1.0' processe ~m6tioo" Tiproo ~e ]J:rotq}~oltri9~ de ~l ![]Q~r[', S~8
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Gticogemo~ pI"hloipaJ.
lEi

rlgum, rrta.~ula([os m~smo~;(~·stueficil\'lJib~!V~Ut. q[litB· 9 mm]lbrana. pmsm1itita Fosse ~:Pidi.al nfi·o th"t::.a 1'1 1~!3Siell~ d:1ilvaeuelo ])~tll.nF

Q~J~~l ~n:b',a-J'PJ\li esmose,

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rlas:fw",-,~. ,AJlgttniSl <~ru09; ~ ,Umji~l1i~O ~od~r.o' ~~~ en~~~r10 ·,e.4~ ,de,


ceh:!lt~ snimsds

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l

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G@iCas, lIi:plidi£as:~assim ~o armazenades os .~<drlM '~~' .A gor.dur,51.:rio 'BOOSO]; ~gb'u.ti[la .pia.~iaJ, fQrr.mm;gcM1rlres mo~. qu,e vaeiam IMt~eO~, e 0 5'In
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Ol'icil.eo :roo de~~ito ,am, 1830 ~pOl': Roben Brown (1773-1858). ,A, 'pres,eJ),ca do lJ,rlcleQi t1ilrBlctieriza, ~s· crltu'las 8~]{;miOn.t~s. odemcs dIzal':, P QlU;'!1 o l'I~'c1.;eO' ~d~rg~: I) material gw:u!tko ~-VN'A) (h~:§;~elu[g,C',U!£;anonk'8- .. Mslrn.. .(tile rel!1~~ntaill, ;£) oe:nt:~:~~ ·r.eg-rUI a.dJ:,_R'd~ 'ii:i~i'vid!a,d,tl~, ~~lLlLtateB. L~~}! ,0 dt~l:fl!1inu:9J ,e!: 0 f&~rn'oo([' das 'Q.~de,ns ,Ill]]ele~es~ viabllisandc a. ,e~b:utlll"aoohlJ~ em tOG,IaS as 'iHUas

N'orm,31m~nte'
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as cehi1. as

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na ~M nuelear que~ ~r(Jf;' SH.a, "r,~~ orienta
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·em alge. unllateral,

int0ni,.~p~nrlli:ncin '~'t~d,'q~~ ,temrL !S:idr:l\ dlL"miJ(1J~~:~m ,ptlt' cliv~aas tt}~:lH~~iencia.s~ Expmijoo~a,raalisadas, p:or' exenIt-plQ, 'B~Jb~tan;[~, 'finoo go ~i§cu1:(li,x:m;) ,~,k5WIm 'iJ'~8il 1:10' '~';n~~pen~Jt~['!jc1 a! ICgrt~n"d~. Dm~ a.tn~b,~ em d:iIl,a~, IDe'ta.. es 'e.m que d um;f~;" del~S)l ,~~pe:",~., 'eo:neeru)a (!i 11LiiLtf]~!!). A tit d£l' .DJU:cle~daoo~til]u~

nsslim um p(r~~o'

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It~SI~~l"at6ri.Qs. Esitanito
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m.e

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00

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mmf'.~Ddo em ill!.'\nrB d~~. ,(ljQudm-se q[I!l~ ~ '[l!ucieQ 'O-i~ VlVil! oom 0' ciilop~~~ e 1i'J dwpbllS:rII]~, tlaq

'~'CreU']t

aeaha

de,9:Q a 120 dias, C@Ibfi]],",ms:-s8 desta Dn:-ma ~s, I~ el·i~tL.ci,iEij,~ ue 8testam q sef;' ~.nvi,a:l1eJ ,iEJ, ~i::ibl"e~y@,D'ci"a,(1]0 1lli,~[,oosem II}: citO'plEta~ ~ do

,~:pT-es;er\tmi&mlJla

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., ,..;!I •

nQ &,agmJe:tl:to aiOl:l!iCleaclo d.mIJ- ameba, pu:r. er}re.'ft~p]tl~. pI"Qcemm.s OOEiicos~~rJi.C]cW '~.'P,WJffi16Jiio. ,N~ s]nci~io "11"", ... : ,~te' ,~!llf;lrei\n.vjJa e I~tm:~egw:a :$e' "~e[MUU"ill!Zlr:• .J.!i~ta bi 8 1iui~o de ''ladH.~ lOO]:w:tm 1imin1].cleadas qil.t'e: 'j~:r(h:!'ll] ~g_8il:, Ti[],BtIa,br8!l1M- 'Ij!~r.,~, t0I111t1r-[ltlIJJa, In!lllMat ~~rl@:.1ltC:ia ,de &Jbkm:i_ :OJCD,u, ~~d;a comno. a

'nlu:lltwu{';le,~!d~'s. 'fbrm,~das ~ .pariilt"

'Ob8s.r-'I{~~.3~runda a, Gcon.~ncl~ de masses

de

dois

e-xp~ri'~ncia dla: lm,errotomia.., -Pr~SSQ8 metabdHoaSl ,ilnpo~ta:nte tamhem. ~oor.:r.em no. '~u~~e~~, $I: sii:(jte8e~d£ UNA, ~ die MillO, RNJ\ ,e a. ~:rnO:li.8~

'tlind.1iinmleada.
j

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8cl1~W1.d.IQ',

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A :I1'i):rn.~ do :n:llcl'eQ' e ba ~:tarrt e' V,;'\Y.i~lIiI.~,. d'~~~ncd,erild,,], 't~"pf}DEl'luJar_ din


ii:1'O

sem, bav,~r.j]l.Q e[l,tan,to~ .ei.'tocin,ese·",~sj_m. rasulta a massa mn.ltinnc:Reads! ~'onllj] em plFotO(~!o!rio~, ida f];laMtlt1H. ...
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e iC;!I:"'(Di,matinJa_.

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A ~ri~l~ ,e; 'ro,r.m~d~,,~, IP:.niir' ~o retleillQ' I~~d,a ,ti]!l~ 1!;i1'll.d'(~'ll1~ma.tit';[}e- t~r.i!, P~):frun-~~ Wl]].'t"er ~'J,Irn~J,teriJ::S], eeilliLl!8.[!, ]O,@)', v;flJritivel B,O ennGl.ide~o:i toclaS 'as ,~ij,e'ti:,o[),. C((i,mo 'boda me'mb-n:~~n,~ce'hd~av e de.. ti~lgJ~tg. g~a if\!Rl~]onil!4Q so w~lliml{!·da ,t~]:u.m~, :~':I!a.mil~'\Z3.Hpop'n)'t~i{~rn,fr()sr(~~~p]d~.'ng: pr(}'lt€lilli11"~). ~ ~itu~~'iij, esta eX:p'~~"~S8'a, il!,'tld~. R ~hl,'ea:o ,E'i!!:rn~Wlta""\S~ lWJ:pla. f,c;Gm !:h~m d~, e$i,p€'ssuc~'a ada . e .N~'I).':~leo;pla!8PiJiAtic~KNP) 0'0. K~la~io de L uma) e Gam nu_e:L'iO'OOS' 'p'o·tOSl, (,8iDll"IdIti)l ab',~'VeiS R,ertWig:: Id..a:.:s ',quaia, ·,g~~'o:i."I;'~ tod'o' 0 'in:te~-'e,iittj;r~~, rnl{:leo:-l~itljJ:pl~]]-la; ~em.dIl "Vi. si'We] apanas :tlLQ m;[mt\~pillo ete~:omoo, f!ada. pom a:pireE'!eJ['],Ca, iJ"!Jnllf[, redonds !il1l1 Jle:XagonaJ 'e di.lm.etw variando 'e~UD:e -tiD -e l.UI[},nll1i;1t~l'llo['.f:[talmeute:<e:m. ·IWI'.rl.o de' 7l~mn) •. Ell'il iil'\i"6ci'tog de o;1]l<iQo cl.o n1!3f:'~ ;Pm" ex.enlJD1.o~ ]U1. de 40,S!. 8,0 P01(l00i :pOl'"nciCOO~[letl:O quadt'a:M,. ea1~tllia,~.se· que Qb8en'a~s~ q:u~ 'osta _:r~ltl!.1ii_'o l~l~'vl~d_~ ua :~.~.a ~~ibe~a !pe1mJU)r."?~~ :rii]ll·e_ge~u_ de 1~ ,~-2,ij% eel ula ie~l:1lb11i_ooari8J;o .dim.hl1)Jindol" po:re:m eorn Q d..e· ~di!:IJ.B, 3t1B'."1l da ~riQ'tee:34 oo-escimmto ioelul~r, AG' I~ongo00 de8en:VQJW:mr0nUi~

't.a~nho

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pm.',EID

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ce;]:ILlal" 2Hll!.m,e~n ,0 '!? 01ume £i;to_p~t m,;~:Uc{f ta as eIJLq,~to a volmne .IllID.Cls9Ir. sa DU!ill..mm :ioEilimmdo,

A nl~bl'.an~. ,~r.na,

em connmJ."lrJ

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,01

O dt~eqwlLbriu a:1dngido :PrIJ;~ta ml3.9Mj a "par~r de u:m .d.ete:ttl'liiJ;l~do -y,Rla(r!1 l8epre~e"rlIta -:ifm]:' des famri~~mi'bl5iti.~e~, e 5~) :mi.cr3metr~. lUi. .Ill~,deo6l gigantes

tib05Einm;n~ ,oo.Eliidog. 0 esp'a:1'~ .en:til:"e ~ - duas 1nemOCtml ebS1'iiad.o: . . I~;P~~~' Jl~~tlC~~~ ~tltir1. d.:ima·J1$in~~ e~1·l!.re e 10

bia11~ht.Sli:lla, apRse_~ta

as ,~.,
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o tam !'ll1b·o m~mo"


"

no e-~ta_trt~~· ifa:ria m1~ l

nan,()me1r,:ros~ E!S't~ ~Sipa¥.o .apres~~~ Oi:ml~e~ cem as .cj oS tl~~Jj as € ean ii\'lli3, tIl:o :f~ t:~ (ii' en]
:.1: ~, .Itt" IIi't:nCtiJ~p~,~3LS,mj!ll' lC~;Ji,.

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til

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lcitoh~gi8:ta3 CQn~i,d.~;f'~.m,a ta~rio'lec'a uma

F-(J(tt.mta

J14"il!;.fllt!"0t1Pll!'8 lJ~dieru;

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Ao
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'nQ,0 t".re.,

,m'vidfd,o em. dfli$ 'm(km~~to:s~ a o€hil~. ~sta lam. r.a!J;j, ·m,mHGi eelular ~nl.tO_5~ ,w.Ib-:alSloSJe.) ou .Ilio ~stal it!;Dl ..:!I:~-ri ;1"l,~) et ,'- .... __ ~ .:," _ap,i!l cnama d'.~ lti'~--~I':;A ~ 1.."., nllU"~.~.,,",.,. -:. a !!,J!"l ~ _ ~~ -.__ ~:r ~~ _ __ ~_" W: V:t~o ce'~.lU].' 0 :n;tilcle-odMca.m~a-,se e os setllB eompon entes d ~~"arp;~t-;~c~'m,..D~!?t~ f~mrJl 8ldi pnde,r,tt~,()iEl' de'~1:.mjTI:a1i," a e~lnltur8 n.lIJde;$iL'r du~nt@}·8: mtsrfllQ~'~ for -1S'S'G, ~ro' qjlLm R m~nr em 001JEu:pffile:nte,s ll'U~"[eares, est;Et['t".'i se ral~]1,do ll~ 'GJom~D,eintes: nuelearea do 'l~1licl@o iDielr.fasi eo,
Durante

,cicl,o de viid!_a

Ida le~Hu.1a apit:1e~bJhSiet


.i. 'NooteopJ"::jrs;n;a,
m;a Ap-r.eE!elIJita~seeOOil>Ci' ml~ SClhJ~~Q ~Ql11og'ene8j visco$p,. oom pauea OIl], ]j e'nhufl);SI: BIlil1ida:de por !OOiI"an),Dea~' :!;e:ndo '~I lcon-es:pond\eIill1e nuelear RiG
iriUl,

,~_ario1'il1ijjif'ar ,O!lTIl ~i~ptas):;i,

hlalo:p'~sma.

OOl:]:oJiDl-ai p'J!'ote.imJLs ghl_bul~, ,m$mtid~s,~vari.Rs @nzl"~ como U Ida gUe6lme, m ~".im a t Jrl-iii tf,i.aJ~ um a, sf§lm~ie dE!: J!l1t~fi£e.s 1(j!B watRbQieos fur.uimn~iJi]t~s pBJFa 0 oonU"o.~~' OLO: DNA, ]JQUnruer,IHJ'S-ee R.t~A '~.'mUmre:r,!'?JSe.
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a in.teJ.1hse!

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observall'

na

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,m.i~:rGtitl,e'. ]"O!i!"

Quiweam~·b?~ ap~sentsL 95t% de JnlllcleQ= 'P'l',~ote:~.r'JJ~ILS,'pl~ine.i,p~:im~E"t:~~· desJ).l{.in:"~ honu,,3, IrJeq:p1"ominu CDNry.. Em 'm'~ncrr ~,u8!in:t.id~clle!, rlbor.tt1l1cl.eo"p:r-otmna (l~.NP). A, dispo::d~d
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tjr

nottll'Jj.alttH~i~tel

t1iicl~o~pD~do' e'Dstbi: DU!li~9~~ ,~om d~is :m~'is :o,l:I;(:J,MlaS',.,

die'

diaJn,i~.'h"'Q, ,r~rifit',3!.~.s;,~., pr~~~~ de urn '~n:uil;(~;l1Io,~o:~


,1l:n:1,

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d~

de

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cal,

'·:ar -e:'com

e essado

fis'])ot6,gi,(::~ dra pr61~f:"iil, .eelula" Os

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p:rr:-Ote~.n,:±iI:$ ..mlgrar
.JtiOOSI91tH1l,oS",

AssoeiR~~a,~.];tm~, .r~H~

dD t~rQ(mo:SSomo dita

pl'asrn(~ciitos,F por ~~:plQ~, ,apro~~ntam rt1!Jm.oi '~llu1di:m,denses d!e Cl·OJ]_(]J9l~riH .. ,JT,:i u '~as, n:e:"f'"VlQaas t:e'mJ Ic'[f''[.nt1!~ra; -iQ, a 'com 'p' @U'~a C(fri, d' .ens "'"~·'!IIO, Ap'rnsenta,~,se.ll1enos, cO],lcter[L~ada, na ~.nr~dase~ M'Q
. ., ' ~ltA_E

I~:tarn,vo du:m:a:mte ,~
smIDe uma lnteusa
~ill'Iflsst)mniS+

ffi¥'iSM

ce1w.af' a
.~

C~O\Qlj~titHi,

para

I)

clw,lasma 'e consti.tui1i" os


.

Po~ 1e::~e:Q.1,pJlrl

'[)Oncd~llls~;:J)_.~~aol e-onatitr~[i[]f)d.o os

esp~T:Olml:o:a6fde

a,

Qwmic~mClJ:nt~r e. conm:tyjJ~lo -por' RN,A, dbns::Hl'.mie-o; p:rQte.fnS::3 {EI! ibsfoH,p,iideos; com peq,rue.n.aquaatldade dB DNA. Des.a,parece'1m mnieI'QI dB. cl!ivisi,(]I, 'oe[.mar ··pma 1:'et8.p~sc€tt ,Jllh etapa jliuw e~1.ama&,te]_,6f3.$1Bne~dlo mlrmado pelo ~~om!O~r,im'rJl s
or~ri$ad.otr

a'OmH.tilililt JlapL"e~emta ttO,% da masse IIfl,iWil~; ~e:rLdo esta ~,filJj!m:~,~'·~!Ei:de:n~~d~, de C!F.'llm,ruml~.

que 8-e eon heee,

A ,t:rUm=J[w'uli, :1IG'rm~jl\Fiil :pm" um~ Ic~d~j~ dIrf!1.a, de DN~, .,~Q1a.d~, du:Hi!S v~'Ze~ em :ti~o de
I~

de ]]UcieoJ,o., 're-mi~:rn, (h@ ,oo,'On'~ljh1!'~ ~"\I1!;T'm

lJif:IJS,

ooluI:m
.

bll!ttShda~··

eu~mmr't~$, ]l~1i'J;Eil,pal'tM~~ il!))~ ~.j;tiblJ7.iJidb ~' narn :n EJlS, oo.JlulEJlS, eQlbrioJ] Wia arr es d.o !Mt~modt! ~um I~or~~~ ,~,eida~" P'od,E$ bUl'~\f!f" ~~ ~~a d'e ifalsos t!rw;leolo~., q~ ,~~.o partf~-uli:u' ,de [!roK~'a:Li:f.1tl aJ]ove!acl~ (heThe1l"D;Cl'o~tinlll·~, fo([m~dj] 0·:5
VllBiv,eiB
;10

oj'oo 't.Ilor0Ctlil~~).~, hj8:W1l1~S~ cUJf.La<tiiumdfJ 'ml~d_:a.d.~~l de ,cham~tl3..$iDtl.U1!~~l~,mJ,. lig.~ et¥tre s~, Ol" um p ~dR90 de' D,NA que~ 'POT' sua v~z~ eS't~ ~~do ;ifJi,
du'~a pM~(rn,~ bj~cona., &: histOO~

H:el'lieu.p~o O:p.t:ico~, se:ndo ,~aMs

;@[tr~:ve:-ii' seusradicais a:JnfJl1]~{!l~ QiJDl des 'C09ratQ do. DNA... 'Oa~nD nem 'kld08: es t:a,rue..srlli[i;; £o~frJ.rto ~~~,1Q n~;r~:trJigJliz~dos ~p~~ ~h:H:U~ s, :~, m$'
Cl"Om3:tba
fOftU~~'[Jl

~~ ]igilUm 1"Jjs'roWmls.

'~~O~e'Jd;1lffi.$'):~

se.ndill

1~.S'it_e$

'~HI"~dl~

QDJ.D, (.:IS

eorantes 'tlpiCDS da ,c~nm,ati:!l:a,. i'fe~:md)[) assim ·!lI:o~, d


~t;l:i!',d;ad_mTOO, .An ~'cfi0e.6'p'i~)

~abm se ,tr,a.tiIB~brn:m.r em d:wr,m:),'I,:;e, a dI:v.lll1:si3in 'fo'elul!"xf.


'hist!Thn~· m:Necruar~, eIDtTe'

Es'ta:. '~~:bili·ta '~llW: ",]~, $'tI.'fl'~ do'bf~tIf:!ie!jit(nS 'c·


ICaLf'am{f:'

a'Ptesen:~i!L

seu

a:cirlQ.

~Mi!\!ami18

'ri9-tvei~:
..

~ElJ~ti["1h]:ijOO,;~piW;i;.e"e'·

As

,fi}rm,~~:d(jptl'r' gr::);l"J,W~S ~slfl'iricQ.s de 15~!'un, g:,~, dithOtltl1l ,ItiLlUrt.i!'][j],hadil!ll>8 liUJlil)]a '1'IL~~ri~1~:LOll]'~~J~'a•.

