Limba Eng EM IV

Maritime English
Maritime University of Constanta Faculty Electromechanics Specialisation Electromechanics 4-th year 1-st semester
Students Coursebook
1 Maritime English
Maritime English
Contents UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION TO JOB APPLICATION Objectives of Unit 1 1.1 Introd ction 1.! Cover "etter t#$es %nd e&%'$"es 1.) *n+"is, Tenses - .r%$,ic Co'$%rison 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References UNIT !. 4RITIN. A C5 Objectives of Unit ! !.1 4,%t is % C56 !.! Infor'%tion % C5 s,o "d inc" de !.) 7o3 to '%8e % 3innin+ C5 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References UNIT ). PR*PARIN. ;OR INT*R5I*40 Objectives of Unit ) ).1 Intervie3 ti$s ).! Intervie3 e&%'$"es 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References UNIT 4. <AIN *N.IN*0 Objectives of Unit 4 4.1 Different t#$es of '%rine en+ines 4.! C% s%" verbs 4.) C% se %nd effect 4.4 Ter's re"%tin+ to '%in en+ines 4.5 <e%s re'ents 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References UNIT 5. T7* T4O10TRO=* CRO007*AD DI*0*L *N.IN* Objectives of Unit 5 5.1 4,%t is % cross,e%d 5.! C,%r%cteristics 5.) Re$orted s$eec, 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References UNIT (. T7* <*DIU<10P**D 410TRO=* TRUN= PI0TON *N.IN* Maritime English
Page 4 5 5 ( / 12 11 1! 1! 1) 14 14 14 1( 19 19 1: 1: 1/ !2 !2 !! !) !4 !4 !5 !( !9 !9 !: )2 )! )! )4 )5 )5 )( )9 ): ): )/ 42 4! 4! 4! 4) 44 2
Maritime English
Objectives of Unit ( (.1 Introd ction (.! T,e roc8er +e%r %nd v%"ves (.) T rboc,%r+in+ (.4 T,e c#"inder ,e%d (.5 T,e f e" $ '$ (.( T,e $iston (.9 T,e c#"indre "iner (.: T,e c%'s,%ft (./ T,e connectin+ rod 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References UNIT 9. T7* AIR 0TART 0>0T*< Objectives of Unit 9 9.1 7o3 %n en+ine st%rts on %ir 9.! Adverb c"% ses 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References UNIT :. T*0TIN. AN *N.IN* Objectives of Unit : :.1 Introd ction :.! *n+ine $%r%'eters 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References UNIT /. *N.IN* ROO< 4ATC71=**PIN. DUTI*0 Objectives of Unit / /.1 4%tc, %rr%n+e'ents /.! 7%ndin+?T%8in+ over t,e 3%tc, /.) .ettin+ in @to c,@ 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References
45 45 4( 49 4/ 4/ 51 5! 5) 54 5( 5( 5( 59 5: 5/ 5/ (1 (! (! () () (4 (5 (5 (5 (: (: (: (/ 92 91 91 91 9! 9) 94 94 94
3 Maritime English
Maritime English
Unit 1
Introduction to o! "plication
Objectives of Unit 1 1.1 Introd ction 1.! Cover "etters %nd e&%'$"es 1.) *n+"is, Tenses - .r%$,ic Co'$%rison 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3er to se"f1%ssess'ent test References
4 Maritime English
Maritime English
OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 1
#he main o!$ectives are%
de'onstr%te %n nderst%ndin+ of t,e ste$s t%8en for % job %$$"ic%tionA nderst%nd t,e 8ind of infor'%tion to be inc" ded in t,e cover "etters se %$$ro$ri%te "etter "%#o ts se"ect %$$ro$ri%te voc%b "%r# %nd se it %$$ro$ri%te"#
1.1
Introduction
Before #o st%rt %$$"#in+ for jobs on"ine itBs i'$ort%nt to $re$%re to co'$"ete on"ine job %$$"ic%tions %nd to +%t,er %"" t,e infor'%tion #o B"" need to %$$"#. In order to %$$"# for % job on"ine %nd to co'$"ete on"ine job %$$"ic%tionsC #o B"" need %n e'%i" %ddress to se for job se%rc,in+C Internet %ccessC %n $1to1d%te res 'eC % cover "etter for so'e jobsC #o r e'$"o#'ent ,istor#C %nd #o r %v%i"%bi"it# to 3or8 if #o Bre %$$"#in+ for % $%rt1ti'e job. In %dditionC %s $%rt of t,e job %$$"ic%tion $rocessC #o '%# need to t%8e %n on"ine e'$"o#'ent test %nd $rovide e'$"o#'ent references. 7ereBs %dvice %nd ti$s on ,o3 to %$$"# for % job on"ine. In %ddition to sin+ % job bo%rdC sin+ % job se%rc, en+ine c%n s%ve #o % "ot of on"ine job se%rc, ti'e. 4,en #o se % job se%rc, en+ineC #o c%n se%rc, for jobs %"" in one $"%ceC r%t,er t,%n ,%vin+ to visit %"" t,ese sites inde$endent"#. Co'$%n# 3eb sites %re % +ood so rce of job "istin+sC es$eci%""# if #o 8no3 3,%t co'$%nies #o %re interested in 3or8in+ for. >o c%n +o direct"# to t,e site %nd se%rc, for %nd %$$"# for jobs on"ine direct"# on '%n# co'$%n# 3eb sites. At 'ost co'$%n# sitesC #o c%n %$$"# for %"" "eve" $ositions on"ine 1 fro' $%rt1ti'e ,o r"# jobs to to$ '%n%+e'ent $ositions. A$$"# direct %t t,e co'$%n# 3eb site 3,enever $ossib"eC even if #o find t,e "istin+ e"se3,ere. >o r %$$"ic%tion 3i"" +o direct"# into t,e co'$%n#Bs %$$"ic%nt tr%c8in+ s#ste' %nd #o B"" be %b"e to 'onitor its $ro+ress. 0e%rc, sin+ t,e job se%rc, 8e#3ords "ist #o cre%ted %nd #o B"" +et % "ist of job o$enin+s t,%t '%tc, #o r s$ecific%tions ver# D ic8"#. 4,en #o c"ic8 on % job o$enin+C #o B"" +et instr ctions on ,o3 to %$$"# %nd?or be directed to % co'$%n# 3ebsite to %$$"#. Before #o st%rt "oo8in+ for jobs %nd co'$"etin+ on"ine job %$$"ic%tionsC #o B"" need %n $d%ted version of #o r res 'e re%d# to $"o%d. >o '%# %"so need % cover "etter to %$$"# for so'e jobs. <%8e s re #o r res 'e inc" des #o r c rrent cont%ct infor'%tion %nd 3or8 ,istor#. 0%ve #o r res 'e %s #o rn%'eres 'e.docC r%t,er t,%n 3it, % +eneric fi"e n%'e "i8e Eres 'eE so t,e ,irin+ '%n%+er 3i"" connect #o 3it, t,e res 'e 3,en t,e# revie3 it. 7%ve % b%sic cover "etter re%d# t,%t #o c%n c sto'iFe for e%c, job #o %$$"# to. 0o'e sites "et #o $"o%d %n e&istin+ res 'e fro' <icrosoft 4ord on #o r co'$ ter 3it, t,e c"ic8 of % b tton. On ot,er sitesC #o '%# need to co$# %nd $%ste fro' #o r res 'e into %n on"ine $rofi"e or se % res 'e b i"der t,%t is incor$or%ted into t,e job %$$"ic%tion s#ste'. 5 Maritime English
Maritime English
Do3n"o%d % s%'$"e job %$$"ic%tion for' %nd co'$"ete it before #o st%rt #o r on"ine %$$"ic%tions. Print %nd fi"" it o t so #o 8no3 e&%ct"# 3,%t infor'%tion #o 3i"" need to enter 3,en #o %$$"# for jobs on"ine. Use t,e co'$"eted s%'$"e job %$$"ic%tion %s % + ide 3,en #o Bre co'$"etin+ #o r o3n job %$$"ic%tions. 4,en %$$"#in+ for % job % cover "etter s,o "d be sent or $osted 3it, #o r res 'e. If #o %re not s re 3,%t to 3riteC revie3 t,ese cover "etter s%'$"es. >o r cover "etter s,o "d be s$ecific to t,e $osition #o %re %$$"#in+ forC re"%tin+ #o r s8i""s %nd e&$erience to t,ose noted in t,e job $ostin+. >o r cover "etter is #o r first G%nd bestH c,%nce to '%8e % +ood i'$ressionI Revie3 cover "etter ti$s to ,e"$ ens re #o r cover "etter +ets noticed. T%8e t,e ti'e to revie3 cover "etter e&%'$"es %nd t,en '%8e s re t,%t #o r "etter e&$"%ins ,o3 #o r s8i""s re"%te to t,e criteri% "isted in t,e job $ostin+. 1.! Cover Letter Types and Examples
T#$es of cover "ettersC inc" din+ %$$"ic%tion "ettersC inD ir# "ettersC referr%" cover "ettersC $ros$ectin+ "ettersC %nd ot,er t#$es of "etters sed to %$$"# for jobs or inD ire %bo t jobsC $" s e&%'$"es of e%c, t#$e of cover "etter %nd 3,en to se t,e'. Application Letters An %$$"ic%tion "etter is sent or $"o%ded 3it, #o r res 'e 3,en %$$"#in+ for jobs. T,e job %$$"ic%tion "etters #o send e&$"%in to t,e e'$"o#er 3,# #o %re D %"ified for t,e $osition %nd 3,# #o s,o "d be se"ected for %n intervie3. 0%'$"esJ 1. T,is is %n %ct %" job %$$"ic%tion t,%t % 19 #e%r o"d bo# s b'itted to <cDon%"d@s in ;"orid%K %nd t,e# ,ired ,i' bec% se ,e 3%s so ,onest %nd f nn#I NA<*J .re+ B "'%s,. 0*LJ Not #et. 0ti"" 3%itin+ for t,e ri+,t $erson. D*0IR*D PO0ITIONJ Co'$%n#@s President or 5ice President. B t serio s"#C 3,%tever@s %v%i"%b"e. If I 3%s in % $osition to be $ic8#C I 3o "dn@t be %$$"#in+ ,ere in t,e first $"%ce. D*0IR*D 0ALAR>J M1:5C222 % #e%r $" s stoc8 o$tions %nd % <ic,%e" OvitF st#"e sever%nce $%c8%+e. If t,%t@s not $ossib"eC '%8e %n offer %nd 3e c%n ,%++"e. *DUCATIONJ >es. LA0T PO0ITION 7*LDJ T%r+et for 'idd"e '%n%+e'ent ,osti"it#. 0ALAR>J Less t,%n I@' 3ort,. <O0T NOTABL* AC7I*5*<*NTJ <# incredib"e co""ection of sto"en $ens %nd $ost1it notes. 6 Maritime English
Maritime English
R*A0ON ;OR L*A5IN.J It s c8ed. 7OUR0 A5AILABL* TO 4OR=J An#. PR*;*RR*D 7OUR0J 1J)21)J)2 $.'.C <ond%#C T esd%#C %nd T, rsd%#. DO >OU 7A5* AN> 0P*CIAL 0=ILL06J >esC b t t,e#@re better s ited to % 'ore inti'%te environ'ent. <A> 4* CONTACT >OUR CURR*NT *<PLO>*R6J If I ,%d oneC 3o "d I be ,ere6 DO >OU 7A5* AN> P7>0ICAL CONDITION0 T7AT 4OULD PRO7IBIT >OU ;RO< LI;TIN. UP TO 52 LB06J Of 3,%t6 DO >OU 7A5* A CAR6J I t,in8 t,e 'ore %$$ro$ri%te D estion ,ere 3o "d be NDo #o ,%ve % c%r t,%t r ns6O 7A5* >OU R*C*I5*D AN> 0P*CIAL A4ARD0 OR R*CO.NITION6J I '%# %"re%d# be % 3inner of t,e P b"is,ers C"e%rin+ ,o se 03ee$st%8es. DO >OU 0<O=*6J On t,e job noC on '# bre%8s #es. 47AT 4OULD >OU LI=* TO B* DOIN. IN ;I5* >*AR06J Livin+ in t,e B%,%'%s 3it, % f%b "o s"# 3e%"t,# d 'b se&# b"onde s $er 'ode" 3,o t,in8s I@' t,e +re%test t,in+ since s"iced bre%d. Act %""#C I@d "i8e to be doin+ t,%t no3. DO >OU C*RTI;> T7AT T7* ABO5* I0 TRU* AND CO<PL*T* TO T7* B*0T O; >OUR =NO4L*D.*6J >es. Abso" te"#. 0I.N 7*R*J Aries. !. D%te De%r <r. 0e%'$sonC I %' 3ritin+ to %$$"# for t,e $ro+r%''er $osition %dvertised in t,e Times Union. As reD estedC I %' enc"osin+ % co'$"eted job %$$"ic%tionC '# certific%tionC '# res 'e %nd t,ree references. T,e o$$ort nit# $resented in t,is "istin+ is ver# interestin+C %nd I be"ieve t,%t '# stron+ tec,nic%" e&$erience %nd ed c%tion 3i"" '%8e 'e % ver# co'$etitive c%ndid%te for t,is $osition. T,e 8e# stren+t,s t,%t I $ossess for s ccess in t,is $osition inc" deJ

I ,%ve s ccessf ""# desi+nedC deve"o$edC %nd s $$orted "ive se %$$"ic%tions I strive for contin ed e&ce""ence I $rovide e&ce$tion%" contrib tions to c sto'er service for %"" c sto'ers
7 Maritime English
Maritime English
4it, % B0 de+ree in Co'$ ter Pro+r%''in+C I ,%ve % f "" nderst%ndin+ of t,e f "" "ife c#c"e of % soft3%re deve"o$'ent $roject. I %"so ,%ve e&$erience in "e%rnin+ %nd e&ce""in+ %t ne3 tec,no"o+ies %s needed. P"e%se see '# res 'e for %ddition%" infor'%tion on '# e&$erience. I c%n be re%c,ed %n#ti'e vi% e'%i" %t george.popescu@yahoo.com or '# ce"" $,oneC 29991225555. T,%n8 #o for #o r ti'e %nd consider%tion. I "oo8 for3%rd to s$e%8in+ 3it, #o %bo t t,is e'$"o#'ent o$$ort nit#. 0incere"#C ;irstN%'e L%stN%'e Exercise. You have to send a cover letter to a crewing company. Make the necessary changes in the following sample letter. N%'e Tit"e Co'$%n# Address Cit#C Pi$ Code D%te De%r <r.?<s. L%stN%'eC I %' 3ritin+ to %$$"# for t,e $osition of PR. ABCD is % f%st1'ovin+ +"ob%" instit tion %nd %n o tst%ndin+ co'' nic%tions $ioneerC no3 $oised to + ide t,e direction of $rint jo rn%"is'. As % recent +r%d %te of Universit# 3it, si+nific%nt e&$erience in fin%nceC %d'inistr%tion %nd 'edi%C I brin+ t,e ener+# %nd co''it'ent to e&ce""ence necess%r# to t,rive in ABCDBs innov%tive environ'ent. As t,e c rrent <edi% Re"%tions Coordin%tor of t,e L>P co'$%n#C I %' % $r%cticed b siness "i%ison %nd %n %b"e %d'inistr%tor. T,ese stren+t,sC co'bined 3it, dee$ %nd v%ried e'$"o#'ent %nd interns,i$ e&$erience %s % jo rn%"ist %nd 'edi% cons "t%nt 3it, ;.7 %nd L<DC $re$%re 'e to '%8e % stron+ %nd i''edi%te i'$%ct %t ABCD. I %' e&cited %bo t t,e o$$ort nit# to join t,e ABCD te%' %s it 'oves to t,e center of t,e $rint 'edi% convers%tion. T,%n8 #o for #o r ti'e %nd consider%tion.
0incere"#C Your Signature >o r T#$ed N%'e
Maritime English
Maritime English
1.3
English Tenses
raphic Comparison
Legend

action that takes place once, never or several times actions that happen one after another actions that suddenly take place action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that moment actions taking place at the same time action taking place before a certain moment in time puts emphasis on the result action taking place before a certain moment in time puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action
moment in time

period of time
Result
Course / Duration
! Maritime English
Maritime English
Se"#$%ssess&ent Test
Give the right order of the following paragraphs of cover letter: Cont%ct N%'e Tit"e Co'$%n# N%'e Address Cit#C Pi$ Code De%r Cont%ct PersonJ IB' 3ritin+ to e&$ress '# interest in t,e 4eb Content 0$eci%"ist $osition "isted on <onster.co'. I ,%ve e&$erience b i"din+ "%r+eC cons 'er1foc sed ,e%"t,1b%sed content sites. 4,i"e ' c, of '# e&$erience ,%s been in t,e b siness 3or"dC I nderst%nd t,e soci%" v%" e of t,e non1$rofit sector %nd '# b siness e&$erience 3i"" be %n %sset to #o r or+%niF%tion. *&$erience ,%s t% +,t 'e ,o3 to b i"d stron+ re"%tions,i$s 3it, %"" de$%rt'ents %t %n or+%niF%tion. I ,%ve t,e %bi"it# to 3or8 3it,in % te%' %s 3e"" %s cross1te%'. I c%n 3or8 3it, 3eb en+ineers to reso"ve tec,nic%" iss es %nd i'$"e'ent tec,nic%" en,%nce'entsC 3or8 3it, t,e deve"o$'ent de$%rt'ent to i'$"e'ent desi+n %nd f nction%" en,%nce'entsC %nd 'onitor site st%tistics %nd cond ct se%rc, en+ine o$ti'iF%tion. <# res$onsibi"ities inc" ded t,e deve"o$'ent %nd '%n%+e'ent of t,e siteBs editori%" voice %nd st#"eC t,e editori%" c%"end%rC %nd t,e d%i"# content $ro+r%''in+ %nd $rod ction of t,e 3eb site. I 3or8ed c"ose"# 3it, ,e%"t, c%re $rofession%"s %nd 'edic%" editors to ,e"$ t,e' $rovide t,e best $ossib"e infor'%tion to % cons 'er % dience of $%tients. In %dditionC I ,e"$ed $,#sici%ns "e%rn to ti"iFe t,eir 'edic%" content to 3rite ser1friend"#C re%di"# co'$re,ensib"e te&t. T,%n8 #o for #o r consider%tion. >o r Cit#C Pi$ Code >o r P,one N 'ber >o r *'%i" 0i+n%t re ;irstN%'e L%stN%'e
1' Maritime English
Maritime English
(ro)ress test
rite a cover letter and use the folowing layout: Cont%ct Infor'%tion T,e first section of #o r cover "etter s,o "d inc" de infor'%tion on ,o3 t,e e'$"o#er c%n cont%ct #o . If #o ,%ve cont%ct infor'%tion for t,e e'$"o#erC inc" de t,%t. Ot,er3iseC j st "ist #o r infor'%tion. >o r Cont%ct Infor'%tion >o r N%'e >o r Address >o r Cit#C 0t%teC Pi$ Code >o r P,one N 'ber >o r *'%i" Address !space" D%te !space" *'$"o#er Cont%ct Infor'%tion N%'e Tit"e Co'$%n# Address Cit#C Pi$ Code !space" 0%" t%tion !space" De%r <r.?<s. L%st N%'eJ !space" ;irst P%r%+r%$,J T,e first $%r%+r%$, of #o r cover "etter s,o "d inc" de infor'%tion on t,e $osition #o %re %$$"#in+ forC inc" din+ t,e job tit"e. !space #etween paragraphs" <idd"e P%r%+r%$,GsHJ T,e ne&t section of #o r cover "etter s,o "d describe 3,%t #o ,%ve to offer t,e e'$"o#er. <ention 3,# #o %re D %"ifed for t,e job %nd ,o3 #o r s8i""s %nd e&$erience %re % '%tc, for t,e $osition for 3,ic, #o %re %$$"#in+. !space #etween paragraphs" ;in%" P%r%+r%$,J Conc" de #o r cover "etter b# t,%n8in+ t,e e'$"o#er for considerin+ #o for t,e $osition. Inc" de infor'%tion on ,o3 #o 3i"" fo""o31 $. !space" C"osin+J !space" 0incere"# #o rsC !dou#le space" 0i+n%t reJ 7%nd3ritten 0i+n%t re Gfor % '%i"ed "etterH !dou#le space" T#$ed 0i+n%t re
11 Maritime English
Maritime English
*ns+ers to Se"#$%ssess&ent Test

>o r Cit#C Pi$ Code >o r P,one N 'ber >o r *'%i" Cont%ct N%'e Tit"e Co'$%n# N%'e Address Cit#C Pi$ Code De%r Cont%ct PersonJ IB' 3ritin+ to e&$ress '# interest in t,e 4eb Content 0$eci%"ist $osition "isted on <onster.co'. I ,%ve e&$erience b i"din+ "%r+eC cons 'er1foc sed ,e%"t,1b%sed content sites. 4,i"e ' c, of '# e&$erience ,%s been in t,e b siness 3or"dC I nderst%nd t,e soci%" v%" e of t,e non1$rofit sector %nd '# b siness e&$erience 3i"" be %n %sset to #o r or+%niF%tion. <# res$onsibi"ities inc" ded t,e deve"o$'ent %nd '%n%+e'ent of t,e siteBs editori%" voice %nd st#"eC t,e editori%" c%"end%rC %nd t,e d%i"# content $ro+r%''in+ %nd $rod ction of t,e 3eb site. I 3or8ed c"ose"# 3it, ,e%"t, c%re $rofession%"s %nd 'edic%" editors to ,e"$ t,e' $rovide t,e best $ossib"e infor'%tion to % cons 'er % dience of $%tients. In %dditionC I ,e"$ed $,#sici%ns "e%rn to ti"iFe t,eir 'edic%" content to 3rite ser1friend"#C re%di"# co'$re,ensib"e te&t. *&$erience ,%s t% +,t 'e ,o3 to b i"d stron+ re"%tions,i$s 3it, %"" de$%rt'ents %t %n or+%niF%tion. I ,%ve t,e %bi"it# to 3or8 3it,in % te%' %s 3e"" %s cross1te%'. I c%n 3or8 3it, 3eb en+ineers to reso"ve tec,nic%" iss es %nd i'$"e'ent tec,nic%" en,%nce'entsC 3or8 3it, t,e deve"o$'ent de$%rt'ent to i'$"e'ent desi+n %nd f nction%" en,%nce'entsC %nd 'onitor site st%tistics %nd cond ct se%rc, en+ine o$ti'iF%tion. T,%n8 #o for #o r consider%tion. 0i+n%t re ;irstN%'e L%stN%'e
&eferences
1. < r$,#C R. $ssential Grammar %n Use. 1st ed. C%'brid+eC C%'brid+e Universit# PressC 1//2 GI0BN 2 5!1 )5992 5H !. 03eene#C 0.C G!224H $nglish for &usiness 'ommunicationC C%'brid+e Universit# Press ). ,tt$J??jobse%rc,.%bo t.co'?od?job%$$"ic%tions?ss?on"ine1job1 %$$"ic%tionsQ/.,t'
12 Maritime English
Maritime English
Unit '
!riting a C"
Objectives of Unit ! !.1 4,%t is % C56 !.! Infor'%tion % C5 s,o "d inc" de !.) 7o3 to '%8e % 3innin+ C5 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3er to se"f1%ssess'ent test References
13 Maritime English
Maritime English
#.1 !hat is a C"$ de'onstr%te %n nderst%ndin+ of t,e re"ev%nce of % +ood C5A nderst%nd t,e "%#o t of % C5 se %$$ro$ri%te $,r%ses %cc r%te"# to describe one@s e&$erience se"ect %$$ro$ri%te infor'%tion %nd for' of $resent%tion
Curriculum "itae% %n o t"ine of % $ersonBs ed c%tion%" %nd $rofession%" ,istor#C s %""# $re$%red for job %$$"ic%tions !() lit.: the course of one*s life". Another name &or a C" is a rsum. A C" is the most &lexi'le and convenient (ay to ma)e applications. It conve#s #o r $erson%" det%i"s in t,e 3%# t,%t $resents #o in t,e best $ossib"e "i+,t. A C" is a mar)eting document in 3,ic, #o %re '%r8etin+ so'et,in+J #o rse"fI >o need to Ese""E #o r s8i""sC %bi"itiesC D %"ific%tions %nd e&$erience to e'$"o#ers. It c%n be sed to '%8e ' "ti$"e %$$"ic%tions to e'$"o#ers in % s$ecific c%reer %re%. ;or t,is re%sonC many large graduate recruiters (ill not accept C"s %nd inste%d se t,eir o3n %$$"ic%tion for'. An application &orm is desi+ned to brin+ o t t,e essenti%" infor'%tion %nd $erson%" D %"ities t,%t t,e e'$"o#er reD ires %nd does not %""o3 #o to +"oss over #o r 3e%8er $oints %s % C5 does. In %dditionC t,e ti'e needed to fi"" o t t,ese for's is seen %s % ref"ection of #o r co''it'ent to t,e c%reer. There is no *one 'est (ay* to construct a C"+ it is #o r doc 'ent %nd c%n be str ct red %s #o 3is, 3it,in t,e b%sic fr%'e3or8 be"o3. It c%n be on $%$er or on1"ine or even on % T1s,irt G% +i''ic8# %$$ro%c, t,%t 'i+,t 3or8 for Ecre%tiveE jobs b t not +ener%""# %dvisedIH. When should a CV be used?

