Instructor’s Solutions Manual para acompanhar LAURENCE D. HOFFMANN & GERALD L. BRADLEY CALCULO Oe: Savas Prepared by Cindy Trimble & AssociatesInstructor’s Solutions Manual para acompanhar Calculo Um Curso Moderno e Suas Aplicacgées 9? Edicao Laurence D. Hoffmann Solomon Smith Barney Gerald L. Bradley Claremont McKenna College Prepared by Cindy Trimble & Associates ey Higher Education Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, A Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Torontoaac Instructor's Solutions Manual o accompany CALCULUS: FOR BUSINESS, ECONOMICS, AND THF SOCIAL AND LIFE SCIENCES, NINTH EDITION, LAURENCE D. HOFFMANN AND GERALD L. BRADILY Published by Meciraw-Hill Higher Education, a inpint of The McGraw-Hill Companies ne, 1221 Avenue ofthe Amerie New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2007 by The MeCiraw-Hill Companies Inc All ighs reserved The contents, or prs thereof, may be reproduced in print frm soley for classtoom use with CALCULUS FOR BUSINESS, ECONOMICS, AND THE SOCIAL AND LIFE SCIENCES, BRIEF NINTH EDITION provided sich reproduction bea copyright otic, but may othe reproduced in any eer form o for anyother purpose without the prio ween consent of The MeGraw-Hil Companies, ic, inshuding, ut ot limited, in any netork or othe electronic storage or ransmision, or broadcast fr distance learning ® swisvookis prin on et ace paper ong 10% otonsumer wae 1234567890qRDQRDO98765 Isms omnanaosesa ISBN-10: 0.07-32572861 wo me comContents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 34 83 135 172 224 268Chapter 1 Functions, Graphs, and Limits 1.1 Functions 2 he) =(2+03 W(-1)=(-2419 W(0)=(041 =1 -h(l)=(241 =27 4 f= x 0 (0) = JOT 6 gt g(0)=(0+1)9? = gD= (14D? (8) =(8+1)9? = (5) =27 8 g(xr)=4+|s| [-ax+4 if xsi 1 W121 in aot (0) =0+4= (3) = (-2)(-3) +4 = 10 12, Since x? =1=0for x=41, flu) is defined only for x # tL and the domain does not consist of the real numbers. 14, The square root function only makes sense for non-negative numbers. Since +120 for all real numbers ¢ the domain of A(t) = Ve? +1 consists of all real numbers. ‘The domain consists of all reals. 41 18. f( 1-2-0241) 20 ifee—lands #2. 20, his) =Vs? —4 is defined only if s?—42Oor equivalently (s-2ys+2)20 ‘This occurs when the factors (5 ~2) and (5+2)are zero or have the same sign. This happens when s>2 or s$—2 and these values of s form the domain of h Pe fluyrw +4 P(x-N=(r- 1)? +45 z fu) =Qu+ 10)? F(e-5)=[20--5)+10P (2x-10+10 28. f(u)= 2 AG) coy 30. For f(x)=2x+3, St h)~ FO) Qe +h) 43)-Q2x+3) h h 2x4+2h4+3-2x-3 hk “alyChapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 32. For f(x)=4x-37, fxthy- fe) _4h-2hy-hP h =4-29-h 34. f= +1, g(0) f(g) = (1-2) +1 22x42 and -(7 +1 2 g(f(9) means 2 So f(g) va 2ee 2x? = 2x4 Paxtl=0 but, by the quadratic formula, this fast equation has no solutions 36. fg) ex L 4 sf) = 24h 2x41 24x _4x-1 $0 f(g) = gfe) means T= Clearing denominators, multip| cotlecting terms gives (2+. Qx41)=(4x-I4-2) 2x? 45x42=—4x2 4170-4 6x? 12x +6 = 6(x? 2x41) =6(x-1? =0 The last equation has solution x =1 which is in the domains of f(g(x))and g(f(x) Thus (g(x) = g(f(2) only forx =! P45 FO) Pet = (et 45227 $246 40. a, 46. 48, 50, 52. (@) C(q)= 4° 304 f(x) =Qx- 6) #43) =[200+3)-6F 2x +66)" a4 Poya3e+2 x 7(4)-0(2}+4 3 y2e x) OR) TAS f(x) =2x-26 SOF = 2x49) = Ax = 2x? -4x-2 Fx) = (8 3? +12) awa Wx) =25 3x? +12, f(x) =V3x—5 can be written as g[h(x)] with g(u) = Ju and h(x) =3x-5. 1 Slay= Vera ~ a(t) = Vir (re ay Nxy=xtd 400g +500 Where q is the number of units. Thus ceo = (20)5 -30(20)? + 400(20) + 500 = $4,500, (b) The cost of manufacturing the 20" unit is €(20)—c419) 500 -| (499° 3019)? + 400(19) +500] ,500~4,129 =$371Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 3 54. (a) C(Q=— + 41+ 10 degrees Celsius, where represents the number of hours after midnight. 6 2? Thus ¢= 2 at 2:00 A.M. and c@)=-2 +4 Q)-10-175, (b) The difference in temperature between 6:00 P.x. (¢=18) and 9:00 P.M. (¢=21) is 1 2 f 2 cean-cusy=| 2 szansio} | 1408) 0] -20!an= 56. (a) T(n)=3+ ‘The domain consists of all real numbers n #0 (because of the denominator). (b) Since n represents the number of trials, m is a positive integer, like m= 1, 2, 3, (©) For the third trial n= thus 7(3) +127 minutes, 3 @) 707)s4, 903+ 2542 <1 orn=12 non (©) = gets smaller and smaller asn increases. Thus +250 as n> 20 and Tin) gets closer and 7 n closer to 3. No, the rat will never be able to traverse the maze in less than 3 minutes. 600%. 300-x ‘The domain consist of all x #300, since denominators must not go to 0. 58, (a) W(x) = (b) x represents a percentage, so 0< x #300, so that T(x) 2 0, or better, 0< x <100, since books need not be distributed to more than the rural population, (©) Ifx=50, 17(50) = 0% _ 2, 300-50 600(100) (@)_ With x =100, 17(100) = 200009) _ cae (109 = 390-100 (©) With W(x) =150, 600%4 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 60. (a) N =91.2/300"7 ~ 1.42 elk per square kilometer. (b) NV =91.2/m°? <1 when m>91.2'"73 = 484.088. An animal of this species has an average mass of at least 48 kg. (©) Let A denote the area, in square kilometers, of the reserve. If the second species has average 100 since “ is the number of animals per square kilometer. The first mass m, then O73 4 mi species has average mass 2m and so the estimated number per square kilometer is 92 91.2 100 _ 60.29 Bm PIB _VTS Wg A Since there are A square kilometers on the reserve, there are approximately 60 of the heavier species. 62. (a) H()=-160? +256 H(2)=~16(2)? +256 =192 feet ) During the third second, the ball travels H(2)~HG)=192 -[ -16G)? + 256] =80 feet. (©) H(0)=256 feet. (@) H()=0 when ~1677 +256 =0, 161? = 256 (Disregard T= —4). 64. (a) C(g)=4? +4 +900 and gts) = 251, thus Clq(s)] = C(251) = (251)? + 251 + 900 = 62517 + 251 +900, (b) For 1=3, C[q(3)] = 62503)” + 25(3) + 900 = $6,600. (©) 62577 +251+900 6251? +251 -10,100=0 Divide by 25 to get smaller numbers, then 25¢? +1404 = (251+ 101¢—4) = 0 oF = 4 hours, 01 1,000 Disregard ¢ 66. (a) R(x) = xD(x) = x(-0.37¥447)=—0.37x7 +47 P(x) = R(x) C(x) = (-0.37x? + 47x) —(1.38x? +15.15x +1 15.5) == 1.752? 431.85" 115.568. 70. 2. 74. Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits {hb} Since P(x) =-1.75x? +31.85x-115.5, (a) R(x) = xD(x) = x(-0.09. +51 P(x) = R(x) - Cl) the quadratic formula tells us P(x)=0 when x= number of x values, ot by graphing the function, it and x=13.2. By evaluating P(x)ata sy to see that P(x) > 0, that is the commodity is profitable, for $< ¥<13.2 0.09x? + 51x 09x? + Sx —(132x7 + 117+ 101 Ay= 1d Lx? +39.3x-101.4 (b) Since P(x) =-1.41x? +39.3x-101.4, the quadratic formula tells us P(x) =O when x ~ 2.8 and a-intercepts += 25.0. By evaluating P(x) at a number of x values, is easy to see that P(x) > 0, that is, the. commodity is profitable for 2.8 <.x< 25.0, = 2x4 lds x ‘numbers x such that x#—2. £0) VET, gtx) (4.8) = 23.8 ~3.90 (a) is not defined when x3 ~2x-+4=0. Graphing this polynomial and looking for This could also have been found by inspection. The domain is all g(/(4.8)) = g(3.90) =3.90° =1.3 = 58.02 CEL i 2yr | a ; YearSector | ptetie | pritte | Publ | prae 1988, 0.924 | 0974 | 0.985 | 0.936 | 1989 ogss9 | 1.021 | 0.991 | 1001 | 1990 1.000 [1,000 | 1.000 | 1,000 1991 1.067 1.008 LOL 1.033 1992 1.227 1.010 1.069 1.061 1993 1.160 1.050 1,104 1.103, 1994 129 | 10 [| 1140 | 1.130 1995, 1.264 Luh 1.164 4.160 1996 1.356, Li 1.186 1.183 1997 1.391 1.128 1.202 1.213 1998 L4l4 L176 1.240 1.252 1999 1412 L194 1.268 1.280 2000, 1419 1.198 1.283 1.305, 2001 4.456 1,209 1.276 1.323 2002 1.469 1.224 1.333 1.401 2003 L591 1.299 batt 1461 Average annual 0.044 0.022 0.028 0.035 increase u 56 — Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits For example, in 2003, the average increase in CEI for 2-yr public 0924 9.044 15 (b) Writing exercise, answers I vary. (©) Writing exercise, answers will vary. 1.2. The Graph of a Function 2. (a) polynomial (b) different (since J/x is a non-integer power of.x.) (c) rational function (since (x=3Xx+ 1) =27 +4x-21 isa polynomial.) (d) rational function (since G2) Qx+9e 3) (e-3 and the numerator and denominator expand to polynomials.) 4 fi=2 x= 0 when y = 0, y > Oand the curve is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. 100 10] 6 f(xy=xt x =0 when y=0, y > 0 and the curve is symmetric with respect to the y axis. The general shape of this curve is like that of problem 4, but itis steeper. 0 8 6 4 2002 4 6 8 10 8 fixy=2- 3x ‘Note that the graph is a straight line. The slope is -3. The curve falls. x{o 2 Fey] 2 [0 [-4 elon <0 10. f(x) = («1x +2) when y=—2, and y=" or x=-2 wher1. f(y= When x=2 orx When x=0, y 14. f(x)= Note the similarities between this graph and the one in exercise 5. The y-values here are the negatives of those in 3 and the curve is translated (moved up) by 1 unit. x]o[']2] 3] 5 feo [1 0 |=7 [26 |-124 ra soo PS if <2 3. ifx22 1 4. The y-intercept z- They p Some points on the curve The x-intercept is = is (= are Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 7 if xs2 jo 18 f=} 5 P4x-2 ifx>2 Owhen y=9. There are nox intercepts. 0, [fisy=2 +x 2 0-6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10 20, y=3x+8 and y=3x~2 20 ‘The slopes are the same, namely 3, 50 the lines are parallel, but the y intercepts, differ. ‘These lines do not intersect.8 — Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits xQx=1)=(e=1) @-DE-N=0 x=landy=0 (1, 0) is the point of intersection (really the point of contact) 35 30 2s 20] Is 10 5 oii 4 6 eo 24, 2x -3y =-Band 3x~Sy=-13 Multiply the first equation by 3 and the second by ~2, to get y=2. Thus 0-8 26. (a) (0,2) 4) (1,0) and (3,0) (©) Largest value of 3.5 at x=—1 (d) Smallest value of =I at x=2. 28. (a) (0,0) (b) (2,0), (0,0) and (3.5,0) (©) Largest value of 2 at x= and x=4, (d) Smallest value of 4 at x= 2 30. Number of copies sold n(x) =20(22 —x) at.rdollars each and bought for $10 each. Revenue R(x) = 20x(22—x) cost C(x) = 20%10(22—2), profit P(x) = R(x) C(x) = 2022 = 2x10) Relevant values are 10< x22. The maximum profit occurs at $16 per book. so Pan ag Come 32. (a) H()=-) 500 1600 = 1611+ 10) 400 300 200 100] (b) H(O will be 0 when 1 =10. (©) The maximum height appears to occur at £=S.when the object is at a heigit of 400 ftChapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 9 e-P) and e(p) = 25p ~ 30,000. Rp) =p-nlp)-elp) = (210- P J -25p-30.000 34. S(r) (0) = CR? and S(r)=0 when r = R s 210, 2 Fy 1185p +30.000 wo" (37 foswst on 6 if lews2 TB “Hiet Siow tise Fen 83 if 20, the quantity dot} (-B)° lorgest value and will be smallest when the squared term is as small as possible which is when x=—5 Similarly, if 4<0, there is no smallest value and the largest value occurs at Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 11 0.4015 8 ‘The graph descends 5 units as you move 3 units to the right of the origin, Thus The y intercept is (0,5) sob ‘The equation of the line is y =—x+5 10. ‘The graph descends 3 units as you move 2.5 units to the right on the x axis. Thus Zsa The yincercept is (0-3) so . The equation of the line is12. Chapter 1, Functions, Graphs, and Limits 14, y=3x-6, m intercept b =-6. “0-8 6 20) 8 5 2 Ax+3)-S(y=1) =-10 2x+6-Sy+5=-10 28. Sy=2x+21 The slope of the line through (2.5) and (1,~4) is not defined. We deal with a vertical line. Its equation is x=! 32, Writing x+3y =5 in slope-intercept form yields y-=—Jr4 3. Therefor, the given line has slope i Using the point 3 (-2, 3) in the point-slope formula yieldsChapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 13 34, Writing 2x+5y=3 in slope-intercept pa ny form yields yodesd, ‘The slope of a a i 5 end is mad Perpendicular line is m=. Using the vw point (-43) in the point-slope formula ye -1-8(or!), $ ib i 36, (a) Letx denote the number of miles driven and C(x) the corresponding Oe cost (in dollars). (5) =~ 7505) 4250 = $145.83 CG) = 0.554435 2 100 40. (a) Let.x denote the age in years of the machinery and V a linear function of 20 k a ‘At the time of purchase, x =0 and V (0) =20,000. 40) ‘Ten years later, x = 10 and V6) = 1,000. 20 ‘The slope of the line through (0, 20,000) and (10, 1,000) is “T0200 1m =: 000=20,000 _ "| 990, 10-0 (b) The rental cost of a 50-mile trip is Thus V (x)= -1,900x + 20,000. C(50) = 0.55 x 50-+35 = 62.5 v=0 when x = 200 and V(x) is (©) 72.=0.55x+35, 0,55x=37, x= 673, 200 or rounded to 68 miles. valid for 0< x. 38, (a) Since 25° isthe cost per wee, then o the value of the missed week is ms 250, Thott ot of te i remaining weeks is espe aera arta = eee 4b) (4) = ~1,900(4) + 20,000 = 12,400 jeow if 1,000 V < 10,000 42. (a) F(N)=+40N if 10,001 < N $20,000 35N if 20,001< N <50,00014° Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits (b) (eve 44, 3 Ey 1s) 10) 2 6 8 Note the segments with positive slope indicate the hare or tortoise is moving at a constant rate. The horizontal segment corresponds to the hare taking a nap. 46, (a) Let x denote the number of days since the reduced rate went into effect and N(x) the corresponding number of vehicles qualifying for the reduced rate. Since the number of qualifying, vehicles is increasing at a constant rate, Nisa linear function of x. Since N(0)=157 (when the program began) and (30) =247 (30 days 37 30-0 N(x) =3x+157 for x20 later), m (b) In 14 days from now (44) = 3x 44 +157 = 289 48. (a) From the data it is easy to see that every time the number of chirps increases by 5, there is a I°F increase in temperature, Thus T is a linear function of C and the slope of this linear function is 1/5. Using this value, the point (0,38) and the point- slope formula 1 1-38 CHB 1 <(C-0) or T se 50, 52. (b) Set 7 Sin the formula from part (a) 75-40 +38 and solve for 5 5(75 38) =185 chirps. 