10 e 20J,~O~1, eom

Saul ,ll"WleebJl:HiSl ae

1l~(!I

.p"E:5Q.

eEb~l!l:tu~;,$

1q:w'D:ai,case:m;u!fuao~e~ 00]:cHJ.'~ awd]o-,se an Longo da ,ev(j;lil~b" d.3&1" ,~pe:cle~t h,nlS'EQTIlaJa e~ta,om,viti!id3$j ,prinei,p.:U:m.ercli,te~ eineo ~~~I?os,,:· fI2B~ 83. 'I'3t2A elm ~I,4,\ Ie' ]HCL

i5b (!:roma-tma,

RiE:€~' ;~ to.QlH, "]",:egi:a.Q aD 'trn:c~:'oo') ~(eiQ g QI 'n~ol.;O, q:.u~ ~ eorada ~ 'vi8iv~i 3)(J' 11/:Jtm::tSJtitu-i~~.
de .DNlA asseeiade ,8. ~Qtraifil.8iS :b8siea~ de baixe ~~~ :ID61ec.uIar. M, :~ustog~" !!3 ,~Il :RNA. Iii, tam,bem a, ll~$('~nY1 de ecit]om$· cam o. '0 calLe~n~J!I!~

'0' :H.i'veJ de ,~m'ldeR5a'Qio da cromatin ~ ,s.J~ooentg_ l.rnpOltiaurte i13]gJllfic:ad.o J:uJ:lcionai. OS I~~S mruOl"leB. ~ €])O'mo8fEm:Ell.. c'ttr.ulel"l£ada. SM, tham~o:.~ Clt'()_G~ep:t!r.OS' Ie iJ ,S~fl{;1I, m)m:Plnen'~ -EI'· . elt'4:
.; ,". ,''.i.:r'

eorado, :b~If'Om.at~~!,
' .. -, _"

1 . ... .(:fro, 98~ Seg:u.n,dQlI~'it:z}~ h~f."Q(!l'ilm;~;bn,:i,


-' -'
II", II

'~ITDQ'

'piQp08to

~~!J'r

:!I:\E::pre~emjta,::;tlli .P(~"\rt:~
.l'1(] nticleo

d~.l[,':]'"Om~.'tinJa (,"U,jjldler]s~d,a:;s
Asslm" 'o()nfhTnlli~ e ,grtlu de

p:aroQ~b~r w_,purtthnciapara a m!~tnt.!f!'n~b tIIl~ ~s~m:tu:ra d.n U!:tt~.l; ~ir 's«r ~t:~d;i!J' [I,P'FM~lti.J,

wtm·,[amoo
a
i~

l",

,oou.~~io

'It·mi;e

8e. ap::r,~mtru:-

:8ob

Idl(J~s.~H;p:eetOJJl':

a) G'tillC1'1lnllAm
,D,6tii(I~,e'l!l,te

a ,_ fG-pro.oont~··;i!J 'rn",ljIll~tiRElli ,gc--'

'plumieQ.,

PQ(I!'l~J]'t-o,d:nri]nta· a
;~,UB

ints:rt~~ 0 DNA~ BID


~lP~aeD,ID:a,-~

,arti:vR i~oo
I

~II

est~, !i1iend,u
"itL

CQ-'

Idtl"erreutes

OLe

,e.g-rlll';$IJ&a~OI,

dl5_(!,,a,dtl 'pMfll :ml'Jl]IU·. RN~Am


jam,

'11m d~:~ru.~' ' .se-

loo'mOo eromatina;

j~"" clU!ra_llih~ a diwsiijJ. ~elwa:r;

prnduzidas 'pl:"01te1inaB... Para lta!nJ]Q, encO~::IJi1"a.~,se d'~~$Pir.alil~(hl" :s~ndo DO~CO e:le;~1i:id.eus9" ,A'6 M~., ,atl:iJ~'~Si, t:i~s em eu-

ioomo, !L!lJ1Il'YmfiSS.lilmo.

'~f'Li)n'u;~.tilI!'~

a,p~~~~m m1l],ib, cJ~~,


=

,2][Mtm"OCl,~

d@Wi~JdaJ. ~[m mi,e) OOi~"ri~po de, ~~r d£~lnifi,eada e nem ,000.1:lfaro.ui.toJ~.sp,SL{:O1m.. r.aolicleBD:. E, .m.1l_U:ID e1etrodenssL J\o' I<f.E',~ nud~,taio, 'OOIIn, ex:emp[o iinte1"eaunre ~ ,0 q.u,e, 8COntece ~m 'm-, meas d~, w;;tmtt~s'! 'pmtadoo~ de clIl)i~' ern)ll:OSK{:!ian,o~ S'e~tn.ru,S 'T (sexn ]rt(;}Dlogami!tioo}.

iU~tw.a~ (mcontra'~$~'":Pit;"I1i,ll:ada k~g9J'

{lt1I'Jll~

Ipneti.~~ (con..,

C~mo d,1lll".m1re, ,8" dCtvi':sl~ celtdar- wds. a 1a!l"Ctm:l]riLn~. ofrs iD:OO~ t\ond~iIl-S~i10i :p~ fo~' s !~~ ,~om!O_s.s6.m!J$_! renCl1rt~ e (:ur,a rosiE;, ~~pes61Q~, b1'FIlt.llnd(HMl' wjs;iv:';~ ao M']J:M'[)~6pio IOpilj~. A (oo,ruleli.'is"Rr8lli, ,f:tting~' ~ ~,,(IDl:O' numa li3\kp'ElJ, d~ 'W'\i3atJ' t"0nUWf' cJt.a_maJ~,mO'bifa~, ~u;~8mo am (~JJJ~; ~O\l~ ,il.')o:ngeq'iile!nci,Et~ mals vis: vel, Ms:lIiI1L., pedemos e lQ:bse¥¥~l:r qP!le ;00 Cl'Q;mn~~nws: drs eada ,es,p©.cie
'."i'n,,;,,"""''''' ...... .,.'i'io''~ * ~~a.LI..I.
1~1l:.n:.rJl

:m.uita

h.r.}ool,ut70m~~r~ill~, :ftP:~r-~-oort1, ~~iC1UiU~.

o:m

~,..,...... ~~ILi:I.!.!l.lI!.lJUI~

I·,,~~'~"'i"""\

m,llw,I..I...U.I:_iIj ~

~ ....

,i"",..,.i-.",

,,10;,

[_ ,WJl.lR:i."'~U

11"'-: I""'''''''

I-

lE1~L:-1~a.

;H"W,A'",,,,

Ml19huent!E\

08

~'tomu:S3>01IiI

(I

para

cientmas, ilSJUU ~ termd in dj,lt~,]" uma u:fiI,id:~.d,~

~, oo;lulas
ailS

destcus mmea6

ati.v!inIill :6!IpBIIli1B nm

d,~~g.v,~nW,0 .rl!U'brd p"e:~,mal~~ll'teme lI'te! Bel7iICiIJ. ehamade '~aEj.= 'Ra sexnaJi au 'C(jI]l~t\:sciUJll'D' id~ I8mtTt oj:!sBJ~,aM. em 194J~~i:po']" :Be._ri'1~m ~ B,aLFtj,n~)1fIL1!lCJQO die ·las fi'~~a.s, ,de gB.ta~~, P6sfLeJ.1of.filu~nte {)~IT."a-, do ru,n oolruu ,de, 'tfe:mH6 de O:utrBS ~ecies't :iil= ,dl.tsij, ve ,tE, 'Jl:trtm.an~,~,'&JC~~li~s:,~, p~~tim~ '~1~envo:~,mrlo :ru;[€h:~~l'.~ selve p'8r;BJ >0 mt'Jign(i.s-tiaQ Rqje ci'OOlQgiC(~ %a~'" Desk :f~a 'pode~moa,.(larat-· ~lo :ffil"]z!dUr~is 1~l]}OS de hete.liO,t.l1lma1io~ a ,het~e--, !IfOCMJ1Ul'hna ~ill'lUtim;fi\i',a ,e ~. :l1ei~~fj~ro~' 'm.:atbm '°faelllt8jtiv,~.,· 011ErunD{u~iSe' hetereern1IIJat't]],a 'OOIil~:iiltituthfa, :wW",~ a .pa,rtrp d.a (;ll.J!lTH'J,'tina pernZLanentemente eendeneada. '~'i;Jica:Uztl!da ~p],i;~tipalm~~eas ~:t:re~~ n du CJ.'un'i!ilssodoia
,ewu:iI:i.O'3S\'H:tl(]~ iTI:I

'~norli~&iJl)]6EP:~. vist~e'~ ~;!j,'l ~o: ae n:aiet~8lciJp'(i.o ,6pt] 00" eon t~TI. d 0 iu f(r:rma,~,~.Q gen 6,ti,~ ~: a, ,~'I"'".J[I'W'rI;O;:t"")I\""""",j,.,e· ,~I_, estar .....,._'..J ""n""CiI, ..L .., :>'Y'''' ,"",,,,~.J,..... ,,,,,,," ue i::IlLi!I::lIt _l:lnl.J.J4l
I
lL!LJJU~_I"'':::~'lI~U,'i:r.ilJllli-l _ 'l..'U.ll~,llll~

;1:.h:.tL

.1;IUU.tb!I.JI~IG.

Logo.., '11",1:
,N;!;~

a,l1i.tI!1[~

qhf~ ftihm
OU~,

~m

tt.gmlo,..~!J)nH]1iZJ cr'OOll'OSSIOmDSI'

d'I[}

~ruu-

:rLlfid,~o In terrrf:iis:]i(;ol' '~",'l; t!i1!O.'.J. "'~~ ,...~"., -. vuru;:5., a


.

,em,

de

NUJeleosS011'iOS

C-onm deralllic.:lQ 'qU!~ ,0 ,mr'Q:ITIOSE!liXDlIOi


'iP!H" 'ufitllili m,{l,]e:cl'ulil:
!~

~.

fOiDlIado
em

3pELGl'O~

de: DNA. que ]"~guAH,ersI sobre oitc

,~

emol1i,j

11&~:m;;(il'fi:2Ls.Cad,.a:,

·'graa"

'moleelllas:

lele'

-rn9~tan,te: do, ,envo[vj;mem;r;o,

das :liiBt~

peLo DNA,

e cl~:l!I.d,Q

DtLCleO'SSOJltrru.·

eci.,m~' ds· l'lf1ll!d,@OSSOl:lilLOS nnem-se uns M~ oo:WQ~' aeabam pCiif for.mar '1]Dl9 esrtru~W".at.l_e].iooidsJ,que. J em a~j~~io,~, OtlW-S 'p,~utcfrl)_va'i OOlj~ti;twr 0 ·t'hla:m,e.nro b;Eish~o d!J cromi)~SlO'm.o, E*u.tUl'-4

·me, perro dm;J, ~anbmn.'ema, e .nes re.gi~~ W1§8.:=


Di:11Iidu~
,,~";j ~._

crut~tiw ,e .e:~SJJtmll.1Jaf'.L'Jte
p\A..:l ..... _.......
, ,~JI!4'L::;;I.LI.u.:.

dD

:Or:tlC16ijt~;A

..."', ...... . "",:alJfiIJI.ll;,:~L

d,~'"" ...
1i

be&e~~'lio.a a. ditn 'igiJ!'Olil:6IDtmSli


"" ... ,~._

1K,\iSle«t1=,

00 cr~[)gs(Jm:~
1

ron,~ir.il~cfu,

~:p:re3e:[':Jdt.a

1i1lW,

,e'~'tar&o~illanl,enb}1

,~;f.J"":"t

Ij!j],'i!'

!i::ip.![U.lll:i,

,d,

.,.

iL..n:j,u """_"\

~,IlI[:;IL<;""i['LJ_;",~-

,ill'!!id~, e·m duas


!eS'tr,8J~ame.n,tQ
E;:£at.am,en.te

co:w;dr,i'~io ,Pij,'imWia", q:llle. '0 ,pa.rre!i, dtJ(iJs "braf;os. ,Ne~~,


•.

matina e~ B [~rni)]lfbtma,eoo:densadat eem ina;!~iv1.d:mde g&.ri.. 9.p~Mt~;d(l, Eia .aeq,iiAn'e~u,. ·m.uitb mpetidas de lJ.:NIA,Ie OOrn rep,)icttyin d~-, sada em [~]a~ii'h:;ii',~ da ~ucmm3.'!ina. .' -. ,~

,ea.tta ~'OOBllU2acl'lD eentF.iJ,_erM 00

pOlL' asta estrutura ~ 'q !I1e d It.wm~s,,~mQ' e Pfe:tld~,~ fihr~' du' fu~o thlr,~n't~ s a
,witose,

.nl~.~:

ir.'I'~'UD'",',-, #"iii,

~ ~'.

D~I~ .'.1 u,~,

nn,rriill;l'lIf"iII.iifjS·:

~~U,JJ!B'U.o.

.·~'U~g'tJL;1!

fl'.

;11".....,,~

::ntt.!JuJu"i-o

"":'"'ha;rrH~mo* tto'W'oS6omlO fiJl1 i~S,p~~~l dlo, DNA duran ~,!@ a di vta,,~.tli, , eel ill!.l:i!'[l'" e s p:i ra 11 do' ~.a, tc.o;niJlQl;J~adfj) I@' ']n.Qlivicilu~t]~[iido, LO!gOi ~ 'llIIn~
e!it],'ULtm'.'¥J" CO

MtitrrIlda,

pm'

D'NA

SObrl~'

IJ1Dl esq 11,eijBilliO;

.0;' ee'n.tit1lttem !e urn e~11¥.eitame:rri.'t!l) da lCJ.'li)matlaiB l~OI"D1adQ ,pm h~teroel'm:l[iilIlI.in~,cP'~, Ii!luag PO~oM em form aJ, de' Id~.. ,pli\fj.terea~,~ es ,nme.tJrl~rrtlt~~lecais de il!u~1~n des mic:rnt;'lllbuJfl5;, dill fi:rsa m:ro5tj~o.,·0c:errtrOOnIm{~ Ie ~ ictnet~m8j 'tram p!a~ticfpa~ ~,Qi diret ~ 11:0 ~ ,W ~ v] m.e'Q.'t,p~ d.c-s, lC]:tlmosaoniOs, dhu'RlI.'lIi e.a mvl,san cel1!]J)ar.. Dm"8IiLb:: a ~.~.t(i!1ii' f3J!:\H~' Q ce:li.IJ' t;'uEfii,erro :~,eprc,s,ent.:l 'p a.r. Le oondm1wd~. dSi 'l'!:r.O:Ill,~,W~. _. -

CrQmbtl

th~l'~-

rnf'I...:·I,;>~,_II":'''''' -~~''Yi-~~~ ¥

I mjl!:f ...

ESEle lerm.o d~gtu:I:


iC~tlm 08i5QWO. ·1l.;aff( ~

~ilfici!O,1l.SJ]. e D.a;O _~'ff~t.:OlQgiea. i:svmI ,e'l djglilDgu:e 0. '~el&if.l.MO ,8,0. :n"'tif!]\Q~p~_o..

ptrl[attl~. d!~ ,~rn"emid:HLcle


~~

a ~xiln]n.i.d8i1'e.~lo

OO~.

.i$~r~. (:1iJR1I:l1_aiE~a CO:n:stri980 .

"_'11'-._.

'Qu~l,qool1" otttl'a"
1

t#tJ.lru~tt1I~~1 ,riIJetw.ll
oj -

1S~~i[Hu-$.

..lI~""":.~

d~lp;riuH~rla~ :
-

Ern

~J.~W.lIl~: cf:imn.O S;,Som

~),~

~xist~

u:Q1 a

dO' mesmo ,~ .nr1gin~ mTI~, ~S'f;:rl.i!t~ cham ~da 'SfII~Ii:t-e~ ~'ODB !Sot Gi!JJ ~gl:iio· :m·t. A regiao·- ~ of1T:!l~~~,M,~'f:InU~ ~ r.egili.o ft,Ji'I3D:il~~d(fI~~·-llIltD;leD"I~ ,RNA:.r~.boWm.i~, que· ~lr~ll8 0 n'l1e_~oo)n, l..~e .KN.A..-r. ,ar.:m.Me:msd.o no, uueleruo film I"eElpc:u:u;8i.vel peli! r~ao do rIDOSSmfi(l. N~ ,B:SJ3!I§c"ie htOO.RiW as R.!.IN. egtao llocmizadas nos crf.mI]0515;0'm~s 13. '14,·
~. r.='

ti~r:!i!SbJ]~ci[) fl~t.~d~

l{l(.;a:I]~d~ n~ ~b,~,m.idad'e·

imp.edindo com qu.~ lIm dlete.rminpd~· 1;legmeo.W, 'filsion~~S1e. peln ¢:x.1i.remidatle ,~,'-lDl· c:rbn1-~5m\1i:O. P'(H:- eX0nfip 11(li~ quando ~~ta q:u~bra (D' erennossemn PIGJ'rd~ '0 'wlorn €:flO" as 'regi O~8" IqUGln~~~:t(l8 ·:I]c~m pw:~oaa.s, ~ acabEi!1IT.'!1 pot. so tbndir :~ UInJ rfu:(J'\f, l1"O[[lOS${1I[J]1J quq hm:ID~IID' ··mD1rI~· 01 't~lmne;ro d;fi~1i.fi_c~_d·Q .. '-Olr :isS(j~,·~ im~~ ,do ~eItm!lBlIO mantem a I~~talbilirdade do ·c:r,(Jn~OOSQlILO'. O~l!'V'ill,'\Sf-'. ~1ll,e. caa~, v,~~ que a, re]tilp. ~. divide 'b,:unMm dimin.mo 'L.e,~ f!rr'O', ,A,i~;:liSi ~lm Jr. e s '~,21::ri:a: tl,l~rttta.:rc,!la,O () '~Tlve1:nccimeD,to ,~el~;~F ~ df~indilridlw. M q~ '[J~"rii ,~ ti~~:;; 'reali!i:i~ u inici'o d'a d.GJ1J;_j,gf(;lm· d~ :~rf,~11~ as robd~ do htcJ[·viW·Q msulh1U'!LW d~, dtlln£~ ·~rmanGOOn.li ~,;Olm Jdfiumro, (!I. dQ tm1]m'}]J.o das orun]ag ello [iJm·:d\O'Iludo. A.~.fi dqDGi ja n as~ria/lao vmho<m lC[t]a]lTw.o1wlividu{lI 'cL~d-01o J
':l

,n truo.'UI€1"Q·~a

tnns !~rI;a: poba:i.daae~

~O'm

I(It!O~N~)1e 'oorrespm-ule

ae: toea]

dB ·'8in:usse·

ito

JJ.a.

~'~I

~ 1L c

;-;"

no ;.;;:I-Llr.

Nu memento ,~
sS'tliw:rem, mM~f:'

6EipRruizaM~, pOlll.Bir) :Fm1id~m@<D·ta~do ~nnE]"Mjssm~O·e' ,qUE e asede dQS, gene s cham ada Inr.!l)!'liliIuD,em.:a... Ln,go .. '~m~~neDl:g € ·11Llll~. lSubUl'lli'l d~'d:.e oonstitu]nt~~' d Q mrom~p-m!O~ 0 l1I~n'.W!ro eromonem as para i~eJlld~ de tt,mu~O'mlOl B variii;vB~. 'Podeum\S em s]n.t~~'B' (alar ··qtlJ~' 'tifO'm®eniu 0 usda m:Erls: ,9 ~B 'fl' .trIil1l1U)',SSOCflll0 distandid{)~ .
mWriioJ!" .~Jlnsmesmoe,
TIm

di~~

Iqu~

C1·L'J~'l:l~~OOms· 1Po-dc~~ '~lbs~r~aT'. no.

os

Cmoomitides A d(;rplit;:u;lto dlfll .DN A OCQ*,~ na ~~j:t-ed~-8~! U1Jm~ '~lla clJ~ad_a 'fg~ ~~Sl~,. e~da mO~Gjjtil;]~,,dc' DNA" no eatanto; PQIt'l1I1'm~~ ]ig-ttd~;a. ~ilJW,.,~Q1J~,(t. Exa:furime:rl!;t,ep~)f.' 1~t~ :raz1\)~, voce 9~s~~. n$.~· futO~~9 d!os ~rom.Q~anmo~~ feit.u d.:jj)r~j:D'te,!!IL 'w.etar~e, que· e.:~_e~ 'p:ar--eeera cum um ~T.;_ Em~ f!l~ '~ef\da~' VQ~ ~ifJ ,e~~. I~bee·nrlt:n'~ n:l:iIl, W:UIOO
ICl't:J,mD~~'mO pO_~m"

m~bl

1·:ilrum·~:lj!El@s·]f'IttU

-PE'l~, cemrtrnm.e.t'O~ &ta.s clli.m!$' L~6p'ms d.!jj, mesmn '~l1.1nSSCllm~, ~i.gaoii,a~, P,i!!: 1~ ce'.ml:'t:r6m,e1" 1:1 'sua.'!] eh am a das '~:In,;iti(les·jj;H;b~.~D~lrDllte URia f~ da di~s:lio· Ql;lular" a .~;r.ulf}MJ.e' 0 cerrt:r{hn0[l::'Q "Sa d~fViaBC ,~S ..
se 8€lp,i!3rr~m
·IH31..1·~.

IljrtllmQs...~l>:mI~' Hga.da:g

:u'd'l.:Ulis ~,p·t;lS ~ 'tu'T:iJ.

nl~~itp!J

origi

iIJi:;1ll'

ICi'\QID([ISSOmeS marep~D~lellWa"

'e,,;;:ii, em, '11 OJ 1~!;j't6teoo da·'pr6,f~ .l; d:Q~·tut~e··a:·m_eiO'.'l·e) '~·j[il&$$pem' ~~maribioPQSli'~ic, Q e ~on~5'W:Ii!iibe~ ,~da (r.r;-~JmiogonitJ" T4:!S.fbml~Qij~lS para ·1"i.J:ln;~'s·'~IlI;·ti!im Slci·to:r~ tl~ c:~r(J'mon'~ma mil,] sCir"(Jim'IJ~.~q:m,n_Jif;i

Ao h:u~,g:;g du~ .gya.·nu']~',*--1e~ (Qb~yva·$e

'i~]1~nu~nm

",a1ii2l~dD~.