4,en %n e'$"o#er %s8s for %$$"ic%tions to be received in t,is for'%t 4,en %n e'$"o#er si'$"# st%tes E%$$"# to ...E 3it,o t s$ecif#in+ t,e for'%t 4,en '%8in+ speculative applications G3,en 3ritin+ to %n e'$"o#er 3,o ,%s not %dvertised % v%c%nc# b t 3,o #o ,o$e '# ,%ve oneH In&ormation a C" should include
#.#
Personal details Nor'%""# t,ese 3o "d be #o r name, address, date o& 'irth G%"t,o +, 3it, %+e discri'in%tion "%3s no3 in force t,is isnBt essenti%"HC telephone num'er and email.
14 Maritime English
Maritime English
Education and -uali&ications >o r de+ree s bject %nd niversit#C $" s A "eve"s %nd .C0*s or eD iv%"ents. <ention +r%des n"ess $oorI !or) experience Use action (ords s c, %s deve"o$edC $"%nned %nd or+%nised. *ven (or) in a shop, 'ar or restaurant 3i"" invo"ve 3or8in+ in % te%'C $rovidin+ % D %"it# service to c sto'ersC %nd de%"in+ t%ctf ""# 3it, co'$"%ints. .on/t mention the routine, non0 people tas)s Gc"e%nin+ t,e t%b"esH n"ess #o %re %$$"#in+ for % c%s %" s ''er job in % rest% r%nt or si'i"%r. Try to relate the s)ills to the 1o'. A fin%nce job 3i"" invo"ve n 'er%c#C %n%"#tic%" %nd $rob"e' so"vin+ s8i""s so foc s on t,ese 3,ere%s for % '%r8etin+ ro"e #o 3o "d $"%ce % bit 'ore e'$,%sis on $ers %din+ %nd ne+oti%tin+ s8i""s. E+ll of my work e,periences have involved working within a team-#ased culture. This involved planning) organisation) co-ordination and commitment e.g.) in retail) this ensured daily sales targets were met) a fair distri#ution of tasks and effective communication amongst all staff mem#ers.E Interests and achievements =ee$ t,is section short and to the point. As #o +ro3 o"derC #o r e'$"o#'ent record 3i"" t%8e $recedence %nd interests 3i"" t#$ic%""# di'inis, +re%t"# in "en+t, %nd i'$ort%nce. 2ullets c%n be sed to se$%r%te interests into different t#$esJ s$ortin+C cre%tive etc. .on/t use the old 'oring cliches ,ereJ Esoci%"isin+ 3it, friendsE. .on/t put many passive, solitary ho''ies Gre%din+C 3%tc,in+ T5C st%'$ co""ectin+H or #o '%# be $erceived %s "%c8in+ $eo$"e s8i""s. If #o do $ t t,eseC t,%n s%# 3,%t #o re%d or 3%tc,J .% particularly en/oy 0ickens) for the vivid insights you get into life in 1ictorian times.. 0,o3 % range o& interests to %void co'in+ %cross %s n%rro3 J if ever#t,in+ centres %ro nd s$ort t,e# '%# 3onder if #o co "d ,o"d % convers%tion 3it, % c"ient 3,o 3%snBt interested in s$ort. 3o''ies that are a little out o& the ordinary c%n ,e"$ #o to st%nd o t fro' t,e cro3dJ s8#divin+ or 'o nt%ineerin+ c%n s,o3 % sense of 3%ntin+ to stretc, #o rse"f %nd %n %bi"it# to re"# on #o rse"f in de'%ndin+ sit %tions An# interests relevant to the 1o' %re 3ort, 'entionin+J c rrent %ff%irs if #o 3is, to be % jo rn%"istA An# evidence o& leadership is i'$ort%nt to 'entionJ c%$t%in or co%c, of % s$orts te%'C co rse re$resent%tiveC c,%ir of % st dent societ#C sco t "e%derJ .+s captain of the school cricket team) % had to set a positive e,ample) motivate and coach players and think on my feet when making #owling and field position changes) often in tense situations. An#t,in+ s,o3in+ evidence of employa'ility s)ills s c, %s te%'3or8in+C or+%nisin+C $"%nnin+C $ers %din+C ne+oti%tin+ etc. 4)ills T,e s %" ones to 'ention %re languages G+ood convers%tion%" ;renc,C b%sic 0$%nis,HC computing Ge.+. E+ood 3or8in+ 8no3"ed+e of <0 Access %nd *&ce"C $" s b%sic 3eb $%+e desi+n s8i""sEH %nd driving GEf "" c rrent c"e%n drivin+ "icenceEH.
15 Maritime English
Maritime English
If #o %re % mature c%ndid%te or ,%ve "ots of re"ev%nt s8i""s to offerC % s)ills0'ased C" '%# 3or8 for #o
>o 3i"" %"so need % Covering Letter to %cco'$%n# #o r C5. #.3 3o( to ma)e a (inning C"
T,ere is no sin+"e EcorrectE 3%# to 3rite %nd $resent % C5 b t t,e fo""o3in+ +ener%" r "es %$$"#J It is targeted on the speci&ic 1o' or c%reer %re% for 3,ic, #o %re %$$"#in+ %nd brin+s o t t,e re"ev%n s8i""s #o ,%ve to offer

It is c%ref ""# %nd clearly laid outJ "o+ic%""# orderedC e%s# to re%d %nd not cr%'$ed It is in&ormative 'ut concise It is accurate in content, spelling and grammar. If #o 'ention %ttention to det%i" %s % s8i""C '%8e s #o r s$e""in+ %nd +r%''%r is $erfectI
How long should a CV be? T,ere %re no %bso" te r "es b tC in +ener%"C % ne3 +r%d %teBs C5 s,o "d cover no more than t(o sides o& A5 paper. If #o c%n s ''%rise #o r c%reer ,istor# co'fort%b"# on % single sideC t,is is fine %nd ,%s %dv%nt%+es 3,en #o %re '%8in+ s$ec "%tive %$$"ic%tions %nd need to $ t #o rse"f %cross concise"#. 7o3everC #o s,o "d not "e%ve o t i'$ort%nt ite'sC or cro3d #o r te&t too c"ose"# to+et,er in order to fit it onto t,%t sin+"e side. Academic and technical C"s may 'e much longer% $ to 4 or 5 sides. Tips on presentation >o r C5 s,o "d be care&ully and clearly laid out 0 not too cr%'$ed b t not 3it, "%r+e e'$t# s$%ces eit,er. Use bo"d %nd it%"ic t#$ef%ces for ,e%din+s %nd i'$ort%nt infor'%tion Never b%c8 % C5 1 each page should 'e on a separate sheet o& paper. ItBs % +ood ide% to $ t #o r n%'e in t,e footer %re% so t,%t it %$$e%rs on e%c, s,eet. 2e concise 1 % C5 is %n %$$etiser %nd s,o "d not +ive t,e re%der indi+estion. DonBt fee" t,%t #o ,%ve to "ist ever# e&%' #o ,%ve ever t%8enC or ever# %ctivit# #o ,%ve ever been invo"ved in 1 consider 3,ic, %re t,e 'ost re"ev%nt %nd?or i'$ressive.
16 Maritime English
Maritime English
2e positive 1 $ t #o rse"f over confident"# %nd ,i+,"i+,t #o r stron+ $oints. ;or e&%'$"eC 3,en "istin+ #o r A1"eve"sC $ t #o r ,i+,est +r%de first. 2e honest% %"t,o +, % C5 does %""o3 #o to o'it det%i"s Gs c, %s e&%' resitsH 3,ic, #o 3o "d $refer t,e e'$"o#er not to 8no3 %bo tC #o s,o "d never +ive in%cc r%te or 'is"e%din+ infor'%tion. C"s are not legal documents %nd #o c%nBt be ,e"d "i%b"e for %n#t,in+ 3it,inC b t if % recr iter $ic8s $ % s ++estion of f%"se,oods #o 3i"" be r%$id"# rejected. An application &orm 3,ic, #o ,%ve si+ned to confir' t,%t t,e contents %re tr e is ,o3ever % "e+%" doc 'ent %nd for's $%rt of #o r contr%ct of e'$"o#'ent if #o %re recr ited. T,e s(eet spot of % C5 is t,e %re% se"ectors tend to $%# 'ost %ttention toJ t,is is t#$ic%""# %ro nd t,e $$er 'idd"e of t,e first $%+eC so '%8e s re t,%t t,is %re% cont%ins essenti%" infor'%tion. If #o %re $ostin+ #o r C5C don/t &old it 1 $ t it in % f ""1siFe A4 enve"o$e so t,%t it doesnBt %rrive cre%sed.
True or false2 1. A C5 s,o "d be 3ord1$rocessed %nd never ,%nd3ritten. !. A C5 c%n be sed for %n# %$$"ic%tion. ). >o r C5 s,o "d be "%id o t in reverse c,rono"o+ic%" order G'ost recent ite's firstH. 4. A C5 s,o "d never be 'ore t,%n one side. 5. A bri+,t or%n+e C5 3i"" %ttr%ct %ttention %nd i'$rove #o r c,%nces. (. C5s s,o "d %"3%#s be %cco'$%nied b# % coverin+ "etter. 9. >o s,o "d on"# inc" de t,e 'ost i'$ort%nt %nd re"ev%nt infor'%tion %bo t #o rse"f on #o r C5. :. >o s,o "d co'$ose % different C5 for e%c, e'$"o#er. /. *d c%tion %nd R %"ific%tions s,o "d be se$%r%te sections on % C5. 12. >o s,o "d on"# inc" de ed c%tion %t second%r#1sc,oo" "eve" or %bove in t,e *d c%tion section.
(ro)ress test
*&erciseJ ;ind t,e ri+,t $"%ce for t,e fo"o3in+ 3ords %nd $,r%sesJ motivated 3position 3 university3 organisational 3 assets 3 friendly 3 management 3 administrative 3 own 3 prioritise PRO;IL* I %' % ...G1HC %d%$t%b"e %nd res$onsib"e +r%d %te see8in+ %n entr#1"eve" ... G!H $osition in $ b"ic re"%tions 3,ic, 3i"" ti"ise t,e ... G)H %nd co'' nic%tion s8i""s deve"o$ed d rin+ ...G4H. <# re"i%bi"it#C co'' nic%tion s8i""sC res$onsibi"it# %nd ... G5H n%t re %re ... G(H I 3o "d brin+ to t,e 3or8. I ,%ve e&$erience in $roject ... G9H %nd stron+ or+%nis%tion%" %nd ... G:H s8i""s 3it, t,e %bi"it# to 3or8 inde$endent"# %nd se '# ... G/H initi%tive. I %"so ,%ve t,e %bi"it# to ... G12H 3,i"st nder $ress re 'eetin+ ti+,t de%d"ines. 17 Maritime English
Maritime English
*ns+ers to se"#$%ssess&ent test

1( #&UE
'( F")SE( *o not use a C+ if the employer has specified that candidates should complete their o,n application form( *o not even attach the C+ to the application form - nothing is more annoying to employers than a form ,ith nothing ,ritten on it e-cept .SEE C+.( /ut C+s can !e freely used ,hen an employer as0s for applications to !e received in this format1 ,hen an employer simply states "22)3 #4 ((( ,ithout specifying the format or ,hen ma0ing speculative applications 5i(e( ,hen ,riting to an employer ,ho has not actually advertised a vacancy !ut ,ho you hope my have one(6 7( #&UE - IF you are going to use a chronological C+( 4( F")SE( 4ne side is fine if you can manage it8 !ut it is !etter to have t,o sides of ,ell-laid-out8 easyto-read information than one side of cramped and cro,ded print( /ut not more than t,o sides8 e-cept in very e-ceptional circumstances9 :( F")SE( 3es it may attract attention !ut it ,ill not necessarily help you to !e considered for intervie,9 Even the ,ac0y employers prefer C+s that are plain8 factual and informative( 2aper should !e ,hite8 cream or some other pale8 neutral and !usinessli0e colour( ;( #&UE( #he covering letter ,ill flesh out the C+ and help you to relate it to the $o!( <( F")SE( "lthough such information should certainly !e emphasised8 it is important not to leave any glaring gaps in your career history or to give the impression that you have no ,or0 e-perience ,hatsoever( =( #&UE8 ideally8 although this may not al,ays !e possi!le if you have very limited information on the employer( >( F")SE( It is much easier for the reader if these are put together as follo,s rather than ma0ing them hop !ac0 and forth !et,een different sections to find out ,hat you studied ,here% '??; - '??> University of @ent at Canter!ury /" 5Aons6 Economics8 Class '516 '??4 - '??; East 3or0shire College8 Aull "-levels% Aistory Economics French 5C6 5/6 5/6
'??1 - '??4; Spring /an0 School8 Aull = BCSEs including Maths and English )anguage at Brade " 1?( #&UE( Education up to age 11 is not normally e-pected on a C+(
&eferences
1. < r$,#C R. $ssential Grammar %n Use. G1//2HC 1st ed. C%'brid+eC C%'brid+e Universit# PressC GI0BN 2 5!1 )5992 5H !. 03eene#C 0. G!224H $nglish for &usiness 'ommunicationC C%'brid+e Universit# Press ). ,tt$J??333.8ent.%c. 8?c%reers?cvD iF.,t'
1 Maritime English
Maritime English
UCI# 7
2reparing for an Intervie,
Objectives of Unit ) ).1 Intervie3 ti$s ).! Intervie3 e&%'$"es 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References
1! Maritime English
Maritime English
nderst%nd t,e i'$ort%nce of t,e intervie3 + ide "ines n%'e ste$s of intervie3 $re$%r%tion se t,e $ro$er voc%b "%r# f" ent"# %nd %cc r%te"# %$$"# t,e %ttit de ti$s
3.1

Intervie( tips Pre$%r%tion is essenti%" for t,e intervie3. =no3 #o rse"fC #o r stren+t,s %nd 3e%8nessesC 3,%t 'otiv%tes #o %nd %bove %"" de'onstr%te #o r ent, si%s' for t,e $ositionA 0$end so'e ti'e "oo8in+ %t o r 3ebsite %nd %n# ot,er so rces of infor'%tion so #o c%n "e%rn %bo t 3,o 3e %re %nd 3,%t 3e doA Be on ti'e 1 if #o %re r nnin+ "%te $"e%se cont%ct t,e intervie3er %s soon %s $ossib"eA A$$e%r%nce - it is reco''ended to dress for'%""# %ccordin+ to t,e $osition #o ,%ve %$$"ied for. 7o3 #o dress often indic%tes ,o3 serio s #o %re %bo t t,e job %nd #o rse"f. B t 'ost i'$ort%nt"# be co'fort%b"eA Tr# to '%int%in +ood e#e cont%ct 3it, t,e intervie3ersA Be $re$%red to disc ss #o r stren+t,sC b t j st %s i'$ort%nt"# #o r %re%s for deve"o$'ent. 4e %"" ,%ve t,e' so don@t be %fr%id to disc ss t,e'. Nerves 1 3e %re 3e"" %3%re t,%t c%ndid%tes c%n find intervie3s D ite stressf " %nd 3e do '%8e %""o3%nces for t,is. B t t%8e t,e ti'e to re"%& before,%ndC %rrive in $"ent# of ti'e %nd $re$%re %s ' c, %s $ossib"eA Re'e'ber t,%t t,e intervie3 is % t3o 3%# $rocessC it@s j st %s i'$ort%nt for #o to fee" co'fort%b"e %bo t t,e ro"e %nd t,e co'$%n#. As8 s %n# D estions so $"e%se consider t,ese in %dv%nce. >o '%# 3is, to 3rite t,ese do3n %nd brin+ t,e' in 3it, #o .
>o r C5 ,%s i'$ressedC #o r rese%rc, %nd net3or8in+ %ctivities ,%ve $%id off %nd #o ,%ve "%nded %n Intervie3 3it, #o r co'$%n# of c,oice. No3 to '%8e s re #o t rn t,is Intervie3 into % $ot of +o"d %nd sec re t,e job of #o r dre%'s. Be"o3 %re so'e +ener%" ti$s %nd + ide"ines t,%t s,o "d %ssist #o t,ro +, t,e Intervie3J
1. 6esearch
2' Maritime English
Maritime English
<ost of #o 3i"" ,%ve rese%rc,ed #o r co'$%n# of c,oice t,oro +,"# in order to +et to t,is $oint. ;or t,ose 3,o ,%venBtC it is essenti%" t,%t #o do so'e b%c8+ro nd rese%rc, on t,e co'$%n# %nd t,e job before #o 3%"8 in t,%t door. T,e Intervie3er 3i"" e&$ect #o to 8no3 % "itt"e %bo t t,e ind str# %nd t,e co'$%n# %nd 3i"" be ver# i'$ressed if #o %re f%'i"i%r 3it, s$ecific eventsC ne3s %nd concerns re"%tin+ to t,e b siness. Ne3s$%$ersC ind str# %nd tr%de '%+%FinesC "oc%" "ibr%ries %nd t,e Internet %re %"" % +ood so rce of infor'%tion. ;ee" free to $ic8 $ t,e $,one %nd %s8 t,e co'$%n# for t,eir %nn %" re$orts %n# '%r8etin+ '%teri%"s 1 'ost co'$%nies %re 'ore t,%n ,%$$# to ob"i+e. T,e ver# 'ini' ' infor'%tion #o 3i"" 3%nt to 8no3 is 3,%t t,e co'$%n# doesC 3,%t job #o %re %$$"#in+ for %nd %n# 3e""18no3n ne3s $ert%inin+ to t,e co'$%n# e.+. <er+erC bi+ sc%nd%"C ne3 C*O.
#. 2e prepared
;or t,ose of #o 3,o 3ere c b sco tsC 3e %re not s ++estin+ ro$es %nd % tent. 4e 3o "d ,o3ever reco''end #o t%8e 3it, #o % noteboo8 %nd e&tr% co$ies of #o r C5 Gin '%n# c%ses t,e e'$"o#er 3i"" ,%ve 'is$"%ced itC ,%ve %n nc"e%r co$# or si'$"# e&$ect #o to $rovide itH. In '%n# t#$es of jobsC #o '%# 3%nt to t%8e 3it, #o e&%'$"es of #o r 3or8 e.+. $%st cre%tive 3or8 if #o %re in %dvertisin+C desi+n or si'i"%r ro"esC %rc,itect r%" $"%ns #o %re $ro d of if #o %re %n %rc,itectC %n e&%'$"e of so'et,in+ #o ,%ve ,%d $ b"is,ed in % jo rn%" etc. *'$"o#ers %re s %""# ver# i'$ressed to see e&%'$"es of #o r 3or8 1 it s,o3s #o ,%ve t%8en initi%tive %nd it '%8es t,eir decision ' c, e%sier.
3. .ress &or success

