Fatos e

dados
RELATRIO MUNDIAL DAS NAES UNIDAS SOBRE
O DESENVOLVIMENTO DOS RECURSOS HDRICOS 4
O manejo dos recursos
hdricos em condies
de incerteza e risco
Captulo 1:
Reconhecendo o papel vital da
gua e suas dimenses globais
/ necessicace ce oa ara a irriacc e
ara a rccocc ce ainencs se crnco on
ccs acres coe nais ince ressc scLre cs
recorscs hcriccs. / aricoora rescnsVe cr
O% ca excracc cLa ce oa ccce (e cce
chear a 9O% en aonas eccncnias en ricc
crescinenc).
/s rcecces ce crescinenc ca coacc
cLa, coe anecian on aonenc ce ccis a rs
Lihces ce esscas ara cs rcxincs -O ancs,
ccnLinacas ccn nocancas na ainenacc,
resoarc en on aonenc eseracc ca cenanca
cr ccnica ca crcen ce O% a 2OoO.
oics ccs inaccs ccs risccs naorais scLre c
cesenVcVinenc scciceccncnicc cccrren cr neic
ca oa. Lnre 99O e 2OOO, en ciVerscs ases en
desenvolvimento, cs cesasres naorais ccasicnaran
on reozc ce 2% a o% cc seo L anoa (VCLL
BANK, 2OO-, VV/, 2OO9).
Lnre % e 8% ce cca a eneria rccozica
cLanene osaca ara a exracc ce oa
soLerrnea, ara LcnLea ac cnc ce cocs e
ara c raanenc, anc cas oas soLerrneas
rcrianene cias coanc cas oas resicoais
(C/, 2O). Lssa rccrcc aonena ara
cerca ce -O% ncs ases cesenVcViccs (VL, 2Oa).
Ln 2OO9, c nonerc ce esscas sen acessc
eericicace era ce ,- Lihc, co 2O% ca coacc
noncia (L/, 2OOL).
Cs LicccnLosVeis sc on ccncnene caca Vez
nais incrane na nariz enerica, a ccnc
exeniicacc ea nea ca LL, coe Visa azer ccn coe
cs LicccnLosVeis cheoen a O% cc ccnLosVe ccs
ranscres a 2O2O (LL, 2OO). Lssa nea en sicc
cLec ce on cacrcsc ceLae, ona Vez coe ea ae
ccnc on nccr ara a ccnVersc ce erras rccocras
ce ainencs en erras rccocras ce LicccnLosVeis,
c coe aonena a ressc scLre cs reccs ccs ainencs
e, en aons cascs, eVa ccnVersc ce eccssisenas
cresais en erras ara a rccocc ce LicccnLosVeis.
/ nesnc as rcecces nais nccesas scLre
a rccocc ce LicccnLosVeis incican coe, se
a 2OoO ccnc soere a /L aenas o% cc
ranscre erresre cr ncVicc cr LicccnLosVeis,
issc cceria acarrear on cnos ce ec nencs
2O% ca oa osaca ara a aricoora cLanene
(CCLL`L /LL C V/L
//CLL /CCLLLL, 2OO).
Alm das bacias hidrogrficas: as dimenses
internacionais e globais da governana hdrica
Cs coscs ce acaacc acs inaccs ce on
aonenc ce 2C na eneraora ncia cLa
L/2O2///
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 2
ccerian csciar enre L: O Lihces e L: OO
Lihces cr anc enre 2O2O e 2OoO (VCLL L/,
2OO). Lesses coscs, enre L: o, Lihces (nc
cenric nais secc') e L: 9,2 Lihces (nc cenric
nais onicc') esarian iaccs acs recorscs hcriccs,
reccninanenene cr neic cc crnecinenc ce
oa e ea esc ce enchenes.
/ oa nc es ccninaca s rcneiras cicas.
Lsinase coe -8 Lsaccs enhan Lacias
inernacicnais en seos erricrics (caccs ca CL,
2OO8), e coe 2 ases esean ineiranene cenrc
ceas (caccs ca CL, 2OO2).
Cerca ce ccis Lihces ce esscas ac reccr cc
noncc ceencen ccs sorinencs ce oas
soLerrneas, coe incoen 2o sisenas ce acoercs
ransrcneiriccs (/, 2OO9, L, /LLL, 2OO9).
essena cr cenc cas 2b Lacias hicrcricas
inernacicnais cc noncc nc n coacoer ic ce
esroora ce nanec ccceraiVc (LL L/C e
a., 2OO).
Lxisen Vrics exencs ncs coais as oas
ransrcneiricas se crnaran ona cne ce
ccceracc, e nc ce ccnic. Coase -oO accrccs
scLre as oas inernacicnais cran assinaccs enre
82O e 2OO (caccs ca CL, 2OO).
/ necessicace ce aencer a on aonenc ce bO%
na cenanca cr eneria ac cnc cas rcxinas rs
ccacas, ccnLinaca ccn c ineraiVc ce inVesir
en eneria ina ara niiar a nocanca cinica,
es azencc ccn coe a eneria hicrerica e cs
LicccnLosVeis se crnen eenencs crociais na
ecoacc cc cesenVcVinenc (LL, 2OO).
cnene o% cc cencia hicrericc ca
cran arcVeiaccs na /rica (L/, 2OOa),
cnce noics sics hicrericcs se ccaizan
en rics ransrcneiriccs, rccrcicnancc assin
ccronicaces siniicaiVas ce ona naicr
ccceracc nc ccnarihanenc ce Lenecics
enre cs Lsaccs coe azen rcneiras enre si.
Reconhecendo a gua na poltica global
C noncc es raLahancc ara conrir c CLeiVc
ce LesenVcVinenc cc inic (CL) scLre c acessc
oa cVe seora', ainca coe c rcressc Varie
enre as reices e ainca coe a /rica oLsaariana e c
noncc raLe esean arasaccs nesse rccessc. crn,
c cLeiVc reacicnacc ac saneanenc Lsicc coe nc
es necessarianene iacc oa, ac assc coe a
hiiene, cr soa Vez, es , arece esar aoanene cra
ce acance, na necica en coe neace ca coacc
cas reices en cesenVcVinenc ccninoa carene
coanc ac acessc ac saneanenc Lsicc.
/ CL /oa reaizco on eVananenc cLa, en
2O, ara aerir c rcressc en cirecc ac nanec
sosenVe ccs recorscs hcriccs cr neic ce
aLcrcaens ineracas. /s ccnsaacces reininares
cLicas a arir ca anise ccs caccs ce nais ce 2o
ases ncsran coe hcoVe ona acccc ana ce
aLcrcaens ineracas, ccn on inacc siniicaiVc
scLre as ricas ce cesenVcVinenc e ce nanec
hcricc en nLic nacicna. b-% ccs ases Vn
cesenVcVencc ancs ce nanec ineracc ce
recorscs hcriccs (na sia en ins, V), assin
ccnc ci ceerninacc ec anc ce nenenacc
ce JcanesLorc, e o-% cees reaan esar en on
esic aVancacc ce inenenacc. crn, c rinc
cc rcressc arece er cininocc en ases ccn
on ncice ce LesenVcVinenc onanc (L) Laixc
e ncic, cesce c eVananenc ce 2OO8.
Alimentos e agricultura
/ irriacc ccnsioi aenas ona ecoena are cc
ccnsonc arcca ce oa, nas rescnsVe cr
nais ce -O% ca rccocc noncia, ariciancc en
nencs ce 2O% cas erras coiVacas.
/s reccoacces ccn a inseoranca ainenar
esc aonenancc ac reccr cc noncc, e nais
oa ser necessria ara aencer s crescenes
cenancas cr ainencs e eneria (LicccnLosVeis).
/ excracc ce oa ara a aricoora
ence a cininoir ccn c aonenc ncs nVeis ce
cesenVcVinenc.
Ln noics ases, a ciscniLiicace ce oa ara
a aricoora iniaca e incera, e eserase coe
essa sioacc icre ainca nais. / excracc ce
oa ara a aricoora ccrrescnce a --% cc ca
ca oa exraca ncs ases ca CCLL, nas ecoiVae
a nais ce bO% ncs cascs ce cic ases ca CCLL
coe ceencen crenene ca aricoora irriaca.
cs LCs (Lrasi, eceracc ossa, ncia e China),
a aricoora rescnsVe cr -% ca excracc
ce oa (csciancc enre 2O%, nc casc ca eceracc
ossa, e 8%, nc casc ca ncia). cs ases
nencs cesenVcViccs (LLCs, na sia en ins), a
rccrcc ce nais ce 9O% (/C, 2OL).
CcLanene, a rccoiVicace cas aVcoras irriacas
2, Vezes naicr cc coe a ca rccocc aLasecica
scnene ea oa cas choVas e, cr issc, a irriacc
ccninoar cesenenhancc on incrane ae
na rccocc ce ainencs. / rea ecoiaca ara a
irriacc aonenco ce O nihces ce hecares, en
9O, ara oO- nihces ce hecares, en 2OO8. /inca
exise on cencia ce exansc, en aricoar na
/rica oLsaariana e na /nrica cc o, en oares
cnce exise oa soiciene ciscnVe.
/esar ce ainca exisir on cencia ara c
aonenc nas reas ce aVcoras, enre cincc nihces
e see nihces ce hecares (O,b%) ce erras arccas
se ercen anoanene cr caosa ca aceeracc ca
ceracacc ca erra, Len ccnc ca orLanizacc,
rcVccancc assin a recocc nc nonerc ce azencas
necica coe caca Vez nais esscas niran ara
as cicaces. C aonenc ca coacc siniica coe
a coanicace ce erra coiVaca cr essca anLn
es cininoincc seVeranene. ce O,- hecare, en
9b, ara O,2 hecare, en 2OOo.
Lserase coe a coacc noncia aonene ce b,9
Lihces, en 2OO, ara 8,o Lihces, en 2OoO, e ara
9, Lihces, en 2OoO (LLL/, 2OO9a).
Ccn c crescinenc coacicna eseracc a
2OoO, reVse coe a cenanca cr ainencs
Captulo 2:
/ cenanca ea oa.
c coe ncVe c ccnsonc?
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 3
aonenar en oO%, en O% a 2OoO (LL/,
2OO9), encoanc coe a cenanca cr cnes
hicrericas e corcs recorscs enericcs
rencVVeis aonenar en bO% (VV/, 2OO9). Lssas
coesces esc inerreacicnacas a crescene
rccocc arcca, cr exenc, aonenar
soLsancianene c ccnsonc ce oa e ce eneria,
eVancc a on acirranenc na ccneicc ea oa
enre cs secres coe cenancan a soa oiizacc.
C rincia cesaic cc secr arcca nc rccozir
70% mais comida em 40 anos, mas sim o de
azer ccn coe O% nais ccnica esea ciscnVe
nas nesas cas esscas. / recocc ce ercas nc
arnazenanenc e ac cnc ca caceia ce Vacr, ainca
ceVe seoir on cnc caninhc ara ccnraLaancar a
necessicace ce ona rccocc naicr.
/inca coe as rcecces Varien ccnsiceraVenene,
ccn Lase en cierenes renissas ce cenrics e
neccccias, a /C esina on aonenc ce %
nc ccnsonc ce oa ara a irriacc, enre 2OO8 e
2OoO. Lserase coe issc aonene en cerca ce o%,
arincc ca aoa cira ce 2.-O ln
o
ce oa reiraca
ara irriacc. /esar ce esse arecer on aonenc
nccesc, Lca are cee cccrrer en reices coe
scren ccn a escassez ce oa (/C, 2Oa).
C nirac c ccnaninaccr conicc nais ccnon
ccs recorscs hcriccs soLerrnecs nc noncc.
/oanene, cs LL/ esc ccnsonincc a naicr
coanicace ce esicicas, seoiccs cr ases ca
Lorca, en aricoar ca Lorca Ccicena (/C,
2OL). Ln erncs ce ccncenracc cr rea coiVaca,
c Jac c osoric nais inensiVc ce esicicas.
C crescinenc eccncnicc e c aonenc ca ricoeza
inciVicoa esc ranscrnancc cs acrces ca ciea
honana, ce on reccnnic cc anicc en cirecc
carne e acs aicnics, e issc recoer nais oa. rccozir
on coic ce arrcz, cr exenc, recoer cerca ce o.oOO
ircs ce oa, encoanc coe on coic ce carne LcVina
recoer cerca ce o.OOO ircs, e ona xcara ce ca
recoer -O ircs (CL/, C//C/, 2OO8).
Lssa nocanca noricicna c acr coe eVe c naicr
inacc nc ccnsonc ce oa ncs oincs oO ancs,
e rcVVe coe ea ccninoar encc esse eeic a
neaccs cc scoc XX (/C, 2OOb).
/ ecoria ccnriLoi ccn -O% cc Vacr cLa ca
rccocc arcca (nas ccn nencs ce 2% cc L cLa).
/ exansc nc osc ca erra ara a ecoria en
ccasicnacc cescresanenc en aons ases (cr
exenc, nc Lrasi), encoanc coe a rccocc ca
ecoria inensiVa (rincianene en ases ca
CCLL) ona cas naicres cnes ce coicc. /
ecoria rccoz cerca ce 8% ccs ases cc eeic
esoa (LLLL e a., 2OOb).