1f 37 chirps are heard in 30 seconds thenC = 2(37) = 74 chirps are heard per minute. Then 45.4 degrees F. (a) We have two points (100,97) and (500,110). 100-97 _ 13. 500-100 400 N ~97=0.0325(x-100) = 0.0325x-3.25 or N= 0.0325x + 93.75 325. (b) (300) = 0.0325(300) + 93,75 = 103.5 0.0325x 493.75 = 100, 0.0325x 25, 92.3 x (©) Writing exercise, answers will vary. Let x be the number of ounces of Food I, and y be the number of ounces of Food I. ‘Then 3x will be the number of gm of carbohydrate from the first food, and Sy the number of gm of carbohydrate from the second food. Similarly 2x and 3y will be the number of gm of protein from the two foods. 3x+5y és the total number of gm of carbohydrate, which must equal 73, while 2x+3y is the total number of gm of protein, which must equal 46. 2 2] 8 16| 14] | 10] 254, (a) Ifa liter of beer is 3% alcohol, then it contains 0.03 x 1,000 = 30 ml of alcohol. If alcohol is metabolized at 10 ml per hour, then 3 hours are required. A o T= (©) Noone can have A ml of alcohol with fewer than T hours left in the party. Sh Sang y= 132 p38 are 270° 19 695" Ta parallel because 4 = ang 32-1 2705" 6955 58, (a) Land D are not linearly related. 2507 L 200 150| wo () Planet D L Mercury 388 0.241 0,994 Venus 0.722. 0.615. 1.005, Earth 1.000 1.000 1.000 Mars 1.523 1.881 1,002 Jupiter 5.203 11.862 0.999 Satum 9,545. 29.457 0.998 Uranus 19.189 84.013 0.999 Neptune 30,079 164.783 0.998 Pluto 39.463 248.420 1.004 2 ort=VD* (©) Writing exercise, answers will vary. p¥?, D Chapter 1. Funetions, Graphs, and Limits 15 ). Let's say that two Tines being parallel ‘means that they have no points in common, First, we will prove that if they are parallel, then they have the same slope. Let's say the lines are y=mmx+b and y=myx+cand m #m. With some work, we find that both of these lines share the same point ( e-b me 3) my — my" my = my} ‘Therefore they are not parallel. This contradicts our assumption that they are parallel. Thus. m = mrpand they must have the same slope. Now we prove that if they have the same slope, they are parallel. Let's again suppose than they ase not parallel, i., that they have a point in common, say (a,b) and let (x, 94), (2) be points on the two lin Calculating the slopes of these lines, we find m, =24=4 and m =22=5 But these slopes are different because yy #9. Therefore it must be that the lines do not have any points in common, ive. they are parallel Functional Models Let x be the width, then 2r is the length The area is 4=(2x)x=2x? square units. Let.x and y be the two numbers with x the 318 and the smaller. Since xy =318, 318 sum is S(@x)=x+——. Let x denote the length and y the width of the rectangular playground. Let P be the number of meters of fencing required to enclose the playground, then P= 2x+2y Since the area is xy =3,600, x 220016 Chapver I. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 10, 12. 100, 00) coo] 400] 200 iceman meee a eee eee ‘The graph suggests that P(x) is minimized near x=60 meters. If so, y me 60 meters and the playground is. square. The rectangular box is closed. Let x be the length (and width) and y the depth, Since the volume, x*y is 1,500 cu. in., 1,500 2 and the surface area is, S(x) =282 44ay = 24? 4 £000 | x Let rand h denote the radius and height of the can, respectively. The volume of the 6.89x and so ‘The surface area consists of the top and bottom circles, each of area mr, and the curved side. The curved side can be flattened out to a rectangle having width the height of the can i, and length the circumference of the circular top which is 2m. The total surface area of the can is then 2 2 89 S=2nr? +2arh = 2nr? + ar 532 2 78% (a) Since S=2arh+2nr?, solving for h S—2nr? ields hi Ve 2 - Substituting into 4. 20. wh yields (s-2 S32) = (8-20?) (b) Using V = 27h, we c express fin terms of Vand r, h=. Thus me S = 2arh+ 2nr? ‘The surface area of the topless can is Sen? yields 14 2rh=27 2- ar ‘The volume is =") wy _)2 Gt Let q be the amount of radium remaining. and k a proportionality constant. Then Rq)=—kq (Note R(g}=~kq where & > Ois usually used because decay means that less and less radium is left as time goes on.) +2arh=27n. Solving for h Bp Let q be the number of people who have caught the disease. Then n—q is the number of people who have not yet caught the disease out of a total population of rn people. I kis the proportionality constant then Rig) = kq(n-q)- Let xbe the number of machines used. ‘The setup cost is kyx while the operating cost is where ky, ky constants of x proportionality, The total cost is Ay Copa hyeChapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 17 22, With N=U1 and 4=300, Cowling’s rule suggests c(i 3001501 while Friend's rule naps CO 4p. 24, Setting the formulas for Cowling’s and Friend's rules equal to each other gives (N+1),_2NA N12 A= or 4 = (24 25" 24°24” 25 Solving for N gives N Zor about 1 year, 1 month old. If is smaller, Cowling’s rule suggests the higher dosage. If Nis larger, Friend’s rule suggests the higher dosage. 26, (a) [Winning bid | Total price $1,000 $1,000 + (0.175X$1,000) = $1,175 $25,000 $25,000 + (0.175)($25,000) = $29,375 $100,000 $100,000 + (0.175\$50,000) + (0.10)($50,000) = $113,750 (b) Let x denote the winning bid price. If x is less than or equal to 50000, the total purchase price is x+0.175x =1.175: dollars. If x exceeds 50000, the first 50000 carries a premium of (0.175(50008) = 8750 dollars while the remaining x-50000 carries a 10% premixim. The total price is then x+8750+(0.10\(x—50000)=.lx +3750 dollars. Summarizing, the total price, P(x), is given by the function 1.175x if xs 50000 Pore L.Lx +3750 if x> 50000 120.000 100,000 80,000 000 40,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000) 10,000 28. (a) Let x denote Then ;xable income and /lx) the corresponding income tax. both in units of dollars Ol if x8 7,150 715+0.15(x-7,150) if 7,150< x= 29,050 4,000 + 0.25(x-29,050) if 29,05040, distances form the legs of a right triangle the hypotenuse of which is the distance, 42. (a) Market equilibrium occurs when ‘D(d), between the car and truck. By the S(x) = Dx) Pythagorean theorem aveienea? 0 0 Dit) = (600? + 300-301)? attend = 30V51 ~ 207 +100. x4 e-2) $0 x= or x=2, The negative 38. Let x be the number of additional trees planted. Then the number of trees will be value is not a valid level of prod tion 60+. and the average number of oranges 30%, =2and pe =S(a,)= Dlx per tree will be 400-4. ‘The yield is u eee then (b) * (8) = (400-43)(60 +x) “ = 4(100—x)(604). 30,00 x 2s000| x 2.000 wo tsc00 4 = (©) A market shortage occurs when the see graph of S(x) is below the graph of a a 0 D(x) or when <2. A market surplus occurs when the _graph of S(x) is above the graph of D(x) or when x>2. The number of additional trees for maximal yield appears to be 20 oF 80 total trees,20 46, 48. Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits The supply is S(p) = and the demand is D(p) =60~ p. Supply will equal demand when 2~ = 60~ p or 10 p> +10p—600=0 Solving this quadratic gives p = 20, 30. Disregarding the negative vatae, supply wil) equal demand when the blenders are priced at $20 apiece. At this price '8(20) = D(20)=40 blenders will be sold. Let x denote the time in hours the spy has been traveling. Then x--= is the time the smugglers have been traveling (since 40 minutes is 7 of an hour.) The distance the spy travels is the 72x kilometers while the corresponding distance traveled by the will overtake the spy when ni 104{ x2) =16be—113 Sofving 2 for x yields x=—= Yields x= 55 corresponds to a distance of 2 hours. This 6 7) 722) ~84km which is beyond the \6) 83.8 km to the border so the spy escapes pursuit, (a) If-xis the number of tables produced then the manufacturer's cost function isC(x)= 8000+ 30x while the revenue funetion is R(x) = 70x. The break even point is where R(x) =Cla) or 70x =30x +8000. Thus 40x=8000and x= 200. The ‘manufacturer must sel! 200 tables to break even (b) Since profit is revenue minus cost, the profit function, P(x), is 50, 82. P(x) = 70x — (30x + 8000) = 40x 8000 For the profit to be $6,000, x must satisfy 40x ~8000= 6000 40x = 14000 x=350 Selling 350 tables yields 4 profit of $6,000. (©) Since P(150) = 40(150)—8000 = 6000-8000 2000, there will be a loss of $2,000 if only 150 tables are sold. (a) 2 iow oad ‘The overhead corresponds to the y intercept of the cost function. Let x be the number of checks that clear the bank. Then the first bank charges y=0.10x+12 dollars while the second one charges y=0.14x+10 dollars. Find the break even point by setting the two equal 14x+10 If less than 50 checks are written the second bank offers the better deal. If more than 50 checks will be written, the first bank is more economical. Let x be the number of additional days beyond 80 before the club takes all its glass to the recycling center. The rate at which the club collects glass is 24,000 80 x additional days the club will have collected a total of 24,000 +300 pounds. = 300 pounds per day. Thus after15 The current price of 1 cent per pound will decrease by 1/100 cent for each day. Thus the clubs revenue, in cents, in x days will be (24,000 +3002)(1 zB pean 100) = 180+ .x9(100- 2. 25000 20000} 15.00 10.000 soon a From the graph. it appears the club should collect glass for x=10 additional days to maximize revenue (a) ‘The graph of 5(q) is rising while that of D(q) is falling so a >and c<0. Both graphs intersect the p axis at positive values so >and d>0 ) (6) Ifa increases, the denominator in the formula for g, will grow larger and hence q, will decrease. Similarly, if d increases, the numerator in the formula for q Will grow larger and so 4g. Will increase. Limits Yes the limit exists, because as x—>a* or xa yd, thats Him f(x)=b. Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 21 4. 6. 10. 2 16. lim. f(x)=6 but lim f(x) =e and ‘b #c. The limit fails to exist. lim f(x) lim (3 = 2x? + x-3) ot = im x? + lim x-3 ont spel ad “12x14 E1)-3 4 lim sx Fase fim (3? +1247 -[ li (22-40 fin (1-20 sine sne-2] 4 2 =[c0? 1-2 no] xo [1-2¢-DP =2«3? =18 tim (2x43) m . xovxtl lim(r+l) eB is not defined because the denominator > 0 (while the numerator does not.)22. Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 2 2 18. tim 27 =~ fim GAS 9) eba-3 a3 Tim (x+3) =o =~6 Note that #3 not matter how “close” x isto3 20. xe? = 2, tim is not defined mo ¥ because the denominator goes to 0 but the numerator does not. fim ED © rol (8+ a= 1) solxel =3 fim 23 x09 (Vx +3Xx -3) 1 26. wad x9 . woe t3 1 “Tim Je +3 9 xe 2x? 28. fiy= Jim f(x) = lim (3x3) =-0 lim f(x)= lim (-3x3)=00 32. Me 38. fog=ery lim f(x) = lim x® lim f(x)= tim x® 3 fy 2x? -6x4+2 Bg, ina lim F09= in =F fey lim (x)= lim lim fo) fim f(0)= tim #2" im f(x) = lim 0 we OO NS Ted ‘As one moves tothe right along the x axis, the graph approaches the horizontal fine through 2. Similarly as one moves to the Jeff through negative values, the graph approaches the horizontal line through ~ Thus fim f(x)=2 and lim f(x),Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 23 x -0.09 0.009 0 0.0009 0.009 0.09 fy W021 | 1t.to2nt | ><] -1tintt021 11110211 1102111 values decrease without bound, so lim f(x) does not exist x0 For x <0, the table suggests that the values of f(x) increase without bound, while for.x > 0, the stl 2 seo x [et] -1oi =1.001 -0.999 | -0.99 | -09 Ax) | 331 | 3.0301 | 3.003001 | >< | 2.997001 | 29701 | 2.71 The table indicates that lim, f(x)=3. 44. tim #80 =[ in.) im «) 46. Check the denominator. lim [5g(2) + 2/(2)]= lim Sg(x)+ lim 2/0) =5{ tin g(x) +2{ tim 700) 5(-2)+ 205) =0 Since the limit of the denominator is 0, the limit of the quotient does not exist. Note that lim [209 - goo] = 1240. 20+ 80) — jg OEE xoe +f)24 50, 52, 56. 58. Chapter i. Functions, Graphs, and Limits in Pey= in SO Dee ei oe, lim 6+ lim 5 ae ite Tim 1+ lim 2+ tim tye eae! por 6+0 In che fong nun, production approaches 6,000 units Let x be the number of additional trees planted per acre. The number of oranges per tree will be 400—4x and the number of trees per acre 60+ x. The yield per acre is (x) ~Hoforanges # of trees a ‘tree acre = 4(100-x}(60+ x) The number of trees for optimal yield appears to be 60+ 20 =80 trees. tim S417 fim (+2) =5+0 =5 The limi time of 5 minutes. ‘Answers will vary. The answer corresponding to each problem should inctade a sequence of tells us that as more trials are conducted, the rat’s traversal time will approach a minimum numbers approaching the limiting value of x from the rigit and left, along with the corresponding values of f(x). z 1 on 0.01 x 0.001 0.0001 1,000(14-0.05x)!