>o r first Intervie3 is t,e first i'$ression %n e'$"o#er 3i"" ,%ve of #o %nd it is essenti%" to '%8e % f%vor%b"e first i'$%ct. >o s,o "d %"3%#s $"%n to dress conserv%tive"# for t,e first Intervie3 even if t,e job invo"ves c%s %" 3e%r. >o c%n %"3%#s dress do3n in "%ter 'eetin+s. .ener%""#C t,e i'%+e #o 3%nt t,%t first 'eetin+ is c"e%nC 3e""1+roo'ed %nd conserv%tive. <en s,o "d 3e%r d%r8 s itsC $refer%b"# in n%v# or c,%rco%" +re#. Pinstri$es %re fine. 4e reco''end #o 3e%r % 3,ite s,irt 3,ic, s,o "d be cris$"# ironed 3it, % conserv%tive nec8tie. 0oc8s %nd s,oes s,o "d be d%r8C $refer%b"# b"%c8. Je3e""er# on 'en is s %""# not f%vo r%b"# "oo8ed $on %t t,e Intervie3 st%+e 1 #o c%n %"3%#s di+ o t t,e ,%ird#e %nd t,%t %'et,#st rin+ fro' #o r +re%t +r%ndd%d %fter #o ,%ve sec red t,e job. 4o'en %re %"so %dvised to 3e%r d%r8 s its for t,%t first Intervie3.
5. 2e punctual
<%8e s re #o %rrive for t,e Intervie3 % +ood 15 'in tes e%r"#. A""o3 #o rse"f $"ent# of ti'e for %n# $otenti%" 'is,%$s e.+. tr%ffic j%'sC nc"e%r directionsC $ b"ic tr%ns$ort%tion diffic "ties etc.
7. Attitude counts
T,is is t,e ti'e to s,o3 off #o r inter$erson%" s8i""s. *'$"o#ers %re "oo8in+ for cert%in 8e# c,%r%cter tr%its %nd #o need to de'onstr%te t,e' %t t,e Intervie3. =ee$ t,e fo""o3in+ in 'indJ
Listening s)ills. <%8e s re #o "et t,e Intervie3er co'$"ete ,is sentences %nd #o donBt interr $t. At t,e s%'e ti'eC s,o3 interest in 3,%t ,e is s%#in+ %nd enco r%+e ,i' to t%"8 %nd 21
Maritime English
Maritime English
%s8 D estions. .ood "istenin+ s8i""s %nd % friend"# $"e%s%nt de'e%nor %re 8e# %ttrib tes in %n# job. Enthusiasm. In '%n# c%sesC #o 3i"" not be ide%""# D %"ified for t,e $ositionC or #o '%# ,%ve % stee$ "e%rnin+ c rve %,e%d of #o . >o need to de'onstr%te to t,e *'$"o#er t,%t #o %re e&tre'e"# interested in t,e $osition %nd "ove 3,%t #o doI *nt, si%s' is cont%+io s %nd e'$"o#ers %re %"3%#s 8een to %dd ent, si%stic 'e'bers to t,eir te%'. >o r $ositive %ttit de 3i"" %"so r b off on t,e intervie3er %s "on+ %s it is +en ine %nd not over$"%#ed %nd ,e 3i"" "e%ve t,e Intervie3 3it, % f%vor%b"e Bfee"B %bo t #o . Eye contact. <%int%in e#e cont%ct 3it, t,e Intervie3er. Loo8in+ %3%# contin o s"# s ++ests distr%ctibi"it# %nd disinterest. Loo8in+ do3n s ++ests s,#ness %nd "%c8 of confidence. B# %"" 'e%ns t,o +, 8ee$ it n%t r%" %nd fee" free to nod #o r ,e%d %nd s'i"e %nd even "% +, 3,ere %$$ro$ri%te. 8lexi'ility. >o need to de'onstr%te to t,e Intervie3er t,%t #o %re f"e&ib"eC ie 3i""in+ %nd %b"e to %d%$t re%di"# to ne3 environ'entsC de'%ndsC $eo$"eC 3or8 st#"es etc. T,e Intervie3 is % +ood $"%ce to de'onstr%te t,is. Be sensitive to t,e Intervie3erBs $erson%" st#"e b# $%#in+ %ttention to ,is +ener%" be,%viorC ,is de'e%norC ,is office s$%ce %nd t,e t#$es of D estions ,e %s8s %nd t%i"or #o r %ns3ers %ccordin+"#. Pro&essionalism. Above %""C B* PRO;*00IONALI Res$ect t,e Intervie3er1Intervie3ee bo nd%ries %t %"" ti'es %nd do not be,%ve in %n over"# friend"# or c%s %" f%s,ion 3it, t,e Intervie3er. Avoid brin+in+ $ %n# of #o r $erson%" "ife n"ess in % direct"# re"ev%nt '%nnerC do not co''ent on $o"iticsC re"i+ion or %n# ot,er controversi%" to$ics de%r to #o r ,e%rtC do not str%# fro' t,e Intervie3 to$ics n"ess #o ,%ve % co''on interest s c, %s +o"fC %nd 8ee$ #o r %ns3ers f%ct %"C ,onest %nd $rofession%".
9. 3ave the ans(ers

T,ere is no te""in+ 3,%t st#"e %n Intervie3er 3i"" t%8e %nd 3,%t D estions ,e 3i"" co'e $ 3it,. Intervie3s r%n+e fro' t,e ver# str ct red %nd $rofession%" ones cond cted b# 7R de$%rt'ents in ' "tin%tion%"s %nd b%n8sC to %d ,oc convers%tions in s'%"" o tfits 3,ere t,e e'$"o#er '%# %s8 #o to si'$"# t%"8 %bo t #o rse"f. In 'ost "%r+e cor$or%tions ,o3everC cert%in D estions %re ver# st%nd%rd %nd 3e reco''end #o t%8e t,e ti'e to re%""# t,in8 %bo t t,e'C deve"o$ %ns3ers %nd find evidence to s $$ort #o r %ns3ers fro' $%st e&$eriences %nd D %"ific%tions.
3.#
Intervie( example
3ere is %n e&%'$"e intervie3 t,%t c%n +ive #o ide%s %bo t ,o3 #o c%n $resent #o rse"f in t,e best $ossib"e "i+,t. .re+ is +ood %t intervie3in+. 7e is "i8e%b"eC %nd ,e is "i%b"e to +et % job offer %fter t,is intervie3. P%# %ttentionI
G.re+ %rrives ten 'in tes e%r"#C c,ec8s in 3it, t,e rece$tionistC %nd fi""s o t ,is n%'e c%rd. 7e %dj sts ,is tieC b ttons ,is s it j%c8etC %nd sits in t,e "obb#. ;ive 'in tes "%ter % secret%r# brin+s ,i' into % conference roo'. 0ever%" 'in tes "%ter ,e st%nds to +reet ,is intervie3er.H
Intervie(er% 7e""oC I %' Robert <i""erC % director of '%r8etin+ %t .%te3%#. 22 Maritime English
Maritime English
reg% 7e""oC itBs ver# nice to 'eet #o .

G.re+ s,%8es ,is ,%nd fir'"#C s'i"esC %nd "oo8s ,i' in t,e e#e 3it, res$ect. As t,e# t%8e t,eir se%tsC .re+ sits str%i+,t %nd $%#s c"ose %ttention to ,is intervie3erC %nd t,e# c,%t brief"# %bo t t,e 3e%t,er.H
Intervie(er% 0oC 3,# donBt #o te"" 'e %bo t #o rse"f6 reg% O8%#. I +re3 $ in O,io %nd st died en+ineerin+ %t .eor+i% Tec,. In '# first job %t Co'$%DC I "e%rned % +re%t de%" %bo t '%n%+in+ t,e f"e&ib"e %sse'b"# of co'$ ters. After t,%t I i'$"e'ented i'$rove'ents in t,e "o+istics de$%rt'ent %t De""C 3,ere I %"so $ t % "ot of effort into i'$rovin+ '# 3ritin+ s8i""s. <ore recent"#C IBve been ne+oti%tin+ 3it, cor$or%te c"ients on "%r+e orders. ItBs been f%scin%tin+ "e%rnin+ %bo t t,e s%"es side of t,e b siness. O tside of 3or8 I $"%# b%s8etb%"" in sever%" "oc%" "e%+ esC %nd I %"so t tor %d "ts in t,e "oc%" "ibr%r# for Project Re%d.
GT,e# t%"8 brief"# %bo t 3ritin+ %t 3or8 %nd %bo t te%c,in+ $eo$"e ,o3 to re%d.H
Intervie(er% 4,%t %re #o "oo8in+ for in % $osition %t .%te3%#6 reg% I 3o "d "i8e %n o$$ort nit# to ,e"$ .%te3%# +ro3 its s%"es of co'$ ters. At t,e s%'e ti'e I 3%nt to i'$rove '# nderst%ndin+ of t,e ind str# %nd to find ne3 c,%""en+es in '%n%+in+ te%'s of $eo$"e 3,o 3or8 in '%r8etin+. Intervie(er% 4e %"" ,%ve 3e%8nesses. Co "d #o describe one of #o rs6 reg% In t,e $%st IBve ,%d tro b"e bein+ or+%niFed. B t no3 itBs ' c, "ess of % $rob"e'. I const%nt"# se c,ec8"ists. And I se notec%rds to 3rite '#se"f re'inders. IBve fo nd t,is % +re%t ,e"$ 11 j st b# deve"o$in+ t,e ,%bit of 3ritin+ t,in+s do3n. Intervie(er% 4,ere to #o see #o rse"f in 5 #e%rs 3it,in t,e co'$%n#6 reg% I c%n see '#se"f %s % '%n%+er in % '%r8etin+ or s%"es de$%rt'entC "e%din+ te%'s of $eo$"e to %cco'$"is, s c, t,in+s %s i'$rovin+ c sto'er feedb%c8C +ro3in+ cor$or%te %cco ntsC or "% nc,in+ ne3 %dvertisin+ c%'$%i+ns. Intervie(er% Are #o 3i""in+ to re"oc%te6 reg% >esC of co rse. IBve enjo#ed e&$eriencin+ ne3 environ'ents in t,e $%st. IB' s re it 3o "d be f n to see ot,er $%rts of t,e co ntr#C or t,e 3or"d for t,%t '%tter. Intervie(er% Do #o ,%ve %n# D estions for 'e6 reg% >esC %ct %""#. I often +et % +ood fee" %bo t % co'$%n# b# "e%rnin+ fro' t,e $eo$"e 3,o 3or8 t,ere. Co "d #o te"" 'e 3,# it 3%s t,%t #o first %cce$ted % job %t .%te3%#6 And ,o3 ,%s it been f n %nd c,%""en+in+6
GT,e intervie3 contin es ver# nice"#.H
Fre,uent"- *sked .uest/ons
1. 7o3 s,o "d I dress6 !. 4,%t s,o "d I brin+ 3it, 'e6 ). 7o3 ' c, s,o "d I rese%rc, t,e co'$%n#6 4. 4,ere c%n I find infor'%tion on co'$%nies6 5. 4,%t is t,e best 3%# to res$ond to % re%""# diffic "t D estion6 (. 4,%t is t,e best 3%# to t%"8 %bo t '#se"f d rin+ %n intervie36 9. 4,%t is t,e best 3%# to i'$rove ,o3 I c%rr# '#se"f in %n intervie36 :. If d rin+ %n intervie3 I +et % job offer I "i8eC s,o "d I i''edi%te"# %cce$t it6 23 Maritime English
Maritime English
/. 7o3 c%n I red ce '# %n&iet# %bo t t,e intervie36 12.4,%t is % +ood 3%# to end %n intervie36
(ro)ress test
Match the columns
1(&e-read your resume '(4rganiDe any paper,or0 7("l,ays follo, up !y sending the intervie,er 4(*o ,hatever it ta0es :(Use a firm handsha0e ;(Maintain <(/elieve in yourself =(/e polite% not only to the intervie,er8 >(*ress for success 1?("void saying anything negative "( to arrive early( /( !ut also to the receptionist( C( you !ring along( *( there is no one $ust li0e you( E( it is li0ely to !e the !asis of many Euestions( F( a than0-you letter( B( a positive attitude( A( direct eye contact8 and a friendly smile( I( a!out current or former employers( ( prefera!ly a !it more conservatively(
1-E
'-
7-

1( Dress to fee" confident %nd to s,o3 res$ect. 4e%r c"ot,es t,%t #o
t,in8 #o 3o "d 3e%r to %n i'$ort%nt 'eetin+ on t,e job %t t,%t co'$%n#. !. It is %"3%#s % +ood ide% to brin+ e&tr% co$ies of #o r res 'e. Brin+ t,e' in % nice fo"der. In t,is fo"der brin+ % t%b"et of $%$er %nd % nice $en. T,e $%$er 'i+,t be ,%nd# for t%8in+ notes. T,e $en s,o3s t,%t #o c%re eno +, to be $re$%red. ). >o s,o "d rese%rc, it eno +, to describe t,e fo""o3in+J t,eir '%in $rod ctsC t,eir $erfor'%nce in t,e $%st fe3 #e%rsC t,eir to$ co'$etitorC trends in t,eir ind str#. >o s,o "d %"so ,%ve %n ide% %bo t ,o3 #o c%n ,e"$ t,e co'$%n#. 4. If #o %re % co""e+e st dentC t,ere is often % +ood de%" of recr iter infor'%tion %t #o r $"%ce'ent office. Ot,er3iseC t,e best $"%ce to +o is on"ine. T,e or+%niF%tionBs 3ebsite is t,e best $"%ce to st%rt. .ood s ''%ries %re often fo nd in t,e EAbo tE sections of t,e 3ebsite. 0ections for investors often inc" de %nn %" re$orts. 5. As8 t,e intervie3er to D %"if# t,e D estionC to e&$"%in it in 'ore det%i". T,is +ives #o % better c,%nce of co'in+ $ 3it, % foc sed %ns3er. It %"so +ives #o % "itt"e 'ore ti'e. (. A"3%#s 8ee$ in 'inde t3o ide%sJ G1H T%"8 %bo t #o r %cco'$"is,'entsC not %bo t #o r d ties. G!H T rn e%c, st%te'ent %bo t #o r $%st into % st%te'ent %bo t ,o3 it 3i"" ,e"$ #o to do % +ood job 3or8in+ for t,%t co'$%n#. 9. Ro"e $"%#. <%8e % de%" 3it, friendsJ t,e# $retend to be %n intervie3er for #o if #o $retend to be %n intervie3er for t,e'. Ide%""#C #o s,o "d %"so ro"e $"%# 3it, so'eone 3,o is not % friend %nd 3,o is 3i""in+ to +ive #o c%ndid criticis'. :. In +ener%"C no. .ive #o rse"f so'e ti'e. As8 for % fe3 d%#s to consider it. Ide%""# t%"8 %3,i"e %bo t t,e 3,o"e
24 Maritime English
Maritime English
$%c8%+e 1 s%"%r#C eD it#C bon sC benefitsC re"oc%tion. It s,o3s '%t rit# %nd interest. It %"so $re$%res #o for ne+oti%tions t,%t 'i+,t be needed in t,e ne%r f t re. /. 7ere %re t,e t3o best 3%#sJ G1H =no3 'ore %bo t t,e co'$%n# t,%n t,e intervie3er 8no3s %bo t #o . G!H Ro"e $"%# sin+ diffic "t D estions. If #o do t,ese t3o t,in+s #o c%n be confident t,%t #o 3i"" be better $re$%red t,%n %"'ost %"" ot,er c%ndid%tes. 12. As8 t3o D estionsJ E4,%t %re t,e ne&t ste$s in t,e $rocess6E %nd t,enC EIs t,ere %n#t,in+ I c%n do to f%ci"it%te t,e $rocess6E
&eferences
1. < r$,#C R. $ssential Grammar %n Use. 1st ed. C%'brid+eC C%'brid+e Universit# PressC 1//2 GI0BN 2 5!1 )5992 5H !. 03eene#C 0. G!224H $nglish for &usiness 'ommunicationC C%'brid+e Universit# Press ). ,tt$J??333.bdo.ro?intervie31ti$s.,t'"
25 Maritime English
Maritime English
Unit 4
:ain Engines
Objectives of Unit 4 4.1 Different t#$es of '%rine en+ines 4.! C% s%" verbs 4.) C% se %nd effect 4.4 Ter's re"%tin+ to '%in en+ines 4.5 <e%s re'ents 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References
26 Maritime English
Maritime English
27 Maritime English
Maritime English
identifies different t#$es of en+ine n%'es t,e c,%r%cteristics of e%c, t#$e nderst%nds t,e c% se? effect re"%tions,i$ 8no3s %nd ses different 'e%s re'ent nits ses ter's re"%ted to '%in en+ines 5.1 .i&&erent types o& marine engines
T,ere %re fo r '%in t#$es of '%rine en+ineJ t,e diese" en+ineC t,e ste%' t rbineC t,e +%s t rbine %nd t,e '%rine n c"e%r $"%nt. *%c, t#$e of en+ine ,%s its o3n $%rtic "%r %$$"ic%tion. T,e diese" en+ine is % for' of intern%" co'b stion en+ine si'i"%r to t,%t sed in % b s. Its $o3er is e&$ressed %s br%8e ,orse$o3er Gb,$H. T,is is t,e $o3er $ t o t b# t,e en+ine. *ffective ,orse$o3er is t,e $o3er deve"o$ed b# t,e $iston in t,e c#"inderC b t so'e of t ,is is "ost b# friction 3it,in t,e en+ine. T,e $o3er o t$ t of % 'odern '%rine diese" en+ine is %bo t 42C222 br%8e ,orse$o3er. T,is is no3 e&$ressed in 8i"o3%tts. B# co'$%rison t,e en+ine of % s'%"" f%'i"# c%r ,%s %n o t$ t of %bo t :2 b,$. L%r+e diese" en+inesC 3,ic, ,%ve c#"inders ne%r"# ) ft in di%'eterC t rn %t t,e re"%tive"# s"o3 s$eed of %bo t 12: r$'. T,ese %re 8no3n %s s"o31s$eed diese" en+ines. T,e# c%n be connected direct"# to t,e $ro$e""er 3it,o t +e%rin+. A"t,o +, ,i+,er $o3er co "d be $rod ced b# ,i+,er revo" tionsC t,is 3o "d red ce t,e efficienc# of t,e $ro$e""erC bec% se % $ro$e""er is 'ore efficient t,e "%r+er it is %nd t,e s"o3er it t rns. T,ese "%r+e s"o3 r nnin+ en+ines %re sed in t,e "%r+er 'erc,%nt s,i$sC $%rtic "%r"# in t%n8ers %nd b "8 c%rriers. T,e '%in re%son is t,eir "o3 f e" cons '$tion. <ore %nd 'ore of t,e "%r+er 'erc,%nt vesse"s %re bein+ $o3ered b# 'edi '1s$eed diese" en+ines. T,ese o$er%te bet3een 152 %nd 452 r$'C t,erefore t,e# %re connected to t,e $ro$e""er b# +e%rin+. T,is t#$e of en+ine 3%s once restricted to s'%""er c%r+o s,i$sC b t no3 t,e# %re sed in f%st c%r+o "iners %s 3e"" %s in t%n8ers %nd b "8 c%rriers. T,e# %re c,e%$er t,%n s"o31 s$eed diese" en+inesC %nd t,eir s'%""er siFe %nd 3ei+,t c%n res "t in % s'%""erC c,e%$er s,i$. In ste%' t rbines ,i+, $ress re ste%' is directed into % series of b"%des or v%nes %tt%c,ed to % s,%ftC c% sin+ it to rot%te. T,is rot%r# 'otion is tr%nsferred to t,e $ro$e""er s,%ft b# +e%rs. 0te%' is $rod ced b# boi"in+ 3%ter in % boi"erC 3,ic, is fired b# oi". Recent deve"o$'ents in ste%' t rbines 3,ic, ,%ve red ced f e" cons '$tion %nd r%ised $o3er o t$ t ,%ve '%de t,e' 'ore %ttr%ctive %s %n %"tern%tive to diese" $o3er in s,i$s. T,e# %re 52 $er cent "i+,ter %nd on ver# "%r+e t%n8ers so'e of t,e ste%' c%n be sed to drive t,e "%r+e c%r+o oi" $ '$s. T rbines %re often sed in cont%iner s,i$sC 3,ic, tr%ve" %t ,i+, s$eeds. .%s t rbines differ fro' ste%' t rbines in t,%t +%s r%t,er t,%n ste%' is sed to t rn % s,%ft. T,ese ,%ve %"so beco'e 'ore s it%b"e for se in s,i$s. <%n# n%v%" vesse"s %re $o3ered b# +%s t rbines %nd sever%" cont%iner s,i$s %re fitted 3it, t,e'. A +%s t rbine en+ine is ver# "i+,t %nd e%si"# re'oved for '%inten%nce. It is %"so s it%b"e for co'$"ete % to'%tion. N c"e%r $o3er in s,i$s ,%s '%in"# been confined to n%v%" vesse"sC $%rtic "%r"# s b'%rines. B t t,is for' of $o3er 3i"" be sed 'ore in 'erc,%nt s,i$s %s oi" f e"s beco'e 'ore e&$ensive. A n c"e%r1$o3ered s,i$ differs fro' % convention%" t rbine s,i$ in t,%t it ses t,e ener+# 2 Maritime English
Maritime English
re"e%sed b# t,e dec%# of r%dio%ctive f e" to +ener%te ste%'. T,e ste%' is sed to t rn % s,%ft vi% % t rbine in t,e convention%" 3%#. Complete this diagram to form a summary of the basic types of marine engine.
5.#
Causal ver's
T,ere %re sever%" verbs 3,ic, c%n be sed to e&$ress c% se. 1. To have %nd to get Study these e,amples: 7e ,%d t,e en+ines over,% "ed. 7e +ot t,e en+ines over,% "ed. In t,ese sentences t,e s bject B,eB c% sed t,e %ctionC b t did not $erfor' it ,i'se"f. In t,e fo""o3in+ sentences t,e $erson $erfor'in+ t,e %ctions is introd ced. Note ,o3 t,e infinitive is sed. 7e ,%d t,e *n+ine De$%rt'ent over,% " t,e en+ines. 7e ,%d t,e en+ines over,% "ed b# t,e *n+ine De$%rt'ent. 7e +ot t,e *n+ine De$%rt'ent to over,% " t,e en+ines. 7e +ot t,e en+ines over,% "ed b# t,e *n+ine De$%rt'ent. 2! Maritime English
Maritime English
*&ercise 1. 4rite o t t,ese notes sin+ t,e verbs in br%c8ets %nd t,e %$$ro$ri%te pattern a#ove. e.+. !had) to e,amine" T,e <%ster 1 t,e eD i$'ent 1 t,e e"ectrici%n T,e <%ster ,%d t,e eD i$'ent e&%'ined b# t,e e"ectrici%n. G%H !got) to plot" T,e 0econd <%te 1 t,e c%det 1 t,e co rse GbH !had) to check" T,e ;irst <%te 1 t,e c%r+o GcH !had) to lower" T,e Bos n 1 t,e bo%ts 1 t,e %$$rentices GdH !got) to clean" T,e C%r$enter 1 t,e bi"+es 1 t,e r%tin+s GeH !got) to ad/ust" T,e <%ster 1 t,e co'$%sses GfH !had) to supervise" T,e C,ief *n+ineer 1 t,e 0econd *n+ineer 1 t,e 3or8 G+H !got) to lu#ricate" T,e 0econd *n+ineer 1 t,e +re%sers 1 t,e '%c,iner# G,H !had) to sweep" T,e C,ief 0te3%rd 1 t,e s%"oon 1 t,e +%""e# bo# !. 1en 5erbs 5erbs endin+ or be+innin+ 3it, 1en 'e%n to '%8e so'et,in+ ,%$$en. T,e 1en is s %""# %tt%c,ed to t,e %djectiveC b t so'eti'es t,e no n is sedC e.+. to '%8e ti+,t S to ti+,tenA to '%8e "on+er S to "en+t,en $,ercise 4. 5ewrite these sentences using an -en ver#: G%H T,e c%r$enter '%de t,e $"%n8 s,orter. GbH T,e +%$ bet3een t,e t3o vesse"s bec%'e 3ider. GcH >o need to '%8e #o r $enci" s,%r$ before doin+ c,%rt3or8. GdH Const%nt $ress re '%8es % s$rin+ 3e%8. GeH 0$eed 3%s red ced to '%8e t,e "o%d "i+,ter on t,e en+ine. GeH T,e ro$es ,%d to be '%de "on+er bec% se t,e# 3o "d not re%c,. GfH 7e ,%d +re%t diffic "t# in '%8in+ t,e n t "ooseC G,H Addin+ c%rbon to stee" '%8es it ,%rder. GiH Red cin+ t,e c%rbon content '%8es it softer. GjH T,e ,o"e ,%d to be '%de "%r+er before t,e bo"t 3o "d fit. G8H ;riction is incre%sed b# '%8in+ % s rf%ce ro +,er. ). C% s%" verbs G%H .ener%" c% s%" verbsJ to ma)e, to cause G,o3 t,e# %re sed is s,o3n in P%rt GBH fo""o3in+H GbH 0$ecific c% s%" verbsJ to increase, to raise, to reduce, to lo(er, etc. GcH 5erbs en%b"in+ so'et,in+ to ,%$$enJ to permit, to allo(, to let e.+. T,e $iston 3ent do3nC $er'ittin+?%""o3in+ %ir to enter the c#"inder. T,e $iston 3ent do3nC "ettin+ %ir enter t,e c#"inder.
5.3
Cause and e&&ect
1. 4,en bot, %re no ns t,e# %re "in8ed %s fo""o3sJ cause T e&&ect se% 3%ter c% ses corrosion 3' Maritime English
Maritime English
Ot,er "in8s %reJ res "ts inC "e%ds toC +ives rise toC $rod cesC is t,e c% se ofC is one of t,e c% ses of. T,e effect '%# be $ t firstJ e&&ect ; cause Corrosion is c% sed b# se% 3%ter Ot,er "in8s %reJ res "ts fro'C is d e toC %rises fro'C is t,e res "t of !6ote: If t,is is not t,e on"# c% seC t,e "in8in+ $,r%se ' st be 'odified b# % 'od%"C e.+. may<can or % freD enc# %dverbC e.+. o&ten<sometimes.= $,ercise 1. These cause and effect pairs have #een mi,ed up. 7ind the corresponding parts and /oin them together using any of the linking phrases a#ove as appropriate. G%H $oor " bric%tion GbH inst%bi"it# GcH over"o%din+ GdH efficienc# GeH ,e%t "oss GfH c%re"essness G+H c%ref " n%vi+%tion G,H "%c8 of '%inten%nce % red ction in $o3er f e" econo'# %ccidents bre%8do3ns +ood '%n%+e'ent str ct r%" str%in b%d "o%din+ friction
!. 4,en bot, %re c"% ses t,e# c%n be "in8ed %s fo""o3sJ cause% T,e en+ines red ced s$eed. e&&ect% T,e s,i$ s"o3ed do3n. G%H b# sin+ t,e +ener%" c% s%" verbs to cause, to ma)e e.+. T,e en+ines red ced s$eedC c% sin+ t,e s,i$ to slow do3n. T,e en+ines red ced s$eedC '%8in+ t,e s,i$ slow do3n. GbH b# sin+ 0ing c"% ses e.+. T,e en+ines red ced s$eedC s"o3in+ t,e s,i$ do3n. GcH b# sin+ connectin+ 3ordsC s c, %s conse-uently e.+. T,e en+ines red ced s$eedC conseD ent"# t,e s,i$ s"o3ed do3n. GdH b# sin+ s$ecific c% s%" verbs e.+. to raise Gto c% se to riseH causeJ T,e $iston rises. e&&ect% T,e $ress re in t,e c#"inder rises. e.+. T,e $iston risesC r%isin+ t,e $ress re in t,e c#"inder.
Exercise 2. Study this diagram of an engine pressure indicator and complete the sentences below using any of the cause and effect links studied so far.
31 Maritime English
Maritime English
Drum
Paper clip Spring Indicator cylinder and piston Pencil
Flywheel
4it, t,e
t%$ c"osedJ
G%HT,e $iston is driven do3n3%rdsC... t,e f"#3,ee" to rot%te. GbHT,e f"#3,ee" rot%tesC t,e $in tr%ve" do3n3%rds. GcHT,e $in tr%ve"s do3n3%rdsCt,e strin+. GdHT,e strin+ is %tt%c,ed to t,e dr ' in s c, % 3%# t,%t it ... t,e dr ' to rot%te. GeH4,en t,e $iston tr%ve"s $3%rdsC t,e tension on t,e strin+ is Ct,e dr ' to ret rn to its ori+in%" $osition b# 'e%ns of % s$rin+. GfHT,erefore e%c, ti'e t,e f"#3,ee" rot%tesC it t,e dr ' to rot%te b%c83%rds %nd for3%rds. G+HT,e $oint of % $enci" is ,e"d %+%inst t,e $%$er on t,e dr 'C t,e $enci" '%r8s t,e "en+t, of t,e stro8e on t,e $%$er e%c, ti'e t,e dr ' rot%tes. 4it, t,e t%$ o$enJ G,H T,e $3%rd 'ove'ent of t,e $iston co'$ression of t,e +%s in t,e c#"inder. GiH T,e $ress re of t,e +%s t,e indic%tor $iston. GjH T,e indic%tor $iston risesC t,e s$rin+. G8H T,e $iston is %tt%c,ed to t,e %r' ,o"din+ t,e $enci"C t,e $enci" 'oves $3%rds ... t,e rise on t,e $%$er.
5.5
Terms relating to main engines
Study this diagram of a two-stroke slow-speed diesel engine and learn the names of the principal parts.
32 Maritime English
Maritime English
5.7
:easurement
Basic units Study the table below showing the six basic units of the SI system and their symbols, and the two supplementary symbols. Some ha e already been used in pre ious units.
uantity length mass luminous intensity temperature plane angle solid angle !nit metre kilogramme candela kelvin radian steradian Symbol m kg cd " r sr
33 Maritime English
Maritime English #$ Derived units I %hese are units e&pressed in terms of base and supplementary units only, e$g$ unit of area ' s(uare metre ' m# Exercise 1$ Complete the following table! )"ote! Per is e&pressed by a stroke *+, and indicates that the unit in front of the stroke is divided by the unit after the stroke$uantity area !nit s(uare metre Symbol
volume velocity angular velocity acceleration density. momentum
cubic metre metre per second radian per second metre per second second kilogramme per cubic metre kilogramme metre per second
/$ Derived units II Some units have special names$ %hese are shown in the table below$
fre(uency force work, energy, heat
hert0 newton 1oule watt
20 3 4
5$ Derived units III Some units are e&pressed in terms of other derived units only or other derived units and base. units$ e$g$ unit of stress ' newton per s(uare metre ' 3+m # Exercise 2. Complete the table below.
uantity tor(ue stress
!nit newton metre
Symbol
34 Maritime English
Maritime English
pressure newton per s(uare metre intensity of heat flow rate thermal conductivity coefficient of heat transfer heat capacity 1oule per degree celsius 4+kg 78 watt per metre degree 8elsius 6+m# 78 6+m#
T1. 'omplete the sentences #elow using the correct form of the ver#s .let). .make). .have). and .get.. 1.Professor ... e%c, of ,er st dents 3rite %n ess%# describin+ t,eir f t re +o%"s in "ife. !.0,e ... ,er st dents se % diction%r# 3,i"e t,e# 3ere t%8in+ t,e test. ).<r 0'it, reD ested % co$# of t,%t e&$ense re$ortC so I ... t,e co rier t%8e one over to ,i' "%st 3ee8. 4.Di%ne t,in8s te"evision is % 3%ste of ti'eC so s,e 3onBt ... ,er c,i"dren 3%tc, T5. 5.<# boss ... 'e +et ,i' coffeeC %nd b # $resents for ,is 3ife. 7e c%nBt do %n#t,in+ b# ,i'se"fI (.T,e contr%ct 3%s ver# det%i"edC %nd it 3%s essenti%" t,%t t,e 3ordin+ be %bso" te"# correct. T,ereforeC I ... t,e %+ent rec,ec8 ,is 3or8 sever%" ti'es to '%8e s re t,ere 3o "d be no 'is nderst%ndin+s. T!. 'hange the follow sentences so as to use 8causative have.9 NoteJ C% s%tive verbs %re often sed 3it, ne+%tive e&$eriences %. I %s8ed so'ebod# to c"e%n '# j%c8et #esterd%#. b. Did #o %s8 so'eone to fi& #o r co'$ ter6 c. 4,en 3i"" t,e re$ort be re%d#6 IB"" %s8 so'ebod# to do it b# to'orro3 'ornin+. d. 0o'ebod# sto"e '# 3%""et. e. 0o'ebod# s'%s,ed ,er 3indo3.
(ro)ress test
2ere is a diagram of a four.stroke medium.speed diesel engine$ See if you can name the parts 1.1# indicated$
35 Maritime English
Maritime English
1 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ : $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ # $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ; $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1< $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ / $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ = $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 11$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 5 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ > $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