Ln 2OO, esincose coe aenas L:O Lihces
eran inVesiccs cLanene en sisenas ce
irriacc, ona cira sorreencenenene Laixa, caca
a incrncia ca oa ara c secr arcca. Ln
ccnaracc, c Vcone cc nercacc cLa ca oa
enarraaca, nc nesnc anc, ci ce L:o9 Lihces
(VLL e a., 2OO).
Energia
C raanenc cas oas resicoais recoer
coanicaces siniicaiVas ce eneria, e eserase
coe a cenanca cr eneria ara esse in aonene
cLanene en --%, enre 2OOb e 2OoO (L/,
2OO9), esecianene en ases coe nc azen
are ca CCLL, ncs coais, aoanene, as oas
resicoais receLen cocc co nenhon raanenc
(CCCC/ e a., 2OO).
/ /L (L/, 2OO) esina coe c ccnsonc cLa
ce eneria aonenar en cerca ce -9% enre 2OO
e 2Ooo (iora ). Lsse aonenc nc ccnsonc ce
eneria ser naicr en ases coe nc erencen
CCLL (8-%) cc coe ncs ases ca CCLL (-%), e c
nccr rinric ser c crescinenc eseracc cc L
e c aonenc ca aiVicace eccncnica a ee asscciacc.
Figura 1 Consumo mundial de
eneria ec nercacc, 2OO2Ooo
Fonte: L/, 2OO, . .
/s osinas erncericas (ce carVc, s,
ercec, Licnassa, ecrnicas co ce ornic) sc
rescnsVeis cr 8% ca rccocc noncia ce
eericicace (L/, 2OO), e eserase coe a rccocc
aonene, c coe siniica coe ser necessria ona
coanicace ainca naicr ce oa ara arreecinenc.
/ eneria hicrerica ccnsioi a nais ana
cne rencVVe ce eracc ce eericicace (o% ca
rccocc cLa en 2OO), e esinase coe ainca h
ccis erccs cc cencia noncia eccncnicanene
ViVe a seren excraccs (VLC, 2OO).
Ln 2OO, a rccocc ce LicccnLosVeis ci
ccninaca ec Lrasi, ecs LL/ e, en nencr
necica, ea LL. / Licnassa e cs rescocs
reresenan O% ca cenanca rinria noncia
ce eneria en 2OOo, esancc acina cas ciras ce
eneria nocear (b%) e hicrerica (2%) ccnLinacas
(L/, 2OO).
Casc se acance, en 2OoO

, c sorinenc rceacc
ce Liceneria ecoiVaene ce b.OOO a 2.OOO nihces
ce cneacas ce ercec, issc cenancaria on coinc
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No OCDE OCDE
. / L/ (2OOb) airna coe, ccnsicerancc a rance raicez cc
rcressc ecnccicc, a esinaiVa nais aa seria c ecoiVaene a
2b,2 Lihces ce cneacas ce ercec, en Vez ce 2 Lihces. crn,
a L/ anLn incica coe ona aVaiacc nais reaisa, ccn Lase
en arincranencs nais encs na rccocc, seria ce seis Lihces
a 2 Lihces. Lna esinaiVa neciana ce cerca ce 9,o Lihces iria
recoerer coe en crnc ce on coinc cas erras aricoVeis cc
noncc cssen cecicacas rccocc ce Licnassa.
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 4
cas erras aricoVeis cc noncc (L/, 2OOb).
Cs LicccnLosVeis azen osc inensiVc ce oa
e ccen aonenar a cara ca cenanca scLre cs
sisenas hicrcciccs ccais e as enissces ce ases
cc eeic esoa.
c se esera coacoer aonenc na eericicace a
arir ce ccnLosVeis csseis coiccs, e noic cocc
cce ser eseracc ca rccocc nocear (iora 2).
crn, eserase coe a rccocc ce eericicace a
arir ce carVc, ce eneria rencVVe e ce s naora
aonene siniicaiVanene. Lserase coe a rccocc
ce eericicace, a arir ce cnes rencVVeis, nais
cc coe ccLrar a 2Ooo, ccn a hicrceericicace
aonenancc na rccocc era, nas ecoiVaencc a
nencs en erncs ercenoais cc coe as enerias
ecica, scar e ccVcaica (L/, 2OO, VV, 2O).
Figura 2 rcecces ca eracc coica
ce eericicace noncia, 2OO2Ooo
Observao. ara essa esinaiVa, cs ccnLosVeis
csseis se reeren a coiccs, ccnc c ercec e
cs ases icoeeics. C carVc e c s naora sc
ccnsiceraccs searacanene.
Fonte. L/, 2OO.
/ eracc ecica e scar ccVcaica rescnsVe
cr o% ca rccocc cLa ce eericicace. Lorane
soas ceracces, essas ecnccias raicanene nc
azen osc ce oa, ccn excecc ccs ncnencs ce
ineza cas ninas co coas scares (VL, 2OO9).
crn, c osc ce oa ara aVar cs ainis scares
incrane ara rencVer a ceira coancc esiVeren
cerancc en cesercs co en soa rcxinicace.
anLn nc casc ce ona insaacc ccncenraca
ce eneria scar en rance escaa, a eericicace
eraca cr neic cc nesnc cicc ce Vacr coe
as osinas erncericas, e, cranc, cenancar
rccesscs ce arreecinenc, coe ccen se crnar
on cesaic en reices coenes e secas (C/L,
C/LLLL, 2OO9).
Cs recoisics hcriccs necessrics ara a rccocc
ce eneria aonenarc en ,2% a 2OoO se cren
naniccs as aoais crnas ce ccnsonc. Ln on cenric
coe ressoce c aonenc ca eicincia enerica
cas crnas ce ccnsonc, c esocc cc VLC (2OO)
esina coe cs recoerinencs hcriccs ara a rccocc
ce eneria ccerian cininoir en 2,9% a 2OoO.
neiznene, a ciscniLiicace ce oa necessria
ara a rccocc ce eneria recoenenene nc
ccnsiceraca, coancc ncVas insaacces ce rccocc
ce eneria sc aneacas. Le naneira senehane, as
necessicaces enericas ara cs sisenas hcriccs sc
recoenenene neienciacas.
Ln anises ce ciccs ce Vica oi, ense cLserVacc
coe a cessainizacc ce cnes ccanene ciscnVeis
en era cenanca ona coanicace ce eneria
siniicaiVanene naicr cc coe a incracc ce
cnes hcricas (CL, C`/, 2OO9), Len
ccnc cenanca en era seis Vezes nais eneria cc
coe c raanenc cas oas resicoais (VL, 2Oa).
Indstria
/esar ce a incosria oiizar reaiVanene
coca oa en ona escaa cLa, ea recoer on
sorinenc acessVe, ccniVe e anLienanene
sosenVe. eaase en era coe cerca ce 2O% ca
oa ccce excraca osaca ea incosria, ainca
coe issc Varie enre as reices e cs ases.
C ercenoa cas cenancas hcricas cc secr
incosria ce on as eranene rccrcicna ac
nVe ncic ca renca, reresenancc aenas cerca ce
o% cas exracces ce oa en ases ce Laixa renca,
en ccnaracc ccn nais ce -O% en aons ases
ce aa renca (iora o).
Ocupaes humanas
Lnre 2OO9 e 2OoO, eserase coe a coacc
noncia aonene en 2,o Lihces ce esscas,
assancc ce b,8 Lihces ara 9, Lihces (LLL/,
2OO9a). /c nesnc enc, rcease coe as
coacces orLanas aonenarc en 2,9 Lihces ce
esscas, assancc ce o,- Lihces, en 2OO9, ara
on ca ce b,o Lihces, en 2OoO. /ssin, esera
se coe as reas orLanas cc noncc aLscrVan
ccc c crescinenc coacicna nas rcxinas
coarc ccacas, e coe anLn reiren ona are
ca coacc rora. /n cissc, a naicr are
cc crescinenc coacicna eseracc en reas
orLanas se ccncenrar nas cicaces rances e
ecoenas ce reices nencs cesenVcVicas (L
/L/, 2OOb).
Ln ccc c noncc, 8% ca coacc cLn a soa
oa cVe a arir ce cnes nehcracas, e c cacc
ccrrescncene s reices en cesenVcVinenc
anLn ac, acancancc 8-%. crn, c acessc
noic nais anc nas reas orLanas (ccn 9-%),
encoanc coe aenas b% cas coacces rorais n
acessc a cnes nehcracas (VC, LCL, 2OO).
/esar ce seren nais LenserVicas cc coe
as reas rorais, as reas orLanas esc oancc
ara aencer s necessicaces ccasicnacas ec
crescinenc coacicna (VC, LCL, 2OO).
C crescinenc cencricc rceacc ara as
reas orLanas era reccoacces. se cs escrccs
ccninoaren nc rinc aoa, cs arincranencs
nas insaacces ca ccLerora ce saneanenc Lsicc
aonenarc en aenas 2%, ce 8O% en 2OO-, ara
82% en 2Oo (ecoiVaenes a nais 8 nihces ce
esscas) (VC, LCL, 2OOb).
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Renewables Nuclear
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Fontes renovveis Nuclear
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 5
Fonte: /C. AQUASTAT online database, 2OL.
Lna ccnaracc cas esinaiVas nais recenes
ce 2OO8 ccn as ce 2OOO incica ona ceericracc
na ccLerora ce oa e nc saneanenc cas reas
orLanas. Ln anLcs cs cascs, issc siniica on
aonenc ce 2O% nc nonerc ce esscas ViVencc
nas cicaces sen acessc s insaacces Lsicas
(/CL/LL, 2OO).
/s ccoacces orLanas sc a rincia cne ce
ccnaninacces cnoais. / oa resicoa orLana
on eenenc aricoarnene aneacaccr, coancc
ccnLinaca ccn cs rescocs incosriais nc raaccs.
Ln era, a rccrcc ce oas resicoais nc
raacas en reacc s raacas coe chean acs
corscs c'oa siniicanenene nais aa nas
reices en cesenVcVinenc cc noncc.
/ 9O% cas oas resicoais ncs ases en
cesenVcVinenc oen ara cs rics, acs e zcnas
ccseiras aanene rccoiVas, aneacancc a saoce,
a seoranca ainenar e c acessc oa cVe e
ara Lanhc (CCCC/ e a., 2OO).
Ecossistemas
Ln oina anise, cca a oa ccce ceence
da continuidade do funcionamento saudvel dos
eccssisenas, e c reccnhecinenc cc cicc hcricc
ccnc on rccessc Licsicc essencia ara coe se
cssa acancar c nanec hcricc sosenVe.
Cs serViccs hcriccs rccrcicnaccs eas cresas
rcicais incoen a reoacc ccs oxcs ce oa, c
raanenc e a oriicacc ccs rescocs, Len ccnc
a reVencc ccnra a ercsc. CceiVanene, esses
serViccs ecoiVaen a on Vacr ce a L: .2ob
cr hecare ac anc nais ce --% cc Vacr ca
cas cresas, e nais ac cc coe c Vacr ccnLinacc
cc arnazenanenc ce carLcnc, ccs ainencs,
cas nariasrinas (naceira) e ccs serViccs ce
recreacc e orisnc (LLL, 2OO9).
A vulnerabilidade do armazenamento
natural de longo prazo: as guas subterrneas
eas incrnacces reaiVas a 2OO, c areacc
ca caacc cas oas soLerrneas nonciais es
esinacc en cerca ce .OOO ln
o
cr anc, e cerca
ce b% cessas oas sc osacas ara a irriacc,
22% ara ins ccnsiccs e % ara ins incosriais
(LLC/, 2O, /C 2OL, C/C, 2OO, /C/,
2OO8, LLL e a., 2OO). C rinc aonenco en
ec nencs rs Vezes ac cnc ccs oincs oO ancs, e
ccninoa a aonenar ce % a 2% ac anc. /s esinaiVas
soeren coe a caacc cas oas soLerrneas
rescnsVe cr cerca ce 2b% ca reiraca ca ce oa
nc noncc, e ioa a cerca ce 8% ca ncia cLa ce
recsicc cas oas soLerrneas (VV/, 2OO9).
/s oas soLerrneas sc essenciais ara a
scLreViVncia e ara a seoranca ainenar ce enre
,2 Lihc e ,o Lihc ce ares rorais nas reices
nais cLres ca /rica e ca /sia (CCLL`L
/LL C V/L //CLL
/CCLLLL, 2OO), nas anLn ara c
crnecinenc ccnsicc ce ona rance are ca
coacc nc resane cc noncc.
C Vcone cLa ce oas soLerrneas
arnazenacas cocc ccnhecicc, as esinaiVas
100
90
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Agricultural Industrial Municipal
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Figura 3 Lxracces ce oa cr secr e cr reic (2OOo)
Extraes de gua por setor (%)
Captulo 3:
C recorsc hcricc. VariaLiicace,
VoneraLiicace e incereza
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Industrial Agrcola Municipal
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 6
Varian enre o,o nihces e bO nihces ce ln
o
,
incoincc ce cic nihces a cez nihces ce ln
o

ce oa ccce, encoanc coe c resane oas
soLerrneas sacLras e sainizacas reccnina en
rconcicaces naicres (/C/, 2OO8).