"

mb·,nies,tnibl.lra, Ao M]CJ'fJl'iloo:pl0 ,Eh~:b:{)ni,~o t.TOJ[U;~;S~'mo· n ie a.olll~t.il'un;ruo· PiQ_:r f.i Iamentcs ]i.g'e.ir,31.lrlent'~


.Sil(]i
.~I

~3p·it,~~~dDJ3 ~e UJ\ilm d~ d~;aII1,~tm",Os, 'fi~mmw!il dupl~ ~.'foml~cl'Od~pot duas lrluidad~ fi~.nejl~~·


4]:'IfJlll ~~dll 11ITI~,. e

~i'r..u~dJiJna ~;Illpe~lfe:i.e, ,dtl'

..

lr!iBtltF-d!Jllel1)

.8.pareee ba~~tan,~
i:'p.'t01JI!I.,o:sso:mll.

(]~[illifJ e

51

.", TV 'Paulo f1'r~:ire


l

'NumeI'O

M 'm3i~ dife'mrnl;~$' ~~e¢:eS't.p~}l'im I C(_mii'!'~'if,lltte ' p\fU;,~, ,~s it~dirid'!,;il08 de 'UTI'Hit 'me~]J:a 'espe~i't. •' ., Ii, ]Podemes e1\tsr a~'g1l1ls; ,ex'em;p' OlE:

o nUm~ro

'. AHui.1im;~-ric'O..... 1tes'~~le~o

d,~ cr.-o'fU0 ssom-us' ~ Y~ri,i\vlcl 'W1!lt\8:

lfi1!~-itetlnirncl.
;[]!Il&!t:QI1Iflilll;:l,ii;.u,
,It.

(qMSe ~
peq_Ut;!!LW. 0

le:ltremidade)~ for..,'

ID, e.fitramEU'~O r

mando (lQis bt~sr

um 'muito W'~d;e'-e' 0
cen-tJi:lu:ne:r{ll
_~ .. ...

r.nioe1ibrrrt:rte:o ,-,
""r.lI~'I'!I'n,t'!c·'"'1'.l';l"'j1
·!L~!oi!"¥.·t_p."'~¥.

cromlO\$So:mo corn u.:rn!: 'W':Ii1C:9. br.~.;o. E~lt~. :t'ipo air;:: cromn9~(Lmij I]io ~na, e8!;peiCle humsma,
J:li~ '~~'.'
l." .., ~

.e "1ler:m:il1M,

I~

(.zang!Q! .....16} '


~,

:l2

, 1!IIrniti!.~ CMirn-~nID
lfIl.::ffit_,i L!o 'Wi [ pm:;!Il;!I;i,
DIU_

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to;oo J:! 1DHt:iJ'

n.fijY''''''''~'''

~J.irill"":~ !iii

OC~)n:"itllcll_g1

d_~ bl~b,o·d)i:l~seda,

~l'i~~~

dnicO! ]'ltrta cruO:lLooso:mtc~, ,8mtiu 'J?CI!f ]810 t' h am 3 d a g ,e ~,h;d l!,l,a ,b.,~,pl IDIi-d.e,:g" eu I''',g ~Il
i,:mJi

M ~lul~

l;'1illpt'(;l~;tnl~'

fg,m:mJetM ~li~1t'~
1O":-.pmi'.i9S0,m~a

do

.F:'i'f.:!'

V'!O',

!CFOliiiii:,OS;,StOln.'O S.,

Gada conj:u.nto de.

'~,e:ee~.
!game!~

JJliuln.,,~

lB,

e p(llr.~do.rr

d.~nonOOEt~80die genoma.
ij),:ru

Log~~ cada

dJo"gen,fifi'].a PGt~l'n;OAjU, nlJ:i,'!;.e'l:9U.

1~!3-yp:tfun
A" • ....."... ... , ,J::l..I,tII:~

hi~~ti~m,

52

.grande lciliv,e.rgific~n @. 1~~'fJf$ciQ;!j' l~go\;, Ida wrande vad~.JJt!~o IDA] in'Uni'~rn' it), crOnID5$.Oiill9S.:;o con v,p,nf!inu~-~el ile:nmn1l.1al" CEtd:s!l i~!:1I [Ji:nra,:pe[a i"0i~6ID:'I&ta'I~i~~" E:\a:t~I[U'bnk' p~}.lt i;s'~ O~ 1~~La~, '~a!o dioo$ i''n~I'I~osm,m.o~.,
j'~ :GLiS ~ 1~~l.U];~~ Sfj·rruiticas·,~ ~, ~nmu:at;~va~, 'Pu~$\lI!~nl dQ.i~ to'nllliIi!:t ~ CfTm~OS~~mi(i-o~. :~mb1;'e

Em flm~o

Iq~le clmCl1t1)te,
i

R €ecluliIa,;:ijo dmI'T,e a, ruSso [10::3., ,b.tl,aleo~ dos g.Btme~as ~e(jr~iJ?illd6 8' soma, dos ~Dom~~.£ pat~mo e ·m~:~~mp~. D~fil'Ominam~~ estas

:Di'll1eiIJ.S~g
do. e_rOln:1!1]~]fh1 v,a.ria die ~s~de p.~, e,gp6ei'~j tndQ ae~' 1. :ifii,crfu~]]etEua:il~ 1. mHfiD,et:f~. ,Num 3" ~:alam:[.i{nifT.~,~,Tritur~ '-1irfdJ;''''~"e~'1;$~,,ap'j~eSgll.t~.80 @: :miC:f::Iomeb'O~, O~
fiotnprimJlMliio
,!rui'o:m~~w-r.110Sl

mi{:;mmeb'>©" de oooo,pj~me.rr.'OO\o
:TitJM,

humanos

vaci::ttn' e:ill,t~~e 4

(Ii,

Ii

l0alulu e:ntil,O~dli;p16i.d~ ,,1.1 'ijl1n,,.j ~mD~lOIDJllj~. .Pereeba ,qTUB es CI'OmO@lSo.m:MliU1TIS. eel~ul~. ~O:Il~:~,tic~" '~,;tM ~.{~[-ij, ~~r@~} QL~~ '~~uel'm, drut5 ,Icites CI'oIiu)~&'5rmj~s, ~,il.l dciis ~_ft5. [ro_J- e'x''e'~p.]Q·J~ ,es~ie 01i.1ItM3..W, ~[~t':eDl.em. 81l8a;:cel.u]ss £ionn.:'tie~8, 23; pa.J'e5: d~ ICli'(ID1n~"Il{ID1!Q~. 0$ ~me.mbIij$, de C!.tdJ~. 1fIi.8L.'F ~ao ehamados CF.omassomos :luilmoJfigDs.,

:uau d,t',a:m.t¥lQIito
!cOl~',en~ 0:15

!;]"']1t'6'i!!'l-O P'Bl",iIJ [fIQm~00ll~'0 0' 'ta,[Hll.nh,g

'0

P'~QM do, ,eE!J1il.t1\&r:mro\.

d~fJl b:r~:~oo 'fun~fjJo M em


'Cf\Qmossomo I~m ;QU~ os

'~

,cllH:~lfica'~~,IJ! dos,

~ MGbt~l1,tr.lieo-"
ealizaean

~;l~~~Lls :arPll\Il'$~tam:-~e~ l~p~-ma,dain;e'n'te


[h~, m,ea:[fl~ '~:81d;w., 0 '~fill:~6:m,ffro 'rem Int1_en:tl",aL Subn:llIetaoonh~'i:e:o ~. !ITJ'jo_m~Q:m.oJ que 'tel:r!t urn. des &x:¥J;OS U~,-,
Jf'~:lJnJ€!1iJ.te m~ior ~'l1Ji2 iii} "o.u.'liJ.1j, p~lrq'!J@ !ll ~WII,. b&oero, e~b1 th~.ilor:.~do (ffi!.'t :~~ifu:~ "lie'n'b;'al .s nbrmeman,fJI". Am,mCll,da dDH (m]mO~$UttiJtlB'

cb~ h$l'Ifulag, 'Q,u~Etu"ilinsa ~ 3 .mes-'[u '~i:~ie& (e-Jciil'j'll:e,m '\'~ri~8j- t'i' nffm re, 'P~w.~o ,ditan~n,s~ d~1 eade bmlM :SWl @lS:peemeaa Ie: eenstantae par,SIJ,ca:dal er.cmmaoo,m.), Assim, ~ pQ'$~vell id.enmfi:CaLr CQlm, Pl'~cigi'Q ca;iiiiIJ, ,eJ"IQm;05In:m:o,._ rIUlI'h!::ior:lJ.1.Jld~" ill~ l'riiMca" '~mI1i.'O ,~d~go ~, bsrras, um ,A, 'teaIl~logiEIJ clle· blUld1B~lnento; ~~:!ii~cl.ad_a ,~
Di_qd1als"

Idet«nni

N~'atuBidade ~1i'l:em:tec~~icas ~ :~r-mitem .. q I!::"T !JDl OS $,O»U:Hi:j, em ,~,']l lll,[id: da:d ~ s' b
1 I

~~

SS:

I~

IODi.t'3l~:

j_

~_

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,~", ,;'.

(]€!cl.ll,Ul.'..AU

~o'

um

,Sl;gJ:Jlu:.i,.,o;I.w.",i!l!

=,~,iI,~..,r"".';:'~,..,..

h.umOOl~~

Ie' d,o

~po8ubm~'~~tr~~o.

'looatimt,M d.@~n'C'~~ ;wor:lJji~a!lib,~mm:t'ttJ de mlilta,foes~~b1cluB]:ve-~IlllJ, de.tll:t]i~ij;Q d.os tastes' de.


:El1!V~~;l~~ '1]~,

p&te.r-I:ridacle.

","',', I"',.":_ AUlA" "~'"0',9""',"


." -', ";I •••• •• /

ACIDO,S; NUICLEICOS
,.. , ' , " ,':-: \', , " ,'" -, " ,,;#,' , ,.::,

'

IlfH,mU900'
,~e~che;fj ~~~dp v:lIUc~·pii;,.~~--U a 'p~IE!:Sffl".M~ ,ooms~re die. d~L'HM'ltU.l.~:llI;~,ub~'tiUU::i@;~{a£l!d,M. E:lll 1~6,9., den .~ ." "do ' ,';>,."~J,lOU ,~1 ~I(#~lili[d~~, '_ ~" '_,-_1t&~~~~ .~I_~S fI!;t~l6ii~. A;~~~' eo]: l'9iM~ '~I DNA ~ iidt...""n.1tt1icf~do ~mr~Q' ~,d!J ~m.albiiI §t."niiti6o :ro1aclmmoo ao OIJT.1I1r~d[} cl@!s .,a:a:ivii[J~,~Slooh,d~m~ ~~ ..iflte~IDooio d.o l 00iL'litJn1~ da M~~' d£ p!"IlJWIM8. o~i ~ ,8~,IDllwto8
L ~. ~ _" '

Ennb::e1B6H e 1871 FrjedriCb.

A Inbooe

~~

MJciomrls., di9 D:MA


~'.en1

pttJdIlZiTIr
I~

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'~S:'

'OOIlLWm ~~
l~~

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sm:l1uxr
~'11i~:~i:"(;o:.,

Iqtl~'03' lbcldm;' :[liUclB~


!L.,:;_~,..-~1";""":"""'11r-,,_, ,.. !UIDIII!lJJ.~~.·'CUlll:l:"l·i,. .

~ea;sl

p~.s

,~ (1;tm'l,,~-$ dL[:Jiw;', d~t;~,· dn :ind.NldU<D. lIDje PQdenilfi8


mp1.~.~

pI~

~'~
quG ~

'a. ~"1esrnd:rdbose.. silo- [)~ .uH~ apb'j.r.ares 'Pt'€.seftllJas InOS, m..1Qieotrd\eos ..

,oo111lla. '~Egfl
as. nimia
I~,~]~

Exi$t~. ,cinOdl,
~ncO'r.lItr";!J!dla;s' nQSl

guau:ma

U:n..:

ifG)j ,rn.tnsina

il1J(JidiJS

ti:PQ$

de lsases Illk.r::og?n8!CRa~,·

11!Uc1,miO~;

~m:~,·· Hmina,

!;;td£nm~ I(A),
~TJ

"-!Io!I~.II,Jo.t"il,.;r~

OOImQ' Q$ ~iIDs lI:ude]~~_~ e~tioQl' Sem.pM· a.~1Jc.U,~dO'~.?i pro~:i:1l5'~ fOlttrl!a_:_m3' If11Jcloo'~n ~ a~;; 'T'r-~ ...&pOS Hti cl'Qi$" "tiPO!5!' do ,~d(]o~ nu~~ruoo9: 0- DNA (acido decs1illrirrib~clei(;o" am :po·rtUgiLl~8AnN) ~'.0
'RNA
of a;cidili

:m.tro_ge:l1:ffiidas podem. ~~l" de:u,iwdlE9J~, d~~"·~iu:~i~ia~~ ~:ta:tioeh am,~~ pUFi~;~ ,a.dt~in',3 e :m'llaDin8~ @u derll"wEJ;S das 'p;hiInidinm;, sendo Idi:tM, ,J.dll~i!mfdi~: 'eJt;()~m~, bm ~Q 3, "e Hracoo,
~'~~ .1:1 '.• 1 1 .. _. : .. I_ "'I

All: bases

D,NA

IrftbonU!d,eioo~ em '!m:r&ug!J]!s ARl\D .•

As bases puricas estM .pu-efl~e6 tanto I:IDiJI ·QI1J1sn:i;.o no RN,A. P~(remi das b,~8l'es, pirimiLd;i.C8l:Q! n' ~ito:sifiiil:,. e camum ,Para' amboa es ,~cido~ ·~l(l.cT~it"Or:;ri m~,~ 'tiwina e !~hu~i.v~. dill ;~.
[D, :: Ai

"COD8li:~rui~~'

assim como tiL ~,clla,,~ e'xcl~__siva do IINA..

,rih~"!l1jJjJ at'W_~ ~,lim.tt.CiBt;lI~deo~'.

0$ d,~do'$.iii,uCI~it.us.S~lit bilopo'l.~:e~~~, c~jQ~' 'IR'ou,ibU(l:FUS ~untdades ['o1:rstl:tumt e~" ~'Blli~ d<e1lDlllmlMla.:s DJurib:!oEtdeo'S. Pedem s~ '~1J'roI.Mm
"
~~8

Per sua vee;.•


"IiI'II_'';;;'

1C'B:,d~

nudsobid.eo resruhbL
"I!iii·i~an-:r1;,t:i,...lld I!j~ ~"-II!J!~'I!o;OL'"'Yi~"'_~

~oo:~!!ao, die tz..@$ ..:r-e~i~d,nos:DD'l ,[",a;d1i:cal. 'f~~.~1

,_!!!_.

iI1Ii_liho..~, ,1f.~"""~IIA!I'~

n ~.

"Ii"lf"l!llii;;jjj;

,_~!!!_,

'Ii... ",",~ D~

Ch~,'H~!moS nuc~fd@D' ,ilI,G l~iEIl peill'lttoj!te~pela b8!Se' ~':na~

~n'OO'

n'llfe:leotfdoo de'attl-uiclo de

',SE!t1J.

ra{lje8J]: losCa,to ..

ou ,@iEd~ Im1

fOmlacl]v

ti'~g

c:r-

. 16-

II a-oHi., r,a"II

I
Ql-i

As ~~~

~Al piIrrh;;:a_s

~~.mJr

,Q.,

A. l!IDi~

II']U!clootiidsO\.

D~. 1(:,: 0 i[) $t:ttU£cl! QS·


tFU~~~lJ,

')I~ w:r
!f;mJ

,d~ widQs, nu:-cl'eioos.,

el'

(8) pi~imidi~ parlkip~ntE~'


QrU3.f'i,t~) o

'tarEto, ~) DNA

qll.1.~'b·Q' ti:pO$

.fosfD:~O fP0-4) ,e eomum para.es d.oia., llip~ d!:e. acl~~, fitldei~p$;,,nNA :e IIN:tt J~. a 'p~tGSR PJr-~lJr:t:~':no B~A, i~;0:1: 'r:i~os~~ 'B[iI,gu,anh"l n, peuttlliS'B d.u DNA ,~ a, desoXllTllbose.,
(l~adical

~m uma *~C1dITil~, ,t]denin~ p_unina" t.1~.


·:No, RN':A,

:No DNA, pgr' ff~plo~


-R]

e"u:m~',das, ~~: ~t~n'~ b

d:~ iWiIDaJ 'ltu.ilerJI1dl"0

d:ife~-e:ptel'i!

ll~~ 8:\0

utaciTa..

,aJde:run~, guam.ma,. 'ciiix)aih!:E.

uma ,cl.booea.uma das .segt~s,

cada. ['UuLC:le[io1:£rlerJ. ,~ncmumli\l3'mns


UUJ. l]f,~ciJa.

'b~.~ .mtruge{):laJda.s:

g~~!lI
0-

d ~N.

.0='1-0

11i'1,Jl!11JOt~! ~glW-

A, .a~I,8ij:iQ·I~.

II~B~ee;

IStO"a¢lli~~!tr.uO'I!!b1to..

mo'],€culil@i de J],N:A .~ nNA cads nncte(1tfimeo Ugado 310 orntrn .:flj.1i.raves de urn. :rai:U,c.aJ. fOilaJJOO anldo ao ea.tj)tll'll.,Ct d.e il.ilme:["(]; :3 O~. 5 ~a
~>

Nas

poot~;

.~gd~DP

lCillliraoo] o.nde 0 comtmiu de· eada [ad,Q' eorrespenda aij'~ ,~~.PRIile[il.tO$.I~~fam:'~ d_!i»d~~ti:bo!Se~!, 08; as e,

~,~a A 601n;-""

..c·1tiiI

.,:, ..... I~ o;O:;;"'''';W··.;.,1iL ..,... ,~,~

i:..

_~

ii'l'me ... ~

1~_II..;o~JlJJ_o

..... """"_.. ".... !D..ll.l1..l. " ....".,.,."

Id~~ll!S' S'RO ~ .. bases nit-roge'DEtdu de 'uma de iQ!utrad3ta, como f~IiI.nleiQjS dliE!g r ,Ett'nS ,aLtI1lrb ]:!G\r. U,gal~e~ d~ po:rnte~ d~· .mcKrngemo. P*m"u~ '~11Ltil(l,' ·ej£li.t'acct~riliat· a 11lJO]iI!{l;u1~ de: llN:A (l¢~m.~) pf~~@lnindn l!l:Q].~. d:!;[p:~t~he]:~:ce .C(~,m. a ,dibletlto mtif~n'ilu~·). :sptlL(;iab:ne:O.te g~aLTIdj) ·p~a. ,i3L. e :ESltrutu't".3. Ii. ~truturn
!~:i:k1J. e i(!OJril(Jl, .!l!iet~dr.1a:QJti"pat'J,l:t\E:J;~ r:atE. sej~ as duas fl.w OE~. em dir.e~(~ op~sta.s..