T1. Co'$"ete t,e sentences be"o3 sin+ t,e correct for' of t,e verbs E"etCE E'%8eCE E,%veCE %nd E+etCE 1.Professor 0'it, ,%d e%c, of ,er st dents 3rite %n ess%# describin+ t,eir f t re +o%"s in "ife. !.0,e "et ,er st dents se % diction%r# 3,i"e t,e# 3ere t%8in+ t,e test. ).T,e c%$t%in reD ested % co$# of t,%t e&$ense re$ortC so I ,%d t,e bos n t%8e one over to ,i' "%st 3ee8. 4.7o3 did #o +et t,e doctor to '%8e % ,o se c%""6 5.Di%ne t,in8s te"evision is % 3%ste of ti'eC so s,e 3onBt "et ,er c,i"dren 3%tc, T5. (.<# boss '%8es 'e +et ,i' coffeeC %nd b # $resents for ,is 3ife. 7e c%nBt do %n#t,in+ b# ,i'se"fI 9.T,e contr%ct 3%s ver# det%i"edC %nd it 3%s essenti%" t,%t t,e 3ordin+ be %bso" te"# correct. T,ereforeC I ,%d t,e %+ent rec,ec8 ,is 3or8 sever%" ti'es to '%8e s re t,ere 3o "d be no 'is nderst%ndin+s. :. T,e c,ief ,%tes t,e o$er%. B t %fter d%#s of n%++in+C ,is 3ife fin%""# +ot ,i' to +o see t,e ne3 $rod ction of L% Bo,e'e. T!. C,%n+e t,e fo""o3 sentences %nd se Uc% s%tive ,%ve.@ NoteJ C% s%tive verbs %re often sed 3it, ne+%tive e&$eriences I ,%d '# j%c8et c"e%ned #esterd%#. Did #o ,%ve #o r co'$ ter fi&ed6 4,en 3i"" t,e re$ort be re%d#6 IB"" have it done b# to'orro3 'ornin+. I ,%d '# 3%""et sto"en. 0,e ,%d ,er 3indo3 s'%s,ed.
36 Maritime English
Maritime English
&eferences
1. B"%8e#C T.N. $nglish 7or Maritime Studies. !nd ed. 7e'e" 7e'$ste%dC Prentice 7%"" Intern%tion%" GU=H LtdC 1/:9 GI0BN 2 1) !:1)9/ )H !. Lo+ieC C.C 5iversC *.C NisbetC A. Marlins Study :ack 4 Gboo8 %nd t3o % dio c%ssettesH. *dinb r+,C <%r"insC 1//: GI0BN 2/5)194: 1 (H ). < r$,#C R. $ssential Grammar %n Use. 1st ed. C%'brid+eC C%'brid+e Universit# PressC 1//2 GI0BN 2 5!1 )5992 5H 4. ,tt$J??333.en+"is,$%+e.co'?'init tori%"s?"ete&ercise.,t'
37 Maritime English
Maritime English
Unit :
The T(o04tro)e Crosshead .iesel Engine
Objectives of Unit 5 5.1 4,%t is % cross,e%d 5.! C,%r%cteristics 5.) Re$orted s$eec, 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References
3 Maritime English
Maritime English
en 'er%te t,e %dv%nt%+es of !1stro8e en+ines identif# t,e $%rts of %n en+ine describe t,e 3or8 of ! stro8e diese" en+ines se re$orted s$eec,
7.1
!hat is a crosshead
A crosshead is % 'ec,%nis' sed in "%r+e reci$roc%tin+ en+ines to e"i'in%te side3%#s $ress re on t,e $iston. On s'%""er en+ines t,e connectin+ rod "in8s t,e $iston %nd t,e cr%n8s,%ft direct"#C b t t,is tr%ns'its tr%nsverse forces to t,e $istonC since t,e cr%n8$in G%nd t, s t,e direction t,e force is %$$"iedH 'oves fro' side to side 3it, t,e rot%r# 'otion of t,e cr%n8. T,ese tr%nsverse forces %re to"er%b"e in % s'%""er en+ineA % "%r+er en+ineBs ' c, +re%ter forces 3o "d c% se %n into"er%b"e de+ree of 3e%r on t,e $iston %nd c#"inderC %s 3e"" %s incre%sin+ over%"" friction in t,e en+ine. A $iston rod is %tt%c,ed to t,e $iston %nd "in8s it to t,e cross,e%dC 3,ic, is % "%r+e c%stin+ s"idin+ in cross,e%d + ides GU=J slide#arHC %""o3in+ it on"# to 'ove in t,e s%'e direction %s t,e $iston tr%ve". T,e cross,e%d %"so ,o ses t,e + d+eon $in on 3,ic, t,e s'%"" end of t,e connectin+ rod $ivots. In t,is 3%#C t,e tr%nsverse forces %re %$$"ied on"# to t,e cross,e%d %nd its be%rin+sC not to t,e $iston itse"f. Intern%" co'b stion en+ines sin+ cross,e%ds '%8e for e%sier '%inten%nce of t,e to$ end of t,e en+ineC since t,e $istons c%n be e%si"# re'oved. T,e $iston rod is 'o nted on t,e nderside of t,e $iston %nd connected to t,e cross,e%d b# % sin+"e n t in do b"e %ctin+ en+ines. L%r+e diese" en+ines Gs c, %s t,ose fitted to s,i$sH %re of t,is $%tternA t,e v%st '%jorit# of ste%' en+ines %re %"so b i"t t,is 3%#. In t,e c%se of t,e ste%' en+ineC % cross,e%d is essenti%" if t,e en+ine is to be dou#le acting 1 ste%' is %$$"ied to bot, sides of t,e $istonC 3,ic, reD ires % se%" %ro nd t,e $iston rod. L%r+e diese"s often ,%ve % $" n+er oi" $ '$ direct"# %tt%c,ed to t,e cross,e%d to s $$"# oi" nder ,i+, $ress re to t,e cross,e%d be%rin+. In '%n# 1/t, cent r# '%rine ste%' en+inesC t,e cross,e%d 3%s % stron+ 'et%" b%r %tt%c,ed to t,e $iston rod %nd $er$endic "%r to itC 3,ic, 3%s so'eti'es sed to e"i'in%te tr%nsverse forcesC %s in % stee$"e en+ineC %nd %t ot,er ti'es sed %s % "in8%+eVto side1rods in % side1"ever en+ine or to connectin+ rods in % sD %re en+ine. 3! Maritime English
Maritime English
7.#
Characteristics
T,e ! stro8e diese" cross,e%d en+ine 3or8s on e&%ct"# t,e s%'e $rinci$"e %nd c#c"e %s t,e ! stro8e diese" tr n8 $iston en+ine. T,e dis%dv%nt%+es of t,e t3o stro8e diese" tr n8 $iston en+ine %re t,%t %"t,o +, it ,%s % "o3 over%"" ,ei+,tC " bric%tin+ oi" s$"%s,ed $ fro' t,e cr%n8c%se to " bric%te t,e "iner c%n find its 3%# into t,e sc%ven+e s$%ceC c% sin+ fo "in+ %nd % ris8 of % sc%ven+e fire. T,ere is %"so t,e "i8e"i,ood of "iner %nd $iston s8irt 3e%rC %""o3in+ %ir into t,e cr%n8c%se. T,is c%n s $$"# t,e reD ired o&#+en for % cr%n8c%se e&$"osion s,o "d % ,ot s$ot deve"o$. T,e cr%n8c%se oi" ' st ,%ve %dditives 3,ic, c%n co$e 3it, cont%'in%tion fro' $rod cts of co'b stionC %nd t,e %cids for'ed d rin+ co'b stion d e to t,e s "$, r in t,e f e". T,e '%jorit# of ! stro8e en+ines enco ntered %t se% %re of t,e Ecross,e%dE t#$e. In t,is t#$e of en+ine t,e co'b stion s$%ce Gfor'ed b# t,e c#"inder "inerC $iston %nd c#"inder ,e%dHC %nd t,e sc%ven+e s$%ce %re se$%r%ted fro' t,e cr%n8c%se b# t,e di%$,r%+' $"%te. T,e $iston rod is bo"ted to t,e $iston %nd $%sses t,ro +, % st ffin+ bo& 'o nted in t,e di%$,r%+' $"%te. T,e st ffin+ bo& $rovides % se%" bet3een t,e t3o s$%cesC sto$$in+ oi" fro' bein+ c%rried $ to t,e sc%ven+e s$%ceC %nd sc%ven+e %ir "e%8in+ into t,e cr%n8c%se. T,e foot of t,e $iston rod is bo"ted to t,e cross,e%d $in. T,e to$ end of t,e connectin+ rod s3in+s %bo t t,e cross,e%d $inC %s t,e do3n3%rd "o%d fro' t,e e&$%ndin+ +%s %$$"ies % t rnin+ force to t,e cr%n8s,%ft. To ens re t,%t t,e cross,e%d reci$roc%tes in %"i+n'ent 3it, t,e $iston in t,e c#"inderC + ide s,oes %re %tt%c,ed eit,er side of t,e cross,e%d $in. T,ese s,oes %re "ined 3it, 3,ite 'et%"C % be%rin+ '%teri%" %nd t,e# reci$roc%te %+%inst t,e cross,e%d + idesC 3,ic, %re bo"ted to t,e fr%'e of t,e en+ine. T,e cross,e%d + ides %re "oc%ted in bet3een e%c, c#"inder. Usin+ t,e cross,e%d desi+n of en+ine %""o3s en+ines to be b i"t 3it, ver# "on+ stro8es 1 3,ic, 'e%ns t,e en+ine c%n b rn % +re%ter D %ntit# of f e"?stro8e %nd deve"o$ 'ore $o3er. T,e f e" sed c%n be of % "o3er +r%de t,%n t,%t sed in % tr n8 $iston en+ineC 3it, % ,i+,er s "$, r contentC 3,i"st ,i+, %"8%"init# c#"inder oi"s 3it, % different s$ecific%tion to t,%t of t,e cr%n8c%se oi" %re sed to " bric%te t,e c#"inder "iner %nd $iston rin+s %nd co'b%t t,e effects of %cid %tt%c8.
4' Maritime English
Maritime English
T,e 'ost $o3erf " diese" en+ines in t,e 3or"d %re t3o stro8e cross,e%d en+ines. 0o'e of t,ese en+ines ,%ve c#"inder bores %$$ro%c,in+ 1'etre 3it, % stro8e of over !.5 'etres. T,e cr%n8s,%ft c%n 3ei+, over )22 tonsC 3it, t,e en+ine 3ei+,in+ in e&cess of !222 tons.
7.3
6eported speech
0t%te'ents If 3e 3%nt to re$ort 3,%t ot,er $eo$"e s%idC t,o +,t or fe"tC 3e c%n se t,e direct %nd indirect s$eec, Gre$orted s$eec,H. T,e direct speechJ .% like it). he said. .%rene is late). he thought. .% will pass the e,am). she hoped. T,e reported speechJ ;e said he liked it. ;e thought that %rene was late. She hoped she would pass the e,am. AH 5erb tenses 4e c,%n+e t,e tenses in t,e fo""o3in+ 3%#J 1. Present 1 $%st .% never understand you). she told me. - She told me she never understood me. . e are e,ercising). he e,plained. - ;e e,plained that they were e,ercising. !. Present $erfect 1 $%st $erfect .% have #roken the window). he admitted. - ;e admitted that he had #roken the window. ). P%st 1 $%st $erfect .She went to 5ome). % thought. - % thought that she had gone to 5ome. 4. 4i"" 1 condition%" ill c,%n+es into t,e condition%". .% will come on Sunday). he reminded me. - ;e reminded me that he would come on Sunday. Notes % shall) we shall s %""# beco'e would. .% shall appreciate it). he said. - ;e said he would appreciate it. % should) we should s %""# c,%n+es into would. . e should #e really glad). she told us. - She told us they would #e really glad. May beco'es might. .% may write to him). she promised. - She promised that she might write to him. T,e verb for's re'%in t,e s%'e t,e fo""o3in+ c%ses. 1. If t,e re$ortin+ verb is in t,e $resent tense. &ill: .% am en/oying my holiday.. - &ill says he is en/oying his holiday. Sandy: .% will never go to work.. - Sandy says she will never go to work. !. 4,en 3e re$ort so'et,in+ t,%t is sti"" tr e. 41 Maritime English
Maritime English
0an: .+sia is the largest continent.. - 0an said +sia is the largest continent. $mma: .:eople in +frica are starving.. - $mma said people in +frica are starving. ). 4,en t,e s$eec, is '%de %nd re$orted %t t,e s%'e ti'e %nd t,e f%ct is sti"" tr e. Michael: .% am thirsty.. - Michael said he is thirsty. 4. 4it, 'od%" verbs would) might) could) should) ought to) used to. George: .% would try it.. - George said he would try it. Mimi: .% might come.. - Mimi said she might come. Steve: .% could fail.. - Steve said he could fail. (inda: .;e should3ought to stay in #ed.. - (inda said he should3ought to stay in #ed. Mel: .% used to have a car.. - Mel said he used to have a car. 5. After wish) would rather) had #etter) it is time. Margo: .% wish they were in Greece.. - Margo said she wished they were in Greece. Matt: .% would rather fly.. - Matt said he would rather fly. &etty: .They had #etter go.. - &etty said they had #etter go. :aul: .%t is time % got up.. - :aul said it was time he got up. (. In if1c"% ses. Martha: .%f % tidied my room) my dad would #e happy.. - Martha said that if she tidied her room) her dad would #e happy. 9. In ti'e1c"% ses. <oe: . hen % was staying in Madrid % met my #est friend.. - ;e said that when he was staying in Madrid he met his #est friend. :. 4e do not c,%n+e t,e $%st tense in s$o8en *n+"is, if it is c"e%r fro' t,e sit %tion 3,en t,e %ction ,%$$ened. .She did it on Sunday). % said. - % said she did it on Sunday. 4e ' st c,%n+e itC ,o3everC in t,e fo""o3in+ sentenceC ot,er3ise it 3i"" not be c"e%r 3,et,er 3e %re t%"8in+ %bo t t,e $resent or $%st fee"in+s. .% hated her). he said. - ;e said he had hated her. /. 4e do not s %""# c,%n+e t,e 'od%" verbs must %nd needn*t. B t must c%n beco'e had to or would have to %nd needn*t c%n beco'e didn*t have to or wouldn*t have to if 3e 3%nt to e&$ress %n ob"i+%tion. ould3wouldn*t have to %re sed to t%"8 %bo t f t re ob"i+%tions. .% must wash up.. - ;e said he must wash up3he had to wash up. .% needn*t #e at school today.. - ;e said he needn*t #e3didn*t have to #e at school that day. . e must do it in <une.. - ;e said they would have to do it in <une. %f the modal ver# must does not e,press o#ligation) we do not change it. . e must rela, for a while.. !suggestion" - ;e said they must rela, for a while. .You must #e tired after such a trip.. !certainty" - ;e said we must #e tired after such a trip.
42 Maritime English
Maritime English
sc%ven+e s$%ce st ffin+ bo& cross,e%d + ides cross,e%d di%$,r%+' $iston rod
(ro)ress test
7ill in the #lanks with the following words: f e"sA stro8eA o$er%tedA o t$ tA ,e%tA nitA ste%'A $ro$ "siveA b rnA rose T,e T3o ... Cross,e%d *n+ine ,%s "on+ been t,e f%vo red '%in ... $o3er ... for 'ost t#$es of 'erc,%nt vesse"s. As t,e $rice of oi" ...C deve"o$'ents in t,e desi+n of t,ese en+ines %""o3ed t,e' to ... t,e $oorer resid %" .... T,is co'bined 3it, '%jor i'$rove'ents in t rboc,%r+er desi+n %nd 3%ste ... recover#C r%ised t,eir efficienc# %nd $o3er ...C so t,e# 3ere %b"e to s $ersede t,e ... t rbine $"%nts 3,ic, ... %t ' c, "o3er efficiencies.
43 Maritime English
Maritime English
&eferences
1. B"%8e#C T.N. $nglish 7or Maritime Studies. !nd ed. 7e'e" 7e'$ste%dC Prentice 7%"" Intern%tion%" GU=H LtdC 1/:9 GI0BN 2 1) !:1)9/ )H !. Lo+ieC C.C 5iversC *.C NisbetC A. Marlins Study :ack 4 Gboo8 %nd t3o % dio c%ssettesH. *dinb r+,C <%r"insC 1//: GI0BN 2/5)194: 1 (H ). < r$,#C R. $ssential Grammar %n Use. 1st ed. C%'brid+eC C%'brid+e Universit# PressC 1//2 GI0BN 2 5!1 )5992 5H 4. ,tt$J??333.'%rinediese"s.info?inde&.,t'"
44 Maritime English
Maritime English
Unit ;
T0e 1ed/u& S2eed 4$Strokes Trunk (/ston En)/nes
Objectives of Unit ( (.1 Introd ction (.! T,e roc8er +e%r %nd v%"ves (.) T rboc,%r+in+ (.4 T,e c#"inder ,e%d (.5 T,e f e" $ '$ (.( T,e $iston (.9 T,e c#"inder "iner (.: T,e c%'s,%ft (./ T,e connectin+ rod 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References
45 Maritime English
Maritime English
en 'er%te t,e %dv%nt%+es of 41stro8e en+ines identif# t,e $%rts of %n en+ine describe t,e 3or8 of 4 stro8e diese" en+ines se %dverb c"% ses 3it, e&$ressions of c% se %nd effect
9.1
Introduction
T,e 'edi ' s$eed 4 stro8e tr n8 $iston en+ine c%n be fo nd on 'ost 'edi ' to "%r+e 'erc,%nt vesse"s even if t,e '%in en+ine is eit,er % ste%' t rbine or % ! stro8e cross,e%d en+ine. In t,ese c%ses it 3i"" often be fo nd t,%t t,e e"ectric%" $o3er is s $$"ied b# %"tern%tors driven b# 'edi ' s$eed 4 stro8e en+ines. T,e# %re t,e f%vo red 'et,od of $ro$ "sion on s,i$s 3,ere ,e%d roo' is % 'ini' 'C for inst%nceC on ferries %nd $%ssen+er vesse"sC %nd 3,ereC %s is t,e c rrent trend for t,ese s,i$sC diese" e"ectric $ro$ "sion is ti"ised. Diese" e"ectric $ro$ "sion %""o3s t,e en+ines to be $"%ced 3,erever is 'ost s it%b"eC %s t,e# no "on+er ,%ve to be %"i+ned 3it, red ction +e%rin+ %nd s,%ftin+ %s is t,e c%se 3it, convention%" inst%""%tions. .ener%""#C 'edi ' s$eed en+ines r n %t bet3een !52 1 :52 RP<. Above t,is r%n+e t,e# %re defined %s ,i+, s$eed en+ines. A"t,o +, not %s $o3erf " %s t,eir ! stro8e cross,e%d co sinsC t,e "%r+est 4 stro8e en+ines %re de"iverin+ j st over !22284 $er c#"inder. Adv%nces in desi+n %nd '%teri%"s ,%ve "ed to %n incre%se in efficienc#C to+et,er 3it, %n incre%se in t rboc,%r+er $ress re r%tios 3,ic, %""o3 % +re%ter D %ntit# of f e" to be b rnt $er c#c"e. <edi ' s$eed en+ines ,%ve % ,i+,er $o3er to 3ei+,t r%tio t,%n t,e s"o3 s$eed t3o stro8esC b t d e to t,e ,i+,er s$eeds tend to ,%ve red ced '%inten%nce interv%"s. T,e "%r+est of t,ese en+ines ,%ve % bore of (42'' %nd % stro8e of /22'' G4%rtsi"% (4HC %"t,o +, en+ines 3,ic, %re ne%r"# EsD %reE %re 'ore t,e nor'. A sD %re en+ine is one 3,ere t,e bore is eD %" to t,e stro8e.
!artsila 95
4ul>er ?A5@
46 Maritime English
Maritime English
T,e n%'e ETr n8 PistonE refers to t,e $iston s8irt or tr n8. T,e $ r$ose of t,e s8irt or tr n8 in fo r1stro8e c#c"e en+ines is to %ct in % si'i"%r '%nner to % cross,e%d. It t%8es t,e t,r st c% sed b# connectin+1rod %n+ "%rit# %nd tr%ns'its it to t,e side of t,e c#"inder "inerC in t,e s%'e 3%# %s t,e cross,e%d s"i$$er tr%ns'its t,e t,r st to t,e cross,e%d + ide. 4it, s c, en+inesC 3,ic, %re ter'ed tr n81$iston en+inesC t,e en+ine ,ei+,t is consider%b"# red ced co'$%red 3it, t,%t of % cross,e%d en+ine of si'i"%r $o3er %nd s$eed. T,e en+ine1'%n f%ct rin+ costs %re %"so red ced. It 'e%ns of co rse t,%t t,ere is no se$%r%tion bet3een t,e cr%n8c%se %nd t,e "iner %nd $iston. T,is ,%s its dis%dv%nt%+esC es$eci%""# 3,en considerin+ t,e c,oice of " bric%tin+ oi"s 3,en b rnin+ ,i+, s "$, r resid %" f e"s. 9.# 6oc)er ear and "alves
T,e 4 stro8e '%rine diese"s sed for '%in or % &i"i%r# $o3er on bo%rd s,i$ 3i"" ,%ve ' "ti$"e in"et %nd e&,% st v%"ves fitted to t,e c#"inder ,e%ds. On t,e 'edi ' s$eed en+ines t,is nor'%""# t%8es t,e for' of t3o in"et %nd t3o e&,% st v%"ves $er nit. T,e re%sons for t,is %re %s fo""o3sJ T,e %re% of t,e v%"ve o$enin+s ' st be "%r+e eno +, to $rovide for %n efficient +%s e&c,%n+e $rocess. If t,e %re% is too s'%"" t,en not eno +, %ir 3i"" be $ s,ed?dr%3n into t,e c#"inder d rin+ t,e ind ction stro8eC %nd on t,e e&,% st stro8e t,e en+ine 3i"" be doin+ 3or8 $ s,in+ t,e e&,% st +%s o t of t,e c#"inder. T,e c#"inder ,e%d ' st %cco''od%te in"et %nd e&,% st v%"vesC so n"i8e % t3o stro8e en+ineC one "%r+e centr%" e&,% st v%"ve is not $ossib"e.