Ln noias reas ccn ona excracc inensiVa
ce oas soLerrneas, es accnecencc
on siniicaiVc rccessc ce exaosc cc
arnazenanenc exisene.
Qualidade da gua
ais ce 8O% ca oa oiizaca ac reccr cc noncc
nc cceaca co raaca (CCCC/ e a., 2OO).
C rcVinenc arincracc ce saneanenc Lsicc e ce
oa cVe ce coaicace cceria recozir as ccencas
ciarreicas en arcxinacanene 9O% (VC, 2OO8a).
Cs risccs ara a saoce honana sc, sen coVica,
a naicr e nais cisseninaca reccoacc iaca
coaicace ca oa. / caca anc, cccrren cerca ce
o,o nihces ce ncres reacicnacas ac crnecinenc
inacecoacc ce oa, saneanenc Lsicc e hiiene,
reccninanenene en ases en cesenVcVinenc
(VC, 2OO8L).
Lsinase coe as ccencas ciarreicas,
recoenenene reacicnacas inesc ce oa
ccnaninaca, caosen a ncre ce nais ce ,o nihc
ce criancas aLaixc ce o ancs ce icace, cr anc
(LL/C e a., 2OO).
Lna rccrcc incrane cc ca ce ccencas
ac reccr cc noncc (cerca ce O%) cceria ser
reVenica cr neic ce arincranencs reacicnaccs
oa cVe, ac saneanenc e hiiene,
onanene ccn aVaiacces ce nanec anLiena e
ce inaccs scLre a saoce.
A gua e a sade humana
/ caca anc, cccrren enre rs nihces e cincc
nihces ce cascs ce ccera, caosancc enre OO ni
e 2OO ni ncres. / C esina coe aenas enre
o% e O% ccs cascs sc recraccs cicianene.
C aonenc era nc nonerc ce cascs ce ccera na
ccaca ce 2OOO a 2OO ci ce oO% (VC, 2OO).
/ ccera encnica en reices ccn ccncicces
scciceccncnicas recrias, sisenas sanirics
rocinenares, aosncia ce raanenc cas oas
resicoais, e cnce hiiene oLica e oa cVe seora
esc en aa (LC e a., 99b). C riscc ce sorcs
ce ccera se inensiica corane crises honanirias,
ais ccnc ccnics e enchenes, Len ccnc corane c
cesccanenc ce rances coacces cesaLriacas.
A sade do ecossistema
Cs ases riccs encen a naner co aonenar c
seo ccnsonc ce recorscs naorais (VV, 2OO),
nas esc excrancc as soas caracersicas
ara as nacces rccocras, coe sc, Via ce rera,
nais cLres. cr exenc, b2% ccs aseccs
hcriccs cc einc Lnicc sc ccncscs ce oa
Viroa, enLoica en commodities arccas e
rccocs incraccs ce corcs ases, e o8% se
criinan a arir ccs recorscs hcriccs ccnsiccs
(C//C/, C, 2OO8).
Lxise ana eVicncia ce coe c ser honanc es
encc on ccnsonc exaeracc ccs recorscs naorais
cr cca are, ccn on rinc insosenVe. LiVersas
esinaiVas incican coe, nanencc c aoa rinc,
serian necessrics cerca ce o,o aneas erra ara
sosenar ona coacc cLa ViVencc ca crna
aoa cc eorceo co ncre anericanc ncic.
Os perigos relacionados gua
Cs erics reacicnaccs oa ccrrescncen a
9O% ce cccs cs erics naorais, e a soa reconcia
e inensicace esc, en rera, aonenancc.
/rcxinacanene oo cesasres naorais naaran
nais ce 29b,8 ni esscas en 2OO, aeancc coase
2O8 nihces ce coras esscas e erancc reozcs
ca crcen ce L: O Lihces (L, 2O).
Le accrcc ccn c eacric ce aVaiacc cLa
ca CL', cesce 9OO nais ce nihces ce esscas
ncrreran en ccnseconcia cas secas, e nais ce
ccis Lihces ce esscas n scricc ccn esas, coe
esc rene ce cccs cs corcs erics siccs
(LL, 2O).
Lnre 9O e 2OO, a coacc noncia aonenco
8% (ce o, Lihces ara b,9 Lihces) (LL, 2O).
Lorane esse nesnc erccc, a ncia ca coacc
anoanene excsa s enchenes aonenco 2% (ce
oo,o nihces ara O,- nihces) (LL, 2O).
/ 2OoO, eserase coe as coacces coe
ViVen en erras soeias a enchenes, nocanca
cinica, ac cesnaanenc, cininoicc ccs
nancs e ac aonenc ccs nVeis cc nar,
aonenen, en erncs ce esscas VonerVeis
a cesasres caosaccs cr enchenes, ara ccis
Lihces ce esscas (LL, 2OO-).
Ccn reacc a eVencs exrencs, on esocc
recene scLre - ases ccnsaco coe nais
noheres cc coe hcnens ncrren cr ccna ce
erics naorais, e coe essa cisaricace es iaca
ce naneira nais cre s cierencas nc saos
scciceccncnicc cesioa cas noheres (LL/`L,
LLL, 2OO).
O impacto da desertificao
sobre os recursos hdricos
C osc e c nanec nc sosenVe ca erra esc
eVancc ceseriicacc e ceracacc cas erras
en crnc cc noncc, aonenancc a ressc scLre
cs recorscs hcriccs e eVancc escassez ce oa.
/s esinaiVas incican coe coase ccis Lihces ce
hecares ce erra en crnc cc noncc ona rea
ecoiVaene a coas Chinas esc sencc serianene
ceracaccs, sencc coe en aonas ares, esse
rccessc es eVancc a ccnseconcias irreVersVeis
(/C, 2OO8a).
/ ceracacc ce erras es aonenancc, e coase
on coarc cc ca ce erras cc cLc ci ceracacc
Captulo 4:
/n ca cenanca. cs Lenecics
sociais e ambientais da gua
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 7
enre 98 e 2OOo. / nase ca ceracacc recaio scLre
as reas ce erras secas, nas as reas onicas anLn
esc assancc cr on nVe sorreencenenene ac
ce ceracacc (L/ e a., 2OO8).
Ln ccc c cLc, a ceseriicacc, a ceracacc ce
erras e a seca (na sia en ins, LLLL) aean ,o
Lihc ce esscas coe ceencen cessas reas en
ceracacc, e esses rccesscs esc esreianene
asscciaccs acs cicaccs cLres, narinaizaccs e
ciicanene reis, sencc coe -2% ccs inciVcocs
noic cLres ViVen en reas ceracacas, en
ccnaracc ccn o2% ncceracanene cLres e o%
nc cLres (/CLC/LLL e a., 2OO).
czinha, a ncia en 2b% ca coacc aeaca
ea LLLL, a China en %, a /rica oLsaariana
en 2-% e c resane ca reic ca /siaacicc,
8,o%, a /nrica Laina e c CariLe n b,2%, e c
crcese e c cre ca /rica n -,b% (C/,
2OO8). Lsses encnencs aean ccas as reices cc
noncc, nas c seo inacc nais cre ViVenciacc
na /rica, cnce ccis erccs cc ccninene incoen
cesercs co erras secas.
Lsinase coe 2- Lihces ce cneacas ce sccs
reis esc cesaarecencc anoanene, e coe a
rea ce soercie ercica ac cnc ccs oincs 2O
ancs ioa rea aricoVe ccs LL/. Liane ca
LLLL, esinase coe ona rccrcc soLsancia
cas cresas naorais ca erra ci cesroca, e coe
nais ce bO% ccs serViccs ccs eccssisenas cran
ceracaccs. / 9O% cas cresas onicas ccseiras
ca /rica Ccicena cesaareceran cesce 9OO
(L/, 2OOo). L rcVVe coe essa encncia neaiVa
ccninoe en rinc aceeracc ac cnc cc rcxinc
neic scoc.
/ anise esasica ccs acrces oVicnriccs
en aonas cas reices ce erras secas reVea ona
acenoaca coeca ncs incic ca ccaca ce 9O, coe
en ersisicc ona recocc ce cerca ce 2O% ncs
nVeis oVicnriccs, resoancc en ona recocc
ce -O% nc nVe ce esccanenc na soercie (LL,
2OO).
Em equilbrio ou em desequilbrio?
/esar ce as reVisces scLre as ooras
cenancas hcricas ara a aricoora ce cne,
secr coe nais osa a oa esaren eiVacas ce
incerezas, esinase coe haVer on crescinenc
ce cerca ce 2O% nc ccnsonc cLa ce oa ea
aricoora a 2OoO. Lsse aonenc cce ser ainca
naicr se nc hcoVer nehcrias soLsanciais na
rccoiVicace ca aricoora, coe oiiza oa ca
choVa co irriacc, ce nccc a aencer crescene
cenanca cr ainencs, caosaca ec crescinenc
coacicna e eas nocancas ncs acrces
noricicnais.
/ crescene cenanca cr eneria anLn
aonenar caca Vez nais a ressc scLre cs
recorscs hcriccs, esecianene na /rica
oLsaariana e ncs ases nencs cesenVcViccs cc
o ca /sia, coe reresenan 8O% cc ,o Lihc
ce esscas sen acessc eericicace en ccc
noncc.
Lxisen 88- nihces ce esscas coe ainca osan
cnes nc arincracas ara c ccnsonc ce oa
cVe, e 2,b Lihces ce esscas coe nc oiizan
insaacces sanirias nehcracas (VC, LCL,
2OO). Ccnracsas acs acrces aoais, coe sc nais
reciscs e esaLeeciccs ce crna nais ricrcsa,
aonas esinaiVas airnan coe c nonerc ce esscas
sen acessc oa encanaca ce coaicace ccniVe
en seos ares ira enre rs e coarc Lihces.
C secr ce crnecinenc ce oa e ce saneanenc
en ona ricricace Laixa en noics ases en
cesenVcVinenc, ncs coais cs inVesinencs
en saoce e en ecocacc sc recoenenene
ricrizaccs. /cenais, cesce 99, a rccrcc
ce aoca ara c cesenVcVinenc cesinaca ac
saneanenc Lsicc e a oa cVe caio ce 8%
ara o%, encoanc coe a aoca ac cesenVcVinenc
cesinaca saoce aonenco ce % ara ,o%, e,
ara a ecocacc, ernaneceo esVe en crnc ce
% (VC, LV/L, 2OO, . o).
/n cas Larreiras cicas e insiocicnais
rccocc ce incrnacces e ce reacrics scLre a
ciscniLiicace e c osc ccs recorscs hcriccs, anLn
exisen iniacces soLsanciais ce naoreza cnica e
inanceira. C cosc ce ona onica esacc hicrcnrica
ara on ric ce ananhc ncia cce acinene
oraassar on nihc ce ccares, e cs coscs cas
ceracces en corsc, ca nanoencc e cc reac cesses
raLahcs ccen ser ciceis ce se osiicar en ases
cLres, ncs coais essas aiVicaces ccneen ccn c
crnecinenc Lsicc ce oa cr recorscs iniaccs,
enLcra nc aresenen Lenecics ineciacs.
frica
/ /rica oLsaariana oiiza,cr anc, en crnc ce
aenas o% ca soa oa ccce rencVVe. /esar cissc,
c acessc ac crnecinenc arincracc ca oa, anc
en ccnexcs orLancs coanc en ccnexcs rorais,
ainca c nencr cc noncc (L/L, 2OOb).
Captulo 5:
C nanec hcricc, as insioicces
e o desenvolvimento de
capacidades
Captulo 6:
Lcs caccs Lrocs s
cecisces Lenincrnacas
Captulo 7:
Lesaics reicnais,
impactos globais
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 8
/ crescene coacc ca /rica es aonenancc
a cenanca cr oa e aceerancc a ceracacc ccs
recorscs hcriccs en noics ases. Ln neaccs ce
2O, a /rica (excoincc cs Lsaccs nais ac ncre)
inha ona coacc ce cerca ce 8o8 nihces
ce haLianes, e soa axa naora ce crescinenc
coacicna era ce 2,b% ac anc, ccnaraca ncia
noncia ce ,2%. Le accrcc ccn ona esinaiVa, a
coacc cc ccninene aonenar ara .2-o Lihc
en 2O2o, e ara 2.Ob9 Lihces en 2OoO (L, 2O).
/ /rica oLsaariana a reic nais cLre e
menos desenvolvida do mundo, e metade da sua
coacc ViVe ccn nencs ce on ccar cr cia.
Cerca ce ccis erccs ccs seos ases ioran enre
cs nVeis nais Laixcs ce L (/C, 2OO8b).
Lserase coe a coacc orLana ViVencc en
aVeas ncs ases ca /rica oLsaariana ccLre ara
cerca ce -OO nihces ce esscas a 2O2O, se cs
cVerncs nc cnaren necicas ineciaas e racicais
(L/L/, 2OOo).