,~·',5~ ..ijia~enl~ ~u ~.d:~~l w$f.illU~de utn. :rujcl~cl't1ideo,,E'ilm e~jb(Hil]1 Idla.. .pr:;;ntus~ d(1l ~'U.l-.rol nu;!il~Oitt·d~I) :P,O'r ]~$Q1' ..~ d:uq .. [:_~dB'l ~ DNA ~~.(g dl]w aJt!rtjpaFti1:el~. 00,. ~~~., ~ en~;_[uaJ]:LO nUIl1_>Hi tias; :lit..J.; dn n:N.A as 'tiga$flcs;: 1~:tiIt~m j 08· ·In,]luloo!!tid.e~ ton"t~nJ 'no sen:tLdQ 3' 5\ na "Ilt~ comp'l~DW:nt~]'" 10 ~nttdQ' d ~ li~a~o~~· ·fta'. Qj
W!~i]j~)U1O\S.
I~

DNA ,~oi.pt~opostRam W~31 ppr Watsoo.·,e Criik., . Os nUi.(::len.tl~: &8 U.U'it3. mesma ,t:alrlLei3. e~r~·o

.P;rJ.:.n?,"~,n.ttO da:s :bas.es

a'tr,a!ves,' de liga~,

.A. U~>rli ()tor:re ~erttpre ~ml"e '~ ham: Dm~)c~ nma p~ri:mJdica·. Ntt;il DNA. a. adeDtimia. se ]iga. e pair duas :[roI\a'i:~ de b~d.Iv.Mo ~,'~a. A:gu.allill~.
~• li:g~. lL":i'oos:ina. ']l0:~"I..rii~ ·p'.O'DJIJ.e~ de hid.r.l)girnrfuu·,

A=T
n
(..!Ii

:=

#'ill 'l,J

~Ci:ld:e.1~5 e:n.t$l':l~o.tlegtAra ]igEidaili na .;r.1ta, ·.liH:fa. ·~·al1.f1g:u.r~.~.~!f:J..e h~H!Ce p(Jf" pM't~ I~e·· ·h.:li:cl:~.'O.g;e:n-io entre bil1h@ie~. em fi sas O'P{~gtas.
~'dtllag

L~~ ~O'[1!eU.~l''-!.Sel BE duas ·fitas sao Sei'iilllll'e. ioonlp'l]emen.lr.:En~oo. Se·'voc@i souber as bases de ..llD:lSl. " ftta peode· eonelnir sTIb:r.1e a mqOOncia de bases ds
'firta ecnnJi!lm1')J8nm~. Portal1to lel:1Jl eada iragnlBUOO IciI.e, DINA, ~ qu.snt~dad.e Ide' basea, ptirlcu Q. ,~[rimJdic:as ..e ssnl'pre' ~ metimm.
j

·Jiul,oiie,li·
-I!l ---

propriO! 'IlUlteria1 hn\[);rm.J1u~imrrtBl ~t!~co de eada iu:divid'Uo, {llU, '~aj ~'6B1TI!a tndas as i]lft'Qn:rt~c·Qe is :g en e·U!c,aJ. a: ~m, sn as. s~qo.enciflls d:efin..id~81,]9' ~m-gdeoo. .. Ass1ut .€.aJIla e~cle e· eada .maividluo pM~u.em uma i5eqritDncia ..:II~ d1liJc~, leam,cte::r]zan.'IJI# ,3 e:spec[e Ie g~an:IWlD!fJiU a ~=;jt:l'" ~...:i.~ ~'1,,~_j: d ~1~ .• JU!].•. LJ[mu.~a·, J e '!U.liI' a.ir.gaIll~mll.
'_.!iI • ~ ~.""

o ·DNA, e 0

,P,(i(JemtDs B['lUm:cler a· mementos pMB. 1ft ]l'~'Plica~M

:['nole'il::u1ft de' DN,A


(deg8S])lir,al;~~J

do .rtNA...
ser

'E!·m-tmm.R

deve

de snatuza

,[lei dam. ]?D:]'mm'o .BI


das

d,8J.

dnas :fit:ns. Segm:utoJ·oo I[lQ;-VOO ,11~~oijdeIiJ5 d.e~m ~er ineorporadoe "e.M_ eSlld~ Ilt~ ]:)01" .ug~CGe~.. OQ7V.aJente~ ItS, a egu&nciaJJ ri1!efiirids: ~e1:o p,aJ.'1'e'anlen:oo>. ,dSl!iEi '~~:~e.~ 'lBo-m:ple·mA3!n~N.
.Ptl<~,emos" r'e8!!Lmnicl8nlk~ute; entender qlll~ ,~ !~1l'Zim.a 0 "A~potim~,ra_'8~ ~pi3 ~~ ·]).i!:mJte~·de· bJ.crnfJ<R!@·mo entre .. s bases n]1tl~,~dE!;S. de uma ~:. a

pau.'tl· q,U'@·'~I'TR. 8 .6epe:r~Q

, j~iu.:as-

"" ·1Di...·d,,,,,.,........ "" 1I'Ii';"~ ~.~<::'....,.;.;" .... "". ~l"'CI; "''''w'·: !y~' 'v ru' ..,::;LLLVO ,nbllG 1tt.LI:1I. jJ;~,J'-a.JL' "'l, "W. ~ " que :s~o'M Y,l'l]SSas;pr'Qteinas. A;m[fb']fmR~Q gm1lBti~a ,ellte:nilJidBIJ, da fOntta, mais ~1n1pJe~, 'possiveJ ~'·nma -:..~ •.,...,~.... P.l,j.;.cU~i .,.
no:!
0'"1;

VOfS jrl saba qua R difC:r:e:11l!~~ todQ~ os. m:g~UB 'viv'QIS ~ a gu.~1I!Iti,&de: e ,i5Jj CU:ualida.dle de

e:nt:r~

~:im.

ltloaB"Q!j

pw:~. que: .~il~aBrcek1Lll,W;, proCbll~@I]}lj;.adSL8 lD!l"Utelina~ g;Elm"8ll:Ci!t1td'cr assim, tod,aa' btfsaa,iEi Ca1!'admBt~as. 'e 'ft p]_'o~ iiDd:irvidusJl:idiade,

,85·

as.

D:NA..:po]:~]]le'r~
in:rul&::ula-~

outra 'ltta: -dlr) DNA, Cads i€ade~:!1 polinue ~~tjd.ea! ,6JJg'm"3 sepM:'8J~la, ~erv,e de WtoJii£l'!' pam ~ov::El HUt omnp']en:lJenttar em ~ litt .. rnieSma e~_a!.

m:nii

P'o:r. O'UUoI 'l~cliQl, ha tI'~S'. (}tli~~!l.ctGlj'sUcasq'i!J~' _g~ante.m, c s ueesso fm1cio:n;aj d,Q n:NA;: leJ:,e e' ,~p;,J1~ de, :!:!1oIT'M"' ·m;p.t~e.Qc:!i.·~0 qit~~' pTiomov~' U;ID,~:' IIToC~; tluiri\;ltniica d . SlIla5' i([fo;rma.9G~'S ·jj!jOhJl~g[;!1 idlo, t~~:m; lSou.e di.r,1,pJi.~9~a·1t!1 p~~eii~sa, CJ que
b':aJ]~:mi1tido~, ~Edn]a. p:i!U!'~ c6h.tl~ e .e ·p._~~d,~,peJh;;~ ~eb,Jl~.·par,~. .. 'q~' :Sej.S11iD. plfodu:dd:(l,s S;•. M! p~;ote~'M! 'ID g,:u~ pl!l8MlIilltBl Q1llie '!Pile '~M3ljaeJX]n'~o aafbrma ~ urn.
pBDUi.-ite· '(1ILl~'8~ at ':fiebnffilte

.nu.d,eofJdMt3, llvres ~'1JO e[t.opliffiSil:llEL~ b,1co:r~o(['8]ldo~. ,p~fi!,l1el-'jO!lm'J}~nte!. .9. tIm 1na]de·, P·o9S1lv€'is enfJiS lUll

PQMibili't~ a li;gaQ8lo' I~e


pela mesma

ns

~aooo.mgid.o.g
;pI\OO0$:801

'ffi1Zim.aJ",.

,cl'UimiEt :replina~io? ~d,Q mpo s:e.micO:!Il!Serv,ativ,~ l(cacla nova m(d~ttllTa ,~ f:til:'U,ua(Js: :par LlLttua filial. ""''''1i~ ~ mobile: IC' um ',". fita ~:tLOvaJ, iBiL' ,I:Jl.U, b ..... . _ ""~' ""' ~_ , _

Logo;JI

fli

d!E!1 [h],J1:~~a9@ dn

E1NA

A. ~ep1i~a~1 sempra ~.~ip~ a prropri:fJl lmvisa.o cel'nl ~lL". Por tel" ,~EnnpJ"!euma fi:ta '00l1101 molde, ~te ~'8to' rrlbmi:ntuL muito ;8 i(!CO;I\~e:rilliB de
erros IIilO 'i;)-l"OCesSO. ,ii

tr~notipo.

.B~pU·~~faOIda DNA
q iL~e(!I D:NA ,'Qde "Be, replicar .num tube l~,eensaln, ~~g'fi,fO';fR d.a~ c~ltl.la~, ~ ~},r~~}@D!~i.a~· bH]ea~ m.',aol. Glipr,6p~:fo UNA, 11mlS ~n:zirllla ,e8t;)e:c'i1~,C3. que
!QistuI'a
D1.tcleot-f·d!El;t)i;i:.,

Em 190(G .MtJ:tUT ~o.mherg

demnnatreu,

!~lrigew
.0' DNE\ matE/riM WOl"lID.dDnal gen;etiflo. !est~, em:c:errnulo 00 Ini,C'1190\i,Cemo g~an(!.S. 'em 'a.H~;:bu.a <aT.!l:~]ise; ,jB infb:rms;~, ge:netica f:: U1B8f.. "~fecei~~' p,.m"8 qtJ.e' .se. pro ('bJ1Z:BI1. i:n:o:tei~sf sendo
lest~Si l\espiQ:1Y5~.ve~iS peia, ex,p]~8aql ld~~ inD9aOI:i!: C~.1:.",llctet'es. 0 n.NA ,~tl.~~·n·ad.o nu .l~u.c teO' lOOlsi~SPOlfll:de ~~ m2lOOU'~n~ ,isS ir-ece-h.as· e·:r.Q, .~_

e·].e e} am~,iIl.l· 'DN·All{Jllimel·,a:.se

·bactii!'lE'-i..a:.s) e- uma
('J:jj .

s~la~ a :pr-el~e:fi!fa cl~~ q u~'''ro bases ~.i:~'iiog"e~,;&d.as·.~: G.~T' e C'.. :A.. Fl1 cou dal~ que Ide ~_mDdo Q,DNA.s~'l!'vle; d~ mOlde:'pam ~ao d~'p!rodU:~8t;cl.e :tniMS UNA... ,A qllce:staO !cientXial e:[f,3j eemo R. :rea~ao IOCO'ITllt..

(Ci.bUd,i:[ de des 'iftla.tr.~,

Ij)[]ifre.. No
:~.conJ~

;Me.selso.n --,S .,scllJJ ·~r.Jm,pN~1lJ

Em

1'95;'1 um~,

@:lij~.ni.iJ'lICia ~~~ln.t~.;dn
'~UB 8

.Fet:e~'~s dey)ertt .~et'otlip..iaii;~, :11 lliIJlt'3. ~u.e ,clia:lluui:!llltr-J!iHsc'n~o~

entaJn:~\1 a pl~ocl.~D d.. a~ !P'["('~'~1];ag 00, ci'to~p-1as.maL CfJXJlCbl]~se,. :PO~f:"1lan1lto1 ~rat~


(11,

pr-O:~j()

_de

[1 fA :~Cm'.il1.~,it@' 'mt"Iu[t ,se;rnlie~~ritth,"~.

're.~li'cm~ d~

pOl'

.BepZicofao
P~l·,S!

,seTJi:t,ic'Ons~,.vat=.~V\fl. id'tJ
qUl~

DNA.

'$eDlico:nrsenrRti~9 d~ DNA hi '~ru;~u-'O~~e.nciM b:isicas;' a ~a,wncla .de llUlL' ·DNA. Jg~ sirva ~.e. woi:~,e. par~:±Jl .~ fOT::]]la::cao -de. um.,i¥Jj. tCf1d,i!!i'[a ,eolllPljelJllL.~ta;jr~ Os q_.uQt~ -t,j:po-.s de n1!1cleotfdeqs diap~w\te:ta,. IJJgo, !presenp d.o8; q.l1~'O :b.p~ de.:

o(';orra

.a

l'eplh',SliCHQ

'ribu:und.e.feu~ 1(An;N o.U 'KNA1\i' A ·1t;rru:!JJ3Cni;M ,~ nm pto(l~SSO S@iIle:nOO..C!EIW :~ ["I~plliicaJy:io: .~,'pos~ao do nUJGi,~otideQ '11a·u1.o1s,{nli:a de JtNi\: e' 'oom;pl!t!ill@9.W .~ "seqi16'ncl.a IM$ bases do
que ~. ~eg-ue ~TI'~~rtbte:'

0 :re8.~,t;:9Jdo da H81lScdCM do DNA. sh. longos p'o.LrU:]]*r-;()S~ semelhantes ao 1pl'"o'p ri () ,D N,A'i d,~,i[ti,om a lci~JJ!!S h;JJ a !lJii (I,O'S,

~nteiSe prnttici±li ItJcOTIa. A. codttieoQi.o

d~. DNA e!'

DNA

baBee UIMl.rQ~a(tB:iEi ~ A,.' :G~ T ~ C; a ;ilm ZllDS TINA ~fun.e.r;a_He P~l:a, e.arItaHS3l"8. l~~a,~ litDjJ8forute d,~' Ie

'[~J' :[">egiaiil} P-I"'nmotn~.


'1IJ@I'pnnQ.
.I-.~:' • '

A. = U;' IG· .. C. 'C'aditl mrilBcuJ.a d~ !rNA 'feJll1l. i:me:.io' em 'U!lll ~specifiro da. mo:],eru]a m-o,]de ,d.e DNA~ ,~
00!fi'1:'l"€:ndo
'UllQJiII:ilia
ii!!:_.

d.€!: mml!\?:lo, Asm.~

Q,

pSI.!'e;rmlGliIW

e:n.e:rgta ...

1ll9" '~~!lJ

.'"'_

'l.:

d'""''P-'''' ._W,-,A..

m.esnlO

!DOW!.O

seu.

n !~,rnIil :li~rt~~J

,!t. I:.

,.

,..,,t..

!!Ill

c:a",,!;;!,;!!i~xh!~ ]l~~l,

-i-.-'lf~·.l'

'L

~1I!l'Zil'l!;l.iJl ,!I!w:;',,~

'D1!iIi.:T'''.

IJ~, 'Il"ez. 'er:i:I'ie.ttitM H .smtese ~a. :m,olemJia d:e .RN.t\, se .sepai:a ,{lOITlple~m,te_ .do ]D,NA- eonslderandc .qlLE,e a cad:eia 'DNA-Rlq:A,e;: wm'!lQ ~nffM'v,el, estrntura A das mo'te1r;:1l1a~ dle~ RNA. no ~nta.]]to,; soflie 'romljfi_c:a~~, P.OJt" pmeess05, pM~i~r3:ns~:r'j~irO'nai~~, d,mD1ut"hl en.'io, fJS, ilifi~.-ft~1.1'Ii8S, ti,po~ de ~ fl,
rU:!Jllbn,etr,a~,e au 'tl'sn,,s·crii.ptase'.
• 1'1 I'

1,

liU = ,..-: ;,III;.GO


0' RNA e -'ita dft]\~tam0Jlt ~'n,v!Qhfid.'t1 no>
'p'rn~QS~9 de s,in;t~$(~ 'p7i!lW,i~a"

'npus '. RNA, Em ,lUl~ae,da .eEiltn1tnI'a e da :funf,an

,aljltel!:1en.ta,=!i;lJe, di v:i.d],d:o e'm, t:re ~ fiipt'H~I RNA ri,h,eu~ISIO[mr;'c,o: ntNM,~RN'A m@'usa,g,~:E~o' CBmnd e RNA ~!id,firbi1(t(W (KNAr)'"

RNA

DNA ribossj-lmco
das '~~lu]3
S',

m.N"A~lI")
ITlia]S,

ReFl'~e[]l,ta u '~po

I~fo:r.;m~rl,o ,em!~ :W\e'~,,[jesspe~fErctl . dos e

,a1b~l[ud.ante' tie RNA


'll1!.:u;:leob~,
mig'l!r,~,
'DOl Piil~,iil,(:I '

[lld,iw~'&ol'o h:t~~05i'l'4Ille RNAr" ~i,top,l~:~tma ,~ndtQ ~ ~ocia

c:n)mOS3tl':m:o'

we l~(r~o

n ilIi.da.s: ~c
'~J

0' RNAt

CCiJloot'ti.:lir os rihIDHOIDM< .fIl.]Jf.'~allt8dn~, pm:ta::il:UJ, ftm~O eEtruItlJEII',aL Os rJib~.meiS a:Eio' faciiJlntenW,

:~tmlrU~$

paJlt~,

'vTh:Elveis' mieJ,'Oseopio ,m!etrOr:.ico1,. Como voce' ,~a;1Je~ :EtO estas IPEl:mEnl~E' [r€'p'r2se:nta:1l1 0 toea], da :\!im,tess pmMica
m""1I"II'B!IlI,~r"" - - [~~tK~l'Uj

fiill;.f'\A lIJUL_~ft

('Dr",,-' Ai, -.~~ J;W,~~J

~ad,nzirll~~ I~ p:r:ab:io3.$, :S~.Q lbnTI~tlw.'.·~ p~t dit -rog]oit~ ,~tiVlajdo D'NA 'lr.e·spljjt~~ ~,Y,~i'g ,]l~ la e:>tpr'e$',"}fio g~ni.iI:,~,·O~!"Q, I~!ru;{~\n'b"t!i,.~'t.l'l'iodoo no nl~c]@@ ~:~:':!iro t!!O ci"~lJpi"t~F1O!;)i 'l'l~5h~, aUoolr:Jdo ,lOO 'ribo~on](is. "pal1:fci,pa d~ smws.@ '~W](:a.
,Sr!II'"

{) ,iRNt\m, 11l§~ I() fD,u]iI~ap!O PJlt" Hm, Jlla~enlfj ~~~le$ dc, ~!L]JJ"Heob[de(t!~,e rep'treBiE!'Q.'t~ it'il, ,e.~Jpi.a. dos
gm~ tliLD_~ dil.~ve-ran,

,D pe~

D'l,(]',]elR]~]1U" .dQ

dio! tamanlw
I[!Qd.iJ:i,eaJl['.

RN,,~l: v,arria em, rml]~io' da ttUlJk.:mbt p:l'til~'ica 'grue ,~l~ v,a:],


:p,ar-tE!' (1(1 RNA]]]'

'P .~ . -,- ,..;, ;iI;:i"Ji ,5u ... RU'!III"'I<. ,..I: I rctuuga;o, ~


>!i.,

,Id inti: ,4i~=


-.
c,

~!r,~

~';I,.".~

du , .B' Ii"'fIN'-_i!'90
iIo.

..= 0'1' '1' pd!ll,I"!..i~a.

'.'

:!Jjal@iJt.i''lt~Ii:le~nb~, ~1Utt'~, asssm a q,ua:ntidad.e'· d(~, 1 'IIt~.O em l·~d;ga i~lrd'~, ,;;l' eada ·m~um,e:l'lIt~J., '~Jn'ui.'to e' ··!ti.3., ifl~.as mill,J6otU, ~. - ~.M .- -; mais . ~,t- ~~- . _ ] -,;" pe:q,U~iJi., _ . i!i!i. plfo .... "l::..: Idjfi~e;i:~ fusolar- ~ p:~:ri t1~, ficat': (]',ad~, ICO:niu:[;Ib~ de Ike.'liB: bases, iIJ:bi)geni!iJ~;
-: .', .. -,. ".,~ e=
-e-e ~.

Boa

'tem 'vi.taJ

d,ltt-,~~~:' H 'ieDd~" ~m~o ~',~ul)~'~ 'It1J],Qcl:ifieaJ~fiB5 ,l1Ii$; t_Ufi3rent.e~ c6dOris~ mna:ijtu.em M ~,hrun~d;u m,u:ta~, :g:~ie;~.,

ehalna,dn oodorn~ SHli1cl!O, ]'\~rl1S8h!e~ ,~~la'codifl.ca~o de. d~iieI:mi:n.qcfio am;illljlacid.o. Pnde, no en~:mt.o, rnmt- .mais de nmJ ,~(klf[Ji] ]urra o meBm'Q mninoacido E'no8 que pD1nferttunaJ Oco.rra::m:

do .RNA.Jn

'tra~~~n:,~ioi"

~tr~d.t)1'"

o RNAt ~. fODll"r!ad,r.iF por uma ~~!~~i:a, m,1I1.ito· peq[uena de: n~l~C]w[:deo8,~, ffulbra:!ila.. ~bFll:me .masma, si eom, '7'.Ei ~ loa 1:rl,uuiLeli:t'~'deos,~ ~eMo, pO'J'iI:a.:nJ;o' n $T.ILeliJJnw clo!1; '~l,~ ~~ /RNA da ee:luls" 'l}eBtJ
,moroleetilar viadan_a~, 'entre
,23_0'00

(KNAt) ou det~mI;sfe:tenei;;J.