If t,e v%"ves %re too "%r+eC t,en t,e stren+t, of t,e c#"inder ,e%d 3i"" be co'$ro'ised. =ee$in+ t,e e&,% st v%"ve te'$er%t re 3it,in %cce$t%b"e "i'its is of $%r%'o nt i'$ort%nce. It is e%sier to coo" % s'%""er v%"ve. T,e 'ovin+ $%rts %nd s$rin+s %re of s'%""er $ro$ortions red cin+ t,e inerti% of t,e $%rts %nd t,e $o3er de'%nd on t,e en+ine. A s#''etric%""# desi+ned stron+ c#"inder ,e%d is %c,ieved.
*&,% st v%"ves %re s bject to %rd o s conditionsC %nd reD ire re+ "%r over,% ". To %id t,isC e&,% st v%"ves %re often fitted in se$%r%te c%+es. T,is %""o3s t,e e&,% st v%"ve to be c,%n+ed %nd over,% "ed 3it,o t re'ovin+ t,e c#"inder ,e%d. T,e c%+es ,%ve 3%ter coo"in+ $%ss%+es connected to t,e c#"inder ,e%d coo"in+ 3%ter. T,e c%+e is of c%st stee". T,e coo"ed se%ts %re '%de fro' % ,e%t resist%nt 'o"#bden ' stee" 3,ic, '%# be ste""ite f%ced. T,e e&,% st v%"ve '%# be of % si'i"%r '%teri%" or of % ni'onic %""o#. In"et v%"ves %re s bject to ' c, "ess %rd o s conditions %nd %re not s %""# fitted in se$%r%te c%+es. T3o different siFed s$rin+s %re fitted to %id $ositive c"osin+ of t,e v%"ves. T,e re%son for fittin+ t3o s$rin+s %re t,%t if one f%i"sC t,e ot,er 3i"" $revent t,e v%"ve dro$$in+ do3n into t,e c#"inder. T,e t3o s$rin+s ,%ve different vibr%tion c,%r%cteristicsC so t,e incidence of reson%nce is red ced. Greson%nce is 3,ere t3o ite's vibr%te %t t,e s%'e freD enc# t, s t,e %'$"it de of t,e vibr%tion is %'$"ified.H
47 Maritime English
Maritime English
<ost 'edi ' s$eed fo r stro8es se $ s, rods %nd roc8er +e%r to o$en %nd s, t t,e v%"ves %t t,e correct ti'e. O$er%ted b# c%'sC 'ec,%nic%""# ti'ed to t,e cr%n8s,%ftC t,e $ s,rods tr%ns'it t,e 'otion to t,e roc8er +e%rC 3,ic, $ s,es t,e v%"ves o$en %t t,e correct ti'e. Bec% se t,ere %re t3o of e%c, v%"ve 'o nted in t,e c#"inder ,e%dC t,e roc8er +e%r ' st o$er%te bot, v%"ves si' "t%neo s"#. 5%rio s 'et,ods %re sed inc" din+ '%ster %nd s"%ve %rr%n+e'ents G0 "Fer PA42H %nd #o8e G;i%tH. A ,#dr% "ic o$er%tin+ s#ste' 3%s introd ced in $"%ce of $ s, rods %nd roc8er +e%r on t,e 0 "Fer PA52. T,is ,%d t,e %dv%nt%+e of bein+ %b"e to %dj st t,e ti'in+ of t,e c"osin+ of t,e v%"ves to s it o$er%tin+ conditions.
9.3
Tur'ocharging
B# t rboc,%r+in+ %n en+ineC t,e fo""o3in+ %dv%nt%+es %re obt%inedJ Incre%sed $o3er for %n en+ine of t,e s%'e siFe OR red ction in siFe for %n en+ine 3it, t,e s%'e $o3er o t$ t. Red ced s$ecific f e" oi" cons '$tion 1 'ec,%nic%"C t,er'%" %nd sc%ven+e efficiencies %re i'$roved d e to "ess c#"indersC +re%ter %ir s $$"# %nd se of e&,% st +%sses.

T,er'%" "o%din+ is red ced d e to s,orter 'ore efficient b rnin+ $eriod for t,e f e" "e%din+ to "ess e&%ctin+ c#"inder conditions.
T,e t rboc,%r+er consists of % sin+"e st%+e i'$ "se t rbine connected to % centrif +%" i'$e""er vi% % s,%ft.
4 Maritime English
Maritime English
T,e t rbine is driven b# t,e en+ine e&,% st +%sC 3,ic, enters vi% t,e +%s in"et c%sin+. T,e +%s e&$%nds t,ro +, % noFF"e rin+ 3,ere t,e $ress re ener+# of t,e +%s is converted to 8inetic ener+#. T,is ,i+, ve"ocit# +%s is directed onto t,e t rbine b"%des 3,ere it drives t,e t rbine 3,ee"C %nd t, s t,e co'$ressor %t ,i+, s$eeds G12 115222 r$'H. T,e e&,% st +%s t,en $%sses t,ro +, t,e o t"et c%sin+ to t,e e&,% st $t%8es. On t,e %ir side %ir is dr%3n in t,ro +, fi"tersC %nd enters t,e co'$ressor 3,ee" %&i%""# 3,ere it is %cce"er%ted to ,i+, ve"ocit#. T,e %ir e&its t,e i'$e""er r%di%""# %nd $%sses t,ro +, % diff serC 3,ere so'e of t,e 8inetic ener+# +ets converted to $ress re ener+#. T,e %ir $%sses to t,e vo" te c%sin+ 3,ere % f rt,er ener+# conversion t%8es $"%ce. T,e %ir is coo"ed before $%ssin+ to t,e en+ine in"et '%nifo"d or sc%ven+e %ir receiver. T,e noFF"e rin+ is 3,ere t,e ener+# in t,e e&,% st +%s is converted into 8inetic ener+#. It is f%bric%ted fro' % cree$ resist%nt c,ro'i ' nic8e" %""o#C ,e%t resistin+ 'o"#1c,ro'e nic8e" stee" or % ni'onic %""o# 3,ic, 3i"" 3it,st%nd t,e ,i+, te'$er%t res %nd be resist%nt to corrosion( T rbine b"%des %re s %""# % nic8e" c,ro'e %""o# or % ni'onic '%teri%" G% nic8e" %""o# cont%inin+ c,ro'eC tit%ni 'C %" 'ini 'C 'o"#bden ' %nd t n+stenH 3,ic, ,%s +ood resist%nce to cree$C f%ti+ e %nd corrosion. <%n f%ct red sin+ t,e invest'ent c%stin+ $rocess. B"%de roots %re of fir tree s,%$e 3,ic, +ive $ositive fi&in+ %nd 'ini' ' stress concentr%tion %t t,e conj nction of root %nd b"%de. T,e root is s %""# % s"%c8 fit to %""o3 for differenti%" e&$%nsion of t,e rotor %nd b"%de %nd to %ssist d%'$in+ vibr%tion. On s'%"" t rboc,%r+ers %nd t,e "%test desi+ns of 'odern t rboc,%r+ers t,e b"%des %re % ti+,t fit in t,e 3,ee". L%cin+ 3ire is sed to d%'$en vibr%tionC 3,ic, c%n be % $rob"e'. T,e 3ire $%sses t,ro +, ,o"es in t,e b"%des %nd d%'$s t,e vibr%tion d e to friction bet3een t,e 3ire %nd b"%de. It is not fi&ed to e%c, individ %" b"%de. T,e 3ire c%n $%ss t,ro +, %"" t,e b"%desC cri'$ed bet3een individ %" b"%des to 8ee$ it "oc%tedC or it c%n be fitted in s,orter sectionsC fi&ed %t one endC joinin+ +ro $s of %bo t si& b"%des. A $rob"e' 3it, "%cin+ 3ire is t,%t it c%n be d%'%+ed b# forei+n '%tterC it c%n be s bject to corrosionC %nd c%n %cce"er%te fo "in+ b# $rod cts of co'b stion 3,en b rnin+ resid %" f e"s. ;%i" re of b"%din+ d e to cr%c8s e'%n%tin+ fro' "%cin+ 3ire ,o"es c%n %"so be % $rob"e'. A"" t,e %bove c%n c% se i'b%"%nce of t,e rotor. T,e t rbine c%sin+ is of c%st iron. 0o'e c%sin+s %re 3%ter coo"ed 3,ic, co'$"ic%tes t,e c%stin+. 4%ter coo"ed c%sin+s %re necess%r# for t rboc,%r+ers 3it, b%"" %nd ro""er be%rin+s 3it, t,eir o3n inte+r%" LO s $$"# Gto 8ee$ t,e LO coo"H. <odern t rboc,%r+ers 3it, e&tern%""# " bric%ted jo rn%" be%rin+s ,%ve ncoo"ed c%sin+s. T,is "e%ds to +re%ter over%"" efficienc# %s "ess ,e%t ener+# is rejected to coo"in+ 3%ter %nd is %v%i"%b"e for t,e e&,% st +%s boi"er. T,e co'$ressor i'$e""er is of %" 'ini ' %""o# or t,e 'ore e&$ensive tit%ni '. <%n f%ct red fro' % sin+"e c%stin+ it is "oc%ted on t,e rotor s,%ft b# s$"ines. A" 'ini ' i'$e""ers ,%ve % "i'ited "ifeC d e to cree$C 3,ic, is dict%ted b# t,e fin%" %ir te'$er%t re. Often t,e te'$er%t re of %ir "e%vin+ t,e i'$e""er c%n be %s ,i+, %s !22WC. T,e "ife of t,e i'$e""er nder t,ese circ 'st%nces '%# be "i'ited to %bo t 92222 ,o rs. To e&tend t,e "ifeC %ir te'$er%t res ' st be red ced. One 3%# of %c,ievin+ t,is is to dr%3 t,e %ir fro' o tside 3,ere t,e %'bient %ir te'$er%t re is be"o3 t,%t of t,e en+ine roo'. *fficient fi"tr%tion %nd se$%r%tion to re'ove 3%ter dro$"ets is essenti%" %nd t,e i'$e""er 3i"" ,%ve to be co%ted to $revent corrosion %cce"er%ted b# t,e $ossib"e $resence of s%"t 3%ter. 4! Maritime English
Maritime English
T,e %ir c%sin+ is %"so of %" 'ini ' %""o# %nd is in t3o $%rts. Be%rin+s %re eit,er of t,e b%"" or ro""er t#$e or $"%in 3,ite 'et%" jo rn%"s. T,e b%"" %nd ro""er be%rin+s %re 'o nted in resi"ient 'o ntin+s incor$or%tin+ s$rin+ d%'$in+ to $revent d%'%+e d e to vibr%tion. T,ese be%rin+s ,%ve t,eir o3n inte+r%" oi" $ '$s %nd oi" s $$"#C %nd ,%ve % "i'ited "ife G:222 ,rsH. P"%in jo rn%" be%rin+s %re " bric%ted fro' t,e '%in en+ine oi" s $$"# or fro' % se$%r%te s#ste' incor$or%tin+ dr%in t%n8C coo"er %nd $ '$s. Oi" is s $$"ied in s fficient D %ntit# to coo" %s 3e"" %s " bric%te. T,e s#ste' '%# incor$or%te % ,e%der t%n8 %rr%n+e'ent to s $$"# oi" to t,e be%rin+s 3,i"st t,e t rboc,%r+er co'es to rest s,o "d t,e oi" s $$"# f%i". A t,r st %rr%n+e'ent is reD ired to "oc%te %nd ,o"d t,e rotor %&i%""# in t,e c%sin+. In nor'%" o$er%tion t,e t,r st is to3%rds t,e co'$ressor end. L%b#rint, se%"s or +"%nds %re fitted to t,e s,%ft %nd c%sin+ to $revent t,e "e%8%+e of e&,% st +%s into t,e t rbine end be%rin+C or to $revent oi" bein+ dr%3n into t,e co'$ressor. To %ssist in t,e se%"in+ effectC %ir fro' t,e co'$ressor vo" te c%sin+ is "ed into % s$%ce 3it,in t,e +"%nd. A vent to %t'os$,ere %t t,e end of t,e "%b#rint, +ives % + ide to t,e efficienc# of t,e t rbine end +"%nd. Disco"orin+ of t,e oi" on % rotor fitted 3it, % ro""er be%rin+ 3i"" %"so indic%te % f%i" re in t,e t rbine end +"%nd. A "%b#rint, %rr%n+e'ent is %"so fitted to t,e b%c8 of t,e co'$ressor i'$e""er to restrict t,e "e%8%+e of %ir to t,e +%s side 9.5 Cylinder head
8ylinder heads for 5 stroke engines are of a comple& design$ %hey have to house the inlet and e&haust valves, the fuel in1ector, the air start valve, relief valve and indicator cock$ %he passages for the inlet air and e&haust gas are incorporated, as are the cooling water passages and spaces$
Nor'%""# '%n f%ct red fro' s$,eroid%" +r%$,ite or nod "%r c%st iron 3,ic, is e%s# to c%st. A"t,o +, not %s stron+ %s c%st stee"C 3,ic, is diffic "t to c%st into co'$"e& s,%$es d e to its $oor f" idit#C it '%int%ins % re%son%b"e stren+t, nder "o%d. AdeD %te coo"in+ is essenti%" to $revent t,er'%" f%ti+ e d e to neven e&$%nsion t,ro +,o t t,e c%stin+C %nd bore coo"in+ ,%s been introd ced %"on+ 3it, coo"in+ s$%ces to ens re effective coo"in+ of t,e Ef"%'e $"%teE Gt,e nderside of t,e c#"inder ,e%d 3,ic, for's t,e to$ of t,e co'b stion c,%'berH. Cr%c8in+ of c#"inder ,e%ds c%n occ r d e to $oor coo"in+ c% sin+ t,er'%" f%ti+ e. Poor coo"in+ c%n be t,e res "t of sc%"e b i"d $ 3it,in t,e coo"in+ s$%ces d e to in%deD %te 3%ter tre%t'ent. Over"o%din+ of t,e nit c% sin+ ,i+, $e%8 $ress res is %"so % c% se %s is incorrect ti+,tenin+ do3n of t,e c#"inder ,e%d. Cr%c8in+ nor'%""# occ rs bet3een t,e v%"ve $oc8ets %nd?or coo"in+ 3%ter s$%ces. Cr%c8ed c#"inder ,e%ds c%n be re$%ired b# s$eci%"ised 3e"din+A b t t,is ' st be done nder t,e + id%nce %nd 3it, % t,oris%tion fro' t,e c"%ssific%tion societies. 9.7 8uel pumps
<edi ' s$eed fo r stro8e en+ines %re eD i$$ed 3it, jer8 t#$e f e" $ '$sC one for e%c, c#"inder. A $" n+er o$er%ted b# % c%' reci$roc%tes in % b%rre". T,e $" n+er ,%s % ,e"i& '%c,ined into it 3,ic, %"so for's % vertic%" +roove %nd %n %nn "%r +roove %t t,e b%se of t,e ,e"i&. T,e b%rre" is "oc%ted in t,e $ '$ bod# 3,ic, ,%s s$i"" $ortsC connected to t,e s ction side of t,e $ '$C dri""ed so t,%t t,e# %re %bove t,e to$ of t,e $" n+er 3,en t,e c%' is 5' Maritime English
Maritime English
on t,e b%se circ"e. T,e $" n+er is 8e#ed to % s"eeve 3,ic, ,%s % +e%r3,ee" G$inionH '%c,ined into it. T,e $inion 'es,es 3it, % r%c8 3,ic, c%n rot%te t,e $" n+er re"%tive to t,e b%rre". T,e r%c8 is connected to t,e en+ine +overnor. As t,e $" n+er 'oves $3%rds in t,e b%rre"C injection 3i"" co''ence once t,e $" n+er ,%s c"osed off t,e s$i"" $orts %nd t,e $ress re b i"ds $. As soon %s t,e ,e"i& or scro"" $%sses t,e s$i"" $orts t,e $ress re %bove t,e $" n+er 3i"" i''edi%te"# dro$C even t,o +, t,e $" n+er is sti"" 'ovin+ $3%rds. It s,o "d t,erefore be evident t,%t t,e %'o nt of f e" injected into t,e c#"inder is de$endent on t,e $osition of t,e ,e"i& re"%tive to t,e s$i"" $ort. 4,en t,e vertic%" +roove is "ined $ 3it, t,e s$i"" $ortC t,en no injection 3i"" t%8e $"%ce %nd t,e en+ine 3i"" sto$. T,e $" n+er is '%c,ined to ver# fine to"er%ncesC %s is t,e '%tc,ed b%rre" in 3,ic, it reci$roc%tes. 4e%r d e to %br%sive $%rtic"es in t,e f e" 3i"" 'e%n t,%t t,e $ '$ 3i"" t%8e "on+er to b i"d $ t,e injection $ress re reD ired. 4e%r d e to erosion %"so t%8es $"%ce on t,e to$ ed+e of t,e $" n+er %nd t,e ed+e of t,e ,e"ices %nd s$i"" $orts. T,isC to+et,er 3it, t,e 3e%r in t,e $" n+er %nd b%rre"C 3i"" "e%d to t,e injection ti'in+ beco'in+ ret%rdedC for 3,ic, %dj st'ent '%# ,%ve to be '%de. On t,e scro"" or ,e"ic%" f e" $ '$C %"t,o +, t,e end of injection c%n be v%riedC t,e st%rt of injection Gi.e. 3,en t,e to$ of t,e $" n+er covers t,e s$i"" $ortsH is fi&ed. ; e"s of different D %"ities '%# reD ire %dv%ncin+ or ret%rdin+ t,e st%rt of injectionC in %ddition to 3,ic, if t,e injection ti'in+ is %dv%nced 3,en t,e en+ine is r nnin+ %t "o%ds be"o3 t,e '%&i' ' contin o s r%tin+C t,en % s%vin+ in f e" c%n be %c,ieved. Different en+ine '%n f%ct rers %c,ieve t,is 5%ri%b"e Injection Ti'in+ G5ITH sin+ different 'et,ods. T,e 4%rtsi"% (4 en+ine ses % f e" $ '$ 3it, t3o $" n+ers %nd t3o b%rre"s 3it, co''on s ction %nd disc,%r+e. T,e $" n+er for contro""in+ t,e st%rt of injection Gti'in+H ,%s % ,e"i& in t,e to$ of t,e $" n+erC 3,i"e t,e $" n+er for contro""in+ t,e end of injection G'eterin+H is % convention%" scro"" t#$e f e" $ '$ $" n+er. Bot, $" n+ers %re o$er%ted b# t,e s%'e c%'. As t,e# 'ove $3%rds in t,eir res$ective b%rre"s injection 3i"" not st%rt nti" t,e ,e"i& on t,e ti'in+ $" n+er ,%s covered t,e s$i"" $ort. T,is $oint is contro""ed b# rot%tin+ t,e $" n+er in t,e b%rre" b# 'e%ns of % r%c8 %nd $inion. *nd of injection is contro""ed in t,e nor'%" 3%#C 3,en t,e ,e"i& on t,e 'eterin+ $" n+er ncovers t,e s$i"" $orts. T,e <AN BX4 )!?42 en+ine ,%s % se$%r%te c%'s,%ft for t,e f e" $ '$s t,%t c%n be %dv%nced or ret%rded %s t,e en+ine is r nnin+. T,e fin%" drive +e%r on t,e ti'in+ +e%r tr%in ,%s %n intern%" ,e"ic%""# toot,ed s"eeve bo"ted to it. T,e +e%r 3,ee" %nd s"eeve c%n be 'oved %&i%""# b# 'e%ns of % ,#dr% "ic $iston. T,e toot,ed s"eeve 'es,es 3it, % '%tc,ed ,e"ic%" +e%r fi&ed to t,e c%'s,%ft. T,e c%'s,%ft is fi&ed so t,%t it c%nnot 'ove %&i%""#. T,erefore %s t,e s"eeve 'oves $ %nd do3n contro""ed b# t,e ,#dr% "ic $istonC so t,e f e" $ '$ ti'in+ is %dv%nced or ret%rded.
51 Maritime English
Maritime English
T,e c%'s,%ft for t,e in"et %nd e&,% st v%"ves ti"ises t3o different $rofi"es for econo'# %nd f "" $o3er o$er%tion. T,e c%'s,%ft c%n 'ove %&i%""# fro' one set of c%'s to t,e ot,er 3,i"st t,e en+ine is r nnin+ si'i"%r to t,e 'et,od sed for reversin+ t,e en+ine direction %s s,o3n on t,e c%'s,%ft $%+e. 9.9 The piston
Pistons for 'edi ' s$eed tr n8 $iston en+ines 3,ic, b rn resid %" f e" %re co'$osite $istonsA i.e t,e cro3n %nd t,e s8irt %re '%de of different '%teri%"s. T,e cro3n is % ,e%t resistin+ stee" for+in+ 3,ic, '%# be %""o#ed 3it, c,ro'i 'C 'o"#bden ' %nd nic8e" to '%int%in stren+t, %t ,i+, te'$er%t res %nd resist corrosion. It is dis,ed to for' % co'b stion c,%'ber 3it, c to ts to %""o3 for t,e v%"ves o$enin+. T,e to$"%nd Gt,e s$%ce bet3een t,e to$ rin+ %nd t,e to$ of t,e $istonH '%# be t%$ered to %""o3 for e&$%nsion bein+ +re%ter 3,ere t,e $iston is ,ottest. T,e s8irt c%n eit,er be % nod "%r c%st iron or for+ed or c%st si"icon %" 'ini ' %""o#. A" 'ini ' ,%s t,e %dv%nt%+e of bein+ "i+,tC 3it, "o3 inerti%C red cin+ be%rin+ "o%din+. 7o3ever bec% se %" 'ini ' ,%s % ,i+,er coefficient of e&$%nsion t,%n stee"C incre%sed c"e%r%nces ' st be %""o3ed for d rin+ '%n f%ct re. T,is 'e%ns t,%t t,e $iston s8irt c"e%r%nce in t,e "iner is +re%ter t,%n t,%t for c%st iron 3,en r nnin+ %t "o3 "o%ds. T,e s8irt tr%ns'its t,e side t,r stC c% sed b# t,e v%r#in+ %n+ "%rit# of t,e con rodC to t,e "iner. Too bi+ % c"e%r%nce 3i"" c% se t,e $iston to ti"t. T,e $iston $in for t,e con rod s'%"" end be%rin+ is "oc%ted in t,e $iston s8irt. T,e $iston $in f"o%ts in t,e $iston s8irt %nd is "oc%ted in $"%ce b# circ"i$s. De$endin+ on t,e '%teri%" sed for t,e s8irt Ges$. c%st %" 'ini 'HC % b s,in+ '%# be sed for t,e $in. T,e $iston rin+s '%# be "oc%ted in t,e cro3n or in bot, cro3n %nd s8irt. Nor'%""#C t,e rin+s %re c,ro'e $"%ted or $"%s'% co%ted to resist 3e%r. Bec% se t,e "iner is s$"%s, " bric%tedC %n oi" scr%$er Goi" contro"H rin+ is fitted to t,e $iston s8irt. T,e $iston is oi" coo"ed. T,is is %c,ieved b# v%rio s 'e%nsA T,e si'$"est is for % jet of oi" to be directed $3%rds fro' % ,o"e in t,e to$ of t,e con rod onto t,e nderside of t,e cro3n. A 'ore efficient 'et,od is to se %n oi" c%tc,er %s s,o3n in t,e $ict re %bove. T,is directs oi" into t,e coo"in+ s$%ces on t,e nderside of t,e cro3n 3,ere t,e coc8t%i" s,%8er effect of t,e reci$roc%tin+ $iston ens res % $ositive coo"in+ effect. It is n s %" for t,e oi" ret rn te'$er%t re to be 'onitored 52 Maritime English
Maritime English
G n"i8e t,e ! stro8e s"o3 s$eed cross,e%d en+ineC 3,ere bot, te'$er%t re %nd D %ntit# %re 'onitoredH. 0o'e en+ines %re fitted 3it, one $iece $istons '%n f%ct red fro' eit,er c%st iron or si"icon %""o# %" 'ini ' . T,ese c%nnot be sed 3it, resid %" f e"C bec% se t,e ,i+,er te'$er%t res c% ses b rnin+ of t,e $iston cro3n. A" 'ini ' %"so s ffers fro' c%rbon b i"d $ %bove )22Y C. Rin+ +rooves in %" 'ini ' $istons s %""# t%8e t,e for' of % c,ro'e $"%ted c%st iron insert. The 6otating Piston
T,e Rot%tin+ $iston. Inste%d of % convention%" $iston $in %nd be%rin+C t,e to$ end consists of % t3o $%rt s$,eric%" be%rin+. Inside t,e s$,eric%" to$ end of t,e con rod %re t3o s$rin+ "o%ded $%3"s. T,ese $%3"s en+%+e 3it, % r%tc,et rin+ 3,ic, is connected to t,e $iston. T,e r%tc,et rin+ ,%s %n neven n 'ber of teet,. As t,e con rod s3in+sC t,e $%3"s en+%+e %"tern%te"# 3it, t,e r%tc,et rin+C rot%tin+ t,e $iston.
T,e %dv%nt%+es of t,is s#ste' %re