C crescinenc coacicna es se esaLiizancc.
ense reisracc ona recocc rcressiVa nessa
axa, ce cerca ce 2,8% enre 99O e 99o ara ona
rcecc ce 2,o% enre 2OO e 2Oo (/C, 2OOo). Lssa
encncia, onanene ccn c crescinenc eccncnicc
caca Vez inensc, rcVaVenene ccnriLoir ara on
naicr cesenVcVinenc scciceccncnicc, incoincc on
nehcr nanec hcricc.
/s eccncnias ca naicria ccs ases aricancs
ceencen ananene ca aricoora coe oiiza a
oa cas choVas ccnc c naicr nccr cc crescinenc
eccncnicc. La reresena cerca ce 2O% cc L
ca reic, bO% ca soa crca ce raLahc, 2O% ccs
seos Lens ce excracc e 9O% ca renca rora. /
aricoora ce cne c secr coe nais osa a oa,
sencc rescnsVe cr cerca ce 8% cc ca ce
reiracas cesse recorsc (/C, 2OO8L). C inVesinenc
na aricoora, e, esecianene, na rccocc rora
irriaca, ec nencs coarc Vezes nais eeiVa
coanc eeVacc ca renca cas esscas cc coe c
inVesinenc en corcs secres (LL, 2OOL).
/ /rica oLsaariana ccna ccn on sorinenc
oVia reaiVanene aLoncane, ccn ona
reciiacc ncia anoa ce 8o nn (/C,
2OO8L). crn, as choVas sc aanene sazcnais,
sc cisriLocas cesioanene ea reic, e
recoenenene accnecen enchenes e ercccs ce
seca. / naicr coanicace ce choVas cccrre seoincc
a inha cc Lcoaccr, esecianene na rea coe Vai
cc cea cc ic er a a Lacia cc ic Ccnc. c
ceserc cc aara raicanene nc chcVe, encoanc
coe na /rica Ccicena e Cenra, as choVas sc
excecicnanene VariVeis e inreVisVeis.
c nLic ccninena, cs recorscs hcriccs
rencVVeis ccnsioen aenas cerca ce 2O% cc ca
ce choVas e reresenan nencs ce 9% ccs recorscs
rencVVeis cLais (/C, 2OOo). Cs recorscs hcriccs
rencVVeis inerncs per capita na /rica oLsaariana
caran ce ona ncia ce nais ce b.oOO n
o
cr
haLiane en 9bO ara cerca ce o.oOO n
o
cr
haLiane en 2OOo. Lssa nocanca ci resoacc,
en rance necica, cc crescinenc coacicna
(/C, 2OO8L). /s oas soLerrneas reresenan
o% cc ca ccs recorscs rencVVeis, nas esina
se coe o% co nais ca coacc aricana oiize a
oa soLerrnea ccnc soa rincia cne ce oa
cVe (LL, 2OOL).
`ariacces siniicaiVas anc enre as reices
coanc cenrc ceas, exican as Laixas axas ce
excracc ce oa per capita, ce 2- n
o
cr anc.
/ reiraca ce oa ca ca /rica ce 2o ln
o
ao
anc, co sea, ce aenas o,o% ccs recorscs hcriccs
rencVVeis nc ccninene, e ce nencs ce b% cas
exracces ce oa ac reccr cc noncc (/C, 2OOo).
Cerca ce ccis erccs ca /rica sc ccncscs cr
reices ricas co seniricas, e nais ce oOO nihces
cas 8OO nihces ce haLianes ca /rica oLsaariana
ViVen en anLienes ccn escassez ce oa, c coe
siniica coe eas n nencs ce .OOO n
o
desse
recorsc per capita (L/L, 2OOb).
/ ccLerora cc crnecinenc ce oa cVe na
/rica oLsaariana
2
ce nercs bO%, encoanc coe
a ncia noncia ce cerca ce 8%. Lc 88- nihces
ce haLianes cc anea coe ainca oiizan cnes
nc nehcracas ce oa cVe, o% ViVen nessa
reic. C rcVinenc ce cnes hcricas nehcracas
en reas orLanas ci ce 8o% enre 99O e 2OO8. Ln
reas rorais, ci ce aenas -% en 2OO8, ainca coe
issc enha reresenacc on aonenc ce % scLre
cs caccs ce 99O, co sea, O nihces ce esscas
a nais ccn acessc ac crnecinenc nehcracc ce
oa (VC, LCL, 2OO).
a /rica oLsaariana, aenas o% ca coacc
az osc ce insaacces sanirias nehcracas, ccn
rances cierencas enre a ccLerora orLana, coe
era ce cerca ce --% en 2OO8, e c crnecinenc
rora, coe era ce 2-%. /inca coe a rccrcc ca
coacc coe raica a ceecacc en canc
aLerc esea cecinancc na reic, en nonercs
aLscocs, ea aonenco ce 88 nihces ce esscas
en 99O ara 22- nihces en 2OO8 (/CCV, 2OO).
Lnre neaccs ca ccaca ce 99O e c anc ce 2OO8,
a soLnoricc na /rica oLsaariana aonenco
ce 2OO nihces ce esscas ara enre ooO e -OO
nihces ce esscas (/C, 2OO8L). / nocanca
cinica e a VariaLiicace cc cina ccerc
ccnrcneer seVeranene a rccocc arcca e
a seoranca ainenar en noics ases aricancs
(LCC e a., 2OO).
Lesce neaccs ca ccaca ce 9bO, a rccocc
arcca en aonenacc anoanene a ona ncia ce
nencs ce 2%, encoanc coe a coacc aonenco
en cerca ce o% (LLC/, 2OOb). Cerca ce 9%
cas erras ce aVcoras ca reic ceencen cas
oas cas choVas, coe rccozen a naicr are ccs
ainencs ca /rica (/C, 2OO8L). / /rica recisa
aonenar a soa rccocc arcca a ona axa ce
o,o% ac anc se coiser acancar a seoranca ainenar
a 2O2o. / oa on eenenc cenra ca soa
caacicace ce ainenar a soa coacc, ona Vez
coe as aVcoras irriacas reresenan aenas 2O%
cc seo cencia ce irriacc. Le ac, en cccs cs
ases ca reic, ccn a excecc ce coarc, nencs
ce o% cas reas coiVacas sc irriacas, ce nccc
coe exise on esacc ccnsicerVe ara exancir a
2. / /rica cc cre e a /rica oLsaariana, ce accrcc ccn a
cassiicacc ca C excoen /ria, Lic, LLia, arrcccs e
onsia.
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 9
irriacc, a in ce se aonenar a seoranca ainenar
(LL, 2OOL).
Cs cenrics soeren coe aonenar rs Vezes a rea
irriaca en reresenaria ona ccnriLoicc ce aenas
o% nc aonenc ca rccocc ccs ainencs necessrics
a 2O2o (LV/L//C/, /CCV, 2OO-).
/enas ona en caca coarc esscas na /rica
cssoi eericicace.
/s cnes hicrericas crnecen o2% ca eneria
ca /rica, nas esse cencia es soLcesenVcVicc.
/enas o% ccs seos recorscs hcriccs rencVVeis sc
excraccs ara a rccocc ce eneria hicrerica
(LL, 2OOL).
C Liancsicc ca /rica ce inraesroora cr as'
(Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic /CL)
(CL, LCLCC/LL/, 2OO) esina coe
c secr ce oa e saneanenc necessia ce L:22
Lihces anoanene ara reencher a acona ce
inraesroora, ara conrir cs CLs e ara reaizar
as neas nacicnais ca /rica cenrc ce cez ancs.
C /CL anLn aVaico en crnc ce L: 8
Lihces c inVesinenc necessric ara cs sisenas
ce irriacc ce ecoena escaa na /rica, e en L:
2, Lihces ara sisenas ce rance escaa ac cnc
ce on hcrizcne ce oO ancs.
/ /rica cssoi cerca ce on ercc cas rances
Lacias hicrcricas inernacicnais ccn nais
ce OO.OOO ln
2
cc noncc. raicanene cccs
cs ases ca /rica oLsaariana, onanene ccn
c Lic, ccnarihan ec nencs ona Lacia
hicrcrica inernacicna. Leencencc ce ccnc sc
ccnaLiizacas, exisen enre bo (LL, 2OOL) e
8O (LLC/, 2OOO) Lacias ransrcneiricas ce rics e
acs nc ccninene aricanc.
ais ce 9O accrccs inernacicnais cran reciiccs
ara aoxiiar nc nanec ccnarihacc cas Lacias
hcricas nc ccninene aricanc (LL, 2OOL).
Europa e Amrica do Norte
Cs ncreanericancs cs naicres osorics per
capita ce oa cc noncc ccnscnen 2,o Vezes cc
coe ccnsonicc ecs eorceos. Ln nciVc ara
issc coe a oa reaiVanene Laraa ncs LL/
en ccnaracc ccn corcs ases incosriaizaccs
(CLC, 2OO8).
/s coacces eorceia e ncreanericana
ccnscnen ona coanicace ccnsicerVe ce oa
Viroa, enLoica na crna ce ainencs e ce
rccocs incraccs. Caca essca na /nrica cc
cre e na Lorca (excoincc cs ases ca ania
Lnic cViica) ccnscne ec nencs o n
o
de gua
Viroa cr cia na crna ce ainencs incraccs, en
ccnaracc ccn ,- n
o
cr cia na /sia e , n
o
cr
cia na /rica (ZL, L/LL, s.c.).
C osc ce oa er caia ara a rccocc ce
ainencs na Lorca Ccicena e na /nrica cc
cre en cininocc soLsancianene nas ccacas
recenes (L/LL, 2OO2).
Lnre 9b e 2OOb, na Lnic Lorceia, anc a rea
aeaca eas secas coanc c nonerc ce esscas
coas Vicas cran inoenciacas cr eas coicco.
Lsses inaccs incoen cininoicces na rccocc
ce cereais e ce eneria hicrerica, e ccen er
reercossces eccncnicas.
/s enchenes n aeacc nais ce rs nihces
ce esscas na reic ca Ccnissc Lccncnica cas
acces Lnicas ara a Lorca cesce c incic cc
scoc, e cs coscs asscciaccs a essas enchenes n
aonenacc raicanene.
C CC reV coe c esresse hcricc ceranene
aonenar nc cenrc e nc so ca Lorca, e coe a
a ccaca ce 2OO, c nonerc ce esscas aeacas
soLir ce 28 nihces ara -- nihces. Cs oxcs ce
Verc rcVaVenene cecinarc en a 8O% nc so ca
Lorca e en aonas ares ca Lorca Cenra e cc
Lese Lorceo. Lserase coe c cencia ce eneria
hicrerica ca Lorca cininoa a ona ncia ce b%,
nas ee ceVe aonenar ce 2O% a oO% en crnc cc
ecierrnec a 2OO (/LC/C e a., 2OO).
Cerca ce 2O nihces ce esscas na Lorca nc
cssoen acessc oa cVe seora. L ainca nais
esscas carecen ce acessc ac saneanenc Lsicc, c
coe resoa na rcaacc ce ccencas reacicnacas
oa.
sia e Pacfico
/ reic ca /sia e acicc cssoi bO% ca
coacc noncia, nas aenas ob% ccs recorscs
hcriccs cc anea (/V, 2OO9). /inca assin,
ea reresena a naicr arcea noncia ce recorscs
en erncs ce oa ccce, ccn ona ncia anoa
ce 2.oo Lihces ce n
o
. Ccnsicerancc soa rance
coacc e seo crescinenc eccncnicc, soa axa
ce excracc ce oa anLn aa, ccn ona
ncia ce cerca ce % cc ca ce seos recorscs
hcriccs rencVVeis, ccnaranccse assin s axas
eorceias, e iorancc en seoncc oar nc noncc
ars ca reic cc Criene cic, ccn soa escassez
ce oa (LC/, 2OO). / ciscniLiicace er caia
nessa reic a nencr cc noncc (LC/, /LL,
LL, 2OO).
Ln era, c rcressc en sicc enc en
rccrcicnar saneanenc Lsicc nehcracc, ccn
excecc cas reices cc crcese e cc ocese ca
/sia. Ln 2OO8, cerca ce -8O nihces ce esscas
ainca eran carenes ce acessc acs recorscs hcriccs
nehcraccs, encoanc coe ,9 Lihc ce esscas
ainca nc inhan acessc a insaacces sanirias
nehcracas.
/ ciscniLiicace, a cesinacc e a coaicace
ca oa ccninoan sencc coesces cenrais. /
aricoora irriaca ce cne c secr coe nais
oiiza oa. / aricoora ccnscne ona ncia ce
cerca ce 8O% ccs recorscs hcriccs rencVVeis ca
reic (/V, 2OO9).
/ seoranca ainenar ona coesc incrane,
ona Vez coe cerca ce ccis erccs cas esscas ccn
cne nc noncc ViVen na /sia (/V, 2OO9). bo%
ca coacc soLnorica noncia es ccncenraca
en see ases, incoincc cincc ases cessa reic.
ncia, acoisc, China, Lanacesh e nccnsia
(/V, 2OO9).