'OlQ [u.\cl.eoi mi.gr.:sn do 'pa:ra IO!Jlrto,plal3'Dla~ on-cil,e. dessmpenha uimta, ,lhlll,{:RO. clas D1am iru:pmt8ll'tea: !::a-ptur,iia;, ,~ .tr,anspOir.ta. a1l"fri:no;1cidolil, at~ Q B:N"..:...~n·~, estandc ,!€ism as5Qit1,a;OO ,80, rib~amo. 0 RN8:t ·P!l)de
I!!e {ioD:l:bina:l"

Oom'11l .015; daJIi1.~is tiPJs.;;

me e ']Jrod~do

e' 30 ..udfj.,

~nl

~cedido de ~UMm{!l-],ecg]a~·,dce 1t1Jr;~d!lJ cit:idil~c{';!1 (C), comum a todas as mole~!]:la:stie RNkt, reF,~nti9l. 101 hJK~@i~iIB m1..i:Bio com d :() ,a:m:h.l.oecid.o" Ha nm "tel'{'1e.ir.o 'i"''if''[t.... . qu"', .,;: ,,? 'I"iI:ioma~',.r:.';l!.",," I...", ~ .... ae ~ ....... ..",iL""'.....iT!i'!i,oi:iill"i.t"'" ll"-!libo~m1Ilo,; Fb'l..EiJmel".IJ;te!, ~l!m.lq-.-~O slOO 'que' pG$TIi uma aeqUil];ci.a d,el 'I~B' ba;g~ C(D,mplertltmeoxrta'l;"esi ao ~iHlo.u rA~[lI1l$~tV)!J 'FlO]!"" 'ft:~o:n~:iJe6er~,nt'U5iJ~a'DI d.t'll : ,t.:!!l--- 'r': - ,atrrin'l)ri~al~ 'mlQllec:wa de' RNAro_:l 0 clla1Jl]~~.do na
,~.Il;llillU. JIG!O
I!'IJ
[!OJ ~ ... '"' ~

_~~IUI~~_ll~,~~JI.~~II,JJ}1:r-Y

1.11

~~--

-...

,~

..

~--:_-

,8JD '"~·:;l l'CWO'J],

attrl.IToal,cif~Og.

a.e

MmJ:mli I1G '11m;Qo


~!.mllill

fAj,1.'m.3,

:weVle.mlve:l

eom eertos

RN.A:I;. 0'11 ,1I1'1'1fin[]I!iI~1i


IlllI!m ..~ ~ ~
iliitr"rr114~L

,Pd~ ~

.port-a,n't~J! ,e tran.sferlt ns amine,~dOJD$ -jlar~ as PQ~~~ij8$ f(tl:rret~!'ii:na 11[ij;~19:cum, 8~


[a:m~ijO:l

I~te].ea

e:ID

IOrmRr,i!l+

E:Sltmtg~almeltte 0 RNA'I l~tQtbr~, 'ttQ1. btW!(J ~plattQ f{j~b ~~:,~ ,(:_~t]a, ,~rolha~ [1i1~:~lfJ tOO'~$,PIJ ride ';1 urn ,~jti;~ c$]lIedfiw~ Logo,. ,e,z;ci$tam qt~:~lrosJti~s 0" ,0'
t~~~~l1ta u:nifi@ jiLIDto' a llllmIrr:i~ q.u~ iltiv~. ~

RNAt;. Urn '8a,~d:o' sitio,,. '~p1fl@'_g;@ntoodg a s~U:;!,iiu~Dici~ bases de n:i:bogenatdLas 'CIC,~ pe]n acido adenilieo lA J .Agotl\ q,1}e j'

fun~ill)l_;u~.i~" n1 .prinuziro U

']g~,

d~

;!ll.ol

111lEJJ..tSdlJ'. b.IJ 1If! I,"I:If!1lt~n If!

A 11rl t;ad c!"

iIIjl:ll.ll~!'I

le~bJ[,(h:I;]lJ)OS, cs dciiios, :nucit6'~,Q~. :~(]dte:r:m,l'():~ (t!b~r:'lf.a:]"" M pri_'_~t]P~~ .ai'f~P~:llt '~Ii,tlre e]lC8 ...

moo.b'l'· um_a, tab~J~

OO,mp'af'Jlt],V,;i,

p3,l~~

,m U't\·,

A.d.dD bf:fui\co"i'

d~~mribQ~e~,
,ooe'ftW:a gnamna,
oOi

:p~:lio.se:

&~ido fGsf<Jrioo'~,
,~enw.se1 :.rlbCJISE!! ada'niu~. gu~'r-rina,

dUKW

l~';~_

,t',;, ....i':. • ., l1UBJl. m1.'OO

,a~1len1i'ma· i1Ll,~nmttJ.'"
o!J)l'tr;,t_8· bi'l:8~;

p!lm:rose: ribese,

d'OO~lIi!iii, ,~

'timiJN:li,~

cltosin~ e

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citosj.[la~ '.ll-:f!Jdlae'

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I

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oJ...:iI

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'~;

(surro:tQ.nt~},! ,11lll![,ar5ide, . :lI?rincl.pMm:e:['],1[e, nfli • .i1'" ~pl'"Qt;rJ]rioIXOOSJ., C-ltopia.Sl1!1a~, nJll~D.'QiI· lUi"toCo.n.d:ti®.s 'quf.tIltidade nn
jJj6~]erJ:

"'V1i" '~o:!l']'i'i'ii ,r,n[jJt:.li~'uen@ te !nib

l~iwpla~nl2J.; Bl'l4J]~ m 'q]u811thla,{]e Ji~1


r.)l!.i(i'Jeo~

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:

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D' .'

1!i'I DD.ft!TI'CllhT A, Ii:)! , '.':~ .!F~U·.-:I' ~~'l!~

I.tr-a.~ao
expressas pelas protelln.as que
:nl!8urlnIl.m1li_{~~ .qUH O! ,[u:::gamS!I.!1)

f:6d~ifi., J1'- .q,'ua,ul] n 1I:l~[e dees p os,~tvei~: t)'Ef a. denkn an, 'U,c:I,~o'[.,i d,e a ,~, gu anin ~:.Dl!.u~J.~",o,'Md,e 0
,t:~~f}J~:ta,[l,ul11ldjra~ti' (i,eo,

Thd:ag,

flS, tal',S,e;Ir:e,r.1"s,ttcag,

dQa. rrrgaJI~illItrujS; ~io

'pro~erf.fi~~. Per
!!il;~,~

sirnte~Zi~ suas ?[ri0i~", Ca,da ~~H~a de 'b~es ni'ta!l~eri~das ,din])N~A ,~o-m irdl:fmu:tfJ~C1 p3j~~. ~UJDteti~U.1,llltil:a ~![\il'~f.n,a. tf!. eha-lll2i:lia.,geu.eouge~ ,illbn ffi58 , !UI :DE E C],iclit p:a:vplisque, ,enJlbfir.":a 0' UNA roccl'~nha:aS' ]1iI:Sc~,'t~O~ piErr-a ,il ~Il:l'tese de p:[lorte,rl1l,~,. 'ooijavis" rq,o.e-~ ~ge d!.~tam,e~C1,te:naS1!1as(n;1:ese, i) RNA. '""~~~tm,. ,e~tabe:l·e~.a."I$e·\Si,~l.a~a,Q n'N~& R..~:Ae (

1l;[I~e~i ~Ull pm:',a, M:ttle' .as .eelw:as

Q.t.d,<1f"ij1

l~,

,:a;s· mfumta~eB' ~l1etkcas


pTI:lli~a:~

e ill 'que

'p:lOr].1ir2i.e:l1il.

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1M

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,qU:tJitr.;O

e ·~31dl3.D,uule~1..{,Mi:L 'N:~,
possf.~ei~ fermande
portan
l'

bases

64 c6doi:LS.pnS$lve:is, E,sta '~oria foi P((O'pust~ po[: Ge{f~' ~mfiW e E, Cari~k D~ 1~..'li 1""~""iI~....,,, ''''p', .""[ici.":',"", ~'''';~'': ....,~""', zon'm"""''''''' .r,:....,.~_ 1lJI~ :in:ii:il10d,eid!il}I[ " de:tier:minandi!D., ,poOi5~, i:l~n,ai.s. ,rae
",o:.'
!t.dt1~U1tJl.1..Il_I:3," ,0 c:.!LJL~ l~.Il,·~ _lL;IJ_i"lJIo). ![;;i;3,y.~!i...:lIJl.IJ.L,aLL_~

~:iIT'i3:.mjos tlih:, a tT.lOO. capases,

00 de ,fi[}l~,i.i.l;Srr'

parada,

Crulaia. l]o'lliJlieptidi.Ci~ UAA.; UAG


'-tirlfi,ea,~,£;e qJiU~~

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Fila""•.,. 'Ii...'!O,J!.h:LC'i!Jl
d,

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i

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II

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l

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d~:~i&aJ.~ ,!;nio m,u::i,"~~ g;em.e<lic~: eie,~ d.e~u,e~dn

19-64: pm!'

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:pu;ssJve;b e' del'm:i.r.',~$. c~~ ':P[)~u.8.

as

. ·~..o.;'d armn'l1'D.~l

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,F,jlrmi nmicidfls
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eenstitndr a mw.e~uJij d~, p~'!Ijt~j'Urm'i' fe:nol!)l@nU ,e~rt~ 'eli~nl~dI'O l~du~((I! (,d~odmc~fio,)~


LogU~~t!lrafilJte.,0 :~{j~s~ da: ,~n~$~' I~roteie~' 101 t1r,~:ba]rb.,o 9 tr.t=aiiZ~.~k.~, em conjm1Lt:d:,~ peloa ,direoon'~ .1ip,iQs: d,~E::N'A •.

Lisiioa

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",;. ~l.N'hri' 'ffl~'1TI.~WJO no '~·ucl~o ai"Iillaz-eroad'{J ~:"LO ,n1!1cleolo, migra p:am 0 IcitQP]a,ffilla'e~ ,ilIl~riadl] 'B: p'rot0ftJilaJjJ~, 'Furm ~ os lilbrns~omg5. q:u@ -fk!JlciQJlarn como ~-enOO\l'e$lt mo..tdcm·[iJ1ftclo It} aoop1:a:met1Lto do: iIf:nti·~6[1~n INAt) ~, dC:lt\odiHl ("RNAm) .. 0 RNA;m, U 1t:f!1le! e. '~b7rm;ad.o.~l leeais eS.lP'~'(~ifieos n$'molJeeuikt :de. UNA-; des] ~.!Re' piu"~ i'J. ci~,plasm~ !onile' se 'Ii,~ aos rft.hos is,Q(OlOS, ativando -ns ~ ~ forman.dQ 0 ~ :... 't...,_ .. 'II ~ 'I 'In;o'Jini_UiiSSO_M~ El'])~uantijj'U51!m as lIl11lO.~.'iE'CllL~d.e: as . Ir· RliAt ~i)[~ ,atilo~~. po~~ en~itl1as· ef!;p~cifiJc~:almirtnt(Nits,iil:ii,tJINA,l§int~we - lem_ P['i~~f~ dle ATP" I~ 8@" li:6:ta.JIl~·eada"1.1Il1J1 a l~mi mm.micidn·Ja~{rmoo. a
I~
~l

O. p;.eOH.
·pE(rwi]:us~,.

~:QS!,JI

100,([10,

ptutfE.fnra

le_ M

pD'W" ,i!1l1rn

v,{:!(Z- clut "'FI!lIiJlnaM 'Q_iOSSOS

,ea'~~<ct--~~.P~~~"t~l g~·ne'!j),U ei8~;R ' qt.iruqu~Ii" ~:u~~eitw da molii~ul18 ds DN4 fu::Jrnnad:O. 'pm: urn,

c~,oo :rri1mlJ~OIde' ,~~e1!lda ~ ·hnJcitootid.e~51; cap'~


de is.er bi'a.dll1~.do em' d'e p~:0mn1_:Et. No etllt.."1I.l1]'It~1 eTI !I[il.a'Dl 'WI o:~ ge:tl.f'..s esbi.o b:1c:~~i:t~aalJllS '['J,n Dddeo de lI.J:n8 cEllula, ,eu'caniolllm~, as, .P~~~ .8810 ~int-'~i~~ada$ ne ci:~:phlsm~ C~m'QI mm~,d
-:c,

:r~

ilillhIEEUllonraj g:erl'slilie() COifuiJlegu~E!"se 'e~rel3S81l" f(~nna, de p~l~lll~?

lli6

ro.m seu alu]:nmicido" eacaminha-sa' '~~, u-ma-:re~o e~p~d'frt;£I.dfJ1,ii"'ilmssG'ml', !(![C_iijl am Jqu~ n ~Eru a.llfi~Q-dt\in. '~)~QmplemenWrft um dos ,c6rlooH .do. 'RNArn;,~ d.ll~~ ~~oc'ulas ~frew lim 'proC9S30 ,[1:'13 ~uopl~flnto CfW...Amn e RNAu! 'pol" P(!!H:te·~ dYe 11j.d.~,~g~nio po ~:~.hf_ ·'i~a.lJL,d~ acs 'ribo~.samiJ s ~ eJ'rt~H:~H31 ,[I D' rea~iU), ent]:"!!. 06 a,m.Lll.~ id.oH SU.:~ U:et1 ..t ~ S~·! po:r: 1iga~.o·~ ' ~ ,p~ptfd1rLM, ~)i che,gar ifljO CjodolJ] q!llJl! iiep~ento 0' ,at® ,fjfm.(setn. ,~eitni:'.a1oda ,m,ol,ectd a p~~.'YJt~ No entanto, a, ,~ilucijo 00' uur m[J~.e-eu.blcle RN~ruu sempre

(),ltN'M

'c

~,el[l

inidn

hum mdlpt1

~a;pm:li'liro'~,AJUG"
a

II

~lJB t'Qwm(;'f1

Q,

'rnll'ilesmos ,d!ds_prooe8~8' qu('; a. ,g'eil1te ,~)b-$ie-n~ Dai "~Olll~~mica~~; ~. 'CCtdHi'cafag, : ~e~:lida da dec0dlm,eac;§,o" t:!f.....

,emm_jIH.li~lc~d,Ol ~D;f#ttig'lflLi:Qa~ LQgO:"

~'i'T~m,

lJS

primeiro

11t1L~ti;iJTIina ,6 Gil ,s:mjno.a.'ci~1de qu~lque]i p,OOpep.ud.eo.

]?'IJ,T--ci.:m;; no-afITil ailm~Irlj~! a 'm~ti{lni]j:a

!IT~!1)\dd,~.

_I

~ tnuiEirf1lrencla daiJol"n:t~aO!

,1\. eu d'ifi.C'patQ_,lo

,[;acaet e. rill,a d a pe lao ,ge-netl.cSL DNA ,ptElra de

antes da, s:illmae tda :~([~mln.a sa OOllllPte-tu .. T'~'[,JIr~ ~:da Q, 'fiQ'rm (!t ~~ '0 a a cad e ~,~ n 'lPu\lil~~rnitfldi!I;a {I'HiJt~lI]tll),~ ~l7;rttt:li, ,e· liberada IJ· 01
rotnp,]~ltO

~ R::N'A" nt1!'avG.s de urn, fiB'FJriliru,@THl diM, t~cd,pio.,

HJi,Am.~r1~JlP~(,!mdi' ~-e def:1£~li~.

AT

'1FT . ~ JL~)~JI~_."~" '~,-

110'.~ "

:METAB:O:LISMO ENERGETICO
H~: dODSdEl:S~'~ b~siCD~ para ns o;rgMisIII(J~
i!!T1.vl}.Q;: t:~JiJ:'il':I.!j

lJ'I'O·I'iI'_~~i'~')""'~'D &~ .!IIU~~~''''''~~

IH:rdu:ll::;n]~ 'm.aten.~, Gf~i!ilt:Jfi,C3.


i, "'"

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ic~~ • ..J'. 'L1!:l','-Wt~,

,~nm,n

'~;IDjae' a

ma.'~i?t

iti.Q(rg&nlca_ e q:u~,
para

energetic:EIl, utiUzada,

malm2: ·tsLll 'Ie, '~oos.terio([m.e:rjirt.e·1


I~

A ~otQ6~]n~l!Se ,~ ii, prhu;~'pa] po$ d.{l'mtr,tJJd.i;1!; l!tttl, ml.e:rgia e df.a 'm8iWIlll;. -pm',~, lOS' 5]s~Dl.lIS viv.tm ..

p~ra,

1!fJJ

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lim:; -~~rl~n.lLllJ['G vi~,ftS.


-

deste .P'~8n®L~~, 'C'on~iste ·nm.i1J,


uti]i:za.TQ,

tlljlalj:Uf:!ib)

ThdD' @'rgamsmo que ~j$.:p~,~d~,'um_,e;Ii, m2lLtri~ energetJ,e~ ,~nclo ,capaz de .pI'od.u* ma~~a. ~.:Ci:Ii,~ bm.do eomo .mflWlli~]JjJl'im.8 ~b5tmciw; simples, ~ wmadn .ar1l'l!6troio! .. ;3Jgum as, h'~cM;:daa cOJll!Iegu·etmL [lttilizar- ~ ~(l:"W';ii de eompasms· ·]tlJl~t~,th:iJi,oos pat:;t l!l'TlU,ijusir ~1!las m ol'~g.l a~
......S:.o;a.:IlLh ..;!o,e H::,~..~O : IO[1U ..,.'L, ","...-ri"a, J.1..... ii'I!" ·-lI·'m"li.....;!!;"""'.- "'i!ui!j,"'" ....&, - ~.. a!ll'I'. II"..,......;"..,'-m""-.... 'L.U,a..uuiF~U!l.!1 ";II,U,." U~, luall:l]D,Ii=~,.

nrgi:nims, ~ ])llrtir

d:«-ofIhd,os rto~ qJl,~i~ !iii produ~ib .• ~,~IJ.~ILi!l]ci~;~


d;g ~~

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N'o &1:t~l'l;~~ ~ ~a'!.';r.i~ eIle;rg,~'lI:i~:!t ~ada

eem- snce~' ,qUI!! uti ]i~a


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!pril1mprii~ It£l'oro:fil :~~o a clof.\o:61,;J ,ilj ~s iC5~;U~205'~~.Mi:~ :pre:il:el$iOOnas algas ~ nae;, l~m-ntEui S:iil.p.e:rt{)~~,. a !c!l~,:fibi; h, 1(lii5~lOO,d,N4l\1;g~.[]_l!le' ,e'. I~"" . 'Qa,~,aJ]g~h~' ,~et1de~ Ie·:DOS: veg~tr.:JJd sill;~erio~, A cl~~]:a JJ pR~eall~' nOS, ilte.ge:l;.:ai~ .s'1!lp.etilu!~, dni'(~£iwa;s e ,~gleu{~6t®.9c '~l !OI't:.e 'if"m.J[!!1 ,pi ~en'fr,o, ~
1, ~~ ,e?:!!(;osso:n;o.