/* | 1-050.00 | 1,051.14 | 1,051.26 1,000(1 +0.05x)!/* 1,051.27 1,051.27 ‘Thus it appears, lim, 1,009¢¢ + 6.05x)'* = 1,051.27 a"1.6 One-Sided Limits and Continuity 2. Asx approaches 2 from the left, the curve approaches the point (2, 4) so lim (00) =4.. From the right the curve x2 approaches the point (2,2) 80 lim f(x) =2. Since the one-sided limits ro at x=2are not equal, limw, £(2) does not 252 exist. 4. As.xapproaches 2 from the left, the curve approaches the point (2, 2) so lim _f(x)=2.. From the right the curve x2 assumes larger and larger values as it nears 2so_ lim, f(x)= 4. Since the one-sided limits at x =2 are not equal, lim, f(x) does not exist. xo 6. x43 The rational function “—" is continuous xt x43_ 243 5 242 4 at x=2s0 lim xorxt2 The rational function “+4 continuous at x= 2 since the denominator is 0 there. As x approaches 2 from the left, 8 is not the numerator approaches 2? +4=8 while the denominator approaches 0 through negative values. Thus xed lim xod x=2 Chapter 1. Functions, Graphs, and Limits 25 xol (x-1rt ve) eax C= DoD x(x) xl (x= ort vx) sol xtve 2 xox xa 1-3 V2x—143 = lim Se ros X-S V2x-143 fi ifec I. f(x)=} x-1 * 42x if -1 is possibly not continuous only at 3 AS x approaches =I from the left, lim f(x)=_ lim, (2-3x)=5 xl xl and as x approaches —I from the right, lim | f()= lim (x? =x+3)=5. xorl xl Hence the limit as x approaches ~1 exists and is equal to 1). Thus there are no values of x at which flx) is not continuous, 0 if 0-2. The population begins to decline after ¢= Zor 40 minutes after the introduction of the toxin. 2 54. (a) CW 3 +16 2 2-612 Rwy=cy= G2 HO2= 260 __32-64 Gr? +16) Ge +16)? 56. R(n) is changing at the cate Ge +16)? (~12/) - 32 - 61 (2)? +1661) 361(17 16) RC 7 Gr? +16)" GP +16) ) c’'O 3 . the concentration is increasing at this time. (©) RG) is positive and the concentration is increasing until R(¢)=Oor when 32-61? = 0. This occurs when £ 4 Fy ~ 29 hours ignoring the negative solution.) The concentration begins to decline after roughly 2.3 hours. 361? 16) <9 Gr? +16) or when 36/(/7 —16) <0 (assuming £>0). This occurs when 0<1<4 (@) The concentration is changing at a declining rate when R'( (a) Pa) =20-—& rH P()= = thousand per year. +n? 3 ) PW > so the rate of change in 1 year will be 1,500 people per year. (©) During the second year, the population will increase by P(2)~ P(1)=1 thousand people. (d) P'@)=0.06 or 60 people per year. (e) lim P= him oe ion (41)? 0 «so the rate of population growth approaches 0. $8. (a) s(t) = 20-58 414-3 WN=s'()=8F -157 +1 a(t) =v (0 =s"() = 240? 308 = 61(41—5)Chapter 2, Differentiation: Basie Concepts 5 b) a(t)=0 at 1=0 and ¢=2. (b) a()=0 at 1=0 and 1= > MH (a) 5) =48? ~157 44-3 w= s@= 108? 300-41 a(t) =v) = 8" = 151"? ~30 (b) a(t) =0 when 1=4 62. (a) Dw =6ue WO =D'O= a2 a= v'() =D) = 2 (b) a(6)= 2 24 4 , indicating the velocity is decreasing at arate of approximately 3 1.33 kilometers per hour. (©) During the seventh hour, the velocity changes by v(7)~1(6) = 78-80 =~2 km/hr. 64) py (Be x" A)-(Agme™) * Bre AB + (~m)x") Gey Pa) amt [on- i= =] (b)_ p= ——____— (Bex™y p(x) =0 when x 66. f(xy=x5 - 2x4 48 3x7 45-6 x 8x3 43x? 6x 45 20x° - 24x? + 6x-6 (3) = 60x? = 48546 fP)= 1208-48, si52. Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts a 68.) Leh at feyh dh od = (fe) h& arg tho a+ IE 3)(1—4x) 2x4 18 -3-A)+ (2x4 OMI = 44) + 2-31 = 40) B-24x? 444047 d m0. “te/\=c x f | 72. Suppose n is a negative integer so that n=—p where p isa positive integer. Then ae = pxPt since the power rule applies to positive integer powers, Now note 4. -30 S'()=0 when x=0.633 and x16. f (x)= P(x-2" 2A = 8 QCr~2)+3x7(x=2)? x? (5x-6x—2) The x intercepts of the graph of f"x) Sand x=2.The Le occur at x= 0, 5 6 funetion fx) has a maximum at x =2and a minimum at x=2. The maximum and minimum of fx) correspond to points where the tangent tine is horizontal, that is, where f((x)=0. Chain Rule ps2? w+ 5,0 yew 420-3 ued ty dvd dx du dx du ds = 36) Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 53 10, y=ui de 12. paw) -3u? + 6u-5; dy _dydu_(5,4 BBM _ 54 —6u+ 6): ae dude Le) Atx=\vu ay} _ dy] del aw = (692 dele dttlpen Al eat dx du dx Atxatiu 3 a] Lal a dehigy3 duly-9 Athy yy3. =(48)(-S4) =-2,592 48. f(xy= 5x6 12 = (528-12)? 1 5x8 -12)230x5) fe Isx8 5x6 1254 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 20. fy =Gr* -77 +9)° =r — 7? +9) (128 — Lan) =10(67? - 7314-7? +9)" 2B f(8)=———— = 16x? +541)? (6x + 5x41) 48x +20 J'() = 46x? +5241) (12x45) = -— (6x? + 5x41) 2 26. f(x)=$—— Ae) 365x441)? 8047 35x" +1)? Pepe syn: 6x 30. f(x) =2x4 15-3)? F'(2)= 2x41) QYSx-3)5) + AN Bx+ 1° BYSX=3P = 4x +) (Sx-3)(45x—-13)Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 3M. FO) Gx+)y 21 24y(-2 Dare p(y) = RDA = 20K 2x7 gee?) [exe] _1=28Y6x=13) Gr+p* 1=5x? __1-5x? 36. fu a fey Yes G+2x'7 +209! (-101) (1-532) 24287 Bey LQ) ————$——_,,,—_—<_ (B+ 2x) _ -2(25x? +4541) 33+ 2x)" 38. f(x) = (2? -3)5(2x-1)7 P=? ~35 BY 2¥- 172) + 2x- 1 (5? (2)= 27, f(2)=594 and the equation of the tangent line is 27 =594(x—2)or y= 594x~1161. ay 40, roy=(t) Gel x+1)) a) £G)=8, /'G)=—6 and the equation of the tangent line is y-8=-6(x-3) or y=~6x+26 4. fax Vines Po) 2a 4.2 Lrg 3y"2(2) V2x+3+ 35 Atre-L y= f(D =(D2y2ED43=1, (ED = 2D YH 3 +P =, and the V2E0+3 [x= (Dl ory =x equation of the tangent line is y ~56 Chapter 2. Di sntiation: Basie Concepts 44. f= 82x? +x-37 PC) = (22x? +x 3X HH BPD $3)? = 7x14 -9)3 + 22j(x +1) ‘The tangent fine tothe graph of fx) is horizontal when f(x) =O. when «=0, 1,2. 14 +5 2x) 1—2x95(2)-1 53\(1 = 2.)?(-: p(xy= 2A) Or + SKI = 272) (2x) _ 844) (2x4 ‘The tangent line to the graph of f(x) is horizontal when f"(x) =0 or when x 48. f= 0-1? 2x43) F'(2) = (r= 1 G28 4 37 (2)+ 2x43 QE= 1) =10x(¢= 12x43)? 3 The tangent line to the graph of fx) is horizontal when "(x)= 0 or when x=0,1,—5 50. f(x) =(7— 42) = (7-47-42) By the general power rule f'(2) = 27 4x4) = 32x56 By the product rule 1") = (7 44-4) + (7 = Any) =-28+ 16x-28+16x = 32x -56 52, 1 == 251+) ‘ -10 "= -2St+ 5) =— . Or Gay = 0 "(0 =(-2K-10XSt +1) 35) = POEMS =I 54. y=(1-20°)! 41-238 (6x7) = 24x? 1-235 24x? (3)(1- 2x3)? (6x7) — 48x(1- 28) =48x(1-28 PL I)Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basie Concepts ST 58. C(q)= 0.24? +4 +900 qt)=C +1000 aC _aC dg =F. 0.44 + 121 +100) Gy dg de O84 L410) Atr=t,g=101 «| ac] da| dhe taysoy thas =(41.4)(102) =4222.8 After [hour the manufacturing cost is changing at the rate of $4,222.80 per hou, 60. (a) c(p) =0.5yp? + p +58 =0.5(p? + p+58)!/? 1 (p? + p+58) "2 2p+1) 37 “4400 thousand people. reo (= (18) = 0.4625 ppm per (b) When ¢=2, p=18and p'()= (+1) Z eat (=2is so p'(2)=~. The rate of change of carbon monoxide level with respect to ti 3 (U8)p'Q)= o4e2s{ 3) = 0.308 ppm per hour. 62, £=f0.074(v-35) +32) v = (2(0.074)(v - 35) + —0.074(v-35)? +32], _ 0.074? -122.6558 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepis 64, (a) 1(5)=9739+3(5)—5? = 729 227) =300(27)"”? = 300(3) =900 In 5 months, 27 worker-hours will be employed and 900 units will be produced, ! 44 100 by OL) =~ G00)" = (by GL) = 500). z (739+3-P)? 13-29 Lo 3-21 2V730-+31- 3-265) 29 739-+3(5)-5* 1 207) L'8)= 2 34 When = 5, L = 27. so 100, 100 POD=s ano Production will be decreasing ata rate of about 1.44 units per month. +24) 2441 p3)=33) +43) + 200 = 239 In 4 years the quality-of-life index is expected to be 3, and the population is, expected to be 239,000. 66. (a) Q(4)= 2 (b) OW) (r+? 24) +24) -4 _ 36 4 ear 89 gt) 68. (a) ) © 70. (a) () P(Q)=60+4 p'G)=6@)+4=22 «| ao ai\g “thes Dlo.3 5) =9.718 In 4 years, the population is expected tobe increasing at a rate of about 9,778 people per year. POH I= 120412) + 1440+ 127? PY) =12(t-+ 12)? = 288(0-+ 129 After 10 days the oxygen proportion is changing at P10) => = -0.002254 (10) = 5p 80.00: that is, the oxygen proportion is decreasing at about 0.2254% per day. 4 POS) =sayp? O- The oxygen proportion is increasing. P(.)=1. Eventually the oxygen proportion returns to its typical levet prior to the sewage input a ry? = =(520y(10,000)] 142] ae ( 3) 52 S19 =100,000(1+- 5 32 % rate of change S19 Be 32 When r=0.05 the percent rate of change with respect to A is, 1,000 ae 909.039. 1408Chapler 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 59 72 (a) WO=(24497B-> OSHS a() =264 9) BAB =07(-D + B= QV +92) =5(21+ 98-1712”) (b) The object is stationary when v(1) =0. The function (21+9)(8—1)° is 0 when ¢ 1-8 Since neither value falls in the interval 0<4-<5, the object is never stationary. (©) a(t)=0when t (a) 45000, 40,000 35,000] 30,000) 25,000) 20,000) (©) The object is speeding up for 0<1 7A. (a) f(0) = Lulay); u(x) =? L)= Luu) FO) = L(x); uO F() = Lug) (=) wale) =f60 16. 8. 25 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basie Concepts (©) flay= Leaks mes) =F S)= Musyu'xy “A(t W(x) 3x°? } 2x41 1 @_ fO)= Lucy: x)= FE) = LU), ee u(x)| (1-2) a 2) “2xTl (ay? aa; (2x4 1Xl=x) a 3 “ih er =! metho? = Ghetto = A()2(h(x))h (x) + [CaP AC) hE A) + ACIP HE) SACP AIC) £"(0) does not exist while f'(4.3)= 16.63. The graph of fx) has one horizontal tangent when x = 0.50938 Marginal Analysis: Approximations Using Increments 1 (a) C(xy=sx? 435467 4 l Cayatxt3 (Wagst 2 R(x) =9-2: (=9-3e . (a) by C'@)=4y43-450 © C™@)-C@) +9467|=4.75 } = (4412467) (@) R@)=9-26) () R(4)- RG) 245x473 RED= 3px) =a[-x?-2x+33] sax) 2x? 4334 10 vaya teres Cw=yrt R(x) = 3x? 40433 ) c@-Beres 33 © C@)-C@) -(F20+73)-Guise7 (d)_R'Q)=-27-124+33=-6.00 fe) R(4)- RG) = (64 ~ 324132) -(-27-18+99) 18.00, . (a) cepa Es? 465 +2x R(x) = xp) = (x) = xp) [2 ewets __ 2x? + 6x +18) RO) Oe ee(©) R(4)-RG) -(2) 922.43 “a= = =-0.2 so P= zg and Ax=3.8-4=-0.2 s0 1 <=(-0.2) = -0.008 756 Thus ftx) will decrease by about 0.008 . 10, f(x)=3r+= x sy=3-4, z f'()=3- 2 =2.92 and 25 Av=5-4.6=-0.4 50 Af = 2.92(-0.4) =-1.168 ‘Thus fx) will decrease by about 1.168. 12. (a) R(q)=240q -0.05q? R(g)=240-0.1g Ata production level of 80 units per ronth the marginal revenue R'(80) = 232 so the additional revenue if production is increased by one unit is approximately $2: (b) R(81)~ R(BO) = $19,111.95 -$18,880.00 = $231.95 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 64 14. (0) =0.057 +0.104+3.4 OW=0.1401 O10) =0.1, Ar= ‘The approximate change monoxide level will be AQ=Q'(0)Ar = 0.05 ppm. 5 (6 months) wrbon, 16. C(q)=0.1g3 ~ 0.54? +5009 +200 C'(@)= 0.39" -4+500 C4) = 500.8, Ag = 4.1- ‘The approximate change in cost will be AC C'(A)Ag = $50.08 AL 9:00 A.M. x=1 f=24 Further, Av =0.25 (one quarter hour) so the approximate change in radio production from 9:00 to 9:15 A.M. will be Af = f'()Ax=6 radios. 20. Q(L) = 60,0001" 2 ou. (1,000) = 200, AL =940 1,000 =-60 The approximate effect on output will be AQ = O'(1,000)AL = —12,000,, that is, a decrease of about 12,000 units. 8 +97? +481 +200 22, (a) PU) Py=-3e? +1814 48 (b) RO) =~6r+18 (©) RG)=0 and Av= (one month) so AR=0. There is no expected change in the population growth rate during the first month of the fourth year.2 26. 28, Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basie Concepts . O(L) =30017' w=F + QNG12)=25 We seek AL so that 12.5 =AQ = Q'S12)AL = 25AL, |S more worker-hours are A 1% increase in r means Ar =0.01r or ar = 0.01. For the surface area, $= 4a”, as~Bar-serar "890.007 = 0.08nr? 0.02(4nr?) 0.028 So the sucface area increases by approximately 2%. The inner volume of the balloon is given 4 by V5.0. 013 = 4.18910" cubic millimeters. The volume of the balloon skin can be approximated as AV =V (Sr = 47(0.01)7 (0.0005) = 6.283%10"7 cubic millimeters. ‘The total volume inserted is V+ AV =4.817x10°° mm’. AV VAR _ARRPAR ranean AR if S*=0.05 ther A then 20 or the volume increases by about 20%. (b) Writing exereise—answers will vary. . 3 32. 10028 00 RAT _ jg Sk? R R art = 4008 T ar If To 0.02 then the percentage change in R is approximately 8% mM fa) 10, The root is approximately 1.465571. (b) For f(x) =.0 - 2° - 1, the iterative formula for Newton's method is 3812p Beginning with xp =1, the sequence of approximations tothe root are xy=2 x2 =1.625 485786 x4 =1.465956 Xs = 1465571 x5 =1.465571 ‘The sixth estimate agrees with the fifth to at least four decimal places. {c) Answers will vary based on the accuracy of the estimate in part (a). 