/ niracc inerna e a orLanizacc sc nccres cc
aonenc nc nonerc ce neacicaces (LC/, 2O).
/ reic en aonas cas cicaces ce crescinenc
nais ricc en ccc c noncc, e enre 2OO e 2O2o,
reVse on aonenc ce OO nihces ce esscas
acs crescenes ccninenes coacicnais coe
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 10
necessiarc ce serViccs noniciais reacicnaccs
oa (LC/, 2OO).
Ln 2OO, arcxinacanene on coinc cc erricric
cc acoisc eseVe inoncacc, aeancc nais ce 2O
nihces ce esscas nas reas aaacas ac cnc cc
ic ncos. /s enchenes anLn cesroran nais ce
,b nihc ce acres ce anacces (CL// e
a., 2O).
C escc ccnsicc ona reccoacc en
aricoar, ona Vez coe ee aea cs eccssisenas
rcxincs cas reas censanene cVcacas.
/rcxinacanene enre oO e 2oO nihces ce n
o
de
oas resicoais cas reas orLanas sc cescarreaccs
cr cia en corscs c'oa aLercs, co sc ixiViaccs
ara cenrc cc soLscc. ssc en ccnseconcias coe
Vc cesce rcLenas ce saoce honana e c aonenc
ca ncraicace inani, a a ceracacc anLiena
eneraizaca.
/ rccrcc ca coacc ca reic coe en
acessc a ona cne nehcraca ce oa cVe
aonenco ce o% ara 88% enre 99O e 2OO8 on
aonenc ce ,2 Lihc ce esscas (LC/, 2OOa).
Jonas, China e ncia reresenan -% cc ,8 Lihc
ce esscas ac reccr cc cLc coe cLiVeran acessc
a cnes arincracas ce oa cVe nesse erccc.
Lesce 99O, oO nihces ce esscas nc Lese
/siicc, o nihces nc o ca /sia e o nihces
nc ocese /siicc, cLiVeran acessc a ccnexces
ce oa encanaca en soas rcriecaces (VC,
LCL, 2OO).
Lcs 2,b Lihces ce esscas coe nc osan
insaacces sanirias nehcracas, 2% ViVen na
/sia (VC, LCL, 2OO). Cccrreran riccs
rcresscs en erncs ce saneanenc nehcracc
nc ncrcese cc ccninene, ccn on aonenc ce 2%
nc acessc enre 99O e 2OO8, e nc socese, ccn on
aonenc ce 22%. Ln ccnrase, a sioacc nc so e
nc soccese cc ccninene reccoane. /inca coe
c nonerc ce esscas ccn acessc ac saneanenc
Lsicc enha ccLracc cesce 99O, a ccLerora ncia
ce 2OO8 ainca era ce aenas o8%, sencc coe c
nonerc ce esscas sen acessc era ainca naicr cc
coe en 2OOo. Cerca ce b-% ca coacc noncia
coe ceeca en reas aLeras ViVe nc o ca /sia.
ssc accnece a ceseic cc ac ce coe a rica
cininoio rincianene nessa reic, ce bb% en
99O ara --% en 2OO8 (VC, LCL, 2OO).
cnene na ncia, bo8 nihces ce esscas ainca
ceecan ac ar iVre.
Amrica Latina e Caribe (ALC)
ais ce 8% ca coacc noncia, co sea, cerca ce
o8 nihces ce esscas, ViVe na /LC, e neace ceas
ViVe nc Lrasi e nc xicc (LL, 2OO).
/inca coe as ncias ccs ncices ce cLreza
enhan se recozicc ccninoanene ac cnc ccs
2O ancs recenes, esinase coe oO% ca coacc,
co cerca ce nihces ce esscas, ainca ViVen
en sioacc ce cLreza, encoanc coe 2% sc
ccnsiceraccs exrenanene cLres (LCL/C, 2O).
C crescinenc coacicna, a exansc ca
aiVicace incosria esecianene a nineracc ncs
ases ancincs e a aa cenanca ea irriacc
eVaran a on aonenc ce cez Vezes na exracc
ca ce oa na reic ca /LC corane c scoc
XX. Lnre 99O e 2OO-, a exracc aonenco b%
(LL, 2OOa). Ln neaccs ca ccaca ce 2OOO, ea
acancco cerca ce 2bo ln
o
cr anc, sencc coe c
xicc e c Lrasi, oncs, reresenaran cocc nais
ca neace cessa coanicace (LL, 2OO).
ccese eserar coe c osc ca oa ara a
rccocc ce eneria aonene nessa reic, seoincc
c acrc ce crescinenc eccncnicc. / rccocc
hicrerica rescnsVe cr oo% ca eericicace ca
reic, e a caacicace insaaca aonenco % enre
2OOo e 2OO8. Lserase coe a eneria hicrerica
crneca ona arcea siniicaiVa ca ncVa cenanca
cr eneria (LL, 2OOa).
/s eeiras ca reic esc cininoincc, cr ccna
ca nocanca cinica. C recoc cas eeiras aea c
crnecinenc ca oa ce cerca ce oO nihces ce
esscas na reic (LL, 2OOa).
/s secas cccrren reoarnene, e enre 2OOO
e 2OOo, eas caosaran srias ercas eccncnicas e
aearan ,2o nihc ce esscas (LL, 2OOa).
Mundo rabe e sia Ocidental
ec nencs 2 ases nc noncc raLe e nc cese
ca /sia scren ca escassez aLscoa ce oa, c coe
siniica coe ees n nencs ce oOO n
o
ce recorscs
hcriccs rencVVeis ciscnVeis er caia cr anc.
Coase cccs cs ases raLes scren ccn
a escassez ce oa, e c ccnsonc exceceo
siniicaiVanene c sorinenc rencVVe ca ce
oa.
Lsinase coe bb% ca oa ccce ce soercie
ciscnVe nc noncc raLe se criina cra ca reic.
Cs ccnics cciccs n caracerizacc c
noncc raLe cr ccacas, rccozincc rances
ccninenes ce cesaLriaccs inerncs a reic
aLranica ea Ccnissc Lccncnica e ccia ara a
/sia Ccicena (na sia en ins, LCV/) ccnn
ob% ccs cesaLriaccs cc noncc (LCV/, 2OO9).
Cs ccnics n caosacc on aonenc na niracc
reicna e n scLrecarreacc cs recorscs e serViccs
hcriccs en reas ce rececc cas coacces
cesccacas.
/ aricoora a cne rinria cc esresse hcricc
nc noncc raLe. La ccrrescnce a nais ce O% cc
ca ca cenanca hcrica na naicria ccs ases ca
LCV/. c racoe, en Cn, na ria e nc nen, a
aricoora rescnsVe cr nais ce 9O% cc osc ca
oa. /esar cissc, a reic incaaz ce rccozir
ccnica soiciene ara ainenar a soa coacc,
e cs nenLrcs ca LCV/ incran ce -O% a oO%
cc seo ccnsonc ca ce cereais. /c coe arece, a
sioacc icrar ainca nais. reVse coe a nocanca
cinica caose ona cininoicc ce naca nencs cc
coe 2o% na rccoiVicace arcca na naicria ccs
ases ca reic a 2O8O (CLL, 2OO).
Implicaes regionais e globais:
impactos e desafios
/ /rLia aocia, on ccs naicres rccocres ce
cereais cc Criene cic, anoncico coe cininoir en
2% ac anc a rccocc ce cereais, a in ce recozir
c osc nc sosenVe cas oas soLerrneas. ara
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 11
rceer a soa seoranca hcrica e ainenar, c
cVernc saocia rcncVeo inceniVcs ara coe as
ccrcracces cc as arrencen rances aixas ce
erra na /rica ara coiVaren soas aVcoras ce iens
Lsiccs ca ainenacc. /c inVesir na /rica ara
rccozir esses iens Lsiccs, a /rLia aocia es
eccncnizancc c ecoiVaene a cenenas ce nihces
ce aces ce oa cr anc, e recozincc a axa ce
escanenc ccs seos acoercs csseis.
/ ncia es rccozincc nihc, canace
acocar, eniha e arrcz na Licia, nc Conia, en
acaascar, nc enea e en ccanLicoe ara
ainenar c seo nercacc ccnsicc. Lncoanc issc,
enresas eorceias esc Loscancc o,9 nihces
ce hecares ce erras aricanas ara aencer soa
nea ce O% ce LicccnLosVeis a 2Oo (Ccoa
e a., 2OO9).
C cVernc chins aneV coe a 2O2O, o% ca
eneria ce ranscre ca China ser rcVeniene ccs
LicccnLosVeis (/L, 2OO9).
/ coanicace ce oa necessria ara as
anacces ce LicccnLosVeis cceria ser
aricoarnene ceVasaccra ara reices ccnc c
cese ca /rica, cnce a oa escassa (LC/L
X, 2OO8), ona Vez coe a rccocc ce on irc ce
eanc ce canaceacocar recoer 8,- ircs ce oa e
,o2 n
2
ce erra (LL/, CLC/, 2OO).
/ naicria ccs ancs nccerncs ce esc ce
enchenes incoi c osc ce ancies ce aaaciccs e
nancs. Cs serViccs cenrais cessas reas incoen
a soa caacicace ce aLscrVer raicanene a oa
e iLera acs coccs (reoacc), aonenancc
a resiincia ccs eccssisenas ea reoacc
ca ranserncia ce secinencs. czinhcs, esses
serViccs reresenan aons ccs nais acs Vacres
ca erra/naoreza cacoaccs a c ncnenc, cr
exenc, L: oo ni cr hecare ce nancs ara a
recocc ce risccs ce oracces ncs LL/ (CC/Z/
e a., 2OO8).
Cs cancs cenciais ce enesaces, enchenes
ccseiras e nc inericr, Len ccnc cesizanencs
ccen ser recoziccs ccnsiceraVenene ea
ccnLinacc ce coicaccs nc aneanenc cc
osc ca erra, ccn a nanoencc e a resaoracc
ce eccssisenas ara arincrar as caacicaces
ce ancrecinenc ce inaccs. ais e corcs
(2OO8) ncsraran coe c anic e a rcecc ce
arcxinacanene 2 ni hecares ce nanoezais
nc `ien cosco L: , nihc, nas cran
eccncnizaccs ascs ca crcen ce L: ,o nihces
ccn a nanoencc ce cicoes.
/ rccoiVicace hcrica ara a rccocc ce
ainencs aonenco coase OO% enre 9b e 2OO.
L rcVVe coe a coacc cLa acance 9,
Lihces en 2OoO, co a nesnc anes. Le accrcc
ccn a LLL/ (2OO9L), b8% cesses ncVe Lihces
ce esscas resicirc en anLienes orLancs.
Lserase coe a ciscniLiicace hcrica cininoir
en noias reices. /esar cissc, c ccnsonc cLa
ce oa ara a aricoora, sczinhc incoincc
anc a aricoora aLasecica eas choVas coanc
a irriaca , ceVe aonenar cerca ce 9% a 2OoO,
e ser ainca naicr na aosncia ce rcresscs
ecncciccs co inerVencces ce cicas oLicas.
/s aoais encncias ncsran coe as exracces ce
oa ceVen aonenar ec nencs 2o% ncs ases
en cesenVcVinenc (LL, 2OO).
Lncoanc a aricoora ccninoa osancc ec
nencs O% ccs recorscs hcriccs cLanene,
corcs secres eccncniccs ccninoarc ccneincc
cr esses recorscs, e aons cees ce crna
inensiVa, sen coe exisa on necanisnc excic ce
cesinacc na cnaca ce cecisces.
/ oa oiizaca ara arreecer as osinas ericas
ncs LL/ reresena -O% cc osc incosria cesse
recorsc nc as. Lserase coe essa cira acance
oO% na China en 2OoO (LL, 2O e cnes ciacas).
cranc, c aonenc na rccocc enerica osancc
as aoais ecnccias, e ccn cs aoais nVeis ce
eicincia, ceVe exercer ona ressc noia scLre
cs escasscs recorscs hcriccs.
C cesenVcVinenc ca aricoora orLana
sosenVe cceria erar caninhcs coraccorcs
ce rccocc ara aranir c crnecinenc cca ce
ainencs.
Lna escoisa cc Lancc oncia esina coe
a nccnsia erceo L: b,o Lihces (2,o% cc
seo L) en 2OOb cr ccna ca ceicincia en
saneanenc Lsicc e hiiene. Ccnc resoacc,
cccrreran aonencs ncs ascs ccn a saoce, ercas
eccncnicas e coscs ce ccnensacc en corcs
secres (VCLL L/, 2OO8c). Le accrcc ccn
c nesnc esocc, ercas senehanes nas iiinas
acancaran L: -,- Lihces, co ,o% cc seo L
(VCLL L/, 2OO8L).
nVesinencs en ccea e raanenc ce oas
resicoais, incoincc cs eoenes incosriais, ccen
eViar ona cssVe inerrocc na aiVicace
Captulo 8:
C nanec hcricc en
sioacces ce incereza e riscc
Captulo 9:
Ccnreencencc as incerezas
e cs risccs asscciaccs s
rinciais caosas
Captulo 10:
/ nc Vacracc ca oa
cce eVar a on oorc incerc
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 12
eccncnica. Lsinase coe a coicc ca oa na
/rica cc o cosa anoanene ac as % ca soa
renca nacicna (LC/, CLL, 2OO). Cs
rinciais Lenecics cc raanenc cas oas
resicoais sc cs ce eViar cs coscs ca coicc e c
osc ce oa ccnaninaca cr osorics ric aLaixc',
ais ccnc corcs nonicics, incosrias, rccocres
rorais e c orisnc. Ln cascs nais raVes, a coicc
ccs corscs c'oa en eVacc ac echanenc co
nocanca ce incosrias, inicancc rances coscs.