EDergeti\CHll~noo lb1ando. a. IDtossm~~ e a 11 ar aao d UH8 ['llBia.'~JDas: -:re~p;:ua~,ao C'iI3:J.ll .:


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tranferida

al'liag{jni'C~~. JI1~nqua:nb) 1;1, ,rotra.ssfil,tese possibUita ,3. Ijjnu:1s:f.b,r.ma~EiJo de. ~:nergbL IrmiiooM ~ le1I:Jlerjifl
QliLlliIlnca.
• I

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arm;EJJ~natua.ool8

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cel'!Li.]arnoss~mU~ ,Bj, l1Dtilii!:a~,o, ,I".I1e.ial'lal .d~ta 'e!.D,eigiSJ,~ -.tran8~il1~O-a,. ,aJ.os Po.riooa.B, para m.ol'~cl1JRs de AT1~ :fbn-fe Irlbreka ~, ~tlJ.ergla ~d;iU~4t~~ em 'trjdto~ ~ p'rn~~ vi.tal$.
,~!e.Sni~~;BJ:C\lio
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Icmvtmi05 e as, X.Bn'i1JimaS~ p're:s.en~~3 bl~ ns .erri clQliPfb']_lUasi;ljs~ portan.to, aiUlsen;t~~ron 'bnc~~"S ~ ~amob~rl3lS'" f.'tJil~ ~Mp[P!.O ~e!tg-caEifo1ie:n~e a: prm'~ip.aJl '~b:,[Il1tede wt~lljr~B, A.., A;~, f.tlc u'll&ll!in,;as ~ ~o'danina, ti azul 'e 'fi.6oeri.UiIl3, veI-jJ.u~U:Ulr, .~io ,e:[]]contra.dM nas ci~litdbfl!Il'~·Iii,3S~: 'em $i.trpi.u'~as d~ :rod.oJliooaJs.,
.rrO]'18p(l'rl~Or.e~

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e 'GWdU.2idD!l
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;redu..zex[~, D it"~b~,:r' 3
~tn:JtI\[}S'

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d:niT.m:a.t'e',[a, .f~'Mtss;tn'w:se. ,li.'tepaIm.ent~ que-br,ads em ,~eu.~ eot!L"L~co:ner.liMQ hi3:m.c~)"s, £6.I'i~, u:' ,q_UJe' ~era!o tTa!11~~"(::ri,dtiiS ~_al'a 'trarus.portad;o,r.-,es ,~re l~.id.E'og~ni,o'i {) .Nl:ADIP'
'~lri,~lllio U:v:re ~, tiber,ad1} ,pUl-.a1 a;h[llosf~['~. a

A fi~r~.o de f[k~6fu;e.d.a ~~,

QllJ.irnli~IiDte f.aland:a Q ~'Ill!1litlla :l1jui~ 6 [db ~8.1e 1ll"t!t3 .Dl~ji,Mcw.a dii:!' I.lr,lLlcleQ'tl(te()~ :ri.bOlS'~: t 'b~e .!i!Ii:U.~j}gie,n~ -!fr' '~r;es, JIlIil!Q~['oo'lda,s,. ,d,e k~id.o
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lipl1'm~~ da
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l1li •

.OBBERVACi'o:i:
i~'OOJ'i;'t-r.filt:t:~em
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E m nlmto~ H.vros v~,


~lO:f\n!lRa, !!l~rl'_P7M"'. ~pe'Da~:
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E~o eSeItJra;, ,q,ui'miC1a o;U ere,l.o,tile C(llvL'l Og ~~,lO, aft'S'; I!JfJf1'tM:CIJ!


pOl Me1.'Vlin C,~ ,~ido de, :e~]"Wi.I1. . p~,
,get"

d~ cl~.pmla ~~a~':p.6fiMi' (f[~trQS ,a_nto:TId8l C'lornfila ~~b;';'. S.~Yimo_s ,que IV~ M~i'te .as ,dURSI ve11's5~ .. ~Lemb,~ 'f;:l!J,1e v.ol:l~S"e1."-a, ,nrie'o:t3'd:o &E:1iln'~(['e pEdel 'mxtu ,~p,]',esran:t9do naa P]~V~.
i

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we~ I~

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vm .:receb€11(1Lo _pot

~gi~;()i· I[)I

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inieia com Bei'S n1olecma:s de :gu, csth&ln.r,('lo ,que parlieipa.m, de uma :;;e1];i,e de .l"'eSLW'OOs ~m qu,e·to91nrem agem aJgtILm~ffii p¢nW~a\t. ,al~ne~s'
() Pl'eJces5r)

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Iniciai11l1.if:t1.'te -seiis moleculas dB Ribuil.nse '~Sf:J,~~OI ~Rnnp') .r~!'J!ge:_m.'oom S.e:it~,'mo[,~~ d,~ ,p..s cm~ini.oo,. ,'teDld~, OOmif.l' Ul1'O(]1tl!ro, fint:lT doee mlOU~Cll~ de acido fosm.g])werieo (PGAjI" Diles daa do~e :mnJth~UJlaBde :PGA s'io usadas . p.am p:r~d~· 'g~~', ~:u:u;~~to a~ OUh"9B dn.

d~ 'i®n~'rgW radbm.~' qu@ ineide 8~b!~a a Te'ITa dh~g~ na ibnn~ rlla 1'l1z. Alu~ luan.ciBl d,C! so ~ cmn vna'e.n.d1e hu~; ~QDl dlifiBT1e:ntes loomprinlenws·d_e rinda:s~,iCll lCar~terl~R-~ .co~~. qrte .A Lu·z~rml~~ _quiUld" d.~OOltllPQ5tEIJ ·,apOOqel1Jta as I~res- priI1m~~'a:g vlo1:,et~ anil, aaul, ~e['de,aJ,lllMM1J.I, ~~·:EI!.~ad,o e· Vlewmellu:;l.
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resultante

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O:b'~e~~a-:!~ie:, [eut:e.o,~ gUbe' as ba,eted.a.s aC'illlDu.Jil'an~ leXH't::unH:rJit;e (uide a.alga. es:t$1l $'Ib ·.atAtj dwi1 Iuzes vermelha e azul, .'

BnllSi~.1.d;a.. l1ii1l~ G'i~ Beja, sem ·fniJ:osmmtese. de PICE IOOUQ htdDi~~ phutt~ Fj!oduiirii.· g1:iW.8S ~ loxigemo 'a.cl:n.1,~. d.o Mill ~~n$tmlo' 8.0 'for 1i.na..ntid@.J. 'Il~IDla mwnstd~de1tv.mriD.@sa,~eimm do. SeiJ.ill POu.w de, ,oo'mp-~Q'~iLO~ Dessa '~@i eJo ~'DJ5'@gITini sa manter -e .rli'~Ge:r 'pur' 'ba:V\eI' UlT1]1 l,mero 'PDglnico[ Idm~>D,ru\~,~I. Em fiJ:ilfiaO do 'POlilib) li\fu,· C~Jibl1ipeR6~~O as ,(l~:~]lhs. pode._ru;1 81M' elassifieadaa (j"l;n'l':
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mu:rn:m.as~1i' pj(H·.;e~, 3'~


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qPID liS

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ti!I~.

2 a 0 3%.-Lo@. m..amtenoo-se as orut.ra_g variive'ls


1

re.... "'8i";[;;'''''' 'ii'l .t:l.LL' :r.EJu


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ae

,eutfiI1rc'O] se ell!iil'Val·']'fH)'~,. dj6 E~1"Ji1lUJ, pr(J~V.a 0 gas e-arbo[]Liicn. a ..ax~, d_@.famssiIWe<Si;L t aumenta OOEtQ Ilmite, alsm do q,l,tal d.iIf! passa 8. ser ·t6~dt:o,prjJ'~n)o;v,e:ndo. 0 <riecha,UJiTEmto dos 'estQmflw6!. '~e6BmIdol'lpo-daniro.: [I Pl1)Ge.s!;O;

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ate

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ItP

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,i~,'

de.nm~twt que ,quando urn deteJ;1l1iI:lado P.[(\ooeS~I~· Influ e'n~iad:o po:r' \.'I'arios, fatnres que :~~e:m
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1

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j

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fotQ@l8jj'n:~se"" is:t;o

~s,im! s,e analisar nl:'~S dots a Dlu:ds! poderemes ei3bld.. ;(),efBim Mma~t6rio, desde qll~ ,0: aw
,i;'iaffU,e.Ii9·

diDCO2 pel,o ;elJD1.f'O!lhl$~;Odirnin:iLll sua (;fltlce_r.uba~io ID'(~ ill't~i'iiO([' da rQnl~. C!J)mo


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os :OifiLa, .oOa• ~ en] :[1l11~'o (ilia H

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1

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A.

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I

~, de £ot~~lt:e~e.. " Nos tm:~a1a:s ll",D; 18' e~lE" ~dje:F31JJd:t)


que.ao ,se ru,i;:iN.8Jr at
j

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'~m'~~t'blEEl a, taxa [lee fQto~amt~Itl' '099 8llllw.oo' ,~qlitela nj,P!~ '0 ja

'. J~

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de

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p:rn(!'e5~ijiS, COD1:ple.m~ntS1]',e,5i

A~VB~ ~n fOtOSM'OOS-e :MJ ,e.iu~m radianta d.'@;~J e acw"IIJJ1illad;~: na ·m.olec~Ra, da gli~'{~se sob '
fin:ma de e'il~,t'g,ia '~rtlfl:ai'lE:a. A pmitir ,did 68'0 . 'Prgdt~.~'id.a~ d~'lli' ~:S, Oii"l:t~,.~,~ rn 0']~Ct.b~[ ['OJ d;~ 't(! ~

~~ll1],pQe,W~m,~rnmm;fuio~" !] :r;[~ah, -~mpo;rt~[~'tiB 6 'u Al'P; 'Ca.da v~~ ~lhl!.e l!.J:Il~,a, liga~ao tomato '@ .If'mllpi,da "trans EOI':l'i!1mn'IJ' (II ATP .. mln.,i.M)p t: ~~M a }jbal~a.~M ~gha. ,de i:lll'.'itre: 8UO(] -O~OOealeeias por mot 0 ATP '~~ p1;~e-l]_.t(('em '~od~,~,M ,C~ltlillM, 8eAd~1 que ~llas, du_ '~.i,ga~e~ 'Qm.mi,c;~; 'ter.ml]nm~, t&m 'enerJllja "'F}Q-wncioo bern m~i(!j]_' q:Il'~ :.'3;ff on,bas liga~e~ ,qufmiea~, do ~o.-', fi".. ..... --..:.~~.::i."\'i, .f'",,;"'\'" "']' nanel , 1..,( ,~--""_~,,,,,jf";".'iFiI"iiil".,d''~'lril" .. , ~t'"~t"""'-' u,...

Da 'toa08

e a l"esp:ir,~i~'

__-

,t"_I~~~~

i!"!'ii'ii",p;, ":iI:,,--"-,';;".,i,~

""

~,~"L<!I,~''''''~,-,!,~~''''

.1. ',.,

ce4llilaF ..

:eamQi·cib:stos, de 1ip.~illna, lHiJteiiias. e


A e'l1le,rgia.armaseuada nas _] ig:~ OM '~O:'!I,~]e:nte~_l1t~e'(i~ "Wmb~, de uma mclG~u&l,~~ e fi~ lel:tt'an.m; 'Inuits· alta, Poderi.ru:llQ£il, ·ate· ,eom;pa'[~: ,H
,m~:rgia el~m.,.~ ~[u!e ~ 'tr,~_ns.[J~d~, das- It,1!$i'n a!.~ ! el,eu.iea:s ]lar·g!; 'M eentros CO!nS.u1l~ddm:;!B;Si: alta,
~nnt}[~-n.t~',a_ca{) e.n~Tg,t~tn:C~ Jln-in~m. d~~ .. d]·ft[i~ ,aCeSSID_

P,oij""mo:--s entio ,~~,ttiJctm';i!;n1",~ re-~L~~o iJ e.lu tart' ~,g'J"nO P:QI ~U."D ¢.eS,$ g de 1e:H.tal, com.'JiU8't,ato re,~, lII.u,e Q3.IiJ' Uhe·r,ad.,tIJ,s'Jl
g1I~:M1lU8'I'mien't.e"

'CO~

B20 '~leneJrgUt.,

,,a 'respiI~io 'oaluw ~ um p(fO[i"a~sode'


O'.d:J::a,~~U\;~:Or

15~.

q1ue a. len~rgia. armseenada nas 'mo'[,~'i as ,o,lltjn~i:~3$ iq~ ·nl~.'S~e:an d~ 31~menw;,


si,~-,M ,~nCBtEe5~ gor(mr~' a pw.t(JttemEIJ~j ua.o.~ta

q_UA;! 'li:beW:iaj, en,::~g]a· ,~1)Dl um


1

aeep.'oo(["

disprmJive:l

iTnru1 de' ba&''Oge m,05), Itlo:r~illi,cifiJJ..

q.1lJ/iti'

l~

'un:w.;.

~l:!;bst~llCj,~

:par~ ']]n;s~..a~,'r.,.~h,d ~~ Po]" r~tLmp'lo~

.l~UcGBe:,lexiBte:m :EU:-ml~lTh~clas 112'm 'toI110 dle 690 .oo~, ~~]OiriM de fl~e~, It,nt~~]al. Se :£0$.8·0 Jiher~v!a d,~
I

ITlU];l

rna:l ire

. :Se (lr.H(~tfi[" ~:oal fOIl" ~J u~igaflJl_i'Ck~a, If.\~,F,!ir,;a~&~, ' ret ;EL'~mca; se for "tlD18 eutra sl.lbs;t§..ncl,s, e li!aO e fixi.rU':i:rutrb. :a: ,Fi~O'iT"~f'-M, ,e chtillmada: ,ttruifM:6hic3. ,6~ 1t ~

mtB..

'r

~+!'

uma s~ V~. ICO([·ll!E!_PQttderia. ,iiJ~]:lftmda.~ .e:ner.gia el:~ de ~]-Ca'~o~tag~' :oa ijua ca~?~,uejm~:ti'~
'~D.

Vale le"["mibl~~~' a !j)xi.dt;[~oo (llt)~r]I~I~s:te, iJ:tiJ# na r'i3"tir~dE. illB SEUo:t:li3 de um ~ompQSt~~ L3~ fie(b]~,Q~.

EUI,I:1t;~11.tO, q,ubJI, .t1i :8 fo [lEe de ,a:nl:!i,~gi,a d"·' T' d da n~o~~s"~nn 1kiti:g,z~ pe:'~1~ _~, .a re,~,-_.-_, Juxra' W-IS as, ,~~,re:,

adi~:rl@,de ,e'[etl'ltlniSi. No e.ntitlJIb,w,. a l~ida~ju de i(}O'm.p·ostoB lQrg-an.ico.s :e~ll1~iste n,a' ."elu'O!;iO de


I~ ~

,ettvidacles,'!
~l"ans:fonn8d,oJ:'\es qrq.u;permit/elll :8 _pai:f.i'g;~,ge,m lIa e;u.et'~~, tr.dn~I#(J(("tada lem, al ta 'vott-agent (alta ,tel::rs:aO :EWE; Pm.1.@G:B. PlblI',SJ, baix.a, V~U:~l~_ (b~,. te;~r.l}~pa~~ib~li' '!:l!.Etda'.(lseu us-o.
i),

el~!tDO',n,fS Iivres, m~~ :ritH ~t:il~,nda "talmo.s· de dB' lrdclnlgin:dQ t:B~,~;'Logo, toda '0 oQiz:[d~.,yao e
{llbr-i"g:a,l!;oJr,j:a,m,e~iIL,t1;e' ,ir.,e.tdJfRO',
,,::i,' ~

'.laO

e.Mmea ha

N'05

,~e'ntfQS '~{mu3um]_.do:re',a, de energia

a,compl~n:'~l,~,d~ d,e

~1'In3

P,'fJis, ':OO~!'i oo1'Ul~g ,Il)l)(j~ ,~,gQ ,~~rl11,e-.1harttt_~:, J;'i, !~l'l:'{;l~! eJ),erg-iaaeureulada nss nl8.cl-"Q~:Di~le.-eulaJs ~~ ,aj mtl1oo"·~l~ e~.,pO;r.t~:~iCJ~ r.-..il" i~~e~·yrel ,~ e~Hul~1~
eeerrem re8J~e8f de o~d~ao
'PfJUCQ~j'

de nrit:¥ed~lu 'Bm_ ,q'~' .a g'lttOSB, tmn~1EtiVial 'bBBe. .0 d.o.fl.dM' de H2, e 0 01--.a'gi0iriJ~e -(0
:P,~'eSSO' ,;fjn~
j ~

)~t:~o:r

J\, equ.a,aEl

ger:_.il da tel"JPit,ata'[l ct:~lu:llwpu~

qne ~it€im,

:~~

ser ~res.~tI.

~o:mD~e:

a pi'iS$~,e~'l! d,~s'ba :~]el""g)'a ,d:t.a.madM eom;p'.Oi~rtn'8 iiI1te:rn:m'6 Mibio

~pa;ra os. SI N,estes,

,B'lapru

itJ,a;

.,Re~p:ma~, Ceil'lI'!~l'la:r
e;D.tilfiO

. N'(]]II!l~~ila:miBfi'te,us ,a.l!],'lQ(reg, de
rlij;!!,!!idem. a F.-ea"p:itra,~a;Q,eelular.
iBm,

m6dlo

E: ~,:ta· ~'il a pa
:;mlitoe~la. .

t~~,

g:H~~a);lii.ls"e·, eiclJil'

de baja.
-

:Klr.'liib~; ei'

eta:Pt3~~ C",a.d.,ej,~

·~sPira'liiifi:a., ,EmihorOl. nao


'\1amo~ 3a:e~t'·
d1_d3i.tica:me.[iJl~ - .~ ..

,o:lcige:ni!~~ir~

ch..~m~da.

e ~r.untl 'ke~ .

u t::1();j['![",e

_1:1:0'

i. n'te:r I Q r

da
~iJ'r

C1~ ,f-a!!ii~' aer6'biLc.3,

a ,I:" 11Iani,cin,$~~, ~lL ;~"lj

da

~p.i:l'a'cooi. ~i91tiiill:a;l!

UDll3:

I~Use B iilKi,~:iJn .fosf~.tiv9 ( f{[jrDcil.'~a.u tbl· aee1ill I}m~~A, 'nido.' d:e· ~s·' e
'~~£~ma. :~~)lort3~r. I~e el~b'u(IlS)~

cl.~$it]cac.an~ ~nt'h} ereJ"noa", :m!a~s, elara, \a[f.!OO mvld3iJ." em.


--

m.Man~a.

s11l:'bs:c,anf(.':~ FiO.!I:'iWacao ~

Ja:e6-tik:oe.lD!Z'iim~ A.

A. :pii"Odu:~il.o ~:a:.' ,~cl100e11zi:nl~ . .A. ~ny,olV'e a p~~t;i.d.p~~o da ,ooeJl.zima ,A e do i,l2idLo ,aooti~o, (,ri,cetat.o) qUE" i.W,r sua 'v.ezt clte~iw3.dos pi,!f'tt.~:a:to~ ~ri,gIDru:-iQ,5

g-~p.s. JfJa,

d.a. glMloUse·

'Oll

da o:i'.aa~iaJo do:~. 4doos


,0 pb-u.V8'titJ,

Ness~, pruuei3Sra b~, e e]1;'j,tohr.i:nl,e:ll00 a~ um ~~ln '~i.iI:2limjtltt:j] tIe atPl'.\oID.ma.d:un:eJ11~,e O'M~'


•. el~mas. 1~,,~.= 11 ''II ne .J:IIJi..:i:iL1IU;pJ!3sma" .P3]:f;:tIl ilj]iei~ e pro~~rl'a gH50~e.~],i,gs. a. um g~t!l_~~en:~!o JtP~:f.a ~o~, 'fQ!'f.dan.d:(J1 'a g~s;~~Jf~daDt!rll!~ ffii, rnl (.\t~J}~tl:mo de .~ ,JirP~;~ 'uUi ~eja~, 20{)O(.h~a.Vm.ol~ ,q~[lje ~iCl trangfi:H~lil.iad{la !;l:nt. ,2;

tt.'otn. ,hrM r:::I.lrbllno~)· gmTe uma a~miIDnt3J{!ao. tpeti:icle (11m .. fioo,'filC' de t:aii::hMjJo '.e ~, 1iira;n.s:ifo:r:m2L e·m ,aceta.to (!@D,mdois 'w;j;:nos de ~bo:no)"
h~, a palll:.icipa'&.~$n die UQ:l: ~np:)J ,de' q.lia&:ro ,enzim;at* de ........:, '. 'iii.. "ii' ......... "" B~2~ iifiro:u:.:. .. as eu~i'llZim~ UOJil'iI:u as v.~!Loat.m4l!.i::1l2! ":[.
Itltle
I~ 13."

:DO i"D:re::!;lio!J["

<fIs. .:ttiiooefindda;.

"Sl~:~~

•.

."l·~~,

Para

f~~e p'ii:'~ltle.a,~(~ u(:'orra

'btio;Ei.n3~
1~3

,ADPs,.

,0 atCeta.tD'j entiliiio,~ leorLu.bma~~~jml.WI


..

Q'1;linliGjaJ.m

en~t;e' cada

:mon16(:u.l~.
(~Viam~'

g~i~.ose4l~:fm.~3tllil' (]le~se)

d'1JlJas m~'L~ulQ.S. Ide aQid~1 :p(iriivi~~o

~ ~l~aD~form,adiS! I~IU,

de
"=

,A. 'Pm',3

a.
,AI~

:~{1l:maJ"ill ~!C'j:lciTIjen,riDUl

jp:['1[]{illu.4}&ot];

ca~~q~, ~rJiO.se).

fIe $_€,'ilS,mnleC'II]..lida,:"gT,~ : ATP po[' m(jl~cwlfS,·,granl,~ ~ _g:[~co~e' ~m:ii:~u.lil1d.da., S·.~o( J;1:i:ioaL1Llz'9.da:.iI :~b~m. 2NAln~.,
II:am'.1'Jffirm p;ade, iller ehamado de ~icl~odQ' ,~iido 'Itiriei;lFbo~,oo I~ m:o]u diD,

'0: ~~ •.1l]):ba·d;o eJJ~,tJ€O l

d£n;;~te Pl~~$Q'

ae.