36. (a) Suppose N is a fixed number and let f(xjex? =. Then f(x) =2x and Newton's method becomes LO) (b) Writing exercise—answers will vary2.6 Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates 2. (a) Differentiating both sides of ay’=4 with respect to.x yields xo, 7a * Solving for * gives x (b) Solving fory gives y=4 so x a de 4. (a) Differentiating both s 2with r ares wey Wives Solving for s ives & Solving for y gives y=(12~x) eye de 02-P pF C) 6, (a) Differentiating both sides of 1 i x4 425 with respect to.x yields y Solving for 22. gives ds ds ) 36 Chapter 2, Differentiation: Basic Concepts 63 8 10, 12, 14, 16. Payetay? are Mass? ery ‘ a Aa (1-29) Bax? 28 y+ 3axy dy dy dy ay hase Bs 3y-sr=0 y Gta + By Be dj Qyt3 2 =8r-3y is ay _ 8x~3y' dx 2y+3x64 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 18. (e-2yP =y dy) _ dy 2x-2y)[1-22 «s-2p(1-22) 2x 2y)= ay de T+ 4(8=23) __2x-dy 1¥4x-8, 20. xy? +1) =2x-3y y 4 2)_9 adh 4a? +969 eay? =2-32 nes ay Gay? + IP S43 = 2-127 Gay? +P ix de 24yGxy? +1) +3 on 1 2 4 24. xy -2xy=6xt yt dy dy dy 3x2y? 22093 2B ay 264 odie etn icine tC dy _2y- 2075 46 At (0, 2) this equation becomes vet 8 so the slope at (0, 2) is ‘ and the equation of the de 2 1 tangent line is y=—x42 tanger r=Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 65 28. (a) ay =16y? dy ty asap ars ayy ae yas For the tangent line to be horizontal we must have £ =0 and so y=0 at such a point ie Substituting this expression ito the equation of the curve gives 0=0 which is tue for any x. vor of is a ‘The tangent line is horizontal at any point (x,0) where 2 0 (since the denomi not defined at (0,0).) (b) The tangent line will be vertical when the denominator in the derivative is 0 but the numerator is not 0. The denominator is 0 at points where x =32,y. Substitution into the original equation gives 32»? = 16) which is true if »=0. Note however that this value of y makes the numerator 0 so there are no points where the tangent is vertical, 30, 2-5 xy 4 ds =Owhich simplifies to 2 =2, y dex From the equation of the curve, there can be no points on the curve having either x=0or y=0 ‘Thus there are no points where the numerator of denominator of the derivative is 0. There are no: horizontal or vertical tangents to this curve. For the tangent line to be horizontal we must have O and y x at such a. Substituting this expression into the equation of the curve gives x? — x(2%) + (2x)? =3x? =3 so x=41. Since y=2x, the points where the tangent is horizontal are (1, 2) and (1, -2). (b) The tangent line will be vertical when the denominator in the derivative is 0|while the numerator is not 0. The denominator is 0 at points where x=2y. Substitution into the original 1). equation gives 3p =3 and the points where the tangent line is vertical are (2, 1) and (~266 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts )_ yard? ey 2-8) Colls2g 36, Q=0.06x7 + 0.14xy+ 0.05? ‘The goal is keep Q constant hence upon differentiating do dy dv ~6x. =0.12r+ 0.14 + 0.1dy+0.10y 2 op & Os Oly . de Rb ete ae Oars O.10y Tx 5y o= ‘Ax with x=60, y=300 and Ax Use the approximation formula Ay = de 6(60) - 7(300) 00) ‘To maintain output at the current level decrease the unskilled labor by 1.28125 hours. a) = 1.28125 38. x7 43pr+ p?=79 pip ae a a a dt 2x43p dt When p =5, the demand x satisfies p = 5 x? 43(5)x45?=790r x2 +15x—S4=(x418Kx-3)=0 so x So 30) =-0.27143 of demand is decreasing at the rate 27.143 units per month, 40. (a) Since ¥ = 50, Differentiating with respect to # V"=352s" Atthe present time V"=~1,000 and s=50s0 ‘V'_-1,000_ 2 3s? 350)" 25,000 andChapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 67 42. O(p)= p* +4p +900 2p+4)p' where the derivatives are with respect to f. At the time in question p =50 and p'=1.5 so the pollution level is changing at the rate of Q' = (2(50)+4)(1.5) =156 units per year. a. PVC Pr's¥i 0 or P= - v where prime denotes differentiation with respect to t. At the time in ae 1. The pressute is decreasing at the rate of 21 Ibfin sec. question P" .22(1 1) ¥ (0.02), = 0.000646 meters per second per day Differentiating with respect to t yields Pav sys pls ptt TAP Given ¥ =5, P=0.6and P’=0.23 0.235! v1 = 02359 4.961. 140.6) Vis decreasing at roughly 4.96 m* per sec.68 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basie Concepts walla) oe ores) dr 4 dR_S dil _9 Substitut aS TL? iets sanngr 2° dt 2d 12 av _397 #3010195 aie erper en 2u43y 54. Q=3u? += at (u+vy ‘The goal is keep Q constant hence upon differentiating 254 3a! wv [wen?|e3s renaoaenfte ] 0-2 bu. du du) du (ay) dv dv _ 514476 When u=10and v=25, solving the above for * gives : en u=10ani solving the above for © gives $° =200 Use the approximation formula av= “au with Av =~0.7 514476 17 ‘To maintain output at the current level decrease the unskilled labor by 21,184 units. Avs (-0.7) = 2,184.3. 56. 4-3? Since the sum of two squares cannot be negative, there are no points (x; y) that satisfy this equation.Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basie Concepts 69 1s At (1, 1) the slope is J the slope is => and the tangent time is y=~x-+2 =5x sothat 2 For the tangent line to be horizontal at a point, we must have 7 dr 0. Substituting y= Sx in 5x? —2xy Sy gives Sx? —2x(5x)+5(5x)? =120x" =8 yielding x ind ‘There are two horizontal tangents with equations and y vis 60. (a) wey s3ay dy, dy D3 B yay aa 3x? 43y ‘A point where the tangent is horizontal must satisfy 2 200or y=x*, Substituting into the equation of the curve gives Sa (ey =3x?) x6 2x5 =3(8-2)=0 ¥2.1F x=0, then yielding x=Oand x 0 and the derivative is undefined. When x then y= 9/4 and so the equation of the horizontal tangent is y= {4 (b) Substituting y=. into the equation of the curve gives 2 2(2x—3) 2x3 3x soxeSand y=3, Te sae ath pin10 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts «) Review Problems I =2 2 soy 4 -1 As h-+0 this difference quotient approaches so fo) + (x2) x) +2x-7)G4+4-37) Y= (x3 +2x- 71-22) + B+ X=. = Sete 4x8 4327 418-1 8 fey-V +1 =(e ny? vy olf? 2 _ Se=a{" +1) (2x)=Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basie Concepts 71 aS) x41 (I-94 DCD i=x =x Lo= a-308 ad 3 3d < 1-39! Le@x+ Gren La-3: lc yf Ort) Gr rT | = Lad-39'BGr+D7@]-Gx4 HI-39'H)} (13x) 3684 Gr+7) ~ d-308 14, f(x)=x? -3x+2 f'(x)=2x-3 F(l) =0, The slope of the tangent fine at (1,0) is m= f"(1)=~1. The equation of the tangent line is y-0=-(x-I) ory=—x+l 16. (x)= val (2 +D0)-220) re f G? +n? (+0? £(0)=0. The slope of the tangent line at (0,0) is m= "(0)=1. The equation of the tangent line is -Oory= eS 18. (a) The rate of change of PO =8 -4F +5180 -5 =8 42 458? 5 Is is (0 =38 -81 +21? fo Pa at any value of 120 and when =4, "(4)=48-32+ Fa=3172 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 2 2 (b) The rate of change of (1) = at ~ (24 is f(O= a Coan? at any value of (24. When 1 ~6-4-15 __ 25 cl : - e 16 (©) The rate of change of fQ=F(e-1 is ¢()=5e" —3P° at any value of ¢ and when t=0, f"(0)=0. (d) The rate of change of FO =(2 -3146)'? | 12, is FO=LO 3477-3) 21-3 20? 3146)" at any value of t. since (* ~ +6 > Ofor all t, When 20. (a) y=Su? +u-1, w=3x41 tows, du de dy _ dy du Bw de oy 413) =30" B28 T= (VU (3) =3G08+11) (b) ea cne dx du ds 2x43) 5 22. (a) fx) Ax? 45x? -2x+ F') =30x4 = 1287 + 10x- 2. $12) =12028 = 2404 10+Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 73 4x (eee Pz Wee PA 4x204 P20] ae dey AM PN?) 4? 7 (ex) = Mest “(ey 24G2=) “ary oy (3742) fe (3:7 +2)'(6x)=24x(3e +2) 4. aa{ (oe + 2 (6s)e]= (3° + 2) (24) iv =24(3x7 + 2} (ars? +2) (@) foy= 2x44? [sere ay? +44) ] Ax44P Gre xed) = 8044) (x +1) (r+ 42 Hered] (4 Ax + a+ 2x42) = (r+ 4+ 2)14 Chapter 2. Differemiation: Basic Concepts sol GHP fo) —- EVD == DALY Gey G+ [+ -2-D] (x+* ©) f= 3x (rl GI CD-G-NG)\+ (x41) _ G+? [42 41)-36-] ~ (r+? fe 24, (a) de 3x? 3 To find the slope of the tangent line at the point (1, 2} substitute x=1 and y=2 into the dy_ 2 a ration for = to get m= : equation for Sto get m=2P= 5 2Qay3 46=2x42y adv (3,24), 3, 4d PP yan DW, Bay|=242@ aren afa(a» aro (b) 2a ady_43 2 5 2x 6xy? B-2y3 = 24 x 9 6x9? 2 To find the slope of the tangent line at (0,3), substitute x=0 and y=3 into the derivative dy jwation and solve for — to get eq ae Oe 20°Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basie Concepts 75 © 2? +297 =3¢yy! ae sayy heaytortyaae(-A 2) dx \ dx} oy 3 ds yy de To find the slope of the tangent line at (1, 1). substitute x= I and y= 1 into the detivative tt equation and solve for £ a8 @ dy a ao dk ‘To find the stope of the tangent line at 6, 2), substitute x = 6 and y into the derivative equation and solve for dx dy 216)E-22) dk (6-2 dy_\f,,dy ) BND _4 de 16. de 3)dy | 1-3) (32 C2 a ‘The slope is ~1. 26. (a) s(0)=—161? +1601 = 0 when f=0 and = 10, The projectile leaves the ground at = 0 and returns [0 seconds later, ds ar ds at () 321 +160, thus 160 fi/sec at =10,76 Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts © Soares and the maximum height is 5(5) = —16(25) + 160(5) = 400 ft. 28. (a) s(0)=20 —21? + 601-25 for 1<1 <6. (0) = 6(0? - 71+ 10) = 6(¢= 2-5) The positive roots are ,f=5. v()>0 for l<1<2,50 for fer <6 so the object accelera a s. For 11 <— it decelerates, (b) s()=2-21+60-25=16, s(2)=16-84+120-25=27, s(5) =250~21(25) +300-25=0, (6) = 432-21(36)+ 360-25 =11 As = (27-16) + (27-0) +(11=0)=49 30. {a} Since N(x) =6x" +500x+8,000 is the number of people using the system afier x weeks, the rate at which use of the system is changing after.x weeks is N'(x) =18x? +500 people per week and the rate after 8 weeks is N'(8) = 1,652 people per week. (b) The actual increase in the use of the system ducing the 8” week is N(8)— N(7)=1,514 people. 3/2 32, Since the population inf months will be P()=31-+5/¥? +6,000, the rate of change of the population will be P'()=3 +e, and the percentage rate of change 4 months from now will be PA) _ 9918 P(A) 6,052 = 0.30% per month 100: 34, The gross domestic product t years after 2000 is N(0)=? + 61 +300 billion dollars, ‘The derivative is N'()=21+6 At the beginning of the second quarter of 2008, 1 = 8.25. ‘The change in r during this quarter is = 0.25. Hence the percentage change in N is N(@.25)h N@25). 9 12825) +6](0.25) 8.257 + 6(8.25) +300 1.347% 36. C(t) =-170.360° 41,707.51? + 1,998.41 + 4,404.8Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts 77 (a) C(O) =-51 1,087? +3,415¢+1,998.4 C(O represents the rate of change in the nusaber of cases of AIDS at time ¢ in units of reported cases per year. (b) C/(0)=1,998.4. The epidemic was spreading at the rate of approximately 1,998 cases per year in 1984, " risen) (©) The percentage rate of change in 1984 (7-0) was 100) . | go/ 22284 CO) 4,408.8 (4089.52 41,067.44 5.4%, ‘The percentage rate of change in 1990 (i= Jas 96% P(t) = 1.03513 + 103.51? + 6,900/ + 230,000 (a) P'(0)=3.1057 + 2071 + 6,900. P'(X) represents the rate of change of the population, in bacteria per day, afierr days. (b) After I day the population is changing at P'(1 After 10 days the population 110.105 or about 7,110 bacteria per day. 280.5. or about 9,281 bacteria per day. changing at P'(10)= (©) The initial bacterial population is P(0) = 230,000 bacteria. The population has doubled when (1) = 2(230,000) = 460,000 or 1.03519 +103.51? + 6,907 ~230,000 =0 ‘Using the solving features of a graphing calculator yields 1 = 23.3 days as the approximate time until the population doubles. At that time the rate of change is P'(23.3) =13,409 bacteria per day. bythe ination oma, 2 2 fi To find £ differentiate the equation Q=x? +2xy? +2)? implicitly with respect to x. Since Q is to be held constant in this analysis, # 0. Thus sy 46h ae ds Axy+6y? At x=10 and y=20 dy 100? +2207° 544 dx 4(10)(20) + 620) Use the approximation formula with =-0344 and Ax=0.5 to get Ay =—0.344(0.5) =~0.172 unit ds That is, to maintain the current tevel of output, input y should be decreased by approximately 0.172 unit to offset a 0.5 unit increase in input x.B 2. 46. 48. . Vex and dV =3x2de, — v Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts ‘The population is p=10-—2 os and the carbon monoxide level is c(p)=0.8y p? + p +139 =0.8(p? + p +139)! By the chain rule, the rate of change of the carbon monoxide levet with respect to time is de _de dp dt dp dt =0.4(p? + p +139) Pepsp[sou+n ] O4Qp+l) 40 Op? +p +39 oP At Fat, p=p)=10-22-5, c= 015) = 08V169 = 104. =10=20(¢4 1)? z The percentage rate of change is roo elt _ jg 9AU0+) _ 40 1 AMO) _40 1 216.279 per year a Wied (14) 104 2 7 Aa au bea 3 0.06 or 6% (R)=1.8(108) 2 R=1.2(107) asf) [}.2(107)+5(10-4)]-s =s[12(107) [+5(10)] S(R)=3.6(10°)R s'[12(10)]-[3 ae 2(107)] ase[ssie)f=s¢o"] As=s 12(10)| Stade 2a VN=[C+ OPO] -—> (=[C1+ C2! os 7 wv 5 or \ Ftc sero] %50. 52, 54. Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basie Concepts 79 AL? hours past noon, the truck is 707 km north of the intersection while the car is 105(¢~1) km east of the intersection, The distance between them is then DO = (700)? + [105¢- DP. = y490077 + 11025(-1)? . The rate of change of the distance is pi = 2800+ 220500—D) 249007? + 11025(¢ 17 9800(2)+ 220501) 2ys900(4) + 1102500 OW) =-F +97 +121, where 8 A.M, corresponds to AU2PM., 1=2and D'2 119 knvhe (a) RO) =O) =~37 + 18/412 (b) The rate at which the rate of production is changing is given by R() =O") =-61 +18 ALO AM. ¢=1,and_ R(I) =12units per hour per hour. (©) From 9:00 A.M. to 9:06 A.M. the change in time is 6 minutes or Ar The change in the rate of production is approximated as AR=R()at=1 {t)-1 2 units per hour. \ (d) The actual change, estimated in part (c), is RU =RO)=O'0.1)- 90) 31.1)? + 181) +12) —(-3 418+ 12) =1.17 units per hour aa: @) sins ‘| S(0)=50 Ibs. (b) 509 =5001- \ S()=- iso - (c) The bag will be empty when S()=0 at ¢=V15 =3.873 sec. The rate of leakage at that time is sls.80 56. 58, 62. Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basie Concepts €Xq) =0.1q +10 + 400, gi) = 2? +500 By the chain rule aC dC 4 «(9,24 4 1021-450) dt dq dt 2, g=qW)=P +50(2)=104 and [0.2(104) + 10][2(23 + 50} = 1,663.2 units per hour AV = 4nr7Ar The percentage rate of change is scar? 100x4nr?ar _ yo 9.4r tae r dar 8= {100% ) 1004 89.67 r 3 ‘The computations assumed a positive percentage rate of change of 8% but -8% could also be used. The percentage rate of change is then 42.67%, Let ¢be the time in hours and s the distance between the car and the truck. Then eeon? + 450 = ¥3,600/? + 2,025? = 754 and so 2 dt s 5 mph. We have a right triangle with legs 8 and.x, the distance from the buoy to the pier, and hypotenuse y, the length of the rope, Thus =x? +8? and through implicit y differentiation, We know y’=—2 and at the moment in question, x=6 , so the rope is y=10 ft 64. 10¢ @ is approaching the pier at roughly 3.33 feet per minut. long, Thus x’ = ‘The buoy Let x be the distance between the woman and the building, and s the length of the shadow. Since f(1) =150—167?, the lantern will be 10 ft from the grovad when 10= 150-161? which leads to (= {TAO seconds When h=10 and x= “ from similar right triangles we get x _xts hs hh Si siggy Vrs 400-5) 10 org M40 lec = hs hs ~Sx—~5s de ens 5B 4581 hs de h—5)s! = (h-5)s a 5)+32( 4] i40{$ a0 4 ae) +2(140) = 285 fuse ‘The total manufacturing cost Cis a function of q (where q is the number of units produced) and q is a function of ¢ (where ris the number of hours during the factory operates). Fence, (0) the rate of change of cost with dq respect to the number of units dollars produced in unit70. Chapter 2, Differentiation: Basic Concepts 81 units the rate of change of units produced with respect to time in our fo Ha dollas nits dq di unit hour dollars hour = the rate of change of cost WRT time y=4x? and PO, 0) Note that P is not on the graph of the curve (its coordinates do not satisfy the equation of the curve). y=8x Let x; be the abscissa of the point of tangency. The slope is m ‘The point (5,, y;) lies on the curve through (2, 0) so its slope is Bx yo The point of contact (tangency) is both on the curve and on the tangent line, Thus 4x7? =8x7 -16x, oF 44,(4, -4)= This is satisfied for x, = The two points of contact have coordinates (0, 0) and (4, 64). as well as x, =x =4. day Bx ‘Thus the slope at (xp. J) is m=" and the equation of the line becomes ayy bay Y= y= (r=) ‘0 2 2 YoY _ Yo. X0X _ Xo re XoX _ YoY Pow because the point (9, ¥) is on the curve.82. Chapter 2. Differentiation: Basic Concepts It is clear from the graph and the expression for f"(x) that f"(x) is never 0. 74. s(t) =15'2(0.73? -3.10+2.7) = 0.7319? 3.407? 4 2.7057? (a) v(0) =3.28517/? - 10.8515" +.6.7508/2 (= 1.497505"? ~ 27,1259? + 10.1250" a (b) v(¢)=Oat ¢=0and /=0.831.. The corresponding positions at these times are s(0)=0 and 5(0.831) = 0.395 278. At this time s(1.278) =-0.128 (©) The smallest value of a(t) occurs at approximately and ¥(1.278) =~2.53.Chapter 3 Additional Applications of the Derivative 3.1, Increasing and Decreasing Functions; Relative Extrema ore £0) -9=(x-3)(x+3)=0 when x = -3 and x=3. (3) is increasing onx<~3and33 which indicates that the derivative is negative. is decreasing 4, The graph is falling for x<1 and 35 which (es that the derivative is positive, 6. The graph of the function is increasing for all x implying the derivative is positive for all x. Thus the correct match is graph C. 8. The derivative of this function is first negative (the graph of fix) is increasing), then positive (fix) then decreases) and. lastly negative (fix) again increases.) The derivative behavior matches graph A. 10. (N= +37 +1 f'(=3? +6 = 3+ 2)=0 when 0. /'(s) is inereasing on x < =| and 1< x. s ‘/(s) is decreasing on ~10 f'U)>0 else f"(<0 which indicates that (0, 3) isa relative minimum and (-1 4) is not a relative extremum, 10 3 6 3-(r4 dP, =3r+1P =0 . F(1=3 The function is rising/falling according to the figure below. A, 3) is neither a relative maximum nor a relative minimum, 30. fO=WO-1 1) = 1823 G SOR when 1=6, 1=9is also a critical number since f'(9)is not defined but (9 Since f(6)=6V3 the critical points are (6, 63) and (9, 0). The function is rising/falling according to the figure below The point (6, 63) i since the function is increasing for 1 <6 and decreasing for 1 > 6. The point (9, 0) is neither a relative maximum or minimum because ft is not defined for 7>9 a relative maximum 26 Poe when.x=3and g(3)=—.x=0 isnota critical number since it is not in the domain of the function (the denominator of the original function vanishes).86 Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative ‘The function is rising/falling according to the figure below % y ioe 642 24 6 8 1 The critical point (s 4 is arelative minimum since the function is decreasing for x<3and increasing for x>3. Oandx=2. g(0)=0 and g(2)=4. x=1 is nota critical number since it is not in the domain of the function (the denominator of the original function vanishes). ‘The function is rising/falling according to the figure below. If x2g'(x)>0. If 0=1 F'(x) <0 which indicates that (—1,3) is nota relative extremum, Sog=8(r+5y F023 (04 57 + 25(44 5) = 5x7 (x + 5Y(8 +3)Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative dette 33 0 (-5, 0) is arefative maximum, isa relative minimum, and (0, 0) is neither a minimum nor a maximum, 30 (Perel? =x(x+2) (2 a +) is a relative minimum, (0, 1) is a relative maximum, 87 44. Hx) fo 8x3 - 90x? +70) "(ey = (x HO) = 66 ed) (3, -5.62) is a relative minimum, (0, 2) is a relative maximum, relative minimum. O.1)isa 20 19) “0-8 6 +6 8 10 0 -20 30 46. f= 0 axel when =0, 2 and these are the only critical numbers since the denominator of /'(2) is never equal to 0 Thus x=0 corresponds to a relative minimum and 2 arelative maximum.88 Chapter 3, Additional Applications of the Derivative 48. f'()= 8 2x-TP(x45)=0 decreasing when x= 15000 56, R(x) = xp(x) = x(5-2x) Thus x=-5 produces a relative asp 3? maximum and x=0 a relative minimum eee 7 P(x) = R(x)-C(X) while x =~ is neither. eed eee adr? 42x-5 P(x) is minimized at x =0.25. S43 ogra) 160) 54, C(x)=V5x+243 cw=—e 25x42 is the marginal cost. As x increases, so does the denominator. Therefore C(x) is() Pay = lone 0.044" +12 Po (0.043 +12) 52 —100V/x(0.08x) © Y(0.04? +129? =0 when x=10 (the denominator is not defined at x=—10.) An expenditure of 10 million dotlars results in the largest percentage of pollution removal 60. (a) (b) (0) =300 so 300 units will be sold Without any advertising expenditure. 1500 (6) 8() = 20040 02x? +5 $9) - A 0 (0.02x7 +5)" when x=10. Ten thousand dollars should be spent on advertising to produce a maximum sales level of S(10) = 500 units. Chapter 3, Additional Applications of the Derivative 89 5G)+) _5 +042 2 2.5 hundred people, or 250 people live at the city center. 62. (a) P(0) ) Pm 5G)? +r+2)-SGr+D2r+D) (are 2? _9Gr? + 2"=5) (+42? SGr+5)r=1) (Part2 P'(r}=0 when =-2 orr=1 5 Negative values of r make no sense. For0sr< 1, P(r)>0 and for r>0, P'(r)<0, 80 P(r) is increasing for Os r<1 and decreasing for r> 1. (©) P(r) has a maximum at r= 1, so the population is largest | mile from the civie center 53()+1) _ 20 PO Pair 4 ‘500 people live 1 mie from the city center.90 Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 03 : 64 (ay rnp 23 HAD) | OEE) —GN ABD a wat Wan? 2 feal y 427 \3N +430 (ve? = 854 3GN +430)! (NV 4197 MO= TP 101+ 6471-10) VP =10r+61 For N>0, ¥(N) has no critical points. dV _dV dN Ww wv S59 <= 0 when N'(0)=0, which aan < WY 0 an a aN a dr en N'(1)=0, which is when r= 5. For 0 <1<5 0 and WN oo, so 50, a in operation, and ‘The value of the machine is increasing for the fist 5 months that i decreasing after 5 months. (by N(5)= 5? ~10(5) +61 = 36 =6 83 gags v(6)-{ 322) -(*) =(64)2!3 =16 The valve of the machine is largest after 5 months. The maximum value of the machine is $6060. 66. (a) Profit = Revenue - Cost The cost after f weeks is given by C(t) in hundreds of dollars so in dollars the cost is 100C(#) = 100(50 + 1.21) = 5000+ 120¢ Afier 1 weeks the number of fish remaining is given by 300p(1) where pia) is the proportion function. Each fish weighs, on average. (1) pounds and for each pound, $2.75 in revenue can be generated. The revenue function is therefore 1 2 300(2.75) (4) w(t) -225( 2 Jo +1-0.051") + The profit after ¢ weeks is given by \ 2 r= a (3 +£0.05") —(5000 + 1201) 31) (b) Using a graphing calculator to graph P(2) or to find where the derivative of PU) is 0 leads to the conclusion that a maximum profit of -§740.07 occurs after approximately 6.29 weeks. The negative sign indicates the fishery is operating at a loss and the maximum profit means a minimum loss of $740.07.Chapter 3, Additional Applications of the Derivative 68. The function fix) is decreasing when x<0and.x>2 and increasing when O0 when x<-$ and x21, f(a) is increasing on those ervals. (b) Since f'(x) <0 when -S0. <0 forx<—, y decreases y'>0 fors> 2 +» increases. 2a b 7 —~ is the x value of a minimum. Now assume a <0,92 Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative y'>0 forx>—, y increases y'<0forx< b Sy isthe value of a maximum. a 7B. f(xy=x' 43x59? +4 F(x) = 49 +937 - 18 S'(x)=0 at x = 3.5262, x =0, and x =1.2762. 100) 80. f(x)=x5 -7.6x9 + 2.1x? -5 S' (x)= 5x4 - 22.827 $4.2 f(x) =0 atx=-2.2, x=0, x=0.19, and x 82. Plot f(x)= 2x9 +3x?—Sx+11 and then plot g(x) = (e+ IP +3041)? -SCeH AT Finally plot W(x) = (x43) +343)? 543) +13. Suggestion: use a viewing window with 4 “101 which indicates that the second derivative is positive. Concave up when ~SE0, x42. 2, VU Vv 40, FO)=( S'() = 2x? = 3) 2x) = 44x? -3) =0 when x=-V3, 0, V3. P'()=147-)=0 when x=-1,1. (—¥3, 0) and (V3.0) are relative minima because f*(-V3)>0 and f*(W3)>0. Note symmetry with respect to the y-axis. oe anes fees Oeaet ss VU a VU 30] 20 naChapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 95 minima. (0, 24) isa relative maximum, P(x) = 12x? + 360-48 =12(r+4Y(r=1) (8) has inflection points at x=! and a4. teeeeeee 10-9 (0, 0) is a relative minimum. ny 18(1= x?) (9) - BEY). y (243) when x==11. mm Wom epee eee , 28. f(x)=x4-2x7 43 ( i] and (. 4) are inflection points P(3)=40 ~de=4x(x4 1-1) =0 2 when.x=~1,0, 1. I") = 12x? -4=4Gx? =1) f(-1)> 0 and f(-1) = 2, thus (-1, 2) isa tniniraum, £7(0) <0 and f(0)=3, thus (0, 3) is a maximum S"(\)> 0 and f(1) =2, thus (1, 2) isa minimum, Lo os ‘ é 8 30. fe xte f= 26. f(x)=x4 469 Fo when x1, 1 = 2x(2x? 49-24) =0 ee when x = 0,x = 1.9, and x = -6.4. cS ™ = eae f"-1) <0 and f(-1) =-2, thus (-1, -2) isa maximum, f"(\)> 0 and (1) =2, thus (1,2) isa minimum. ‘The fact that the minimum is higher than the maximum is not so unpalatable when one realizes the vertical asymptote at x=0. (-6.4, -854) and (1.9, -8.5) are relative96 Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative a f= 5 ed f= SP (=) 3x04) 4 [x- 2) Qx—4)— (2? = 4)(2\(e=2)] © (x2) £0) <0 and f(0)=0, thus (0,0) is a maximum. £(4)> 0 and f(4)=8, thus (4,8) is a minimum. ‘The fact that the minimum is higher than the maximum is not so unpalatable when one reatizes the vertical asymptote at x MM r9=(35) xT fl x \ytl-x 2x x)=2[ a fe) tt Gy at x=0. py 2D Sate? (w+° +1 9-34) ) (3 1) i, point of inflection, the vertical line x=—1 is an (0, 0) is a relative minimut 0,0) is minim =) asymptote,Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 97 “(5 +3)3Xs-1) re) aT __ =D [s-1-38-9} (=) when s=—5. (-3,-0.125) is a relative minimum, the vertical line s=1 is a vertical asymptote, and the y axis is a horizontal asymptote. 0.11) is a point of inflection angtitereretettes cm VY 7 +37 QM0=) «yt 3) +32)] _ (370-9 wy98 Chapter 3, Additional Applications of the Derivative HO pele Die + BP + 264 391-99] — DE + PU GI] i a pele FINE DPE NEE + 3) + 2 DE 9)- HEHE -9)) i = (2421-3427 — 2014 18-377 4181481) «-v _96(1 +3) «0 0 when ¢=-3. (9, 27) is a relative minimum, the vertical ine ¢=1 is a vertical asymptote. The graph behaves like y= when |/| is large since the numerator behaves like /° and the denominator behaves like 1°. (~3, 0) is a point of inflection. at 9 oN VU i, 3 1 S(t 424-3) S(x+3)=1) =0 when x=0, 1,3. The concavity diagram for fix) is shown below. mN Naw) Herre oa 3 oot All three values x =0, 1, -3 are the x coordinates of inflection points, 1. The concavity diagram for ftx) is show below. VU YU om er a 2 1 2 and x= | are the x coordinates of inflection points.=x? -2r 4 ~8=(x-4)(x+2) (a) f(s) is increasing for x<-2and 4O fory <1, x4=1 ©) f'()<0 forex, x43, (@) fC) >0 forx<—land x>3. f(x) <0 for “1x3. (©) f(=0= 7), FW =3 % F'(x) <0 for <3 f(x) >0 for -30 for 1> 10,50 S'(0) has a minimum when f= 10. 60. (a) (b) Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 101 3 12 0+2 (1042)? +5 Saiz 44 S(O) = 45 Te so a wy 123 144 The sales will be 2100 +517 pairs of sandals and the sales rate is 1 —-L..100=-0.7 pairs of sandals per 7 P pel month. N(Q=-0 +451? + 4081 + 3,078 N'(W)=-3?? +900 +408 30+ 4y(0-34) N'()=0 when = 4 and 1= 34 Negative values of ¢ make no sense. For 0.<1<34, N'(1)>0 and for > 34, N4Q)<0, so. N() has a maximum when = 34. NGA) —343 +45(34)? + 408(34) + 3,078 29,666 ‘The maximum number of unemployed workers is 29,666,000, which occurs 34 months after the beginning of the program, N"O)=-61+90=-6(0-15) N")=0 when t= 15. For0<1< 15, N"(O>0 and for ¢> 15, N"()<0, so N((1) has a. maximum when r= 15. Nas) 15 + 45(15)? + 408(15) +3,078 =15,948 The rate of unemployment begins to decline 15 months after the beginning of the program, when 15,948,000 people are unemployed,102. Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative * 2, * The height of the water increases rapidly when the water level reaches the neck, Both fix) and g(x) have an inflection point 64. R(Q)=kO(Ny~Q) at x= 2, but h(x) =x) + g(x) = 0 does not Ne v R(Q)=H-0+No-Ql=0ng=Xo have any inflection points. n is greatest when half infected. The rate of infect 70. (a) the population 9 See serene ar thrte y= 2ax+b, and y"=2a y"<0 when a<0, the curve is concave downward and the graph has a maximum. Similarly, when a >0, the graph has a ‘minimum and is concave up.Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 103 (b) f(x) =3.7x4 -5,03x9 +22 -0.7 Pf (3) =14.859 =15.0927 + 4x f1(x) = 44 Ax? 30.1844 x = [2m ees eal |G [|e FG) | 130042 | 106.74 | 10.03 |-0.7 [-0.03 | 26.26 1@ | 1.20864 | 186.76 [35.80] 0 | 3.71 | 6608 Pe] 835.12 | 24196 [758 | 4 [1822 [12024 (©) The x intercepts are x 1.01, x*-0.4, and the y intercept is =~0.7. (@) According to the graphing utility, (0,-0.7), (0.5,-0.6) are extrema. But the utility is misleading, since (0.5,-0.6) is an inflection point, (©) (2) is increasing on 00. x=0 isa vertical asymptote while horizontal asymptote. 1 Oisa a4 92 _eyr? 1] 2 ol (0,0) isa relative minimum. S@= ‘This vanishes when x= 3 which is never equal to 0, — eee is undefined at x= 0 and is positive everywhere else. Hence there are no 3 inflection points and the graph is always aay 2 coneave up. Leo= ‘This vanishes when x= &Chapter 3, Additional Applications of the Derivative 107 © f= oy when x=-5. Also note f"(x) is not defined at x=1. The intervals of concavity are shown below, as a : T 36. (@) An inflection point occurs at 42. (a) f(x) =P (x41) =0 when x= 0,1 ‘The intervals of increase and decrease are shown below. (b) A relative minimum occurs when xe-l ©) 0) = 2x41 +P? BCH? x(Sx+ 2041)? The intervals of concavity are shown below. Ww (NY 40. (a) f= s+? 9 (1) when x=-2. Also note /'(x) is not defined at x=1. The intervals of increase and decrease are shown 44, below, . : 10 2 1 7 4] (b) A relative minimum occurs at x= -2 7108 Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 48. (a) (0) =3+ in minutes, where n n represents the number of trials. There isa discontinuity at n=0. M4 10} | ‘ (b) n represents the number of trials, so it is practical only if we use a positive integer, namely 1, 2, 3,.. (©) Writing exercise; answers will vary. 50. (a) The graph of C(x) has no horizontal asymptotes and x=0 asa vertical asymptote. (b) Asx grows larger the graph of C(x) approaches the line y= 2x ©“ 52. (a) (b) From the graph, or by solving the algebraically, we find the percentage of the population not inoculated to be 4000 = = 95.9 percent. a7 54. (a) P(Q=—t (ay (HYP yet) | tet . DGKE+ 1? pry = EDM () G+0* 20-2) (ant (b) ° © P@==— 0 lim POD= =0 en OT oro In the long run, the production approaches 0.Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 109 56. (a) 5 20 3 oa (by M(x)=2,300+128 500 x m 125 | 1,000 MG)=——F4 =O when x=8. From the graph, this is clearly the optimal advertising expenditure. The company should spend $8,000 dollars to achieve maximum sales of M(8) = 2,308 cycles. 58. (a) f(x)=x!3(x-4) ry Ae! f= - ros ¥ ]|2, >| [1] FQ) 0 3 fo} - | -|-|- ols Fol+)ol-li|+ + (1, -3) is the only minimum, (b) The graph is concave down for ~2<.x<0 and concave up elsewhere. (0, 0) and (~2, 7.6) are inflection points. (©) (0,0) and (4, 0) ate intercepts. @ 5110 Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 60. (a) f(xy=-— 4 2 Leaw 2 + (-I 2x) Pay aM 494 LIR209) @5-hix—w) x7 418.81 435.34 @5-la-vy 3 4 28.2x7 + 106.02x Le Q5-11e-2) According to the graphing utility, (~16.68, 0.0309), (~2.1185, 0.3188) are extrema. 167 36-21 45 F(x) is increasing on x<-16.68, -2.11851 so demand is elastic when the price is p=5. In fact, the demand is elastic at all price points 28, q=D(p)= E(p)= 30, y=2x9 3x7 46x (x)= y' = 6x7 ~6x+6=0 m'(x)=6(2x-1)=0 at x= 2 wie . 36. (x) =12>0, so m| +) =? is the m"(x)=12>0, (3) I 1s minimal slope and it occurs at (}. 3) 32. (a) x=OatSp.M.and x=7 at midnight F(x) = L-2x3 +278? — 1084240) es i reo loa +34e-108 =-F6-M4-6)=0 when x=3, 6. ‘The absolute maximum is M = 30% and the absotute minimum is ‘m =13.125%. The largest percentage, 30%, is listening 0 hours after 5:00 PM., i, at 5:00 P.M. (b) The smallest percentage, 13.125% is listening at 8:00 P.M. (3 hours after 5:00 P.M.) x]°, 3 |e] 7 Fea) [30 | 13.125 [165 | 15.125 2 v4 when v=|—S This relative 3p? AS speed corresponds to the imum power. P(T)=~1.421? + 687 ~ 746 for 20<7'<30 PUT) =-2.84T + 68=0 at T= 23.94. P(20) = 46, P(23.94) = 68, P(30) = 16. P30) is the minimum, P(23.94) is the ‘maximum, + 6x7 + 63x+ 1,080) for Osxs12 S()= FE 412046) 3 2-3 (2 -ar-21 30 D 3 = See 43 39 (tHE +3) 0 at Since her popularity will be maximized 7 months after declaring, she should declare in April so as to have her greatest popularity on election day. On that day, she will have S(7) =50.76% and she will win,40. (a) First solve 2p? =41 forg. choosing the positive solution, to get q=V4l-2p? p dq B(p)=-24 real 2p? 41-2p? 2p? 2p 4 32 2 (&) E@)=-> nd [BA ==5-> 1 so demand is elastic when the price is p=4 42, (a) g=256-0.01p? 0.01p? -256 Note £(160) is net defined since q=0 when p=160. E(p) is defined for 0 p<160. Also since E(p) is 0 or negative for 0 p <160, [E(p)|=-£() = Solving |E(p)|<1, [E(p)|>1 gives |E(p)j=1 and P<92.38, p=92.38and p>92.38 as the values where demand is inetastic, of unit elasticity and elastic, respectively. Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 115 (b) Ifa ticket costs more than $92.38 then revenue is decreasing as the price increases. If the cost is less than $92.38 then revenue increases with price. If the price equals $92.38 then revenue is unaffected by a small change in price. (©) The airline should charge $92.38 for ‘optimal revenue. 44, Let x be the total national income and C(x) the total national consumption. The national savings is s( = CO) =(8-0.8r-0.8Vx) The marginal propensity to save is 8+0.4x'? <0 Since S'(x)> 0, the total savings is increasing and is smallest at x = 0 The marginal propensity to consume is 48. V(T) for 00, A"(ge)and C%™(q_) will have the same sign. From part (a) we expect C"(qc)>0 and so g=4, minimizes A(q) 50. A(r) A= (PP ke Mae)= The numerator is 0 when r is 0, =fi-£ ot which only ft 2 2 positive, assuming <2 After much algebra #i00 al fi-£\ =e 54, (@) B=-9 = 1 a0 2) Fan4y 4100 O dl which is negative since k <2. Thus (b) Writing exercise: answers will vary. corresponds to a relative : . 2 (©) Writing exercise: answers will vary. maximum. Since A(r) increases from e (d) Writing exercise; answers will vary. r=0 tor=,[I—© and decreases . 7 : 7 ° 2 3.5. Additional Applied Optimization fk thereafter, r= J -5 corresponds to an 2. We are interested in having Vx > x and f(x) =x ~x to be maximized (on 0 0 as q increases. absolute maximum for r>0.6. 10. Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative \17 Thus ve is the desired maximum. If x+y xy? = x02)? =900x- 6027 +29 We seek to maximize f(x) =900x- 60x? + x° subject to x>0. £3) =900=120x-+3x7 (x? — 40x+ 300) =3(x-10)(x=30) at x=10 and x=30. But if x=30 then y=0 and we need y>0. In fact, y>0 means 0 0. For x>0 and y making the rectangle a square. Consider the circle with radius r=4 units and center atthe origin of the coordinate system. Let P(x,y) be a point on this circle and A(-4,0), B(4,0). Then x? + y?=16, We want to maximize the area of the right triangle ABP. Now dy = AP = (x4 49 + y? =2N2x+8 and similarly dy = BP = 2v8—2x. Area AW sida 4N16-x". Oatx=0 a z ) A=, Vio? + |, 16x Vie-x?) (440) <0 0 gives a relative maximum. With 45 x<4 and A(-4)= 44 and y=4 is the absolute maximum. for right triangle ABP. The triangle 16. 18, dimensions are 8, 4V2, and 4V2. Note: From geometry, it is known that a triangle with one vertex on a circle and one side the diameter of the circle is a right triangle. With this piece of knowledge, the given exercise is much simplified. Let.x be the dimension of one side of the square base and y the dimension of the height. The cost of both the top and bottom is 2x? + 2x? = 4x" ‘The cost of the four sides if 4xy" The volume is 2 V=x7y=250 and y "(S)>0 which means that x=5 minimizes the cost. The box cannot be constructed for less than $300.00, since C(5) = 300. Pick a point x km down the road (toward the power plan) from the nearest point on the paved road and have the jeep head toward that point The distance traveled by the jeep on the sand is Vx? +32? and the distance on the paved road is 16—x (assuming x<16). ‘The total time traveled (in hours) is 32? 4x7 16 4B 80 2x 1 48x2N327 +x? 80 if Sv =3V32? +x? Squaring both members leads tox = 24. This is beyond the power plant. The minimum time thus corresponds to heading for the power plant oon the sand. The time is ! 020. Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 119 32? +167 8 44.72 minutes, which is also 44 minutes and 43 seconds. ‘The time to spare to defuse the bomb is 49 minutes 60 seconds minus 44 minutes 43 seconds = 5 minutes 17 seconds. +0=" hours of 3 ‘The cable is first run under water to a point at a distance x meters from that point directly across the river from the power plant. The cable is then run over land the remaining 1,500 —x meters to the factory. We need to minimize the cost C(x) = cost under water + cost over land Since the distance over land is 1,500 ~.x and the distance under water is yx? +(1,200) (by the Pythagorean theorem), the total cost is C(x) = 25y)x? + (1,200)? + 20(1,500—x). 25 Thus C(x) => 20 x? + (1,200)? when 25x=20y/x? + (1,200? 25x? = 16x? +(1,200)"] a 160,200) y= 41,600 neither of which is in 0<.x<1,500. The absolute minimum occurs at an endpoint. Now C(O) = 25(1,200) + 201,500) = 60,000 C(,500) = 254(1,500)* + (1,200)? = 48,023 The minimum cost of $48,023 occurs when the cable is run entirely under water. 200 409600” 300- 1,000 200 1.400 Let rbe the radius of the can and h its height. If& is the cost per square inch of constructing the cardboard side, then 2k is the cost of the top and bottom. ‘The area of the side is 2nrh and the cost is 2nkrh, The cost of the combined top and botom is 4nkr?. The total cost is C= 2nkrh + Ankr? given V=4n Coan E ] =0 3 1, orr leet Ld + Bak cw "(> 0. Thus the least expensive can has r=1 inch and h=4 inches. Let r denote the radius of the ean, hits height, and V its volume. The area is A= 2a? +2arh nr with A a constant. Thus120 Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 26. > rd v= Vioy= 2 4 2 A=6nr? 2 2nr? + 2nrh = 6nr? or h=2r, V%(r)=—6nr <0, so Vis maximized when the height of the can is twice its radius Let the width of the print area be x, the length of the print area be y, and the area of the poster be A. We need to minimize A=(x+4) 48) The area of the printed mater 25 or y=, x 40-0044 Bs) Lis xy = 84457 x ? 100 0 A(= 250 x= Me and y V2 minimize the area of the poster. ‘This area has dimensions 4+ 52 by 84505 om ma 7 so 7 10 7 28, Let x denote the number of transisto each shipment and C(x) the corresponding (variable) cost. Then C(x) = (storage cost) + (ordering cost). 0.454. (See jg 0.9% The storage cost is —~ example 3.5.7 in the text for an explanation of the storage cost.) Since 600 transistors are used each year, £00 is the number of shipments, and so x the ordering cost is 20 2) oy C0) =0.45 0.45(2 when x? = 40,000 or Since this isthe only critical point in the 36,000 7 x (signifying a minimum for the critical point), Chas an absolute minimum when x=200, that is, when there are 200 cases per shipment and the transistors are interval, and since C"(x) = ordered £3 times a year. 200 Let x be the number of transistors in each shipment. Then the ordering cost is 5 4 36,000 ) and the storage cost is x (1.20) = 0.60x. The total cost is cry=s9{ 2) 0 6x.a 3 000 + 0.6x7 2 0.6(x + 1,800) = Only positive values of x make sense, so 1,800 is a critical point of C(x). For 0.s.x< 1,800, C(x) <0 and when X> 1,800, C'(x)>0, so C(x) has a minimum when x = 1,800. 1,800 cases should be ordered in each shipment. 1,800) Let.x be the number of machines and f the number of hours required to produce 8,000 units The setup cost is C, =80x and the operating cost (for all x machines) is c Since 50 units can be produced per machine per hour, 8,000 = 50x1 or f= SOx x The total cost is C= 8054822 c= 80-5 ¥ when x=Vi0=3.16. €()= 240+ 822 506.7 800 (4) =320+=—= = 520 (4) 7 Since C"(x)>0, 3 machines will be required to minimize total cost. It the sides of each cut-out square are x then the are of the base is (I8—2x)? and the height is x. We seek to minimize ¥(x)=(18-2x)?x on 05x59 V(x) =-4x(18-2x)+ (18-2)? 18-2xy18-6x) =0 Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 121 36. at x=3andx=9, ‘The dimensions of the box are 12" 12"%3". V(0)=V(9)=0. So V(3)=432 cubic inches is the maximum volume. 08, ie. hhis means that the Girth plus lengt 2nk +L =108. volume is V = aR?L or R?