/ incaacicace ce aencer s cenancas ce
crnecinenc ce oa e ce rceer as esscas e as
rcriecaces ccnra as enchenes e as secas, rccoz
ona aneaca siniicaiVa ara cccs cs ases, nas
ea senica nais ncacanene ecs ases en
cesenVcVinenc, coe sc incaazes ce ccnsroir a
inraesroora necessria ara niiar cs inaccs
acVerscs cesses eVencs. / reaicace coe cs
sisenas ce nanec hcricc nc sc rceaccs ara
saisazer a ccas as cenancas, ciane ca anioce
ca ana ce cssVeis eVencs exrencs en neic
s Variacces hicrccicas ccnencrneas. Les sc
rceaccs ara nininizar a ccnLinacc ce risccs e
coscs ce ona ana ana ce cancs scciecace.
C arincranenc cc acessc oa seora e ac
saneanenc Lsicc ccer rccozir encrnes recrncs
eccncniccs. Cs esoccs cc Lancc oncia scLre cs
ases cc ocese /siicc esinan coe cerca ce
2% cc seo L ccnLinacc ercicc cr ccna ca
sioacc recria cc saneanenc, e, nc icr ccs cascs
(c cc CanLca), essa cira scLe ara nais ce %
(VCLL L/, 2OO8a). Cs Lenecics eccncniccs
acVinccs ccs arincranencs na saoce cas esscas
incoen ascs nencres ccn c sisena ce saoce,
nencs cias erciccs ce escca co raLahc cr
ccna ce enernicaces, co ara coicar ce arenes ,
e eccncnia ce enc nas Vicas esscais (LC e
a., 2OO). / reVencc ccnra ccencas reacicnacas ac
saneanenc Lsicc e oa cceria eccncnizar cerca
ce L: Lihces cr anc en ascs ccn c sisena ce
saoce, e c Vacr cas ncres eViacas, ccn Lase en on
rencinenc oorc ccn cesccncs, acrescenaria corcs
L: o,b Lihces cr anc (LC e a., 2OO).
/ C esina coe cs Lenecics eccncniccs erais
ce se cininoir ea neace a rccrcc ce esscas
sen acessc sosenVe oa e ac saneanenc
nehcraccs, a 2Oo, cceria ccnraLaancar cs
ascs ccn inVesinencs en ona rccrcc ce 8.
(LLL, CC`/L/, 2OOb).
/ aoca ca ara cccs cs aseccs reacicnaccs
oa caio ce 8% ara o% enre 99 e 2OO8 (VC,
LV/L, 2OO). /s aocas ccnsica e esraneira
nc sc necessarianene cirecicnacas s naicres
necessicaces. encs ca neace cc inancianenc
ce ancias ce cnenc exernc ara a oa e c
saneanenc Lsicc Vai ara ases ce Laixa renca, e
ona ecoena rccrcc cesses recorscs cesinaca
ac crnecinenc ce serViccs Lsiccs, coe sc cs coe
erian c naicr inacc na reaizacc cc aVc ccs
CLs (VC, LV/L, 2OO).
ais ce O% cc , Lihc ce esscas cLres coe
scLreViVen ccn nencs ce on ccar cr cia ViVen
en reas rorais, cnce sc cireanene ceencenes
ccs serViccs ccs eccssisenas (/C, LL, 2OOb).
C aereiccanenc ca reVisc cc cina e cas
enchenes on eenenc crocia ara c nanec ccs
risccs cesas oinas, e, esecianene, ara recozir cs
seos inaccs. c Conia, as ercas eas enchenes
caosacas ec L inc en 99 e 998, e ea seca ca
La ina en 998 e 2OOO csciaran enre O% e b%
cc L ac cnc cesses ancs. Cs inVesinencs en
reVisc cc enc e en serViccs hicrcneecrcciccs
ccen er ona aa reacc coscLenecic.
/s esinaiVas cas necicas ara icar ccn cs
cenrics ciniccs inican on aonenc ncs ascs
anoais ce acaacc enre L: o Lihces e L:
Lihces ara cs ases en cesenVcVinenc ccnc on
ccc. ssc reresena o% cc seo L.
rcease coe c asc anoa ccn a acaacc
nocanca cinica ccs ases en cesenVcVinenc
ara cs secres ce crnecinenc incosria e
nonicia ce oa seria enre L: 9,9 Lihces e L:
O,9 Lihces (coicc), e enre L: 8,o Lihces e L:
9,o Lihces (Lroc). C cosc rceacc ca rcecc
ccnra enchenes en reas riLeirinhas enccnrase
enre L: o,o Lihces e L: o,9 Lihces (coicc) e
L: o,2 Lihces e L: ,O Lihces (Lroc).
o

/ Lase ce caccs ca ariciacc riVaca na
inraesroora (), nanica ec Lancc oncia e
pela Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility,
recrco coe en 2OO9, c nonerc ce rcecs hcriccs
coe encerraran seos acres inanceircs co soas
cLriacces ccnraoais cininoio -b%, ccnaracc a
2OO8, e coe cs ccnrcnisscs anoais ce inVesinenc
cininoran o% corane c nesnc erccc.
a /rica, a inacinncia nc aanenc cas
ccnas ce oa es aVaiaca en L: O,o Lihc
anoanene. /rincrar c receLinenc ccs
aanencs cessas ccnas ona naneira cLVia
ce se aonenar a receia reacicnaca oa sen
aonenar as arias. /inca coe cs serViccs iaccs
oa ccn on cesenenhc nehcr na /rica
ncrnanene acancen axas ce recchinenc ce
Captulo 11:
ranscrnar as insioicces
ce nanec hcricc ara
icar ccn a nocanca
Captulo 12:
Investimento e financiamento
ara a oa, cr on oorc
mais sustentvel
o. C cosc Lroc incoi cccs cs ascs ccn a acaacc
nocanca cinica. C cosc coicc incoi a cssiLiicace (co
sea, cecoz cc cosc Lroc) ce ascs neaiVcs (co sea,
eccncnia ce ascs) coe cssan acVir ca nocanca cinica.
C nccc oiizacc nesse esocc eVa en ccnsiceracc cs iens
ccn ascs csiiVcs e neaiVcs ara caca as, nas nc enre
ases cenrc ce ona nesna reic (VCLL L/, 2OOc).
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 13
8O% co nais (L/ e a., 2OO9), a ersisncia cc
nc aanenc, esecianene cr cearanencs
e ancias oLicas, rccoz on rance Loracc
nas ccnas cas aocricaces hcricas, ce coen
ncrnanene se esera coe sean aocssoicienes.
/esar ca rccrcc ca oa nc ca ca aoca
cicia ac cesenVcVinenc (/CL) er cecinacc
cesce neaccs ccs ancs 99O, c Vcone aLscoc
cc /CL ccnecco a aonenar. Ln 2OO e 2OO8, cs
ccnrcnisscs Liaerais anoais ce aoca ccs ases
cc Ccni ce /ssisncia ac LesenVcVinenc
(C/L) reacicnaccs oa e ac saneanenc Lsicc
aonenaran ara L:o,o Lihces. ncoincc cs oxcs
ccncessicnais cas ancias noiaerais, c ca ce
/CL ara a oa e c saneanenc nesse erccc ci
ce L: ,2 Lihces (CLCL/L/C, 2OO) ccnaraccs
ccn L: o,b Lihces en 2OOb.
C nsioc nernacicna ce anec cricc
(International Water Management Institute
V) reV coe a nocanca cinica er raVes
ccnseconcias ara a necessicace ce ainenar ona
coacc cLa caca Vez naicr, esecianene
en reices ca /rica e ca /sia, cnce nihces ce
rccocres ceencen onicanene ca oa cas choVas
ara soas anacces. a /sia, bb% cas aVcoras
sc aLasecicas ea oa ca choVa, encoanc coe
9-% cas reas ce azencas na /rica oLsaariana
ceencen onicanene ca choVa, ce accrcc ccn
c V. Lssas sc as reices cnce a inraesroora
ce arnazenanenc ce oa nencs cesenVcVica,
e cnce arcxinacanene oOO nihces ce esscas
ccrren c riscc ce screr escassez ce ainencs.
Ln esocc ca C reVeco coe cs recrncs cc
inVesinenc ce caca ccar asc ccn oa e saneanenc
Lsicc ncs ases en cesenVcVinenc esarian enre L:
o e L: 28 (LC, /LLL, 2OO-).
/ /ncia nernacicna ce Lneria (International
Energy Agency L/) reV coe 'ec nencs o%
cc ranscre erresre noncia ser ncVicc cr
LicccnLosVeis a 2OoO], c coe inica nais ce
o,2 nihces ce Larris cr cia. crn, a rccocc
cesses ccnLosVeis ccnsoniria enre 2O% e OO% ca
coanicace ca ce oa osaca hce ara a aricoora
en ccc noncc' (VL, 2OL, . o), casc cs rccesscs
rccoiVcs e a ecnccia nc se ncciicoen.
eerncias LiLicricas
/LC/C, J. e a. Lorce. n. /`, . L. e a. (Lcs.).
Climate Change 2007: inacs, acaaicn anc VoneraLii,,
ccnriLoicn c Vcrlin Crco c he corh /ssessnen
ecr c he nercVernnena ane cn Cinae Chane. ev
`cr., CanLrice LniVersi, ress, 2OO. . o-8O.
/CCV. A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa
2010 Update: a reicna erseciVe Lasec cn nev caa rcn he
VC/LCL Jcin cnicrin rcranne cr Vaer anc aniaicn,
prearec cr /rican inisers' Cconci cn Vaer (/CCV) as a
ccnriLoicn c he hirc /rica Vaer Veel, /ccis /LaLa, Lhicia,
222b cV. 2OO. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.chicinc.cr/ies/
/rica/CCVnashc2OOLnishina.c>.
/V. Regional Document: /sia aciic. Vcrc Vaer cron, o.
/sia aciic Vaer cron (/V), 2OO9.
/CL/LL. Access to Drinking Water is Deteriorating in the
Urban Half of the World: ress reease issoec b e. 2OO.
cclhcn. /coaec, 2OO. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.
acoaec.cr/c//coaecLrLanrencsresseease
cclhcnLc2OOO9O.c>.
L/, Z. C. e a. rcx, cLa assessnen c anc ceracaicn.
Soil Use and Management, V. 2-, n. o, . 22o2o-, 2OO8.
LL/C, . L. e a. resenaicn cr he Chic eah
Licenicc, eerence Crco c VC anc LCL. cLa,
reicna, anc naicna caoses c chic ncrai, in 2OO8, a
s,senaic ana,sis. The Lancet, V. oo, n. 9oO, . 9b998,
2OO. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.vhc.in/chicaccescen
heah/caa/cher/en/incex.hn>. /ccessc en. o Cc. 2O.
LCC, . e a. /rica. n. /`, . L. e a. (Lcs). Climate
Change 2007: inacs, acaaicn anc VoneraLii,, ccnriLoicn
c Vcrlin Crco c he corh /ssessnen ecr c he
nercVernnena ane cn Cinae Chane. CanLrice L.
CanLrice LniVersi, ress, 2OO. . -oob.
LL/, J. The Resource Outlook to 2050: L, hcv noch cc
anc, vaer anc crc ,iecs neec c increase L, 2OoO? rearec
cr he /C Lxer eein cn 'cv c eec he Vcrc in
2OoO', cne, 2-2b Jon. 2OO9.

C/L, . ., C/LLLL, . J. Water Issues of Concentrating
Solar Power (CSP) Electricity in the U.S. Southwest. Vashincn
LC. Ccnressicna esearch erVice (C). 2OO9. LiscnVe
en. <h.//vvv.circecLoe.cr/vaernevs/vccnen/
ocacs/2OO/O8/carVaerLsessoesincohves.c>.
CLC. The North American Mosaic: an cVerViev c le,
enVircnnena issoes. vaer coani, anc ose. cnrea, CoeLec.
Ccnnissicn cr LnVircnnena Ccceraicn (CLC) ecrearia,
2OO8. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.cec.cr/crae/o2/2obb
CL VaerCoani,en.c>.
C//C/, /. ., C, . UK Water Footprint: the impact of the
L's ccc anc iLre ccnsonicn cn cLa vaer rescorces, volume
. Cccanin, L, Vcrc Vice onc cr aore (VV), 2OO8.
CLL, V. Global Warming and Agriculture: inac esinaes L,
cconr,. Vashincn LC. Cener cr CcLa LeVecnen anc
eerscn nsioe cr nernaicna Lccncnics, 2OO.