,:B,

Eb:ue],',geth~a:r.r.l~~Jl:~ ~b'lEijunl~ l1e JceaJ~g~s esse ].ibel:,"a.Ie'~lergbli. p.aTH ,[t 'f~ufia~'0 d.e 4· B'l.fi~6t.'·jJ],as die' .A7r;p ,3 paJ.~ lde~ 4, :i:l~LfIi]~cnjalS dk: All~ B~ ,H ·]j:bffi·,?t~ao:t~.b~: d:e 4 D:hl]f~~,mos' que S~ ,t5~~~IU,

Ci],do Ide ,lUeb~ o clcl@ de '~_b~

.iw.-es
1;011).0

fl!"}~(l'

~®e:p"OOrr ,6:n,~] i,N~. I~~}fleuo earla m61!Cllla, de f :NJ\D se .1i:gEL. a ,dri,i~ ,fiL~£fm(H~, hidro;~1l.lins H.~res" de Mta]:i.2~do :2 ,rl1!ol~laJ~; cle Ni\DEI2 .. Podemos .r;egitlLr-.o:ir'

a: reJuJa· pm,gog3mle:ll'L~ a'cidra. 'b~n1

,a.eidJo c:i1! Fieo, -~~;te .ci.Cld, ffii d.escrciGto em ][981por Elft[l~, r-.e:b~~ K ':b:ioql!lirr.U!oo ingl&~.
-Kt:-ejb,fi, OCUUlet'il It3! matnjll. ,mlJcij.'ro~ilnrl.r:iaJ..
I~(J

A. f(a]E:a~D Ida. ,8cetik'Oe~nulJ, A. ,e . c;idn d,~

:r~~::
9';1'!i.':I"

~~"'2"

''''."8''11' .
Ii:ii i[l)t~,]~jli11_tO

.Assntl! ,pademlo's rep'r-e&en:~ .reaJt:0~' eemo Re~::

de

If,¢J,x;8:ta!ce~;:tto;,CQ·mpu~b} eem J~~;atri~1 ,"~,mfis de Ig;:ar~mi},}~. pii;-odti~:C.fidim·. tnri 'rum;p[~~JO ,~fi_mjnado '~ii.d.lo ro't-ri'COI I(c.i~",~; com. seis ~.'[;:orr]fIlS ~lie.

Ii, • A".. S(]~ 1"1 ..n.l\&E.,~"I ..}].e~n.li'e a ] !C·O if! B nm.a ',' ,':.rtl' [ulen f!l a:¢,~.OI p e,l: g) ',3J.C ~,~,g oxa'1 :~:u!,et.e U" i

I~m-'ho.n{]~.

..

2L~\ ...
VgH1PG /

.A. p31:tiir d;,p !Li'U'a'i;{} h~. a a'~8t!i de enzTttl3s

dH~u ,desidro~:riJs~;

JNAD\:' ',:

I •....••... (
,~ii1\i1! lId:.,o:u.:~~,[:Ah. ~!~~ ~~.~

2NAD/:',.,,_H~.ca~~

df!Si.d.J;Q,~~~e3' retir~m.· :hi_di.rr:t!illemog. q;ue_~n1o '~"O'mpMb}!Ij. em p:wt~,DSe· e.let~~iOS, el'&'lf'm~s


""~.... ~'....ri."",,,,, ....... ,~IJJ,iI,J"'; :It""~':I:'1:[!:WJ,t::~11l.U:I!.il!l """,""" ... 'Ii.I~,,,,, l'~!I:l: ~'\J"I'" ~ __ .... ,~'1=,~ _ 1 'I,.L'U.Il:i,1(]
;jC..

,des;iJM'1bQXiJase~. ,~.
IJii.Tr ~:'I"'!i;

ILcJI

,l'!!l~,=

0'" ,a'

~lo ~eI'~dn~
!~J

~ar~
,iii

10,
I~,

:~e~~" ,J.\s

,,1"",,.,"'"o!!i ..... ]" .-',"""C} 1 =.~"" "" 't'I ....'."...,...,h~ -["f'; In~fiLJI_,L"u~~G~ Jt~.:l:.ILJJ..Ilr~_;Ji;l

.,.

,;""'11':';". i"',·.il....
~~;LJL '~,flIJ

..1"':11,

2ADP4ADP

~
I(}
i.

C~Oil
001]~~

d~. ,2 J.\TP~ para ,que ,3, gU!e:6li~e·ocilrw,a .L\ ., . ... ·~fi~diL~y.iO de, .. 4 ATP.'~~ o lu~e:r.aL,~:ae:rg-et;ltlOroeaJ.~ de apeM~ 2,ATl?s.. Cemo at. gUetU ise· oeorre Rem a ,pr:esenp dn
CUDsidl~Ir,~""JS!!3! em ba.'\!,~lldo Ique·

que, ,:se:~,o,e1imJ1i;;i!~ s~b a fiJll"IDia. d~ '(}(l:~!' A~s , esta ~I~rie d.,E!: ,rea~o'e~, ·h.3'Ve~a 8. p~Od.U~al.Oi' novamente, de ,~ido. 6~3:I.~tic~. !que·.]por ,~I..:1f!J, "we:z, ';r:e;i:mda (JI eiela,
[~ra.

''''''''r.;;b,~ ~~ ~l""''' .~J!~l.J!IJ!JiI.

(1rigemo

]ij~1'

l'eBpL1i',tiIJ~iJO

ceIohr=

e' m.'ta

a ~e·

~er.'.hiC;3.

dl.a.

ATP

:El"JJet~~ti~3me:Q,'te pr:~~s" e' p(jbrre'~,~u~s, ·11 Mmgia. P~l\'a. a ~m-t~e d.llfaS mruk(::u.tl~ ,if;}' d,e
~~f:"

moleeula-,gram.,~,

a,e gli'oose,

t:~U.i.l1i.da.

pape], lUndau:l'l'e:H'k"1l paiI':R 10 FCices~fi1da l:e~pllraL~a~eelular, 0 eiele de ,e uma das vias U]},et5!i.bolucM, mrus inl.J:Xl1(1~"lr,res dla ceb.da ~ fumeeeado, po ~ exempln, s:ubsiEAnci,a8 ~®es5l~i~ pm~ a PWQdJLlCs'O de ,BIlmillotici,do5 e ,~ltt,lJod!d:ratM'"
,[\12snl'O
I~~,

Lm1

:r~_s

est ~B

~,

M3I]" ~H3i]Jh(lo 'a,wmica_m'itnjt~ ,g]:'(indG ~mp011iincin do icadClI rl)~ Jilllls ~ ttl ]JI"Od:u!;iMI des hid:n;ogreuiofl;ll ,d~cO'm(p~OiS' em jJf.lot;ons. Q m~f.i1'101Jl.$"" e ,~. carb~~- Sao elabozadas G .(J;I"c~ de NAD,D1t 1~,'2IBOI~;f8. ,F.ADD;2,.
I .~~

itr:am;pnrtadnm de eMbtOD..8i on eafi,aiE. iIe_spirat6riEu.., Se. 0 'NADH,~ tl'm:irsf.e,rlEl,se' uis' ,eletrnns des 'L,:~ L" ..l:·-t· t . .~.. ~:laV@n8!, " ~£t.u'rQgenl:(fSan e: ·3,lUeU e pM,a !jJI mng~mo l!.... llIDR, ,gra.l'tde, ,1.i.bHm~iod~ ~nm'gi~. qra;.e D, a~lma.[']ao poderia ·,apt6v~i.mr; .os cillo~"OmnEi fiSC) di;~OB de 'b~,Cj a. e ~., 'Carl,~ V'ez f~;u.~1 um, ~]~tITI11 ,e' ~r .1t:ngfA3lrido. da' 'om.
j

'Q_'U,le

,~~in:n:am ,a

ehamada

~,adeia

lci;t@;l:~mn p~,ra

,le

Ollrwo;o ,ltlJ~ ptassa }!at'fll. u'm n:[V'e~ 1r.l~e"~ti(;'TI' :rn~dis baj:xo~Jog)O ~me"'£lli~rgi~~ PUJr i:8~I)}, p.O'dl~m:Qs c j~~t ~{, os C4~n8~ no si stem ~ 'b"ail1sPJ',Jt.:;,doir . d~ ~'li"tronBl '~~rnns~lbJm'· n1i'v~~'s, ern d~C]!{l'setnbi's ·'de ImiJ;~l;;gi~.
I[)

A, ene'rgja ll"ber,a,da ~ utlIizaQra para a di.tat 'mQl~l-eJj~~' AT.P~if] 'vm:tir d,~A])P e P. 0-15
qlllm')~o· lII'Gklbu'eml .~

'fbsfo,~-~'!l

oKidJ.g,tiva, om 1C("UJeka ,t;lj, produf,iQ de·

J5e:r,~o,f~:bid.~s p'e:~j].~ge ni~lt [OOnnftfl(l;o 0rr.~q,~'el 'pn't Slua ;re~,,·l'.w~,ge,j1li1'iit~ ·iBiOS pl'tO'wrls ~ ~.'iI'),. ]1a]",~, fot:mar '~O\. ... .
. ,P-ort.f~ll1t.o~ Vf3rtb.d]ehrp; PfllJQ ~ do ~~D;io 10 TI~ respil"3:~.o eelnlar' e seJf .0 :8!i.1:e:pt~ :firnaJ de bi"!!ho!gb-iQ~,, ~em ~ p-:I~e en,{:'~ do !O'I~ !iJ~ ,~]d.e~ :p~ p~i't~·1li:at~5 inSil$t~f~f'v!fJil$., Outr(l, ~:.nl'ffiLi'QliLfllmJl3fiW' h81Bta[lIte ,rom,1!lm.~ d,e IDrlOO' V'eI(m, esta 'Em,e~a e's1xtaJ, do a, eM.t:r(ij]S, qne 'p.~~~ pclo ,~iBb~m,ii!L, clt~cr:O'mOJ;~ Est3,\ 'er.IH:~rgt~ ,de:' i~u]:ta cla. ,b9~:a:~~ 'tr~f~~M da en e-rg;i at ·hmlt[dn(J~ll.~, ~61,~m~ler--gi,illJ~miua, do; pela c]o[ilO'f'iJa,,ai, P''ru~1 li"~ai'i:~e: ~, >et~p13i "~L.l~l'ka da fMe cl~ ida, fDb~stitim'~~e7Logo,:; 'tedtls· os eletm[1JsqlMfi' trao::;;;j't~ml, ~;e']o:3 ~.~~mas l;rr.ar:lIlgF.~]rt..·ldoij\~ de, elet~)H:3 de
!~

~imd!lJ '~lu!1.--gj§tk't1 ~la:~l;

0lit;rQ:[]lS.

'trillli'tFg~rfiiO-~a.cinn.:u"bu;a.rm na ~]:ul~ cleV~Uldl!.l :im

'~ ... E1:F.i1':;, 1Ir~ ~

!J..ti.~

""""'"

m'~'t·u(.~i.'I"iI·... L..:!.}a"'" =-l!! _ ~1i ... \~~urJ_-~\.i


__

~':r'Ii'I!'I1 ~J!~

...:!Ilia "In." ;::,,,'-n.·o!iI~~JlJ! ""'r:'"


~ ~~~~:_.a..~

'iIiI,s, I,;:'i: I~~!ii~

Imto:sdn'oo\Se'~

.0" mtema, 'tg:-anSllj].1'1l:.ado11.' de ,~h~~;tm,m a. e ietapa m:rls rlea dill. ·,i;esp!ir,~~o ,ce~,I[(]:~~,Sao ~~H:",od.uz[d.O'9 ~6 ,mol~e:i!1l~i.s de ATP pOl" :nlo])~c1UJa'''ga:'ama, de' g'li(."Ose' eonsumlda,
'n,~~_·_'IIt
I~U_-·.11

_~!lJiilili et1Q~tltiCOi

dI

~,

'tl!l'tm

,SisteltM, ,tl"-mu]Jfii-.tiaJtlfJ7' ~. (Ciudeia ,rrE'spi;"B.,liJ,ri~aJ ,s'Bn,l~hl q!u~ ,~}ti


aeoplamentoda dil? ATP ~~t§.o
·0 ~PfQc9~
ler:ITZi'In.H~

e,'i.tt'f),Jt'8'
'mft;ooGndi;ra~;El
8

'Ooon:e r,l!!3..:S eristas

'Be. oonill'EttEriJo'S 1)s::2ATP~, do lL~c;rolen~etiCQ. d.a gih c:6 s~ ,09, 6 .A1. s da l!l1f'm,.;a,e i1~, da P ,~.(:etH.coe:r.l2ima Ai, as :2 KrlP's do di;]_o die KID~~ e: es
m

de: g.1iOlJi.1iie ~"n~l"lumida ~E5te saldo enerr~e:tj'~1 4re' 36&TPs, ,~,ne~.pDlr ~ 'n]o,~~~UJ]~, NAD:~ e F.AJ1H ;geradu ile .,-1; :" P:;r..'I'-,1 '_'-" ..• ~~~~"""" eEfiruE ...,],.,:ii......:; .• ~ ii2! nos >-" E!!}LeiUP o, em, ,!LW:~ as- m'!l:lSC~ .!.:;"'-I,CH • . 1 ...,. 'l....:!)l· nas e:[a.plll:S,a:~!~:r!1.(fr::ea\~ (liBIl:JJtilnl, us ,l1:!1.U~u'tilij~m!os pati--a, ~ ,~'ieUJ1l6mO:!i!t '0 .fato lBLt'io:n~; pOTfrUifl:!' 0 ·'NAD~, ~."g! .. ~j.o~ Ca,~a..:~~~~'a fa:pa~'"de :ge[",u 3Ao7P'S~, for-m,ad.n,~a g:li~,]js~ nan CBn~~gllerll,$1Ta n v;e.Slgm;; a, enqu t!l1'!1.'tt::i1 iI;:~d1Ht 'lure FAD~~:t!;I :2. ~.. . membrana T[J]iiLooondrid .A.him:! l1~ clel1n:m~ ~ao o NAD:I'L.!, Qf:lde ~~g'et~I~T.{lli1~ ~fi hi~,~~[tin IB'rn, :~~]]~rewid~ p,~a tun; .lou'rn"(] ~r.J,~,p~~~dmf f,10 '~n;tren,or rda rn:n:toC)~nd.ni!:l1jt. n q,ue 1~~Slona pe:rdi!JL a:~a(lo de .aJt~ l\'l)"WrgJa. Plll"Ut 08 c~:~'m6Si, IM~'~i~, C~nlt] ~T.1geq_uaneiaj ead~, NAD~, (.CJ~O'nr:l[g[J(["O'tei]Jl:a·s q:ge 'cmltcm 'ren~, ns molicula) e
DOg ,Cifi!lpOQ

,~l'gm.

t'E'!s_pons~;i{"~is

peh}

miera,tl9 para

elemeJ]l,tarl":es· ou 'F' .
-'j r;~~. .

p:rOOu~a:o

:26 ,ATP,g do ~~s;~]]Ja, Ei'''!w~S"-P1iE'lr:.ad:01i'' .d~ ,eIettr.-tl,~. '~~e:m.Q~ 'U:n), ~pnrvei,ta.me:n'vo· t@bil dte 3'6, ATPg, [Xlii"
'J:m·jjO'lJ~c,!j.da,

1":""

·'1

- ....,.,

P!L.Qd,Li:z 2ATPa e ,nAt t~.esl


,~,MO~

Cfiiill'O

m~TE!'miatme.D:~e Slau
mesme

'L~e~:[nelllte

in ,ii-."",rtJp!.,;,li ..l",,,,,, U• ~Nj.\nH~ 'par,9J ~,"m:ii;wllifil.1tb:~, ,!;!;)U ·ffi:u]~iW' .d;~ um ,siste:m.i: eD~fltiOO proprio'. ,&a:im . I"sio produzidlQ~ 3AlIPg pOO'" :NJ.U[J~ da glliOO]Jr::ieitotalisand» TI!Q lEin&] do 'l).h'o:c;e~ aMTPs., T-rac1l:uc1.o:J.'laln,'e.rnte os ·~,to~ !i1.hideJll, .8Jj, :reapk~@ eelular nas etapas; ,g]ic011se·,~ cicl.o ,de. Ki1:;bs e cadaia re~i,mt6rl~.
,n
p

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(~(f]l'~,

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em, -S81 em ~OA:TP's.

";!,ml..sj.:ciI!el~e'

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na parte, h"ll.m:m:na
I~

.ainila .q'!J.I~

IE!:llI

bfUit.e1lr1.as e'
85,

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~c

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Ct)tU

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AFJ 'O~ihd~_s tieas ~ pnssuem es deis lot.§s riu.~Lm)oss&m.i,oos~.um. de ol"ige:m, ,pa:beil"nR .~' ~lI..!Ii:t,ri!! (leO . p'ri.~m matema .. !1Ielltl(jl ditsS· d.ip16i,des, eu fi,2.n:'lI' 'm;mDiJSSlJllll:OS, J~ 'OOi!l ~metu FO~'SlllE!m 'dDlk~o urn co:rljlu).to Cl'"Q:m:(l~s~JmLh.1f), O,t~00patel'TI,o OlL'i.o m3Jte~I-, ·seudu tl 1. t 0:9; CI~'[ ul as ,h. pl ':;:,d,e s, ou 'tJI',m._~'ii
• F

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I .'. . .'I " ._ . " -"[ .•. ~._' '/ ._' I ,'. II' I • I_ I "I I " . . :;' " .',

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~.'l'!Jte@it;ina d,e]gado, pall!' :e:x:emp.~.Q,;. ~irenQva~1Q1 .eada lSi. t~~ diss, -Uin oureo ~:pJfi de 'lJeci~, em: qlU:~ a
;j,'~'EL )~...

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que ,M ~]:tl1as: ,na,f:),se re,p~~e;m'l C~illd pOi' '~en~pfu 09 .1!lel:U~r.irtas;_ iC~:mo ',M ~l~~ MO S:e, div~dJem,., lPeffiiJal'JJ~,~\ndi) ~mp'~e em if.d.ta'Ji"ali.U~., t~.hl~$~ qu~ ,c5:s:tae '[SlLa 'l;~~ Gf I ilG-Z@'ro)",
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:germin_~U'vaE de animais
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fi;l5l~

IS

de v~getEJis"

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1

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:f,ep,rocl:l'il~Q

:m!

'Um, dD~, '~~,en.t0'5!, sem lCjualqlLe'l." CkUfldH~, msia '~:u~lG,pnrt~nt~ ~b,~Iht.6rl'aS:E (Jj, ~ (ill,lt1P:~_I(;~f~t~ 'dos ~O~~SSQi~O~ {DNA) ~Elie_s da di~M celruru: A.~$im" ,[J!Qae!Ot~ oo(fJ;Sgmr um grllicQ mD.'iband~, a q;l1amtldade de DNA no nl1deo, d:e uma oob..d[IJ, em ,fim.,~!!.o dn tempel'" and,e' 'e'~ ~.d.asT mcl];LSlrve~, 9P! et.a:~9!E i~, :mitiOlSEf: promJ:!e, m~tca~e, ,alli~ e lool~r~, ' , qUW1ti:d,8.d~ de' DNA duiaI!lt~e;BL raze' G'~ e,~ '.C[nili) d:UYIlU,te :~~ ,fa$e .8 1OC"{!l'rre tL~lh;~'ao do UNA, nuclear, ,~q,tlfi[[](MIllRade passa ;II 'Her' De a,~ atler,Q tli1na1 I~la,m,e,tii.rase_ 0, 'LelHf1' de DNA, ee '1,'iU'Iill!l.'IEe:m, em ! '1!;2;,t,'N'", Desde 0 ~]liw da BUwnase; IRe '9, ,]lJ]'lO;m.1L'irIJiI m't'l1:~~e" ,~.riJ].an;t.ia.ade' d~-,DNA 'vulbl a ~~- ,u)f.~. ~

e,ml

I(lirg:BCu:i~fli~ a,

~:]n'i.'cel~.~~ .. ~N , O~
'mJws€r

l~uisn1i()..~,

pJ:u:lrio~l[!11~l'rn8

g,acraE'te a
,f!!

f\1U,"llrI!~ioi,.n Ic~im.~t(!j~

a mm,u.~,,;i~,
'tecid'Iil;;l!lL ~
~L!fil.'t[[lf.1l:i.O~
,II:': •

I~i:~~t~~ui:'o e a :rei.m:e;I';a;F·io • ~(~ r


,A" mtt~ae 6 -~ d,_nra~iiQ,:~rp~oxrrn'iiJa~'de
'm,e.;]] :\cDr OO!J]]:preefll,fU;tQ'
!~triO
_..., ,.:Ii

:P:~SSQ 1b1l.m8,
,G' ~

fl-ml,
,:tm,1:t1l

bora'. Ma:5' pam


oJ':: ''',;~ .',,;]

QiU

1!.Y;m,O'men.a;'~_ J;mrl'w,V~IZi!]~:at

em

V~.~, p(Jdl~ irlh:s~fvar. ';no, 'grjfiofJ ~1m~ QJUe a

~apas, :~" 1.}aJ~:r dog ,~ns 'evm1l'OOEf mmm:, ,ma;:r.ClIl..n:w®S: 'p',:~i)'fas;!2' Mlda:fas>c:!, ~afa.:5.e' e'

'~'['4-D""~Ei' , _~ gr'!~_!1

u:~.

A
...... _ j..~

'wiioose ~m±m~i e di'ta Chlt"r..i.C~ (:P~Y1~


0....

10$~,I~f:j:i!iJ!.Q~

.11

l1i

a~~:a!JI.

...,.,.._="11'

pmteicns

que p.~

nos

I ,~r):[f.iI

.,Il!