At e%c, stro8e % different $%rt of t,e fres,"# oi"ed s8irt is in cont%ct 3it, t,e $%rt of t,e "iner 3%"" %bsorbin+ t,e side t,r st. T,is red ces 3e%r %nd t,e ris8 of seiF re. T,e rin+s rot%teC so t,e rin+ +%$ is not %"3%#s in t,e s%'e $ositionA t,is red ces "oc%" over,e%tin+ d e to b"o3b#.
Bec% se t,e "o%din+ on t,e s$,eric%" be%rin+ is s#''etric%"C %nd bec% se t,e $iston is s#''etric%" Gno ,o"e for $iston $inHC t,e $iston c%n be '%de 3it, s'%""er c"e%r%nces 3,ic, red ces $iston roc8in+. 9.A Cylinder liner
T,e c#"inder "iner is c%st se$%r%te"# fro' t,e '%in c#"inder fr%'e for t,e s%'e re%sons %s +iven for t,e ! stro8e en+ine 3,ic, %reJ T,e "iner c%n be '%n f%ct red sin+ % s $erior '%teri%" to t,e c#"inder b"oc8. 4,i"e t,e c#"inder b"oc8 is '%de fro' % +re# c%st ironC t,e "iner is '%n f%ct red fro' % nod "%r c%st iron %""o#ed 3it, c,ro'i 'C v%n%di ' %nd 'o"#bden '. GC%st iron cont%ins +r%$,iteC % " bric%nt. T,e %""o#in+ e"e'ents ,e"$ resist corrosion %nd i'$rove t,e 3e%r resist%nce %t ,i+, te'$er%t res.H T,e c#"inder "iner 3i"" 3e%r 3it, seC %nd t,erefore '%# ,%ve to be re$"%ced. T,e c#"inder j%c8et "%sts t,e "ife of t,e en+ine.
53 Maritime English
Maritime English
At 3or8in+ te'$er%t reC t,e "iner is % "ot ,otter t,%n t,e j%c8et. T,e "iner 3i"" e&$%nd 'ore %nd is free to e&$%nd di%'etric%""# %nd "en+t,3ise. If t,e# 3ere c%st %s one $ieceC t,en n%cce$t%b"e t,er'%" stresses 3o "d be set $C c% sin+ fr%ct re of t,e '%teri%". Less ris8 of defects. T,e 'ore co'$"e& t,e c%stin+C t,e 'ore diffic "t to $rod ce % ,o'o+eno s c%stin+ 3it, "o3 resid %" stresses.
<odern "iners e'$"o# bore coo"in+ %t t,e to$ of t,e "iner 3,ere t,e $ress re stress is ,i+, %nd t,erefore t,e "iner 3%"" t,ic8ness ,%s to be incre%sed. T,is brin+s t,e coo"in+ 3%ter c"ose to t,e "iner s rf%ce to 8ee$ t,e "iner 3%"" te'$er%t re 3it,in %cce$t%b"e "i'its so t,%t t,ere is not % bre%8do3n in " bric%tion or e&cessive t,er'%" stressin+. A"t,o +, t,e "iner is s$"%s, " bric%ted fro' t,e revo"vin+ cr%n8s,%ftC c#"inder " bric%tors '%# be $rovided on t,e "%r+er en+ines. On t,e e&%'$"e s,o3n o$$ositeC t,e " bric%tor dri""in+s %re bored fro' t,e botto' of t,e "iner circ 'ferenti%""# %ro nd t,e "iner 3%"". Anot,er set of ,o"es %re dri""ed to 'eet $ 3it, t,ese vertic%""# bored ,o"es %t t,e $oint 3,ere t,e oi" is reD ired %t t,e "iner s rf%ce. Ot,er en+ines '%# ti"ise %&i%" dri""in+s %s in % t3o stro8e en+ine.
4ul>er ?A5@ Liner Bvee engine+ The straight engine is similar=
4,ere t,e coo"in+ 3%ter s$%ce is for'ed bet3een t,e en+ine fr%'e %nd t,e j%c8etC t,ere is % d%n+er t,%t 3%ter co "d "e%8 do3n %nd cont%'in%te t,e cr%n8c%se if t,e se%"in+ O rin+s 3ere to f%i". As % 3%rnin+C Ete"" t%"eE ,o"es %re "ed fro' bet3een t,e O rin+s to t,e o tside of t,e en+ine. 'odern en+ines tend not to se t,is s$%ce for coo"in+ 3%ter. Inste%d % se$%r%te 3%ter j%c8et is 'o nted %bove t,e c#"inder fr%'e. T,is sto$s %n# ris8 of "e%8%+e of 3%ter fro' t,e coo"in+ s$%ce into t,e cr%n8c%se Gor oi" into t,e coo"in+ 3%ter s$%ceHC %nd $rovides t,e coo"in+ %t t,e ,ottest $%rt of t,e c#"inder "iner. Note t,%t t,e "iner o$$osite is fitted 3it, % fireb%nd. T,is is so'eti'es 8no3n %s %n %nti$o"is,in+ rin+. It is s"i+,t"# s'%""er in di%'eter t,%n t,e "inerC %nd its $ r$ose is to re'ove t,e c%rbon 3,ic, b i"ds $ on t,e $iston %bove t,e to$ rin+. If t,is c%rbon is %""o3ed to b i"d $ it 3i"" event %""# r b %+%inst t,e "iner 3%""C $o"is,in+ it %nd destro#in+ its oi" retention $ro$erties. T,e "iner ' st be +% +ed re+ "%r"# to est%b"is, t,e 3e%r r%te %nd c,ec8 t,%t it is 3it,in '%n f%ct rers to"er%nces. T,e 3e%r r%te for % 'edi ' s$eed "iner s,o "d be be"o3 2.215''?1222,rs. *&cessive 3e%r is c% sed b# "%c8 of " bric%tionC i'$ rities in f e" %ir or L bric%tin+ oi"C b%d co'b stion %nd %cid %tt%c8. 9.C Camsha&t
T,ere %re sever%" different 'et,ods of '%n f%ct rin+ c%'s,%fts for 'edi ' s$eed 4 stro8e '%rine diese" en+ines. On t,e s'%""er en+inesC t,e c%'s,%ft '%# be % sin+"e for+in+ co'$"ete 3it, c%'s.
54 Maritime English
Maritime English
A"tern%tive"# t,e c%'s,%ft c%n be b i"t $ in sin+"e c#"inder e"e'entsC e%c, e"e'ent '%de $ of t,e f e"C in"etC %nd e&,% st c%' on % section of t,e c%'s,%ft 3it, % f"%n+e on e%c, end. 0o t,%t t,e e"e'ent c%n be sed on %n# nit in t,e en+ineC t,e n 'ber of ,o"es for fitted bo"ts in t,e f"%n+es ' st be s fficient to %""o3 t,e c%' to be ti'ed for %n# nit on t,e en+ine. ;or e&%'$"eC on % si& c#"inder en+ineC t,e f"%n+es ' st ,%ve ( eD i s$%ced ,o"es or % ' "ti$"e t,ereof. T,e c%'s ' st be ,%rd eno +, to resist t,e 3e%r %nd %br%sion d e to i'$ rities in t,e " b. oi"C #et t,e# ' st be to +, eno +, to resist s,%tterin+ d e to s,oc8 "o%din+. T,e c%'s %re t,erefore s rf%ce ,%rdened sin+ t,e nitridin+ $rocess. On t,e "%r+er en+ines it is s %" to '%n f%ct re t,e c%'s,%ft %nd c%'s se$%r%te"#. T,e nitrided %""o# stee" c%'s %re t,en s,r n8 on to t,e stee" s,%ft sin+ ,e%t or ,#dr% "ic 'e%ns. Bec% se t,e c%'s %re fitted $ro+ressive"# onto t,e s,%ftC if t,e bores in t,e c%'s 3ere %"" t,e s%'e di%'eterC it 3o "d be ver# diffic "tC if not i'$ossib"eC to fit t,e first c%'s %"" t,e 3%# %"on+ t,e "en+t, of t,e s,%ft to t,e correct $osition. To overco'e t,is $rob"e' t,e c%'s,%ft is ste$$edC 3it, t,e "%r+est di%'eters %t t,e end 3,ic, ,%s t,e c%'s fitted first. T,e "%r+er bored c%'s fit e%si"# over t,e s'%"" di%'eter ste$s ti"" t,e# re%c, t,e correct $osition on t,e c%'s,%ft. =e#s %re not +ener%""# sed to "oc%te t,e c%'s %s t,e# 3o "d %ct %s stress r%isers. <ost 'edi ' s$eed en+ines %re nidirection%" Gi.e t,e# on"# rot%te one 3%#H. T,is is bec% se t,e# eit,er %re drivin+ %n %"tern%torC or bec% se if t,e# %re sed %s direct '%in $ro$ "sion t,e# tend to be drivin+ % contro""%b"e $itc, $ro$e""er. In t,e c%se 3,ere t,e en+ine is reversin+C t,en t,e c%'s,%ft ,%s t3o sets of c%'sC one for %,e%d o$er%tionC %nd one for %stern. T,e c%'s,%ft is eit,er c,%in or +e%r driven fro' t,e cr%n8s,%ft. Bec% se t,e en+ine is % fo r stro8eC t,e c%'s,%ft 3i"" rot%te %t ,%"f t,e s$eed of t,e cr%n8s,%ft. Gt,e v%"ves %nd f e" $ '$ 3i"" on"# o$er%te once for ever# t3o revo" tions of t,e cr%n8s,%ftH. In % c%se 3,ere t,e c%'s %re s,r n8 on t,e c%'s,%ftC if % c%' beco'es d%'%+ed %nd ,%s to be re$"%cedC t,en it c%n be c t off sin+ % c tter +rinder. C%re ' st be e&ercised not to d%'%+e t,e c%'s,%ft or %dj%cent c%'s d rin+ t,e o$er%tion. T,e re$"%ce'ent c%' is fitted in t3o ,%"ves 3,ic, is t,en bo"ted on t,e c%'s,%ft in t,e correct $osition %nd t,e ti'in+ rec,ec8ed. 7.C The Connecting rod
T,e connectin+ rod in % 'edi ' s$eed 4 stro8e en+ine is s bject to %n inerti% 3,i$ "o%din+ d e to t,e '%ss of t,e con rod s3in+in+ %bo t t,e $iston $in. GBec% se of t,e "o3er s$eed of % ! 55 Maritime English
Maritime English
stro8e en+ineC t,e 3,i$ "o%din+ is not "%r+e eno +, to inf" ence t,e desi+n of t,e con rodH. Added to t,isC t,e inerti% "o%ds d e to t,e '%ss of t,e reci$roc%tin+ $%rts c% se % stress revers%" fro' ,i+, co'$ressive stress Gd rin+ $o3er %nd co'$ression stro8eH to % "o3 tensi"e stress bet3een t,e e&,% st %nd in"et stro8es. T,is "o%din+ of t,e rod inf" ences its desi+nC %nd to 3it,st%nd t,e "o%din+ described %boveC connectin+ rods %re often for+ed fro' % '%n+%nese 'o"#bden ' stee" in %n I or 7 section 3,ic, red ces its '%ss fro' one '%de of ro nd section stee" G%nd t, s red ces t,e 3,i$ "o%din+H 3,i"e '%int%inin+ stren+t,. T,is is not %"3%#s t,e c%seC %s c%n be seen fro' t,e $ict res s,o3nC %nd often % ro nd section rod is of s fficient stren+t,.
Bec% se of t,e "%r+e di%'eter of t,e cr%n8$in to incre%se be%rin+ %re% %nd decre%se be%rin+ "o%dC t,e 3idt, of t,e botto' end of t,e con rod is +re%ter t,%n t,e di%'eter of t,e c#"inder "iner. 0o t,%t t,e $iston c%n be 3it,dr%3n fro' t,e "inerC ) different desi+ns %re sedJ T,e con rod c%n be fitted 3it, % '%rine $%"' %s in t,e $,oto %bove. T,e con rod c%n be s$"it in t3o $%rts %s s,o3n o$$osite.