CCLL`L /LL C V/L //CLL
/CCLLLL. Water for Food, Water for Life: a ccnrehensiVe
assessnen c vaer nanaenen in /ricoore. Lcnccn. Larhscan,
CccnLc. nernaicna Vaer anaenen nsioe, 2OO.
CCCC/, L. e a. (Lcs.). Sick Water? he cenra rce c
vasevaer nanaenen in sosainaLe ceVecnen, a raic
rescnse assessnen. he aoe. LaLia, LL, CL
/renca, 2OO.
CC/Z/, . e a. he Vaoe c veancs cr horricane
rcecicn. Ambio, V. o, n. -, . 2-8, 2OO8.
CCLL/, L. e a. Land Grab or Development Opportunity?
/ricoora inVesnen anc inernaicna anc ceas in /rica.
Lcnccn. LL, cne. /C, /L, 2OO9 .
Captulo 13:
escsas ac riscc e
incereza, ea erseciVa cc
nanec hcricc
Captulo 14:
escsas acs risccs e
incerezas ec acc ce
cra ca caixa c'oa'
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 14
LL L/C, L. e a. Mapping the Resilience of International
River Basins to Future Climate Change-induced Water
Variability. Vashincn LC. he Vcrc Lanl, 2OO. (Vcrc Lanl
Vaer eccr Lcarc Liscossicn aer eries, o).
LCL/C. Social Panorama. aniac. Lniec aicns Lccncnic
Ccnnissicn cr Lain /nerica anc he CariLLean (LCL/C), 2O.
L/. International Energy Outlook 2010. ihihs. Vashincn
LC. Cice c neraec /na,sis anc crecasin, L
Learnen c Lner,/L Lner, ncrnaicn /cninisraicn
(L/), 2OO. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.eia.cV/cia/archiVe/
iecO/hihihs.hn>. /cessc en. o cV. 2O.
LC/. Population Dynamics: Social Development in Asia-
Pacific. Lanlcl. Lniec aicns Lccncnic anc ccia
Ccnnissicn cr /sia anc he aciic (LC/), 2O. LiscnVe
en. <h.//acicnLias.ccn/issoe/coaicnc,nanics>.
LC/. Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, 2009.
Lanlcl. Lniec aicns Lccncnic anc ccia Ccnnissicn cr
/sia anc he aciic (LC/), 2OO.
LC/, /LL, LL. Achieving the Millennium Development
Goals in an Era of Global Uncertainty: /siaaciic reicna
recr. Lanlcl. Lniec aicns Lccncnic anc ccia
Ccnnissicn cr /sia anc he aciic (LC/), /sian
LeVecnen Lanl (/LL) anc Lniec aicns LeVecnen
rcranne (LL), 2OO. LiscnVe en. <h.//ccnen.onc.
cr/c/cnsserVice/srean/asse/?asseic=22b9Ooo>.
LCV/. 2OO9. Trends and Impacts in Conflict Settings: the
scciceccncnic inac c ccniccriVen cisacenen in he
LCV/ reicn, issoe . ev `crl. Lniec aicns Lccncnic
anc ccia Ccnnissicn cr Vesern /sia (LCV/), 2OO9. (L/
LCV//LC/2OO9/2). LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.escva.
on.cr/incrnaicn/oLicaicns/eci/ocac/ecriO92.c>.
LL. Energy efficiency and renewable energies. resicenc,
ccncosicns c he Lrosses Lorcean Cconci (8/9 arch 2OO).
Lrosses. Cconci c he Lorcean Lnicn (LL), 2OO. . 2O22.
LLC /. Online database. Lrosses. Lorcean Ccnnissicn
(LC), 2O. LiscnVe en. <h.//e.eorcsa.ec.eorca.eo/
cra/ae/cra/eorcsa/hcne/>.
/C. AQUASTAT online database. cne. /C, 2OL. LiscnVe
en. <h.//vvv.ac.cr/nr/vaer/acoasa/caa/coer,/incex.
hn>.
/C. Irrigation in Africa in Figures: /CL// orVe, 2OOo.
cne. ccc anc /ricoore Cranizaicn c he Lniec aicns
(/C), 2OOo. (/C Vaer ecr, 29). LiscnVe en. <.//.
ac.cr/a/av/cccs/vr29en.c>.
/C. ain cVer,, vaer anc aricoore in soLaharan
/rica. n. /LL, J.., /, C. (Lcs.). Water and the
Rural Poor: inerVenicns cr inrcVin iVeihcccs in soL
aharan /rica. cne. /C, 2OO8L. LiscnVe en. <.//.ac.
cr/cccre/ac/OO/iOo2e/iOo2eOoa.c>.
/C. The State of the Worlds Land and Water Resources:
nanain s,sens a risl. Lcnccn. Larhscan, 2Oa.
/C. Sustainable Land Management. cne. /C, 2OO8a.
LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.on.cr/esa/sosceV/csc/cscb/
ccconens/acacshee/anc.c>.
/C. World Agriculture: cvarcs 2OoO/2OoO inerin recr
rcsecs cr ccc, oriicn, /ricoore anc nacri,
ccnncci, rcos. cne. /C, 2OOb.
CL, `., LCLCC/LL/, C. (Lcs.). Africas
Infrastructure: a ine cr ranscrnaicn, /rica nrasrocore
Cconr, Liancsic (/CL). Vashincn LC. he Vcrc Lanl,
2OO. LiscnVe en. <h.//sierescorces.vcrcLanl.cr/
/C//escorces/aicccVerVievenishncenLarc.c>.
CL//, L. e a. Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2010:
he nonLers anc rencs. Lrosses, CLL, 2O. LiscnVe en.
<h.//vvv.onc.cr.co/crni/cccs/crecannoacissas2OO
r2Oen.c>.
CL/, /. `., C//C/, /. L. Globalization of Water:
sharin he ane's reshvaer rescorces. Cxcrc, L. Laclve
oLishin, 2OO8.
C/, /. . The Connection: vaer so, anc ener,
reserVes. Vashincn LC. L Learnen c Lner,, 2O.
LiscnVe en. <h.//vaerincosr,.cr/Vaeracs/vcrc
vaerb.hn>. /cessc en. O ai. 2O.
LC, /. e a. / sine iraicn nehcc c rencVe anlcn
associated Vibrio Cholerae in rav vaer soies in ceVecin
cconries. Applied And Environmental Microbiology, V. b2, n. , .
2oO82o2, 99b.
LC, C., /LLL, L. Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of
Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level. CeneVa.
Vcrc eah Cranizaicn (VC), 2OO-. LiscnVe en.
<h.//vvv.vhc.in/vaersaniaicnheah/vshO-O-.c>.
LC, C., /LLL, L., L//, J. Economic and Health
Effects of Increasing Coverage of Low-cost Household Drinking-
Water Supply and Sanitation Interventions to Countries
Off-Track to Meet MDG Target 10. CeneVa. Vcrc eah
Cranizaicn (VC), 2OO.
C/. Climate Change and Desertification Put One Billion
Poor People at Risk. ,ceraLac, ncia. nernaicna Crcs
esearch nsioe cr he eni/ric rcics (C/), 2OO8.
LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.icrisa.cr/ecia/2OO/necia-.
hn>.
L/. Renewable Energy Essentials: Hydropower. aris.
nernaicna Lner, /enc, (L/), 2OOa. LiscnVe en.
<h.//vvv.iea.cr/aers/2OO/,crccverLssenias.c>.
L/. World Energy Outlook 2006. aris, L/, 2OOb.
L/. World Energy Outlook 2007. aris. L/, 2OO.
L/. World Energy Outlook 2009. aris. L/, 2OO9.
L/. World Energy Outlook 2010. aris. L/, 2OOL.
C/C. Global Groundwater Information System (GGIS).
Le, he eherancs. nernaicna Crconcvaer escorces
/ssessnen Cenre (C/C), 2OO.
/. Transboundary Aquifers of the World (2OO9 ocae).
resenec corin a secia neein a Vcrc Vaer cron
o. Lrech, he eherancs. nernaicna harec /coier
escorces anaenen (/), 2OO9. LiscnVe en. <h.//
vvv.isarn.ne/oLicaicns/o94>.
/L, . Fuelling New Problems: he inac c China's
Licciese cicies. /sia aer. Lrosses, Lrosses nsioe c
Ccnencrar, China ocies (LCC), 2OO9.
L/. Living Beyond Our Means: naora asses anc honan
veLein, s,nhesis rcn he Lcarc. Vashincn LC. Vcrc
escorces nsioe (V), iennion Lccs,sen /ssessnen
(L/), 2OOo. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.niennionassessnen.
cr/ccconens/ccconen.-29.asx.c>.
/C/, J. Les eaux souterraines dans le monde. aris. LC,
Lciicns LLCC, 2OO8.
L/, ., C/LCL, ., LCLLL, . How Can Reforming
African Water Utilities Tap Local Financial Markets? Insights and
reccnnencaicns rcn a raciicners' vcrlshc in recria, coh
/rica, Jo, 2OO. Vashincn LC. Vaer anc aniaicn rcranne
(V), onis, onisia. oLicriVae nrasrocore /cViscr, acii,
(/), /rican LeVecnen Lanl (/LL), 2OO9.
/CLC/LLL, . e a. Global Land Degradation
Information System (GLADIS): Lea Versicn, an incrnaicn
caaLase cr anc ceracaicn assessnen a cLa eVe.
cne. ccc anc /ricoore Cranizaicn c he Lniec
aicns (/C), 2OO. (Lanc Leracaicn /ssessnen in
Lr,ancs echnica ecr, ).
L/L. Water in Africa: management options to enhance
sorViVa anc rcvh. /ccis /LaLa. Lniec aicns Lccncnic
Ccnnissicn cr /rica (LLC/), ev arnershi cr /rica's
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 15
LeVecnen (L/L), 2OOb. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.
oneca.cr/avich/neacvaer.c>.
LL/`L, L., LLL, . he encerec naore c naora
cisasers. he inac c caasrchic eVens cn he encer
a in ie execanc,, 982OO2. Annals of the Association of
American Geographers, V. 9, n. o, . oobb, 2OO.
CLCLL/C. Focus on Aid to Water and Sanitation. aris.
Cranisaicn cr Lccncnic Ccceraicn anc LeVecnen
LeVecnen /ssisance Ccnniee (CLCL), 2OO. LiscnVe
en. <h.//vvv.cecc.cr/cac/sas/vaer>.
CL. TFDD. ransLconcar, reshvaer Lisoe LaaLase.
CcrVais, Cre.. Learnen c Cecsciences, Crecn
ae LniVersi, (CL), s.c.]. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.
ransLconcar,vaers.crs.eco>.
LC/, C., CLL, L. Financing Water Resource
Management: coh /rican exerience, a case oc, ecr
rearec L, eas,s Ccnsoans cr he CLCL Lxer eein
cn Vaer Lccncnics anc inancin, ar. 2OO. s..]. Lorcean
Vaer niiaiVe (LLV), CcLa Vaer arnershi (CV), 2OO.
LL/, C. L., CLC/, L. osainaLii, assessnen c are
scae ehanc rccocicn rcn soarcane. Journal of Cleaner
Production, V. 8, n. , . 882, 2OO.
L. 2O. World Population Data Sheet: he vcrc a Liicn.
Vashincn LC. coaicn eerence Loreao (L), 2O.
LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.rL.cr/c/2Ocoaicncaa
sheeen.c>.
LLL, /., CC`/L/, C. Preventing Disease
through Healthy Environments: cvarcs an esinae c he
enVircnnena Lorcen c cisease. CeneVa. Vcrc eah
Cranizaicn (VC), 2OOb.
L, ., /LLL, /. (Lcs.). Atlas of Transboundary Aquifers:
cLa nas, reicna ccceraicn anc cca inVencries.
aris. LLCC / rcranne, LLCC, 2OO9. CL.
LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.isarn.cr/oLicaicns/o22>.
L/LL, L. Value of Virtual Water in Food: Principles and Virtues:
aer resenec a he LLCCL Vcrlshc cn `iroa Vaer
race, Le, he eherancs, 2o Lec. 2OO2. LiscnVe en.
<h.//vvv.ac.cr/nr/vaer/cccs/`iroaVaer.c>.
/C, J. L., LL, V. `. nVesnens cvarc sosainaLe
ceVecnen. Science, V. o2, . OO2, 2OOb. LiscnVe
en. <h.//vvv.onniennionrcec.cr/ccconens/
ciencea9OoOb.c>>
LLL, . e a. Crconcvaer ose cr irriaicn. a cLa
inVencr,. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, V. -, . 8bo
8O, 2OO.
LL, /. From the Pump Room to the Board Room: vaer's
cenra rce in cinae chane acaaicn. Vashincn LC. he
Vcrc Lanl, 2OO. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.c-vcc.cr.nx/
inaes/ccconencs/resenacicnes/ancrevseerle,nce
resenaicnvaereVencecenLer2ina.c>.