~S,II.&;:'l1'

,I,,",

,,~.~

,!W!.ar.n,en'bII).~',

,- . j,,,",-

OOD.~,

c~I:~81~s. .

:Pr,O'Uie
Etapa jnieial
pM I:.l.dla ,~ :m.a~dj]1 pelo oo:n1!eifu d~ ~~.[1I.d~E!ilSa9iol

dEl mviE§o ee1lJ.ilru, cujli],~pon~ . .ile


i.

,l!!!'11:....... ltl;W~~

l~rDmosfJi"wett. Os l; litO mOSSlilntoe!i nrolam .mbre a i mJes'mlOS, (esnp"b:,aliz~~aoJ ~ dmli~"I!.1..i.rld,[) 0

A .ilDtemt,aii:i, da,s..6hra:s, ,ooDmllss&ndc,as a ' _~1I " .. ," ... -'" . ··t-~~.~~S :r.espg-DSa~C'1p~.:11- i!!);n'1,cn;. ~~~' dos ,.o~ntos ,CinJrDlO.6micos ,ililWr.anlie i8. !di:rid,o ,ce;llullaJ~~
I~.

'e on"l]Ol'J.oo,ento

~. aumen t:f:ln.tlC] fjj dJ~]]'letro., I~Qr:nm:uoo,,;$e 'cisiveicS. Sai:O 'o:b~e:t<'i{aaas..~a, d.uu ~6.pi8.s dQ mesmn eromassomo Ugadas. pelo "®nb:6n~'i' as ,rn;--,oj[lli;itiiC'.s ... rtni.'8. i C on ~o m. H a:O.c.e7l1.'e,i,n.t.e '3, ,C.ttld e-:n:s,~.~ ad !J[\om~&mic;a. ,~ R1I-ei ~~l~, V3ij11:S.e~!.tn,M 'tnenQS

:C'{l'll~J'lli,..g_e·tU!11iDll" que Cl'OI:IHJ8Srul):OO sg prendfmltl fhs' ubraB lID.lIar,~. a.'trav:~s das :l1brM' ~:r.(]m.oa~~m.h'ea.s. lIma vez, ci1~g&niz;ad,o~ C!'l~. iC1YJ']]lO~nm~, s-e mfft"m:l;l£m.'~. di·~ o ao •. !eq:oodtll' d;:t ·,ccH~:a:. toln,o reS1L]]tadc Idb dJ.e.sHzanmil.w, das rm:br:a~~mos~wica.s, ~(]'!breas po:r~ m_;,~'qu.eiIa.
I~

em

,dtt:e~oo\,.

~vliclientE".s., 2I.JTIe

qu~ ld!eciS~pi8.l~'0em. pO(J~ ~(!impI,eto' no

A. ~begad1l
le~t0.riaJl

llinfiL1 Ida.!lt~f:aoo" 001110 d.m.a~ teo a m.i[mae a ,el§h.n],:8 t~O ~inte:M2a. pJrlr~)'~einaJs~ I,etg,o, na..o· 11' neeessldade. dEl: ,~rod:~llzir ltNA:oo'li. {j£::'positooos :[1'1:,]15 :n:[tcle~l~. eulminando.. ~'PttreWil.t!~, eem ~ '~el1. ,e1):fi'ip,le'~o
de-H.p'uec;tmB,tYM~

,eromo"S&oWJos' ,i\ ~iQ da mM.'Ltht ,1l1@[J'~a (D. TIm da F'@fase


do!],

di Vi.sao do,-eentre oe·:~,olM. Havende cellt.r.f:olI.osI eles ~ofi~itlE. d.npUM\t8D\o, A..as.im .• ,cads
.QcorI'te

nmi'Q

CSJ1Uo

de lei-to~~ql\ll,~] ~t(ll ~0 tie:SQl'g:HJEILizaii1l:Jl pa:r.a lilk~,,[,M 861l'S monO:m~o5'~. as FmemM ditas b;lbufutrtUl;\, ql£lJl3' $@[,Rii) td:jJizadas P.a:.1"Sli, C'G,mpof' 0 mitoti,6~,.. SliJrge-nl as fibr,a;s:

o~ :rnr~'~r6'hiib!JJ S D
1•

ee['~'

'tera. rdmis; ce.o;trlritQ~;

1J:JiJfQTI1lJ15iIKHll1 0. Si

[Unt::i.O].'uun eonro

d_'Q

eensres ~.~·g,iill:n.i:Z3dff~ . . [lo~ ~icriol'tWbwflg, ·6,r::ieuta..:nd~ .as ,B.l:u~as,~ fi:b["~ do A.s


{l;~ter tFiJcamo lru;$po~ta~

li~w e ~.

11.bm-bl

a_o

lila ]ntert';:5:e. ~nfeiio d:81 mi1tOisa'~

[po[a[1E!:s.

Os

ee1ll1r:O:ffii ~elmi3lJ'E$i.

C'mm BsScMo fgnTIlEln~ pot. dU99: ewD.maticl~-s1l' in~'!}l'll!i1l do


IB'eEN1IdEm~8~CIi

N~aleo~'~
'~~fl~!['~ndQ

eada ce]ltwo icel[~al'~ & du~~ rer:ehe'lll, (1 L"I.ome de iSter

ra;dialmrem,te em

'liOlf',QO

de

p:rote:il19.a

earioteea. 0 re~llilt8,d(D da inte:r.as~ao cia~ ti.br.:;us,de tnn ie.de GnJ[fi:ro ~EI,WT ~ Q ,afasta:meli.to dos 'Cl~b.1]~ ~clul:~s' paJl~1Ios: 'p6jQ~. 'O~Q;s:toSi: .,da c:e1u1a. .As ifribr~a lO~6i' qtlf,e: parte~ d:-eo eada litiOOr ·em. di1N~~ ae e()I~d~' Cia ~~lul~ ~M' ditr1S 'fibr~:
p!l)~@f9:. . .

~~<dalizadas~Iade

dispest

(oomh"o celuJml" 4' 1318· a,dtalm.e.lltw e ii.eom. r


iii

~'9;'trtlttiLf~'l~~l :~n~ada~

M tii"fi
~I

i!7i;-··Q·,-\iIllilD;;rn;;.

Hi ·1ItJ1J:I!~

Iado, hem

[[n:uiXbnu,

8.

N'o inillc:io cia 'mlllrt~~~e Q :fUBo 'wi"t6tico Ot], ia:m'O~.t!k~ii1 ,~sta' eompletamente :f.ol'"lRad.ID\. .~ 'fiihr.r dn ,fMO ,ocnwm'Q Meat eJtl.'b:e·o~:ilois, cen:tros, celularea egte~' S'i;til,13.,diDB, ntis. !1101M O~,'bO~ dat IOOlula .... ~tiga~e:D:Le~ aCl:'enItav,a . .1se ,q:lJ)~ a. plie5~a;
dlm~'1~:n'lt'}:o1nsera fIDldalnen'La] p~,at,~ .f)O'r:D1~ao ,~~ fu&o e :pam:,;a. di.v'umn ~1.ula:r.,. AlalrumJeiIl.l1e. sabe-sa a que na.'t.. Ge]u}I;as ~eg:et;~dlS ,~IB di ovi!detn sem ,oo.rl'Lrlrn(ls relillJ as ,aninta:lls ClIj(l~,centri)[,KI,o~: "fo:m~~, d'~~ I"'u_id' {) s _p ~U:. 1I[.";,iju8 ~~ 8'e 1'~ t:~) t :r.'1"[1,:a.:w a.m
I~

Ni~, in~J da ]Jj~O£a®e' hi 0 a~'\.~irn,'enb" '1],0 f ,~Jlbrcrm~ro' d~ eada Q1Im:0S80.mO du~plimd'()~de litlalB, estruturas jenQ~~5 Icmlet6eOl"(H~" ~~;i!eu:t~os, ~~~es oposbi E.Q] verdad~ os em ,ci~g,t6co;ro~ Ie:Ot'I~~~~']TqJG:i'Il a um :I:ttm~Q ~~~m f1rganizadu~ d~ 'nt~:u~bw'r~~~.e- a.pm "ri]aJJ "h~~ri,
B

nO!"!.~Jrumm1t~0' :E~ ,~ ~TI.tTatam c·m divj~ao.

:CQrnta.{:'Ro

cllR:ii.

Ii bl"a,~

1c!I"O'])],6'SSOJID.i eas

@onst]:t.uifrlo ,~~, fibre: p~taII.~ e lJela' p_stlJl: (or,gaLll 2ados . pelo eentl~~) :eeJ.nlar.) e ,pe'la'51 ,6brias '~m()$mm-ll~ (m~g~Jliiiadas 5l' cm~ro151', p!cl,O;.' Rom.pe':"~e, ent~o~ illl eny'O,:~t6n{l; ~1:lu~'ea:rI'
ba\p,elf;' .lbt'ti:Ce ;flsi~, entre· I) ooo.te:(td.o .n.nIlie.OO,:'· e leit~pU:~lIico. Os ~n;b:'oE {le.hi]jat'~ r:hegam, m')S ,~]Gs. O',Po,sto:g cla. ,eetlula., ,pfi.'d~lind·o. d.os

~;clDie;{lD~o.:rJi~s;);;; Aq:s1mJ'i

ij

111..ia~ nd.t-6t],OQ

I~

'placa, £q;uamrin]
lOIS

Os Cl~.n-~n.~~~ pel:m.anieC~. I~~ ,a,;tf filibra's po]a"re~ POl." b:l:te]:",rf'.iJ,edJJ'6das n.bl"ata, (~mllllO:liOOn].i(l\8LSle .atlli.ll11h3do~ num ..mesmo p]inlQ na '~egi;§j(Jequatt)dw. ~~ta, c~h.:uJ]ajsen40 eS'oo femliL~menD a.. grande .. .u-.earella m,e:W'-a~eit ,'lim',itl,a:nd.Q a ellamad~ m
mJ ~tam.sie-'4"ll: A [Qifmlil. 9O\01Q;. (!1"'OJ2ll0s~Otir'Irn .ss P'll"EMHi(:2f,n no lfus~ pe:nmllite. o· ~XIlI~~tzi) ~(}joma..me]ltQ !ht6 ~('Omi:Ud€i~'irmim~

Icad'R

qual

vQJ.:i.wfa :para unl'JJ·,[los- 'p6Lo~ 'da


rj~·$nm.('::5

1~']llJ

~'!'

.th~aurl.o

,tle

O'~!:T'nm

pe~a:l1leiC.etQ..

a:ii
]O])~I

'me.s~!fji.. ~s .6.bra8 p~hflres, que


$obrepoot~
Q!Q. t'iqlL1~d'oJ;'"

'$I:;!'

:posi'e~ i):liLilDfi

l1elti~~E ..

len; (!'Crn:par~iic' &5 'f[)'!J:l-:r~. ii~PM' da n::rmto~~. ,Neff:~~ :ij:nw1DJtV;",;i.l~ods It_ ·mp~ ,lit~, lIIm;~, nljci<vimmJta~~Q d,g; l~rurl"Ur,as ~luares~,d~ :fb;_nn~, i1at~iii'tl, P~d oS ~

iest3cicm.a,~~ .pO'r who '~FlO

relliatij,v~~nrtt

:pd1o;~!" ,!)}P-08,W8

,~.

(elu la.

A m~t~fase' r,ep~e~t.1, ~ E,:I'bp~ ;etm q,ue os

cromossom
OOIJUl~,ng1lJ.~_j).

I]8

:~:t.l gem n
I II

(I

Wii"Z_:illlO !Ue

...-fi

SU,a,

E}t~Wlllente~er iSHt~, par;nl BShlt]a,_l" p


,siio' usadas

~Thb.sta'D:ci9s~ como a ~olcmciD_a qns de!1;0rrgnniZ3Jl]:. as p~OIte'm$db :fuso~ p3J:I'al~:sar:tdo~, m:i,b:!se 11;~:metriira:siE'_ ~tt:aco I3ste',que, os eromcssomes

I~'hij"n.'tita:s
~lt:)m~O'miQ~"

a'p'T'!QIV'litit~~m:'~a:~"a esti!uia_'o~ P~,. 00 IDasti:ado [t._o~ .~~t¥mIOMom~J~

humanes, em;p.N_g&:-SB CO~cl1.icl.nSl parS! par,sJ_i~~r ,8, di~aD Cl1:e Ieueeeltes em met~e .
.Q :fiInalda 'met-ar~, ® nuu:.eado. do

eoma m\Q;siio
dla,s,.
0_8

c.~m,h~o:anerQ

I~

afatllhul;L.a.nta

Tel6fase
'ns illtintIH ,eta;pa da: mitose :~nd~s SJW '[mbl.r" q,ue 'ocm:'-~~ ex'B"tamenf.e c loonh~M1o- da :profEse~
(~'o~te'
liE!!

e:tlom'tide~'=inn~;
p6]irl$, o!p[J!i1~

q.lIlm iele'r,:§:Q'

~Wicl.IJ.U.M~ para

d#. ~h:al~

O~wIT13'·,a r~argani~a.~~b diQl' en_"'\Qlt~.r,i.~ nusleae ,~~tl"~y1ib O~fr,~~~il'em~m.emka"!:JQs~ ern IOOMO (]i~ O dm~ ~mll1'jru.1JItoF; (:'mmo.5.--mm.icQs ID"lurn;do.$, tm~ p(jl'fJo$',

pata paos
DPOiS~~,

da

o~Mula"

'~;ulanw~ 00 :~~pt.wa lm:vi,clliil na 'pt6f~; &s~ ·&a,t.,qnOTlli(;QS. Itoro~.lm pus['~io 00' '~"0d01" d.os !mm1US~~ III fornJJ~ 'runvos- 'mVlllto-~rio8ucl~. n 'D',§: cr.om,OS8g':I;1!U)~ ,s,:~'f'fem i~~spb·,91iu:~i.o ~dese~~91D ... :se}a imcia a ~;:E'od,u~aa d,el RNA-l"'i! :p'I'o'Vocan,a.o 0 1l"e{tp~hmeQ:t~) d,o~ n,-wriMiol.os.0 cim~' ttc~)I!X], e.. ,~. -5b'l'fli5' t-"J'O"mQ5:somita~ ,deI;~a~alf',e:u~'m,
I~b~i,
fiLII

A',k d~_ ..~:m..;a

ma:te.riaIT. ge:netfico id~tioo~ e cam. ,~ mesmo :I:lf!!,pecm de um n.Ge:[eo ]nb~:l:fa~re-o. E'ss~ Pl'OOOSfHl de d;tJplirC.~,~ifjl llo fi1.icle@ cl~:ce'iu]a,,~d.i~oiCarioome~, c Em. rehillH; de :a]gmr.l.S pr{3iW~,mo5 e de
1

t:uL:i.w,

~,_",,"lr~'jI' '~• '1 . na .~l~:hRS!EL~ln ....... I 'u01S1Jl]c]eo.e mill' t· ..... !eIUJup

animais
A.$sJim. Iqn~
P~§B!i.DJ
M ,a::cl~lllnli':ltideg~in:ll~s 'se
J:II

g.eps.'rmn.,
" -

mediana

ilmrre

(mv~gnl~o

um e~b~ill'l\gllllaraneJl.'lt:o t;egiio da

ser -,'U'li[[[QillluWJ! '~lml:.Il~:mn~s."·'lIJ"'WaO!i·

"""n'

,~.o l'ed(w ila


I~~'

«~U
~

O~ q'uai~ ~erifJ; JHJJ1l.':acln_,S', ~;~)b m;i{~n't~j,~ p;rot~i'[]~ d:6 £~~ '1P~·ra 1U8 'pt)l(l~ d;E3-,-,~ 'hlbu)s:'),
...!I'!!;I
~~-IIJ n~;fu,,,". !U!I;-!'~~

Jl18~. eq~I:M:ori::ll~ da C~bl]_8.. E'!i:j,t",e 1~~b~amgu]aInento quand.oencou~a. 0 ~ue re~tou. fihr-a~.pri[:~ref:h,fu,~U-3 um~.pmnte'mui:OO, e~L1'1.eii.'ta I~n:ble ns dbic~ ])tmtos: d~ 'me~j·JbM.lll.~de f¢'J~~),ua
I~

cl!a. m~m,bra.:na. p]a,smi:lti,ca

~-o

.~~,ojJJIWH.

"".=i;'iJ., • .'Ii......

:;'llS, ~ntti~~~'~~]IliI~

aeaham sa.'~ep'ar~,d,f'll"
'Ita.

A. bl:lJ{)r.~iSe iltnal p~:nl ,eltpliqa.r ~~'$I~. d~iLooam~t:Q f~l!a '00 de~li7iam~]]bJ da'! 'ifjjJ.t[l8! e~Qlno~oDii'G~a: sobra ,~S flbras pelares, (tat$j)r .por Rlg:t1nt1li mtDtiv.t1" 0 -r~ IlBO '~a formadol~ a: lUit~ ~egue ,~ehlJ I~Ami~,e :Dfinn~] t~ ,jffi ~tM~~; a 'Q:U~OO~. ~mQj ,r.;I:S c..TOln,ltid~s I!!;aU ,8~ 5leI-par.::tll'lJ.':]l ,8 ~~ IJfilJieoo.JjEJi
p-~.HsnCQiIno j~ o'b~ei;"!{am,l~ a.]:i'~~cri(Dllli])!eriite
'~', PQi!'

°Es.ia

'mi~J[\o:fi~lne:rnto.sJ, aetlna de

dffi:vl..sa:o resul
.I~o\Sma!.

dg

a,~aoi d,6S.

:~c!!.~iadoS!, a
Ulenii:U:''8ll!S

eom

1~_j;"!mp;I(jli"da oo']().hicin,~,.

Oi fiim. d:1. aniifu~

,Vt mar,C;a,do, p~hI

I~egaoo In'os: 'lill.~~_mosso:m(Js~b:tm;a(Js: pilus ,Qi!OIi, d. lC'ilul~.. D'estfl. forma (indo p6h~ [['~o~b~
BXatamen:W'
,(I

A m~-sijOi fin alm(iirn,t~; do C±topla3m~: e' mam.ada 'iI1i,tollln~~ 'que 0 'DniliiJ], d~ '~e16fi;11~ Ie:. ~I pI'o,piio, ~Ce'Ji!rarm.en'.b?' do ,p.mcB~8o de dj,vit;8Q eeluler, ~fi!tiJder,at:ldo que s, di.WSilt1 do ditropla..~.a Ida ~e[U]2!" animal av,:m...c:,a p'erl:~a, para ,Ill !o~~Q. da

ipl~mJ~1Lti~ ~ef:u, tonw d.a p,]acSil i~.U!Ji_a:tori~;~. E~~, fOI1Tl~~i~1 ~ l~le:lIlomht~da ane], icoDfuatill A fID:rp de conrJ~~-.ayan emi~ ;pmilll, f'ea~io g ,iIDTI;i:ll~-mii')B'ina, p1;'ii]1'VQea unia O)lltr,~IDj, slliflci:e:'am: pa:r;8 ,9f]llllill.lLir~ pl'Ug;r:B5~vruit1iente, 0 difbnetrQ ¢to. :mIE1J" ,am,ganoo a ce~m!3IJ.a se di:\1.i~' 1jE!111, dt~,

do eitoesqueleto s'e «gw~iZ1f[m

que ..
~!jJ'~

,ft

m~area

IQ

pro'tesso

foi

,[b~lfOt[ljJJb~,do

JDEBctlU;i·

tnat~li

~enhgco"

!c@D.b~ipeib.,

d~ e~,Tu;:lH,'~·se

Mairs.! j

. ,m,tose· ,em. ee lui 've get ttl. :_'11,8 M


@· §I

ler.en:L~l00 _, m j"h:t.Se a"e~urtri~. - ,B If'Q:Jr.m;:1fAudo a.s~ar.' - ,:tnijtD~"e· .aD$traL


eltoeinese

N:;:l9i erU,u]as vegeu1ffii. du

f~

na

a p:~aen~
rltfu]

d~ ,M.

'ocor:Fe;a

,die~],t~'n ~r',!3i
Iff~n'triJiUga.,

:p8m~ d:e·uma plaea

e~[ul;il~· 'v'eg;e;t.rus e:- de ,mtiJ.iJ:~~, ,iHJg~~.

,A., g-Eai1lde, im.pti,rtiI:l(l:dt da wei.~se ,e ii, lli1iaDu.'t:en;~am' Ida, [C:O'n'sl:in~iB dm' n'-meF'O. de reJNmusso_o,S 8.0 1Ihiligo ',das gera,9i-es. N:oo 'Il!ou'iil~e ~,eii!0!S9' 0 :oilmeni ~. crDm'Q~~fi!:itOO\S de eada e~,p~:ie··dobl1':a::na eada grer,at:fW~ QnmltllQ d~ ,at
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