T,e botto' end c%n be s$"it ob"iD e"#. 0err%tions %re sed to "oc%te t,e t3o ,%"ves re"%tive to one %not,er.
T,e %dv%nt%+e of sin+ % vee en+ine is t,%t t,e over%"" "en+t, of t,e en+ine is red ced for % +iven $o3er o t$ t. If % nor'%" botto' end %rr%n+e'ent is sed t,en t,e con rods ' st be $"%ced side b# side 3,ic, 'e%ns t,e o$$osite c#"inders %re offset. T,e cr%n8$ins ' st be "on+ eno +, to %cco''od%te t3o botto' ends side b# sideC %nd of "%r+e eno +, di%'eter to resist bendin+. T,e incre%sed "en+t, of t,e cr%n8s,%ft 'e%ns % "on+er en+ine. T3o %"tern%tive %rr%n+e'ents %re $ict red Gri+,tH. Bot, %""o3 t,e c#"inders to be o$$osite one %not,er. 7o3everC bot, %rr%n+e'ents restrict %ccess to t,e cr%n8c%seC %nd bec% se t,e desi+n of t,e botto' ends %re differentC 'ore s$%res ,%ve to be c%rried. Bec% se of t,e stress revers%" 'entioned %boveC botto' end bo"ts ,%ve % "i'ited "ife. T,is v%ries fro' en+ine to en+ineC b t is +ener%""# %ro nd 1!115222 ,o rs. If % botto' end bo"t 3%s to f%i" in o$er%tionC t,en t,e res "ts 3o "d be dis%stro s.
56 Maritime English
Maritime English
Botto' end bo"ts s,o "d be tre%ted 3it, c%re 3,en re'oved fro' t,e en+ine d rin+ over,% "s. T,e# s,o "d be ins$ected for %n# d%'%+e to t,e s rf%ce fro' 3,ic, % cr%c8 co "d st%rt. T,is d%'%+e co "d be d e to corrosion G3%ter in LOH or bec% se of incorrect ,%nd"in+.
? ring stud thrust piece oil catcher circlip piston pin
(ro)ress test
Use %"" of t,e fo""o3in+ e&$ressions of c% se %nd effectJ 'ecauseC since, as long as, due to the &act that, as. Note t,%t %"" of t,ese e&$ressions %re s#non#'s of Bbec% seB. <ind t,e $ nct %tionJ Example% &ecause he had to work late) we had dinner after nine o*clock. e had dinner after nine o*clock #ecause he had to work late. 1. T,e# received % ,i+, '%r8 on t,eir e&%' ... t,e# ,%d st died ,%rd. !. T,e# ,%d to "e%ve e%r"# ... t,eir tr%in "eft %t :.)2. ). ... #o ,%ve t,e ti'eC 3,# donBt #o co'e for dinner6 4. ... t,e test is diffic "tC #o ,%d better +et so'e s"ee$. 5. 4e 3i"" be st%#in+ for %n e&tr% 3ee8 ... 3e ,%ven not #et finis,ed.
57 Maritime English
Maritime English
&eferences
1. B"%8e#C T.N. $nglish 7or Maritime Studies. !nd ed. 7e'e" 7e'$ste%dC Prentice 7%"" Intern%tion%" GU=H LtdC 1/:9 GI0BN 2 1) !:1)9/ )H !. Lo+ieC C.C 5iversC *.C NisbetC A. Marlins Study :ack 4 Gboo8 %nd t3o % dio c%ssettesH. *dinb r+,C <%r"insC 1//: GI0BN 2/5)194: 1 (H ). < r$,#C R. $ssential Grammar %n Use. 1st ed. C%'brid+eC C%'brid+e Universit# PressC 1//2 GI0BN 2 5!1 )5992 5H 4. ,tt$J??333.'%rinediese"s.info?
5 Maritime English
Maritime English
Unit <
The Air 4tart 4ystem
Objectives of Unit 9 9.1 7o3 %n en+ine st%rts on %ir 9.! Adverb c"% ses 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References
5! Maritime English
Maritime English
Underst%nds t,e 3%# of st%rtin+ t,e en+ine Uses t,e $ro$er voc%b "%r# to describe t,e $rocess <%8es t,e difference bet3een different %dverb c"% ses Uses t,e s bordin%tin+ conj nctions $ro$er"# %nd f" ent"#
A.1 Air st%rt
3o( an engine starts on air
L%r+e <%rine Diese" *n+ines %re st%rted sin+ ,i+, $ress re co'$ressed %ir. T,e %ir is %d'itted into t,e c#"inder 3,en t,e $iston is j st $%st TDC %nd contin ed nti" j st before t,e e&,% st v%"ve o$ens. T,ere is %"3%#s 'ore t,%n one %ir st%rt v%"ve o$enJ 1 % sit %tion 8no3n %s over"%$. T,is ens res t,%t t,e en+ine 3i"" st%rt in %n# $osition. T,e o$enin+ of t,e '%in %ir st%rt v%"ves is contro""ed b# % set of $i"ot v%"ves "oc%ted in t,e %ir st%rt distrib torC 3,ic, in t rn %re ti'ed to o$er%te b# % drive "in8ed to t,e '%in c%'s,%ft. In t,e e&%'$"e s,o3nC % s'%"" c%'s,%ft is sed to contro" t,e o$enin+ %nd c"osin+ of t,e %ir st%rt $i"ot v%"ves.
6' Maritime English
Maritime English
T,e dr%3in+ s,o3s t,e $rinci$"e of o$er%tion of %n %ir st%rt s#ste'. L%r+e %ir receivers %re sed to store t,e co'$ressed %ir. T,e di%+r%' s,o3s t,e iso"%tin+ v%"ve o$en so %ir is bein+ %""o3ed %s f%r %s t,e % to'%tic v%"ve %nd t,e %ir st%rt contro" v%"ve. 4,en t,e en+ine is reD ired to st%rtC % "o3 $ress re %ir si+n%" is sent to t,e %ir st%rt contro" v%"ve G3,ic, c%n %"so be ,%nd o$er%ted in %n e'er+enc#H. T,e %ir $ s,es % $iston do3n 3,ic, o$ens t,e v%"ve %nd %""o3s ,i+, $ress re %ir to f"o3 to t,e $i"ot v%"ve %nd t,e % to'%tic v%"ve o$er%tin+ $istons. T,e $i"ot v%"ve is forced do3n onto t,e c%' $rofi"e %nd t,e % to'%tic v%"ve o$ens %nd ,i+, $ress re %ir is "ed to t,e '%in %ir st%rt v%"ves %nd t,e $i"ot v%"ve. 4,en t,e $i"ot v%"ve c%' fo""o3er is on t,e "o3est $oint on t,e c%'C %ir f"o3s to t,e o$er%tin+ $iston of t,e '%in %ir st%rt v%"ve for t,%t $%rtic "%r c#"inderC o$enin+ t,e v%"ve %nd %""o3in+ ,i+, $ress re %ir to f"o3 into t,e c#"inder. 4,en t,e $i"ot v%"ve is "ifted b# t,e c%'C t,e $i"ot v%"ve vents %nd t,e '%in %ir st%rt v%"ve c"oses. 4,en t,e st%rt %ir si+n%" is t%8en off t,e %ir st%rt contro" v%"veC t,e s#ste' vents %nd t,e % to'%tic v%"ve s, ts.
An inter"oc8 b"oc8in+ v%"ve 3i"" o$er%teC for inst%nce if t,e t rnin+ +e%r is "eft inC %nd t,is 3i"" sto$ ,i+, $ress re %ir fro' re%c,in+ t,e %ir st%rt contro" v%"ve %nd t, s eit,er t,e % to'%tic v%"ve or t,e $i"ot v%"ve. A s"o3 t rnin+ v%"ve is fitted. T,is 3i"" o$en inste%d of t,e '%in % to'%tic v%"ve if t,e en+ine ,%s been sto$$ed for 'ore t,%n )2 'in tes d rin+ '%noe verin+. It 3i"" on"# s $$"# eno +, %ir to t rn t,e en+ine over ver# s"o3"#. T,is is % $rec% tion in c%se % c#"inder ,%s ,%d oi" or 3%ter "e%8 into it 3,ic, 3o "d c% se d%'%+e to t,e en+ine 3,en st%rtin+. If t,e en+ine co'$"etes % f "" revo" tion on t,e s"o3 t rnC t,en t,e '%in % to'%tic v%"ve o$ens %nd t,e en+ine 3i"" st%rt. GnoteJ T,e o$er%tin+ s#ste' for t,e s"o3 t rnin+ ,%s been o'itted for si'$"icit#H. Intern%tion%" Associ%tion of C"%ssific%tion 0ociet# r "es st%teJ In order to $rotect st%rtin+ %ir '%ins %+%inst e&$"osion %risin+ fro' i'$ro$er f nctionin+ of st%rtin+ v%"vesC t,e fo""o3in+ devices ' st be fittedJ 61 Maritime English
Maritime English
An iso"%tion non1ret rn v%"ve or eD iv%"ent %t t,e st%rtin+ %ir s $$"# connection to e%c, en+ine. ii. A b rstin+ disc or f"%'e %rrester in 3%# of t,e st%rtin+ v%"ve of e%c, c#"inder for direct reversing engines ,%vin+ % '%in st%rtin+ '%nifo"d. D6 ii. At t,e s $$"# in"et to t,e st%rtin+ %ir '%nifo"d for non0reversing engines Devices nder GiiH %bove '%# be o'itted for en+ines ,%vin+ % bore not e&ceedin+ !)2 ''. T,e s#ste' '%# %"so be $rovided 3it, % re"ief v%"ve.
i.
9.!
Adver' Clauses
E7e s%3 <%r# 3,en ,e 3%s in Ne3 >or8E %nd ET,e# st died ,%rd bec% se t,e# ,%d % testE %re %dverb c"% ses. Adverb c"% ses e&$ress 3,enC 3,#C o$$osition %nd conditions %nd %re de$endent c"% ses. T,is 'e%ns t,%t %n %dverb c"% se c%nnot st%nd b# itse"f 1 in ot,er 3ordsC E4,en ,e 3ent to Ne3 >or8.E is not % co'$"ete sentence. It needs to be co'$"eted b# %n inde$endent c"% se. Example% ;e went to the Guggenheim museum when he was in 6ew York. Punctuation 4,en %n %dverb c"% se be+ins t,e sentenceC se % co''% to se$%r%te t,e t3o c"% ses. Example% +s soon as he arrives) we will have some lunch. 4,en t,e %dverb c"% se finis,es t,e sentence t,ere is no need for % co''%. Example% ;e gave me a call when he arrived in town. List o& !ords Bsu'ordinating con1unctions= Introducing Adver' Clauses TI:E after) #efore) when) while) as) #y the time !that") as soon as) since) until) whenever) the first time !that") the ne,t time !that") the last time !that") every time !that" *&%'$"esJ 7e 3%s t%"8in+ on t,e $,one 3,en I %rrived. 4e 3i"" finis, before ,e %rrives. 4e 3i"" finis, %fter ,e co'es. 0,e be+%n coo8in+ 3,i"e I 3%s finis,in+ '# ,o'e3or8. B# t,e ti'e ,e finis,edC I ,%d coo8ed dinner. 4e 3%ited nti" ,e finis,ed ,is ,o'e3or8. I ,%ve $"%#ed tennis since I 3%s % #o n+ bo#. 7e 3i"" "et s 8no3 %s soon %s ,e decides Gor %s soon %s ,e ,%s decidedH. 4,enever ,e co'esC 3e +o to ,%ve " nc, %t EDic8BsE. T,e first ti'e I 3ent to Ne3 >or8C I 3%s inti'id%ted b# t,e cit#. CAE4E AF. E88ECT #ecause) since) as) as long as) so long as) due to the fact that DPPD4ITIDF although) even though) though) whereas) while *&%'$"esJ 7e bo +,t t,e c%r even t,o +, it 3%s e&$ensive. T,o +, ,e "oves do +,n tsC ,e ,%s +iven t,e' $ for ,is diet. 4,ere%s #o ,%ve "ots of ti'e to do #o r ,o'e3or8C I ,%ve ver# "itt"e ti'e indeed. 62 Maritime English
Maritime English
<%r# is ric,C 3,i"e I %' $oor. CONDITION if) only if) unless) whether !or not") even if) providing !that") in case !that") provided !that") in the event !that" *&%'$"esJ If ,e co'esC 3e 3i"" ,%ve so'e " nc,. 7e 3o "d ,%ve invited 'e if ,e ,%d 8no3n. *ven if s,e s%ves % "otC s,e 3onBt be %b"e to %fford t,%t ,o se. T,e# 3onBt be %b"e to co'e 3,et,er or not t,e# ,%ve eno +, 'one#. Un"ess s,e , rries $C 3e 3onBt %rrive in ti'e. In t,e c%se #o need 'eC IB"" be %t To'Bs. On"# if #o do 3e"" on #o r e&%'s 3i"" 3e +ive #o #o r bic#c"e.
Give the right from of the ver#s in #rackets: If it r%insC 3e Gst%#H %t ,o'e. 7e 3i"" %rrive "%te n"ess ,e G, rr#H $. Peter 3i"" b # % ne3 c%rC if ,e G+etH ,is r%ise. If ,e st died 'oreC ,e G$%ssH t,e e&%'. I 3o "d "o3er t%&es if I GbeH t,e President. T,e# 3o "d b # % ne3 ,o se if t,e# G,%veH 'ore 'one# If ,e G8no3H t,%tC ,e 3o "d ,%ve decided different"#. J%ne GfindH % ne3 job if s,e ,%d st%#ed in Boston.
(ro)ress test
'hoose the phrase which #est completes the conditional statement. 1. If ,e co'esC A. 3e 3i"" +o to " nc,. B. 3e 3o "d +o to " nc,. C. 3e 3ent to " nc,. !. I 3o "d b # % #%c,t if I ,%ve % "ot of 'one#. if I in,erited % 'i""ion do""%rs. if I 3in t,e "otter#. ). If ,e st dies % "otC A. ,e 'i+,t $%ss t,e e&%'. B. ,e 3o "d $%ss t,e e&%'. C. ,e is +oin+ to $%ss t,e e&%'. 4. I 3o "d +et % ne3 job A. if I 3%s #o . B. if I %' #o . C. if I 3ere #o . 5. 7e 3i"" s re"# f%i" ,is e&%'s A. if ,e not 3or8 ,%rderA B. n"ess ,e be+ins to st d#A C. if ,e 3erenBt serio s. (. I 3on@t "e%ve on 0%t rd%# A. if s,e 3i"" co'e to visitA B. if s,e 3onBt co'e to visitA C. if s,e co'es to visit 9. If t,is stor' +ets 3orseC A. 3e 3i"" ,%ve to +o in"%nd. B. 3e ' st to +o in"%ndA C. 3e ,%ve to +et in"%nd. 63 Maritime English
Maritime English
:. 4%tc, o tI If #o to c, t,%t c%b"eC A. #o 3i"" +et % s,oc8A B. #o ,%d % s,oc8A C. #o s,oc8ed. /. I 'i+,t ,%ve ,%d ti'e A. if #o needed '# ,e"$. B. if #o %s8 'e for ,e"$. C. if #o ,%d %s8ed 'e for ,e"$. 12. IB' %fr%id I c%nBt nderst%nd #o A. if #o s$e%8 nc"e%r. B. if #o donBt s$e%8 c"e%r. C. n"ess #o s$e%8 'ore c"e%r"#.

Give the right from of the ver#s in #rackets:
If it r%insC 3e 3i"" st%# %t ,o'e. 7e 3i"" %rrive "%te n"ess ,e , rries $. Peter 3i"" b # % ne3 c%rC if ,e +ets ,is r%ise.If ,e st died 'oreC ,e 3o "d $%ss t,e e&%'. I 3o "d "o3er t%&es if I 3ere t,e President. T,e# 3o "d b # % ne3 ,o se if t,e# ,%d 'ore 'one#If ,e ,%d 8no3n t,%tC ,e 3o "d ,%ve decided different"#. J%ne 3o "d ,%ve fo nd % ne3 job if s,e ,%d st%#ed in Boston.
&eferences
1. < r$,#C R. $ssential Grammar %n Use. 1st ed. C%'brid+eC C%'brid+e Universit# PressC 1//2 GI0BN 2 5!1 )5992 5H !. Lo+ieC C.C 5iversC *.C NisbetC A. Marlins Study :ack 4 Gboo8 %nd t3o % dio c%ssettesH. *dinb r+,C <%r"insC 1//: GI0BN 2/5)194: 1 (H). ,tt$J??333.'%rinediese"s.info?4Qstro8eQen+ineQ$%rts?T,eQ4Qstro8eQ 4. ,tt$J??es".%bo t.co'?"ibr%r#?D iF?b"Qcondition%"s1.,t'
64 Maritime English
Maritime English
Unit =
Testing an Engine
Objectives of Unit : :.1 Introd ction :.! *n+ine $%r%'eters 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References
65 Maritime English
Maritime English
OBJECTIVES OF UNIT
realiDe that on!oard machinery is constantly e-posed to damage understand that testing may contri!ute to safety enumerate engine parameters use ,ays to dissipate friction understand and use the voca!ulary related to engine performance
C.1
Introduction
T,e diese" en+inesC +e%r s#ste's %nd ,#dr% "ics reD ired to $o3er tod%#Bs '%rine ind str# %re e&$ected to o$er%te for "on+ $eriods of ti'e %t f "" "o%d c%$%cit# nder e&tre'eC often ncontro""%b"eC conditions. T,ese nits %re const%nt"# e&$osed to t,e d%'%+in+ effects of eit,er fres, 3%ter or s%"t3%terC 3,ic, %re %"so sed b# so'e to coo" t,e ver# s#ste's t,%t 8ee$ t,e' $ %nd r nnin+. 4,ere cont%'in%tion %nd 3e%r %re e'inentC '%&i'iFin+ %sset re"i%bi"it# beco'es t,e $riorit#. <onitorin+ t,e condition of bot, t,e nit %nd t,e f" id t,ro +, oi" %n%"#sis identifies 3e%r1 c% sin+ cont%'in%nts %nd t,eir effect on $erfor'%nceKit costs so "itt"e to $rotect so ' c,.
Ro tine oi" %n%"#sis is critic%" to '%n%+in+ %sset re"i%bi"it# in %n# '%rine %$$"ic%tion. 7i+, $erfor'%nce e&$ect%tions %nd ,%rs, environ'ent%" o$er%tin+ conditions $resent const%nt obst%c"es. Contin %" e&$os re to 3%ter cre%tes niD e $rob"e's. ;res, 3%ter1coo"ed en+ines %re s sce$tib"e to condens%tion %nd r st. Diese" en+ines t#$ic%""# o$er%te %t ver# ,i+, te'$er%t resC $ro'otin+ o&id%tion %nd %cid for'%tion. .e%r s#ste's %nd ,#dr% "ics %re v "ner%b"e to cont%'in%tion %nd 3e%r. Oi" c,%n+es c%n be diffic "t %nd %re not %"3%#s convenient. Ro tine testin+ %nd %n%"#sis c%n e&tend oi" dr%in interv%"s %nd identif# s'%"" $rob"e's before t,e# beco'e cost"# f%i" res. C.# Engine Parameters
Before %n# en+ine is $ t on t,e '%r8etC it ,%s to be t,oro +,"# tested. Nobod# 3%nts %n en+ine t,%t is +oin+ to f%i" in se. 0o v%rio s tests %re done on en+inesC of 3,ic, 3e 3i"" "oo8 %t % fe3. 66 Maritime English
Maritime English
Useful :ower >o 3i"" ,%ve seen t,%t '%n# en+ines ,%ve t,eir $o3er D oted %s 'ra)e horsepo(er Gb,$H. T,is ,%s been sed b# en+ineers for %t "e%st t3o , ndred #e%rs. At its cr destC it is % co'$%rison 3it, t,e $o3er #o c%n +et o t of % ,orseC 3,ic, ,%d been t,e co''on for' of 'otive $o3er for '%n# cent ries. 7o3ever % 'ore scientific test 3%s neededC %nd t,e di%+r%' be"o3 s,o3s t,e 8ind of set $C c%""ed % dynamometer.
T,e '%ss %nd str%$ %ct %s % br%8e bec% se t,e# $rovide % friction%" co $"eC T GS '+rH %+%inst t,e rot%tion of t,e en+ine. T,e $o3er $rod ced b# t,e en+ine is +iven b# t,e for' "%J P S T ZP 1 $o3er G4HA T 1 torD e GN'HA 1 %n+ "%r ve"ocit# Gr%d?sH[ Ori+in%""# 1 br%8e ,orse$o3er 3or8ed o t %t 94( 4A no3 it is considered %s 952 4. It is often +iven t,e s,ort,%nd P0 GE:ferdst=rkeEC .er'%n for E,orse$o3erEH. T,e 'et,od %boveC %"t,o +, si'$"eC ,%s % dis%dv%nt%+e in t,%t % "ot of ,e%t is +ener%ted. T,e sef " $o3er t,%t c%n be +ot fro' %n en+ine is %"3%#s "ess t,%t t,e $o3er 3or8ed o t fro' %n indic%tor di%+r%'. T,is is bec% se t,ere is friction 3it,in t,e en+ine. T,e $o3er needed to overco'e friction is t,e &riction po(erJ friction $o3er S indic%ted $o3er 1 br%8e $o3er R estion : In R estion ( #o 3or8ed o t t,%t t,e indic%ted $o3er of %n en+ine 3%s 5922 4. T,e $o3er %v%i"%b"e %t t,e o t$ t s,%ft is 4.9 84. 4,%t is t,e $o3er dissi$%ted in overco'in+ friction%" "osses in t,e en+ine6 4,%t fr%ction is t,is of t,e indic%ted $o3er6 Ans3er 9Q4Q: ;riction%" $o3er S indic%ted $o3er 1 $o3er %t o t$ t. ;riction%" $o3er S 5922 4 1 4922 4 S 1222 4 T,is is %bo t 19.5 \ of t,e indic%ted $o3er. T,e %ns3er #o 3or8ed o t in t,e $revio s D estion s,o3s t,%t % "ot of $o3er is sed to overco'e friction. It is dissi$%ted %s ,e%t. Oi" lu'rication is essenti%" in s c, %n en+ineJ It red ces frictionA It t%8es %3%# t,e ,e%t $rod ced b# friction. 4it,o t " bric%tion t,e en+ine 3o "d r%$id"# seiFe $. $ngine $fficiency 67 Maritime English
Maritime English
T,e indic%ted or t,er'%" efficienc# is +iven b#J t,er'%" efficienc# S indic%ted $o3er ] $o3er in$ t fro' t,e f e" As 3e ,%ve seen t,ere %re 'ec,%nic%" "osses in %n en+ine. T,e mechanical e&&iciency of %n en+ine c%n be defined %s t,e r%tio of t,e o t$ t $o3er to t,e indic%ted $o3er or 3or8%b"e $o3er. T,e o t$ t $o3er is t,e $o3er 3e c%n +et fro' % d#n%'o'eter. 'ec,%nic%" efficienc# S o t$ t $o3er ] indic%ted $o3er R estion / 4,%t is t,e 'ec,%nic%" efficienc# of t,e en+ine in R estion :6 Ans3er 9Q4Q/ <ec,%nic%" efficienc# S o t$ t $o3er ] indic%ted $o3er <ec,%nic%" efficienc# S 4922 4 ] 5922 4 S 2.:!5 G:!.5\H. As t,e en+ine r ns f%sterC t,e $o3er %bsorbed in overco'in+ friction incre%sesC so t,e 'ec,%nic%" efficienc# f%""s %3%#. 4e c%n see t,is in t,e +r%$, be"o3J
T,e friction%" $o3er incre%se %"'ost 'irrors t,e decre%se in 'ec,%nic%" efficienc#. T,e overall e&&iciency is t,e fr%ction of t,e in$ t $o3er of t,e f e" t,%t is de"ivered %s sef " $o3erJ Over%"" efficienc# S o t$ t $o3er ] in$ t $o3er of t,e f e". R estion 12 In R estion ( #o 3or8ed o t t,%t t,e $o3er +%ined fro' t,e f e" of t,e en+ine 3%s 15.: 84. If t,e $o3er o t$ t is 4.9 84C 3,%t is t,e over%"" efficienc#6 Ans3er 9Q4Q12 Over%"" efficienc# S o t$ t $o3er ] in$ t $o3er fro' f e" <ec,%nic%" efficienc# S 4922 4 ] 15:22 4 S 2.!/9 G!/.9\H. T,e over%"" efficienc# of intern%" co'b stion en+ines is not ver# +oodC 3it, even t,e best bein+ %bo t 42 \. 4ummary 4e c%n 3or8 o t indic%ted $o3er fro' t,e indic%tor di%+r%'s. Intern%" co'b stion en+ines 3or8 on t,e fo r1stro8e c#c"eJ 0 c8C sD eeFeC b%n+C b"o3. Indic%ted $o3er S ener+# fro' $15 di%+r%' & no of c#"inders & n 'ber of c#c"es $er sec. 6 Maritime English
Maritime English
Po3er fro' f e" S c%"orific v%" e & f"o3 r%te T,er'%" efficienc# S indic%ted $o3er ] $o3er fro' f e" <ec,%nic%" efficienc# S o t$ t $o3er ] indic%ted $o3er Over%"" efficienc# S o t$ t $o3er ] $o3er fro' f e" Po3er S torD e & %n+ "%r ve"ocit#. 1 b,$ S 1 P0 S 952 4
7ill in th gaps with the following words: 3it,A conditionA ne3"#A sc,ed "esA o$er%tin+A $recededA ot,erA r nsA +ener%torA bre%81in Lo%d testin+ of ... over,% "ed en+ines ' st be ... b# % s fficient n 'ber of ... %t no "o%d %nd $%rti%" "o%d to ins re t,%t %"" $%rts %re in +ood ... or f nctionin+ $ro$er"# %nd to ins re t,%t t,e en+ine %nd ... or ... "o%din+ device ,%ve re%c,ed nifor' %nd correct ... te'$er%t res. Initi%" r ns s,o "d co'$"# ... '%n f%ct rerFs en+ine ... $roced res %nd ....
(ro)ress test
Match the words with the damages that they can do: R st 0c%"e %nd de$osit for'%tions O&id%tion c%n %ct %s ins "%torsC 3,ic, for' b%rriers for $ro$er ,e%t tr%nsfer c%n "e%d to r st c%n %cce"er%te 3e%rC red ce ,e%t tr%nsfer efficienc# %nd event %""# c"o+ t,e s#ste'