LLLL, . e a. Livestocks Long Shadow: enVircnnena
issoes anc cicns. cne. ccc anc /ricoore Cranizaicn
c he Lniec aicns (/C), LL/L, 2OOb. LiscnVe en. <.//
.ac.cr/cccre/ac/OO/aOOe/aOOe.c>.
CL, J. ., C`/, /. Lner, anc air enissicn eecs c
vaer so,. Environmental Science and Technology, V. -o, n. 8,
. 2b8O2b8, 2OO9.
/LL, . e a. /n eccs,sen serVices ranevcrl c socr
Lch racica ccnserVaicn anc eccncnic ceVecnen.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America (PNAS), V. Oo, n. 28, . 9-o9-b-, 2OO8.
LLL. TEEB Climate Issues Update. CeneVa. Lniec aicns
LnVircnnen rcranne (LL), he Lccncnics c
Lccs,sens 8 LicciVersi, (LLL), 2OO9. LiscnVe en.
<h.//vvv.eeLveL.cr/ncrnaicnaeria/LLLecrs/
aLic/28/anoae/enL/Leao.asx>.
L. United Nations Secretary General Report to the 66th General
Assembly on the Implementation of the International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction. ev `crl. Lniec aicns (L), 2O.
L/L/. Financing Urban Shelter: cLa recr cn honan
seenens 2OOo. Lcnccn. Larhscan, aircLi. Lniec aicns
onan eenens rcranne (LaLia), 2OOo.
L/L/. Meeting Development Goals in Small Urban
Centres: vaer anc saniaicn in he vcrc's ciies. aircLi. L
aLia, Lcnccn. Larhscan, 2OOb. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.
onhaLia.cr/ccnen.as?,eic=98caic=ooo8cic=oob9>.
LV/L//C/, /CCV. Outcomes and
Recommendations of the Pan-African Implementation and
Partnership Conference on Water (PANAFCON): resenec in
/ccis /LaLa, 8o Lec. 2OOo. s..]. LVaer//rica, /rican
inisers' Cconci cn Vaer (/CCV), 2OO-. LiscnVe en.
<h.//vvv.oneca.cr/ecarescorces/oLicaicns/scc/
anaccn%2Ococcnes.c>.
LC/L X. Biofuels Development in Africa: socrin rora
ceVecnen cr srenhenin ccrcrae ccnrc? United
aicns Ccnerence cn race anc LeVecnen (LC/L) X
Vcrlshc hec in /ccra, Chana 2 a,, 2OO8.
LLL/. World Population Prospects: he 2OO8 reVisicn,
hihihs. ev `crl. Lniec aicns Learnen c Lccncnic
anc ccia /airs, coaicn LiVisicn (LLL/), 2OO9a.
(Vcrlin aer, L/ //V.2O).
LLL/. World Population Prospects: he 2OO8 reVisicn,
execoiVe sonnar,. ev `crl. Lniec aicns Learnen c
Lccncnic anc ccia /airs (LLL/), 2OO9L.
LLC/. African Water Development Report. /ccis /LaLa. L
Vaer//rica anc LLC/, 2OOb. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.
oneca.cr/avich//VL2OOb.hn>.
LLC/. Transboundary River/Lake Basin Water Development
in Africa: rcsecs, rcLens, anc achieVenens. /ccis /LaLa.
Lniec aicns Lccncnic Ccnnissicn cr /rica (LLC/),
2OOO. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.oneca.cr/avich/ecrs/
ransLconcar,V2.c>.
LL. Africa Water Atlas. aircLi. LL, LiVisicn c Lar,
Varnin anc /ssessnen (LLV/), 2OOL. LiscnVe en.
<h.//na.one.ne/aas/aricaVaer/Lccl.h>.
LL. Global Envvironment Outlook: Lain /nerica anc he
CariLLean (CLC L/C) o. anana Ci,. LL, eicna Cice
cr Lain /nerica anc he CariLLean, 2OOa. LiscnVe en.
<h.//vvv.one.cr/c/CLCL/CoLCL.c>.
LL. Global Environment Outlook (GEO-4): LnVircnnen
cr LeVecnen cne ae. Lniec aicns LnVircnnen
rcranne (LL), 2OO. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.one.
cr/ec/ec-.as>. /cessc en. O Cc. 2O.
LL. Towards a Green Economy: ahva,s c sosainaLe
ceVecnen anc cVer, eracicaicn. aircLi. LL, 2O.
LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.one.cr/CreenLccncn,/
cras/9o/ccconens/oCLscreen.c>.
LL. Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction.
CeneVa. Lniec aicns nernaicna rae, cr Lisaser
ecocicn ecrearia (LL), 2O.
LL. Two Billion People Vulnerable to Floods by 2050: nonLer
execec c ccoLe cr ncre in vc eneraicns, nevs reease.
cl,c. Lniec aicns LniVersi, (LL), 2OO-.
VL. Energy Vision Update 2009: Thirsty Energy: Water and
Energy in the 21st Century. CeneVa. Vcrc Lccncnic cron
(VL), Lnevccc, Ccc.. CanLrice Lner, esearch
/sscciaes, 2OO9. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.vecron.cr/
recrs/hirs,ener,vaerancener,2scenor,?c=>.
/cessc en. oO /r. 2O.
VL. Global Risk 2011: an iniiaiVe c he risl rescnse nevcrl.
b.ec. CeneVa. Vcrc Lner, Cconci (VLC), Vcrc Lccncnic
cron (VL), 2OL.
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 16
VL. Water for Energy. Lcnccn. VLC, VL, 2OO. LiscnVe en.
<h.//vvv.vcrcener,.cr/ccconens/vaerener,.c>.
VL. Water Security: he vaercccener,cinae nexos, he
Vcrc Lccncnic cron iniiaiVe. Vashincn LC. sanc ress,
VL, 2Oa.
VC. Chcera, 2OO9. Weekly Epidemiological Record. Geneva,
VC, V. 8o, n. o, . 29ooO8, 2OO.
VC. The Global Burden of Disease: 2OO- ocae. CeneVa.
VC, 2OO8L.
VC. Safer Water, Better Health: costs, benefits and
sosainaLii, c inerVenicns c rcec anc rcnce heah.
CeneVa. Vcrc eah Cranizaicn (VC), 2OO8a.
VC, LV/L. GLAAS 2010. UN-Water Global Annual
Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water: arein
rescorces cr Leer resos. CeneVa. VC, LVaer, 2OO.
VC, LCL. Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation
Target: he LrLan anc ora Chaene c he Lecace. CeneVa.
VC, ev `crl. Lniec aicns Chicren's onc (LCL),
2OOb. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.vhc.in/vaersaniaicn
heah/ncnicrin/nina.c>.
VC, LCL. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water:
2OO ocae. Jcin cnicrin rcranne cr Vaer o,
anc aniaicn. CeneVa. VC, ev `crl. LCL, 2OO.
LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.vhc. in/vaersaniaicnheah/
oLicaicns/9892-obo9ob/en/incex.hn>.
VLL, L. e a. Water: a narle c he oore, a osainaLe /sse
anaenen (/) oc,. vizeranc. /, 2OO.
VCLL L/. Economic Impact of Sanitation in Indonesia: a
iVecconr, soc, ccncocec in CanLccia, nccnesia, Lac L,
he hiiines, anc `ienan Lncer he Lccncnics c aniaicn
niiaiVe, Vaer anc aniaicn rcran. Vashincn LC. he
Vcrc Lanl, 2OO8a.
VCLL L/. Economic Impacts of Sanitation in the Philippines:
sonnar,, research recr oLishec cr he Vaer anc aniaicn
rcranne (V). Jalara. he Vcrc Lanl, 2OO8L.
VCLL L/. Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Indonesia.
esearch ecr oLishec cr he Vaer anc aniaicn
rcranne (V). Jalara. he Vcrc Lanl, 2OO8c.
VCLL L/. The Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change:
s,nhesis recr. Vashincn LC. he Vcrc Lanl, 2OO.
VCLL L/. Natural Disasters: Counting the Costs.
Vashincn LC, he Vcrc Lanl,
2OO-.
VV/. United Nations World Water Development Report 3.
vaer in a chanin vcrc. aris. LLCC oLishin/Vcrc
Vaer /ssessnen rcranne (VV/), Lcnccn. Larhscan,
2OO9.
VV. The Energy Report. 100% Renewable Energy by 2050.
Canc, vizeranc, VV, 2O. LiscnVe en. <h.//vv.
anca.cr/vhavecc/ccrin/cinaecarLcnener,/
ener,scoicns/renevaLeener,/sosainaLeener,
recr/>. /cessc en. 2 ai. 2O.
VV. Living Planet Report 2010: LicciVersi,, Liccaaci, anc
Development. Canc, vizeranc. Vcrc Vice onc cr aore
(VV), 2OO. LiscnVe en. <h.//vv.anca.cr/aLco
corearh/aoLicaicns/iVinanerecr>.
ZL, L., L/LL, L. Virtual Water in Food Production and
Global Trade: reViev c nehccccica iissoes anc reininar,
resos. cne. ccc anc /ricoore Cranizaicn c he Lniec
aicns (/C), s.c.]. LiscnVe en. <h.//vvv.ac.cr/nr/
vaer/cccs/`iroaVaerariceLZL.c>.
C rcrana oncia ce /Vaiacc ca /oa cas
acces Lnicas (World Water Assessment Programme
VV/) oncicna scL c aoscics ca LLCC e
reone c raLahc ce 28 nenLrcs e arceircs ca CL
/oa na eaLcracc cc eacric noncia scLre c
cesenVcVinenc ccs recorscs hcriccs' (VVL), coe
rccozicc a caca rs ancs.
Lse eacric ona reerncia e ona reVisc
aLranene coe rccrcicna on ancrana era ccs
recorscs hcriccs nonciais, anaisancc as ressces cas
cecisces coe nciVan a cenanca ea oa e aean a
soa ciscniLiicace. Le cerece erranenas e ccces ce
rescsas ara aoxiiar cs ceres ncs cVerncs, nc secr
riVacc e na scciecace ciVi, nc raLahc ce icar ccn
cs cesaics resenes e oorcs. Le soere naneiras
ccnc as insioicces ccen ser recrnacas e ccnc cs
seos ccncranencs ccen ser ncciicaccs, Len
ccnc excra cssVeis cnes ce inancianenc ara cs
inVesinencs hcriccs necessrics ccn orncia.
Lse coarc eacric on narcc na srie ccs eacrics
VVL, reaancc cireanene scLre as reices e
cesacancc cs ccais nais sensVeis, e encc sicc
cinensicnacc ara incoir enre as soas reccoacces
cenrais a coesc ca ioacace ce nerc. Le inrccoz
a aLcrcaen enica cc manejo hdrico em condies
de incerteza e risco en on ccnexc noncia coe
es se ncciicancc en on rinc nais ricc cc coe
nonca, e ce naneiras recoenenene inreVisas,
ccn incerezas e risccs caca Vez naicres. Le cesaca
coe a exerincia hiscrica nc nais soiciene
ara rccrcicnar ona esinaiVa arcxinaca ca
reacc enre as coanicaces ce oa ciscnVeis e as
nocancas nas cenancas ooras.
C VVL- anLn Losca ncsrar coe a oa en on
ae cenra en cccs cs aseccs cc cesenVcVinenc
eccncnicc e cc Lenesar sccia, e coe a acc
ccnceraca cr neic ce ona aLcrcaen cceiVa ccs
secres coe azen osc inensiVc ca oa necessria
ara aranir coe cs noics Lenecics cesse recorsc
sean naxinizaccs e cisriLoccs ecoiaiVanene, e
coe cs cLeiVcs ce cesenVcVinenc reacicnaccs
oa sean acancaccs.
O Relatrio mundial sobre desenvolvimento dos recursos hdricos 4 (WWDR4)
VISO GERAL DAS MENSAGENS CENTRAIS WWDR4 17
oLicacc ea Cranizacc cas acces Lnicas ara a Lcocacc, a Cincia e a Coora (LLCC).
oc criina. acs anc iores, rcn he Lniec aicns Vcrc Vaer LeVecnen ecr -. nanain vaer
oncer oncerain, anc risl. oLicacc en 2O2 ec Lniec aicns Vcrc Vaer /ssessnen rcranne.
LLCCVV/ 2O2
cccs cs cireics reserVaccs.
L/2O2///
racocc. LerneVa ce ena /ires Jonicr
eVisc cnica. ecr ce Cincias aorais ca eresenacc ca LLCC nc Lrasi
eVisc ecicria. Lnicace ce oLicacces ca eresenacc ca LLCC nc Lrasi
Liaranacc. Lnicace ce Ccnonicacc `isoa ca eresenacc ca LLCC nc Lrasi
Lscarecinenc. a LLCC nann, nc cerne ce soas ricricaces, a rcnccc ca ioacace ce nerc, en ccas
soas aiVicaces e acces. LeVicc eseciicicace ca noa crooesa, accanse, nesa oLicacc, cs erncs
nc nerc nascoinc, ara aciiar a eiora, ccnsicerancc as inoneras nencces ac cnc cc exc. /ssin, enLcra
aons erncs sean raaccs nc nascoinc, ees reerense ioanene ac nerc enininc.
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