;i"" in t, +%$s 3it, t,e fo""o3in+ 3ordsJ
Lo%d testin+ of ne3"# over,% "ed en+ines ' st be $receded b# % s fficient n 'ber of r ns %t no "o%d %nd $%rti%" "o%d to ins re t,%t %"" $%rts %re in +ood condition or f nctionin+ $ro$er"# %nd to ins re t,%t t,e en+ine %nd +ener%tor or ot,er "o%din+ device ,%ve re%c,ed nifor' %nd correct o$er%tin+ te'$er%t res. Initi%" r ns s,o "d co'$"# 3it, '%n f%ct rer@s en+ine bre%81in $roced res %nd sc,ed "es.
6! Maritime English
Maritime English
&eferences
1. Lo+ieC C.C 5iversC *.C NisbetC A. Marlins Study :ack 4 Gboo8 %nd t3o % dio c%ssettesH. *dinb r+,C <%r"insC 1//: GI0BN 2/5)194: 1 (H !. < r$,#C R. $ssential Grammar %n Use. 1st ed. C%'brid+eC C%'brid+e Universit# PressC 1//2 GI0BN 2 5!1 )5992 5H ). ,tt$J??333.%$t%st%nd%rds.co'?$ort%"s?2?PR*00Q$dfs?vo" 'e)?
7' Maritime English
Maritime English
Unit >
Engine 6oom !atch0Geeping .uties
Objectives of Unit / /.1 4%tc, %rr%+e'ents /.! 7%ndin+?T%8in+ over t,e 3%tc, /.) .ettin+ in @to c,@ 0e"f1%ssess'ent test Pro+ress test Ans3ers to se"f1%ssess'ent test References
71 Maritime English
Maritime English
OBJECTIVES OF UNIT !

co'' nic%te effective"# 3it, ot,ers on en+ine roo' 3%tc,8ee$in+ %rr%n+e'entsC iss es %nd %ssoci%ted reD ire'ents re%dC inter$ret %nd %$$"# instr ctionsC $roced res %nd infor'%tion re"ev%nt to t,e ro"e %nd res$onsibi"ities of %n en+ineer identif# %nd so"ve $rob"e's t,%t '%# %rise d rin+ 3%tc,8ee$in+ d ties %nd re$ort $rob"e's %nd iss es
H.1
!atch arrangements
T,e c,ief en+ineer of ever# s,i$ s,%""C in cons "t%tion 3it, t,e '%sterC ens re t,%t 3%tc,8ee$in+ %rr%n+e'ents %re %deD %te to '%int%in % s%fe en+ineerin+ 3%tc,. T,e ter' Een+ineerin+ 3%tc,E 'e%ns eit,er % $erson or % +ro $ of $ersonne" co'$risin+ t,e 3%tc, or % $eriod of res$onsibi"it# for %n officer d rin+ 3,ic, t,e $,#sic%" $resence in t,e '%c,iner# s$%ces of t,%t officer '%# or '%# not be reD ired. T,e officer in c,%r+e of t,e en+ineerin+ 3%tc, is t,e c,ief en+ineer officerBs re$resent%tive %nd is $ri'%ri"# res$onsib"e %t %"" ti'es for t,e s%fe %nd efficient o$er%tion %nd $8ee$ of '%c,iner# %ffectin+ t,e s%fet# of t,e s,i$ %nd is res$onsib"e for t,e ins$ectionC o$er%tion %nd testin+C %s reD iredC of %"" '%c,iner# %nd eD i$'ent nder t,e res$onsibi"it# of t,e en+ineerin+ 3%tc,. T,e co'$osition of t,e en+ineerin+ 3%tc, s,%"" %t %"" ti'es be %deD %te to ens re t,e s%fe o$er%tion of %"" '%c,iner# %ffectin+ t,e o$er%tion of t,e s,i$C in eit,er % to'%ted or '%n %" 'odeC %nd be %$$ro$ri%te to t,e $rev%i"in+ circ 'st%nces %nd conditions. 4,en decidin+ t,e co'$osition of t,e en+ineerin+ 3%tc,C 3,ic, '%# inc" de %$$ro$ri%te"# D %"ified r%tin+sC t,e fo""o3in+ criteri%C inter %"i%C s,%"" be t%8en into %cco ntJ G%H t,e t#$e of s,i$ %nd t,e t#$e %nd condition of t,e '%c,iner#A GbH t,e %deD %te s $ervisionC %t %"" ti'esC of '%c,iner# %ffectin+ t,e s%fe o$er%tion of t,e s,i$A GcH %n# s$eci%" 'odes of o$er%tion dict%ted b# conditions s c, %s 3e%t,erC iceC cont%'in%ted 3%terC s,%""o3 3%terC e'er+enc# conditionsC d%'%+e cont%in'ent or $o"" tion %b%te'entA GdH t,e D %"ific%tions %nd e&$erience of t,e en+ineerin+ 3%tc,A GeH t,e s%fet# of "ifeC s,i$C c%r+o %nd $ortC %nd $rotection of t,e '%rine environ'entA GfH t,e observ%nce of intern%tion%"C n%tion%" %nd "oc%" re+ "%tionsA %nd G+H t,e '%inten%nce of t,e nor'%" o$er%tions of t,e s,i$. >(' 3anding<Ta)ing over the (atch
T,e officer in c,%r+e of t,e en+ineerin+ 3%tc, s,%"" not ,%nd over t,e 3%tc, to t,e re"ievin+ officer if t,ere is re%son to be"ieve t,%t t,e "%tter is obvio s"# not c%$%b"e of c%rr#in+ o t t,e 3%tc,8ee$in+ d ties effective"#C in 3,ic, c%se t,e c,ief en+ineer officer s,%"" be notified. T,e re"ievin+ officer of t,e en+ineerin+ 3%tc, s,%"" ens re t,%t t,e 'e'bers of t,e re"ievin+ en+ineerin+ 3%tc, %re %$$%rent"# f ""# c%$%b"e of $erfor'in+ t,eir d ties effective"#. 72 Maritime English
Maritime English
Prior to t%8in+ over t,e en+ineerin+ 3%tc,C re"ievin+ officers s,%"" s%tisf# t,e'se"ves re+%rdin+ %t "e%st t,e fo""o3in+1 G%H t,e st%ndin+ orders %nd s$eci%" instr ctions of t,e c,ief en+ineer officer re"%tin+ to t,e o$er%tion of t,e s,i$Bs s#ste's %nd '%c,iner#A GbH t,e n%t re of %"" 3or8 bein+ $erfor'ed on '%c,iner# %nd s#ste'sC t,e $ersonne" invo"ved %nd $otenti%" ,%F%rdsA GcH t,e "eve" %ndC 3,ere %$$"ic%b"eC t,e condition of 3%ter or resid es in bi"+esC b%""%st t%n8sC s"o$ t%n8sC reserve t%n8sC fres, 3%ter t%n8sC se3%+e t%n8s %nd %n# s$eci%" reD ire'ents for se or dis$os%" of t,e contents t,ereofA GdH t,e condition %nd "eve" of f e" in t,e reserve t%n8sC sett"in+ t%n8C d%# t%n8 %nd ot,er f e" stor%+e f%ci"itiesA GeH %n# s$eci%" reD ire'ents re"%tin+ to s%nit%r# s#ste' dis$os%"sA GfH t,e condition %nd 'ode of o$er%tion of t,e v%rio s '%in %nd % &i"i%r# s#ste'sC inc" din+ t,e e"ectric%" $o3er distrib tion s#ste'A G+H 3,ere %$$"ic%b"eC t,e condition of 'onitorin+ %nd contro" conso"e eD i$'entC %nd 3,ic, eD i$'ent is bein+ o$er%ted '%n %""#A G,H 3,ere %$$"ic%b"eC t,e condition %nd 'ode of o$er%tion of % to'%tic boi"er contro"s s c, %s f"%'e s%fe+ %rd contro" s#ste'sC "i'it contro" s#ste'sC co'b stion contro" s#ste'sC f e"1s $$"# contro" s#ste's %nd ot,er eD i$'ent re"%ted to t,e o$er%tion of ste%' boi"ersA GiH %n# $otenti%""# %dverse conditions res "tin+ fro' b%d 3e%t,erC iceC or cont%'in%ted or s,%""o3 3%terA GjH %n# s$eci%" 'odes of o$er%tion dict%ted b# eD i$'ent f%i" re or %dverse s,i$ conditionsA G8H t,e re$orts of en+ine roo' r%tin+s re"%tin+ to t,eir %ssi+ned d tiesA G"H t,e %v%i"%bi"it# of fire1fi+,tin+ %$$"i%ncesA %nd G'H t,e st%te of co'$"etion of en+ine roo' "o+. H.3 etting in ItouchI
*n+ineers s,o "d not on"# de$end on instr 'ents to te"" t,e' t,e en+ines conditionC b t %"so re"# on t,e , '%n sense of to c,. As t,e# 3%"8 %"on+ t,e to$ $"%tes t,e# c,ec8 for t,e re"ief v%"ves %nd %ir st%rt v%"ves t,%t t,e# %re not "e%8in+ b%c8 b# restin+ % ,%nd on t,e connectin+ $i$e3or8. T,e re%son for t,is %ction is t,%t if % re"ief v%"ve is "e%8in+ b%c8 t,e $i$e3or8 3i"" be ,otC d e to ,ot co'b stion +%sesC so'eti'es t,is is c% sed b# t,e re"ief v%"ve ,%vin+ "ifted %nd not re1se%tin+ $ro$er"#. A s,%r$ t%$ on t,e to$ of t,e v%"ve 3it, % ,%''er c%n rese%t it. 7o3ever if "e%8in+ for so'e ot,er re%sonC t,is 3i"" %ffect t,e efficienc# of t,e co'b stion $rocess %nd t,e v%"ve s,o "d be re$"%ced. 0i'i"%r"# if %n %ir1st%rt v%"ve is "e%8in+ b%c8C t,e $i$e3or8 3i"" be ,ot d e to t,e co'b stion +%ses. 7ere ,o3ever t,e si'i"%rit# endsI A "e%8in+ %ir1st%rt v%"ve c%n %""o3 t,e +%ses to f"o3 b%c8 do3n t,e %ir s $$"# $i$e3or8 %nd into t,e %ir1st%rt vesse"C 3,ere it c%n co'bine 3it, t,e co'$ressed %ir?oi" v%$o r %nd c% se t,e vesse" to e&$"ode. To %void t,e $ossibi"it# of s c, %n e&$"osion invo"vin+ co'$ressed %irC t,e individ %" air-start isolating valves and compressed air vessel outlet valves s,o "d be shut %t %"" ti'es e&ce$t 3,en '%noe vrin+. An# s s$ect %ir1st%rt v%"ves s,o "d be re$"%cedC %nd co'$ressed %ir vesse"s dr%ined 73 Maritime English
Maritime English
of t,e 'i&t re of %irC 3%ter %nd oi"C t,e oi" ,%vin+ been c%rried for3%rd b# t,e %ir co'$ressor " bric%tion. A ,ot cr%n8c%se door c%n be indic%tive of % be%rin+ or ot,er en+ine co'$onent r nnin+ ,ot. An oi" 'ist for's on t,e inside of t,e cr%n8c%se %nd t,e cr%n8c%se +ets $ro+ressive"# ,otter d e to " be1oi" over,e%tin+ in %n %tte'$t to coo" t,e be%rin+?s. One s re1fire 3%# of confir'in+ t,is is b# 3%"8in+ %"on+ t,e botto' $"%tes of t,e en+ine roo' %nd r nnin+ % ,%nd %"on+ t,e cr%n8c%se doorsA %n# over,e%tin+ $rob"e's 3i"" soon '%nifest t,e'se"ves t,ro +, t,e s8in on t,e b%c8 of % ,%ndC ' c, f%ster t,%n re"#in+ on t,e oi"#1'ist detector or in t,e e&tre'e sit %tion of t,e cr%n8c%se e&$"osion doors "iftin+. L%st"# "et@s "oo8 %t t,e $ro$e""er drive s,%ft be%rin+s %nd stern +"%nd. T,e $ro$e""er s,%ft 3i"" ,%ve been %"i+ned to t,e '%in en+ine %t t,e s,i$#%rd 3,ere t,e s,i$ 3%s b i"tC %nd %"i+n'ent s bseD ent"# c,ec8ed in dr# doc8 d rin+ #e%r"# s rve#. 7o3everC t,e "%r+er s,i$s of tod%# s c, %s 5LCCC LN. or Cont%iner s,i$s ,%ve % "ot of fore %nd %ft 'ove'entC es$eci%""# if s%i"in+ "i+,t1s,i$ or in b%""%stC so t,ere is % "ot of stress on t,e $ro$ s,%ft 3,ic, is tr%ns'itted %s torD e to t,e s,%ft be%rin+s. <ovin+ on do3n t,e t nne" t,e rest of t,e be%rin+s %re c,ec8ed in t,e s%'e '%nnerC nti" 3e re%c, t,e stern +"%nd. T,e stern +"%nd s,o "d %"3%#s ,%ve % tric8"e of se%3%ter r nnin+ o t of it %nd t,is ens res not on"# % coo" r nnin+ +"%nd b t %"so t,%t t,e +"%nd $%c8in+ %nd s,%ft %re bein+ " bric%ted. A+%in "%#in+ % ,%nd on t,e +"%nd 3i"" te"" if it is r nnin+ ,ot - c%ref ""# s"%c8enin+ off t,e +"%nd %dj stin+ n ts in seD ence 3i"" incre%se t,e f"o3 of se%3%ter t,ro +, t,e $%c8in+ %nd coo" t,e 3,o"e stern +"%nd do3n. A"" t,is to c,in+ of $i$es %nd co'$onents b# ,%nd to c,ec8 for e&cessive ,e%t soon beco'es second n%t re to t,e e&$erienced 3%tc,18ee$er.
Bive the right ans,er% It is t,e res$onsibi"it# of t,e G%. '%sterA b. c,ief '%teA c. c,ief en+ineerH to %ssi+n t,e en+ine roo' 3%tc, 8ee$in+ %ssi+n'ents %nd est%b"is, t,e 3%tc, 8ee$in+ G%. st%nd%rdsA b. d%t%A c. r "esH T,e 3%tc, st%nder@s $ri'%r# res$onsibi"it# is to G%. 3%tc,A b. 'onitorA c. c,ec8H t,e en+ine roo' fro' t,e *CR. T,e t,r ster roo'sC 'otor roo' %nd f%n roo's s,o "d be c,ec8ed %t "e%st once e%c, G%. 3ee8A b. #e%rA c. 3%tc,H. G%. re"#in+A b. de$endin+A c. b%sedH on o$er%tionsC dec8 '%c,iner# s,o "d %"so be c,ec8ed. 4%tc, st%ndin+ is % science G%. %"soA b. 3e"" %nd +oodA c. %s 3e"" %sH %n %rt. 4%tc, st%nders ' st 8ee$ %3%re of nor'%" '%c,iner# so ndC te'$er%t res %nd vibr%tions so t,e# G%. c%nA b. '%#A c. ' stH be %"ert to s'%"" c,%n+es for' t,e nor'%" r nnin+ of t,e '%c,iner# %nd so G%. ,e%d forA b. ,e%d offA c. ,e%d $H "%r+er $rob"e's.
74 Maritime English
Maritime English
(ro)ress test
T>. Give the right phrasal ver#s with *up* J%ne %nd I 3%nt to ... $ s'o8in+. Co "d #o ... 'e $ %t ( oBc"oc86 4e ' st ... $ or 3e 3i"" 'iss t,e b s. C%n #o ... 'e $ %t t,e st%tion6 I s %""# ,%ve to ... $ %t ,%"f $%st si&. I ' st ... $ '# c%bin tod%#.
J%ne %nd I 3%nt to +ive $ s'o8in+. Co "d #o 3%8e 'e $ %t ( oBc"oc86 4e ' st , rr# $ or 3e 3i"" 'iss t,e b s. C%n #o $ic8 'e $ %t t,e st%tion6 I s %""# ,%ve to +et $ %t ,%"f $%st si&. I ' st tid# $ '# c%bin tod%#.
T4. Give the right phrasal ver#s with *on* P"e%se ... on #o r co%tC itBs co"d o tside. Do #o 'ind if I ... on t,e te""#6 I 3%nt to 3%tc, t,e ne3s. *&c se 'e. 4,ere c%n I ... on t,e s,irt6 C%n I ... on re%din+ no36 If #o donBt ... on t,e tr%in no3C it 3i"" "e%ve 3it,o t #o .
P"e%se $ t on #o r co%tC itBs co"d o tside. Do #o 'ind if I t rn on t,e te""#6 I 3%nt to 3%tc, t,e ne3s. *&c se 'e. 4,ere c%n I tr# on t,e s,irt6 C%n I c%rr# on re%din+ no36 If #o donBt +et on t,e tr%in no3C it 3i"" "e%ve 3it,o t #o .

Bive the right ans,er%
It is t,e res$onsibi"it# of t,e G%. '%sterA b. c,ief '%teA c. C,ief *n+ineerH to %ssi+n t,e en+ine roo' 3%tc, 8ee$in+ %ssi+n'ents %nd est%b"is, t,e 3%tc, 8ee$in+ G%. st%nd%rdsA b. d%t%A c. r "esH T,e 3%tc, st%nder@s $ri'%r# res$onsibi"it# is to G%. 3%tc,A b. 'onitorA c. c,ec8H t,e en+ine roo' fro' t,e *CR. T,e t,r ster roo'sC 'otor roo' %nd f%n roo's s,o "d be c,ec8ed %t "e%st once e%c, G%. 3ee8A b. #e%rA c. 3%tc,H. G%. re"#in+A b. de$endin+A c. b%sedH on o$er%tionsC dec8 '%c,iner# s,o "d %"so be c,ec8ed. 4%tc, st%ndin+ is % science G%. %"soA b. 3e"" %nd +oodA c. %s 3e"" %sH %n %rt. 4%tc, st%nders ' st 8ee$ %3%re of nor'%" '%c,iner# so ndC te'$er%t res %nd vibr%tions so t,e# G%. c%nA b. '%#A c. ' stH be %"ert to s'%"" c,%n+es for' t,e nor'%" r nnin+ of t,e '%c,iner# %nd so G%. ,e%d forA b. ,e%d offA c. ,e%d $H "%r+er $rob"e's.
References 1. Lo+ieC 5iversC Nisbet Marlins Study :ack 4 Gboo8 %nd t3o % dio c%ssettesH. *dinb r+,C <%r"insC 1//: GI0BN 2/5)194: 1 (H !. < r$,#C R. $ssential Grammar %n Use. 1st ed. C%'brid+eC C%'brid+e Universit# PressC 1//2 GI0BN 2 5!1 )5992 5H ). ,tt$J??333.e+o4 .co'?en?cr%'1 $?+r%''%r?$,r%s%"1verbs?e&ercises 4. ,tt$J??333.bri+,t, b.co'?en+ineerin+?'%rine?%rtic"es?51!9!.%s$&
75 Maritime English

Limba Eng EM IV

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Limba Eng EM IV

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Maritime English

1' Maritime English

*ns+ers to Se"#$%ssess&ent Test

*ns+ers to se"#$%ssess&ent test

2reparing for an Intervie,

2' Maritime English

3. .ress &or success

9. 3ave the ans(ers

reg% 7e""oC itBs ver# nice to 'eet #o .

*ns+ers to se"#$%ssess&ent test

Cause and e&&ect

Paper clip Spring Indicator cylinder and piston Pencil

Terms relating to main engines

volume velocity angular velocity acceleration density. momentum

fre(uency force work, energy, heat

hert0 newton 1oule watt

uantity tor(ue stress

!nit newton metre

*ns+ers to se"#$%ssess&ent test

The T(o04tro)e Crosshead .iesel Engine

4' Maritime English

*ns+ers to se"#$%ssess&ent test

T0e 1ed/u& S2eed 4$Strokes Trunk (/ston En)/nes

T,e %dv%nt%+es of t,is s#ste' %re

4ul>er ?A5@ Liner Bvee engine+ The straight engine is similar=

*ns+ers to se"#$%ssess&ent test

The Air 4tart 4ystem

A.1 Air st%rt

3o( an engine starts on air

6' Maritime English

*ns+ers to se"#$%ssess&ent test

*ns+ers to se"#$%ssess&ent test

7' Maritime English

Engine 6oom !atch0Geeping .uties

*ns+ers to se"#$%ssess&ent test

Você também pode gostar