(\08-2nR) 08mR? — 20? RI 16nR 6x? R? nR(36—AR) which vanishes when V"(R)=216n—12n7R, (3) x 6) v[% (x) 36 <0 s0 R= is a maximum, © = 14,851.07 cubic inches. Let D be the distance traveled in miles and x the speed in miles per hour. The time of D travel is = and the driver is paid g1310D ‘The number of gallons of gasoline is Dmiles) _ PX sattons. The cost of 480 (# talon 15,1D , 2.23Dx ravel is C travels C= 780 wf 23) 0 y 480 22 81223 ope 57 480 (15,1. 2.23) csny=( $1223) p-0560 57480 C(40)= 0.4 and C(65) = 030. Therefore the driver should maintain a speed of 65 mph.122. Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 40, Let.x be the width and y the depth. ‘Then the strength is s = kxy? where k isthe proportionality constant, Since the beam is 15 inches in diameter 5 =k(225x-x3) (225~ 3x?) =0 at x= 5V3_ (223-3025) = 5V6. ‘Thus the stiffest beam has dimensions Sv3 by 5v6 42, Let v be the speed at which the truck is driven and ky as well as ky positive constants of proportionality The driver's wages added to the cost of fuel lead to a cost function and iG Ne igy= Chankw +k ky lek when “1 = £5 or ¥ a bv (the driver's wages equal cost of fuel). With C’ = ky"? + ky falling to the left of the critical point and rising to the right, the critical point is a minimum for the cost function, 44, Letx be the distance from a house to plant ‘A. Then the distance to plant B is 18 —x ‘At the house, the total concentration of pollutants contributed by the two plants is, 80 Poy = 0,2 (8-3) because of the fences | and 2 miles around plants A and B respectively. Then Pa) =H 0 8-3) Solving for x is best done with a graphing calculator yielding x =5.844 and P(x) ~7.215.. Checking the endpoints of the interval P(1)=82.491 and P(16)=180.313 , so the optimal position for the house is approximately 5.44 miles from plant A. for 10. is a relative minimum, and (1, 0) is a point of inflection. (©) Writing exercise; answers will vary. 50. The average output is 4-2) when Q’=©, that is, when marginal ‘output per worker-hour is equal to average output. Review Problems 2 f(x) 26x41 S()=Ax=3)=0 when x=3 S*()=2>0, (3) ‘Thus (3, -8) is a relative minimum {actually the absolute minimum). (e-DAD=(? +0) ea? (34041) (x-1? =0 when x=—1,x=3 L@O= ey,124 Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 2x-3)2Kx-D] SC) Thus (-1, -2) is a relative maximum, (3, 6) isa relative minimum, and the graph changes concavity , even though this is not in the domain of the function. 10, GQ)=2x-1P 0-3)? G(x) =3(x=3P 2x1? 442-3 5(2x=IXx-3)"2x-3) ‘The function increases on x< +, 2.0 when x<1, F'(2)<0 when x>1, (x) > 0 when x 1, F'() must be undefined. A possible graph is shown below. 2 There is no relative minimum. 7 26. f(=-314 +8 -10 n| FO =-12PU-H=0 when ¢=0 and 1=2, | both of which are in the interval 0<1 <3. 4 £(0)=-10, f(2)=6, and f()=-37 Thus f(2)=6 is the absolute maximum ; ‘ and_f(3)=-37 the absolute minimum, 22. f(x)=x(2x-3)" SG) = x2) 24-32) + 2x= 3? 2x-3\(6x-3) 0 3 when red and r= . Note 2 1) aa AS-24(3-0 #1) = 2x-3M6) + (62-32) =24x-24 2) s2]. ; =12>0, sofhasa Similarly /* relative minimum at (3-9) 3 x (rsa? 3Q2x+3) PE L)= f(x)=0at F(C1.S) ==1,1852 <0 so 304 = 3075 | iS relative maximum, 28, f(xy=2x4 842 when x=-2 andx=2, of which only is in the interval 0<.x. There is no endpoints so the only possible absolute extremum is f(2)=10. f'(x)<0 (fis decreasing) when 0<.x<2 and_f((x)>0 (fis increasing) when 20. 24x43504 238 (2x3 = 24x? -338) = (b) AQ)=x? = AQ)= when f(x) = 2x3 ~24x? ~338=0. Using a calculator we find x=13 is the only solution, 40. Let y be the length of the shared piece of fencing and x the length of the other side of either rectangle. Let A denote the total area enclosed by the two rectangles. Then 2ay, a function of two variables. The fact that 300 meters of fencing are to be used implies 4x+3y=300 ory 2x =37.5 indicates the absolute maximum. ‘The corresponding value of y is 4G7.5) 3 100: =50, Each plot of land should be 37.5 by 50 meters. Let x be the number of houses built beyond the planned 60. The profit per house will be 47,500 -500x. The total profit will be P(x) = (47,500 ~ 500x)(60+ x) =2,850,000 + 17,500x-500x7 P(x) =17,500-1,000x=0 at x=17.5. The developer can only build a whole number of houses s0 x must be either 17 or 18. Since P(I7)= P(18)~ 3,003,000 the developer will probably choose 17, since it costs ‘more to build one additional house and the profit is no greater. Since x represents the number of houses beyond 60, the developer should build 77 houses 42, 44, (a) If the demand equation is 9 =60-0.1p (for 0< p< 600), the elasticity of demand is =P q dp D “paoipeeD Op 60-0.1p EChapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 129 (b) When p=200, the elasticity of 0.1(200)__ 60-0.1(200) ‘That is, when the price is p=200, 2 19 increase in price will produce a decrease in demand of approximately 05%. demand is B= (©) The elasticity of demand will be -1 when op 60-0.1p 60-0.1p=0.1p 0.2p =60 P=7=300 46. (a) If the demand equation is 500-2p (for 0< p<250), the elasticity of demand is P 24. 2 @ dp 500-2p° P 250-p of unit elasticity when cee 250-p * 250 p, orp =125. If 0s psi2s, W-—2 125, 250- p ~ 250-125 and so the demand is inelastic. If 125< p<250, je|-—2-> 25 250—p 250-125 the demand is elastic. that is, when =1 and so. (b) The total revenue increases for 0 p< 125 (where the demand is inelastic), decreases for 125 < p £250 (where the demand is elastic), and kas amaximum at p=125 (where the demand is of unit elasticity). (©) The revenue function is, R (500 ~2p)p = 500p- 2p? 500-4 p =0 when p= 125. On interval 0 p<125, R'(p) is positive and so R(p) is increasing, On the interval 125 < p< 250, R'(p) is negative and so R(p) is decreasing. R(p) has a relative maximum at the critical point p =125. (4) The graphs of the demand and revenue functions are drawn in the pictures. Note that for this linear demand function, the price of unit elasticity and maximum revenue is the midpoint p =125 of the relevant interval 0< p<2s0, 200 ‘sam 10x) oa SOd= Ax + BP +O f'0)=34x? +2Bx and f"(x) =64x+2B ‘The point (2, 11) is an extremum, so ‘f'Q)=124+4B =0 or B= ‘The point (1,5) is a point of inflection, so f"(1)= 64 +2B =0 or B=-3A. Since the points (2, 11) and (1, 5) are on the curve, their coordinates must satisfy its equation. Thus JQ)=84+4B+C =84-124+C and f(I)=4+B+C=4-34+C55. Solving simultaneously leads to A B=9, and C=-1 and F(x) =-3x9 49x? 1130 82. Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative . Let x denote the number of hours after 8:00 P.M. at which the 15 minute coffee break begins. Then F(x) is number of radios assembled before the break. Afier the break, 4— hours remain until lunch time at 12:15 (4 hours LS minutes minus x hours before break minus 15 minutes for the break). ‘Thus the number of radios assembled during the 4—x hours after the break is g(4~x), and the total number of radios assembled between 8:00 4.M. and 12:15 P.M. is, N(x)= f(x) + gx—-4) aot +67 H1Se= 2a 440? +23(4-4). The relevant interval is 0.x <4. x? 4 Dx 1S —(4— a)? (1) + 24 2-1) = 23 =-2x(x~3)=0 atx=0,x=3 6.67, N(3) =95.67, and N(4) =92. Thus the worker will assemble the maximum number of radios by lunch time if the coffee break begins when x=3, that is, at 11:00 A.M. Let Q be the point on the shore straight across form the oil rig and P the point on the shore where the pipe starts on tand. With PQ=x, the distance along the bank is 8—. ‘The distance across the water is given by the Pythagorean theorem to be 9-37. The cost Cis C= cost in water + cost on the shore =( sor x +82), using | unit of price. soy) LtSH28D c= S22 - 1-0 wWo+x7 when 2.25x? =9+ x7, 1.2527 =9, or x= 2.6833 > 0, which is in the relevant interval 0< x8. C(0)=12.5, C(2.6833) = 11.35, and C(8) = 12.81 The minimum thus occurs if x = 2.6833, that is, if 8~x=5.3167 miles or 28,072 ft of pipe is laid on the shore,54. (a) EQ) = EW) <0, Therefore E(») is minimized at yk kT r(ky =k, (by P= ke? — ° F(k) is approximately vy, for large & ‘ $6. (a) When T=T., (ee —b)=nRT, or ve) nRT, a pa thle a V-b yp ° Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 131 HRT, 2a b) PW) = (by PW) v5? 2 -by _ 30-1 2V =3(V~) giving V =V_ =36 (©) The critical pressure is RT, a Solving the above for T; yields 186? P. +2a onbR132. Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 58. (a) h(p) H(p)= (+a py 3p? -2p +1) (+0 py _ 3-1? (P+ yy 1(p) SPAR? 3p +1) K(p)=—— (P +(1= py — $p(p=W2p=1) (P+(1- pry (b) Ko : (© wosn=—2" 079 oa +4060 The cube rule predicts that 79% of the House should have gone to the Democrats. (d) Writing exercise—answers will vary. l+m? > wes mx 16 60. (a) y= This is a parabola which opens downward. The vertex is at x The y value at the vertex isChapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative 133 =160+m?) mv my 3m?) 320m) amt an 64(-+ mn?) 3200+ m?) 242 _ my 64(14 mr?) The maximum height reached by the stream of water is my? 2 =x{ LD m0 when x= or x= 16(1 + The stream reaches feet from the nozzle. 16+ mr) my? (b) Find the value of m that maximizes x(m)=—""_. 161 +m?) (161+ m?))? lov?(=m?) 168714 m2)? v(-m?) 16¢1+ m2)? x'(m)=60 when m=-I or m=. Negative values of m make no sense. For00 and m> 1, x(m)<0, so.x(m) has a maximum when m = 1, A slope of | allows a firefighter to spray water on the fire from the greatest distance, If-xis fixed at xp, y is a quadratic function of m, and will have a maximum value since the coefficient of m? is negative. The maximum occurs when m For this value of m, we have134 Chapter 3. Additional Applications of the Derivative av tx 4 yt ‘The highest point thatthe firefighter ccan reach with her hose is (g 3) feet. 6 02. (a) 4) =—S— T+(eny? +P NP)s— NSe? pNP+ (ee? P S(I=(p=DeP N?) ene AWN)= AWN) =0 when N? =—!— or (pe? e(p= 1"? For 0s N<——_., a'()>0 ep-1) and for W>——__, 4((N) <0, e(p- i? so A(N) has a maximum when =L(p-lo-me ? The maximum value of A(N) is A (p-r-n'e. @ yP-UePyP 1) (lee? NP) A'(N)=0 when ¢? NP =1 or when 1 (by a(n) =P N= The offspring survival rate is I minimized when N «) piny =A) © FMC s L+ePNP Sd+ePn?y! = 50? py?! FN) =e PN (l+cP NPY F'(N)<0 for all N, 80 F(N) is a decreasing function. Thus as the number of plants, V, increases, the number of surviving offspring per plan decreases.Chapter 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 4.1 Exponential Functions 2, <3 =20086 t=0368 21.010 =0.905 72-7389? =0.607 e8=1396 2L=0.717 4 ne( Lf entre mr tos (0, 1). The x axis is a horizontal asymptote. y2 lies above yy for x <0. 6. (a) (-128)97 =-8 2/3 64? (3) (3) 8 (a) 22-32)! = G-9)!Y7 =1 a2 -¥2 (ty (27° 488) = (32 42 ¥ = 0.008 2 10.) F=s23=4 5 5 y 3129877) _ 3°? oy oy" 12. @) 1 @ (e982 = 9D _ (by (2334. g29K-374) 16. (a) (209379 oo) (FAYE 3 PSO Fey 6-9-3 63 18. (a) (x? xr yy ae cio 2 PRB 20, 3°22" = 384% = 12% = 144 =12? Thus x no( or 2* =2°. Thus —x=3 or x 24. 3.2" implies 2x-3=2-x 3x= 195136 Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 26. For y=Cb* to contain (2, 3) and (3,9) we must have 3 = Ch? and 9= Cb? Dividing the second equation by the first eee Substituting 6 =3 in the first equation gives 3= C7 =9C or C= 4. Thus 3*)=3"4 ye 28. B=? +) (a) With annual compounding (the time period is I year) k 1a) 15.0102) = (5,000)(2.5937) = 12,968.71 (b) With semi-annual compounding k yo 40)=(6.000) 1+ 2) = (5,000)(2.6533) =13,266.49 (©) With daily compounding & =365. 1650 BQO) = (5,000(1 + =(6,000)(2.7179) =13,589.55 (4) With continual compounding, B= Pe B(10)=(5,000)e'"" = (5,000)(2.7183) =13,59141 30, uM 36. 38. 40. B(t)= (20,000), r = 0.07, and ¢ = 20. = pelt go) Px 202000. Bl) = Pe, 90 P= Tapeay = $4,931.94. 10, 000e-(°7™ = 7,046.88 20,000¢7(-7%5) = 2(7,046.88) 093.76 Let P(0) denote the population (in millions) ¢ years after 1997. Since the population grows exponentially, (0) = Bye, where My is the initial population (in 1997), which was 60 million, Hence P(t) = 600" Moreover, since the population was 90 million in 2002 (when ¢=5), 90= 715) =60e! or eM =. The population in 2012 will be POS) = 202.5 mil f(x) =e and ((3)=e™ =2 7(9)= 0% =(e% y =8 Bit)= Pe", ¢=10 and B(10) =2P- Substituting leads toe!” = 2, (20) = Pe = P(e!) =a. ‘Thus the original investment will quadruple. (a) Let G1) denote the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in billions r years after 2000. Since the GDP grows at the rate of 2.1% per year and was 500 billion in 2000 (when ¢=0), G(p =500(1,027)°42. 46. (b) In 2010, 1=10, and the formula gives G(10) = 500(1.027)"° = 652.64 billion dollars as the GDP in 2010. $24 invested at 7% continuously for 364 years generates B=Pe™ = 24e 007364) =2.7928x10! or 2.7928 trillion dollars. The sellers would have gotten the better deal, by 2.7676 trillion dollars. Po When when 0 (in 1995) A (in 2000) P 12=4e%, soe =3 4 billion, and 2 billion, 2 and Pao)=a(e*) =36 billion hamburgers in 2008. $100 invested at 5% at the bank for one year yields i 01 +28) $105.09. $100 invested at 4.9% at the savings institution for one year yields B= 1002"? — $105.02. $100 invested at 5% at the bank for five years yields 0.05)" B=100,1+2%) —s128.20. Oa $100 invested at 4.9% at the savings institution for five years yields B= 1002745 = $127.76. 5% compounded quarterly pays more interest for both periods. Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 137 48, (1) = Que" When 7=0, = Qy grams and when /= 5,000 years 0 = 200 grams, 200 = Qyel-2.000115 09) = Qy— 05 ‘or Qy =200e%5 = 329.74 grams. 50, F(1)=0.3+(1-0.3)e 0! =0,3+0.7e 0 In one month. the fraction of material you will remember is F(I) =0.873 or 87.3% while in one year (t=12), you will remember F(12)=0.364 or 36.4% of the material. 52. (a) During the third week the average trainee produces P(3)=18.12 units (b) The function F(O=PO-WO. =50(1-e°') — Vi50r ‘measures the difference in production level between the average trained employee and the average untrained employee after ¢ weeks. Thus F(t) measures the effectiveness of the training. Since F(5) =—1.004 and F(7)=0.099 the program is not effective after five weeks because an untrained worker still produces one ‘more unit than a trained worker. After seven weeks the trained worker is slightly more productive than the untrained worker but the difference does not seem signifi $4. Let k be the number of compounding, periods per year. (a) PU+i* = P(l+ 4.) from which m= (bi 1 (b) Pe" = P(L+ 1) from which mee al138 Chapter 4, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 56. Let the period of investment be 1 year and the principal $100. sony! 0 =100{ 14 108.46 1) = 10060" 108.44 Thus 8.2% is the winner. 58, The amount of the loan would be 15,675 — 4,000 = 11,675. af = LESTHOS) _ $995.71 1-(1.003) ® 0, w=—4 ~(+iy 11,200, 1-253 «0.006666, n =30 0.006664 (1.006666) 1,200 (1 ~1.006666-°%") 0.006666 = 163,552.62 If the full precision of the calculator had 1,200 a been used, that is i= os stored without rounding to 0.006666, the value of the Joan would be $163,540.19 instead of $163,552.62. 62. Let (x, ») be a point on the graph of y=B" Then (E92 -() a =o =O aL) an (i) ze Similarly if (x, y) is a point on the graph of oF en y(t) <6 Wrap and so (=x, y) ison the graph _y=b* so (~x, y) is on the graph 1,000 = 2.716924 ay 2,000 J =2717603 4a) 50,000 ) = 2.7182546 (4.3) 20 66. [1+ B) x 1900s (Hi (0 2,000 (2) ae ( (' Ie 20,000 } = 403.07 200.000 = 403.39 10,000. ica 000 } 20 ‘This suggests that tim (2) tends to 403 or higher. tcan be shown, by using I Hépital’s rule, that lin (3) ef =403.43 n 4.2 Logarithmic Functions 2. In7=1.9459 = 1.0986 =-ine=-3 =Ine?! =-2.1Ine Ine =inelS = 4. Inve =ineV? 6 e203 pln? _ ginoee 8 nen = Inedtll2-03 =nel/6 9 6 = logs 2° -log3 5° = blogs 2~3log35 log; x* + logs y7 = Slogs x~2log3 ¥ 14 log30%y 16. In2Va—x2) Pinva-x? =Inx? + Ind x? )l? =2Ins+Lind=2) =tins+Lin[(a*sy2-¥)] =2inx+Lin@+39+ LIN 2-2) 18. w(2 5 }=0(2$4) xe) Ue = Ingx+1)=Inx? = In(x+1)-2inx Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 139 wa) “or = tinal! in 8d-22)"?) cine (ine shat—2)!?) x-3inx4In(l =x?) Inx=3ine—Lin[d+ 990-29] =SInx— Fn 43) —F ntl) 22, logy x=4 x=2t #28 and In2=1.2x In2 n2 _ 9.5776140. Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmie Functions ae(0)P =e +739 logs(x-5)=2 implies x-5 x=14, Inx=Inl4=2.64, 2. tu( 4) [200 and 1="2. =9,9021 years 0.07 or 9 years I months. 46, 34) = Age” Beet In3=Ine” The amount of time is "2 years. 48, (a) C(10)=0.10 + 3-H) = 0.101 +3e3) = 0,322 After 10 seconds, the concentration is, about 0.322 grams per ce. (by 0.12=0.1(1 +3¢") 1.2=143¢ 00" It takes about 90 seconds for the concentration to reach 0.12 gmvem3,-0.03r= In 2 13,516 oF 13,516 books 0 in 1990, ¢=10 in 2000, and ¢=20 in 2010. {a) The points (1, G) = (0, 100) and (10, 180) are on the line. ‘The y-intercept is b= slope is m= Thus G =8/+100 and at ¢ =20 G=8x20+100= 260 billion doltars (b) G= Gye", Gy =100, G = 1000". vso=rone% =, aya G=100et™" 810", At1=20, G=100e?""8 = 324 billion dollars. [Alternately, 620) =100(e' = 1001.87), 56, Laer ltn2y/s730% 3 y 1222019) «9 081.84 years in2 58, @-{ln2V5.72012.017) _ 9.7 or 78% of IC remained when the serolls were discovered 60. (a) R(t) = Rye "2/5.790 R(,960) = Rye" 2X1.960)/5,730 = Rye 37! = 0.7889 Ry thus about 78.89% of '4C’ should be left in the shroud. Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 141 (b) Since 92.3% of IC is left in the cloth, In2y - oof 24] In 0.923%, 730) In2 = 662 years old 62. At the time the population is doubled, we must have 2F) = Rye" 0 9 that is Lina =34.657 0.02 The popuiation will double every 34.657 years. 66. Let Dy, be the decibel level for normal conversation, D, that for the rock concert, and Dp for the threshold of pain, (@) D,=110= 100g or, =10"Iy 0 Dy = 60=10log;9 = oF I, =10° Ig to 1, =10!'87, =100,000/y. ‘Thus the rock concert is 100,000 times as intense as normal conversation. (b) 1, =101, =10"* 1 Dp 1 logy) —2 e007 =10 logy 10! =120. The threshold for pain is 120 decibels. PU) = 0.8910.01 + 0.99(0.85)'] (a) P()=0.89(1) = 0.89142 Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (b) At s=7,000, 7 (7.000) = o°#25110-4)7300") (by 0.5 =0.89(0.01 + 0,99(0.85y'] 0.552=0,99(0.85)' 10.558 = 0.417 atmospheres = =36 i085 Pte 72. (=0 in 1960 and = 15 in 1975, rw= so that P(0)=—22— eee IFC ©) from which C a 68, (a) The yolk has volume fa ¥(4)=5e 3 — 0.028 mm> PO- TT ao “(Qe In the year 2000, ¢ = 40 and ‘when the egg hatches. «oy * > 40 PAO) =a) --0TTIDY _ 40 14 (12.3333)04317 40 632403 L ; : —- 325 billion people (©) Since ¥(0)=5, the half-life is the 74, (a) Since e* and Inx are inverses, time rat which (1) =Se7'* =2.5 eine) uf, et =u and e = Soiving gives Hence eu) 12-7 In = 01533 days or cine 12.8 hours. a swt = etl tay) 70. (a) The air pressure is f(s) =e '2'0 “ u atmospheres at from which In& = Inu —Iny 's meters above sea level When f(s)=9.25, (b) Let a= Inu” and b= rinw. Lasao-s ¢ 02 : Then e@ =e!” = In4=1.2500~)s ° and eb er =e) ay » =11,090 meters. ‘Thus u” =e4 (In4)(10,000) _ 125) from which or Inu” =rInw,Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Funetions 143 76. 4.3. Differentiation of Logarithmic and Exponential Funetions 2 f(s3e! Le =3(4e'*"!) =l2¢4tt (a) The graph is falling for x>0. ed (b) The graph is concave upward for x30. {c) The graph intersects the x axis at 6 f(yee Pet x=Tand has x=0 asa vertical a pret d dy ry asymptote. ge t2x-D (@) lim logy x=—20, lim logy x =c0 arta et xe 0 78. 10" and logio x are reflections about & sa)=r6 wo feo —— 10. e i eS avite® oats, 80, 3,500€0 4 = 12. pry=el™ Using a graphing utility and tracing, we , ef ety = (ve) (2 find x= 5.06. Feel et} =( (7) es 82. In(x+3)-Inx=Sin(x? ~4) eae ee xa? weap 14, f(x) =In2x Using a graphing utility, we find x fehl 2x x Alternate solution: n2+Inx144. Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 16. Fo) sine=Feinx +i] asin 22 fQ=P nh afl) 2 t “ Ne bint = 42in, aoa li) yay: Y 24, F(x) =In(2x3 5x41) 67-5 2x3 5x41 F= 26. g(u) = In? =1)? = 3In(u? =1) 2u_)__ bu weal gw= 28, Ye (2x) %(ex=2) eChapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 145 oy -(e% +e Ye" -(-De*) ey (eh ef -(e Het (ef -eF 28-2467") -( 42407 (-e 32. fisy=e"*s re 2 M. noon [2 Pare! =v] ame) Hd = In(x+3)+ In(x=1)—2 Ine +1) 36. °28(95—2)=0 when 2x-2=0 or x=I since e to a power is never 0. Checking the F)=e"', FQ)=1 Thus the largest value of F(x) on the given interval is | and the smallest is e' FQ) ‘number and the endpoints gives F(0) 38. A(s)=2sIns i4o)=24{4) «2105-2 A graph of /'(s) , or a good guess, shows that /'(s)=0 when s=1. Checking this critical number and the endpoints of the interval gives (Ins +1—s) 1W0.)=-In2-1~-0.913 n(y=-I hQ)=4In2—4 1.227 ‘Thus the largest value of f(s) on the given interval is —In 2-4 and the smallest is 4In2~4.146 Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 40. f(x) = (r+ Ne* SF) =e™ +(e4 (26) £(O)=-1, f(O)=1, and the equation of the tangent line is yp =—x41 42. fx) = with x >0 Se) FM=1, (0) =0, and the equation of the tangent line is ) 44. fi and the equation of the tangent line is y-e-D=(I-e (ro), of ye(teetx 46, f(x) =In(2x) +x? 48. Soya Ze ater ear BWP Ce) Fe =e "(2 Bae 2-2) +QU- =e? — 4142) f(x) x76 73x45) Inf(ay=In[Pe* x45) | =Inx? + Ine™* + InGx+5y =2inx=x+3InBx+ 5) 38) 3x45 52 fin=d V4 Inseoy=n( 2 2) 2 2)" x) et y2x-5 (6~5x) = Ine + In(2x—5)"? — In(6 ~ 5x) 4 av+( 4 nas—s)—in6—50) (4) ) 56. f(x) = log, Vx Rewrite the above as 2/9 = x =a"? and take the natural log of both sides f(xyin2 Differentiate both sides to get 20 6-5x nx: 1 ayIn2= seoin2=<— 1Q= © 2xtn258. (a) (b) © 60. (a) () Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 147 -2 0250, Finy=t Tap (10,0005 4-0.025)) 0025p Demand is elastic when E(p)=-0.025p <-1 or p> 40 Demand is inelastic when E(p) =-0.025p >~Lor p-<40 Demand is of unit elasticity when E(p) =-0.025p =~1or p=40 E(15) = -0.025(15)= -0.375. ‘A 2% change in price leads to an approximate decrease in demand of 0.375(2%) = 0.75% R(p)= pD(p)= 10,000 pe 5” ‘The revenue is maximum at the point of unit elasticity given in (a), namely p= 40 dy _ ~1,000€°P!(p +1) ~10,000e?/"° (p+ 000e? (p+1+10) (ele (+? Ey -22 qq aaa 1,000" P/%(p +11) 10,0007 or, pel _-plp +i) ~10(p+0) Demand is of unit elasticity when |E{(p)| = 1. P(p+i) 10(p +1) Pr+ilp=\p+o p?+p-10=0 p=2.10 orp=~3.70 (Negative values of p make no sense.) Demand is of unit elasticity when p = 2.70. Demand is elastic when |E(p)| > 1, when p > 2.70. Demand is inelastic when |E(p)] < 1, when p < 2.70, 1S +1) 105+1) ‘A 26 increase in price from $15 causes a 2(2.4375) = 4.875 decrease in demand. EUS)= -2.4375148. Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 10,000 pe~P/1? pel ‘The revenue is maximized at the point of unit elasticity, which is when p= 2.70. (©) R(p)= pD(p)= 62. (a) C(x) = 10020 C(x) = 100(0,01)e99" = e00le C(x) _ 100091" x x (cl) — 1006" (b) AQ) =! 4Q)= ide (x—100) A(x) =0 when x= 100; for 0. S.r< 100, A(X) <0, and for:x> 100, 4'(x)>0, 80 AQ) is minimized when x= 100. 64. (a) CO =x? + 10xe* Cx) = 2x + 10e* + 10x(-e*) =2x+10e"(1-x) =x+10e" (0) Ao)=£22 10e* A= A(x) =0 when 10e* =1, Woe = 1 axetn 0 1 xo-Int ino 10 For 0$x In 10, 4'(x)>0, so A(x) is minimized when x= In 10. 66. Bit) = Pe” BY) =0.06Pe™ = 0.0681) so the percentage rate of change is 100B%( _ 100 0.0680) Bw) BO =6%Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 149 68. f(t)=30-4e™ Solve for —de™ = f()-30. P= Ae (-k) = K130- FO) =kte™ where k is a constant of proportionality and (0) is the temperature of the drink. 173 10. E(T)=4.6ex esol ram . Fa=s609f 1737 | (7423773-1737 T+237 (+2377 E(G0)=1.85 (b) The percentage rate of evaporation is 100 £2) — jog hf +23773=17.37 ED) (42377 Using a graphing utility, we find that this drops below 0.5 at T= 668.5 D2. (a) C()=0.12€ c= oie Let? s0.12642 \ 2) =0.06e!/2(2-1) (b) C'@)>0 until ¢=2 at which point C'(is 0. C'() <0 after 2 hours and so the blood alcohol level is decreasing. (©) Using a graphing calculator, C(¢) =0.04 at times ¢= 0.409 and 1 = 5.666. The first time indicates the point at which the legal limit is reached while alcohol is consumed. The second value, 5.666 hours is during the period when the alcohol level is decreasing. At this time, the blood alcohol level is decreasing at the rate of C"(5.666) = -0.013% per hour. 0.0 Ise 74. (@) RO =" am pie = 1SLL Se 0.016 8") — 1501-6 HVA. SHOE (tse 0"? __0.375¢ 00" ese OP Note in R'(1) the denominator is always positive being a square and the numerator is positive since ¢ to a power is always positive. Thus the derivative is always positive and R() is increasing for allt.150 Chapter 4, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions b) R= 0 OO aic00 (415e Note the sign of "(dis determined by the numerator so Rr oo reasing when 3e°°" -2>0 or 1<100In1.5 and decreasing when 3¢°"" -2.<0 or £>100In1.5 Although the number of tasks the subject can perform never decreases over time the rate at which the subject learns tasks eventually decreases. 30+500¢-°¥ 76. (a) N(Q= © MOT 5c 0m vo (1456 ¥y which is always negative so the population is decreasing at all times 1 ser @) NDB 15 4505 Note the sign of V"(0) is determined by the numerator so N'() is increasing when 1-Se°! >9 or 1 >2mns and decreasing when 156 <0 or eins, Mo 78. (a) InC()=In @) WCO)= In =In7(Q-In PO) so LO LO _ PO ang co Te) PO co My Pw oie 8 ) 1002 lt teh — lt 80. OI) = Oy 80 O(=| aM ‘The percentage rate of change is helt et Fy 7100 - Bese =(Inb)b* ©) Lees.9=2( M2) d\n. 84 f(y fl) = 203" + (> wax20 = 2x3" + 2x°(in3)3" logy x 86. fog roy lf Nx _ logy ie ( We 88, 20a {0900 10.0 sone s 4 = 7Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 151 4.4 Additional Exponential Models 2. Given that y=2 isa horizontal asymptote, the candidates are fi(x), /s(x) and fy(x). The graph passes through (0, 1) and this eliminates /s(x) since /5(0) is not defined, The graphs of f(x) and f(x) both resemble the given graph but the graph of f4(x) increases more slowly than indicated. The graph is that of f(x) 4. Of the 6 functions, the only ones that pass through (1,0) are f(x), fs(x) and f(x). The graph of ive x, however, while the graph of f(x) is not concave Fal) never rises above 0.025 for po down. The correct function is f(x). 6 g(x)=34e" The line y=3 is a horizontal asymptote. The curve passes through (0, 4), just like y= e* passes through (0, 1). y decreases without bound as x increases without bound. The curve is concave upward for all real »: 6 5 8, IW)=3-2¢ The line y=3 is a horizontal asymptote. The curve passes through (0, 1), since e” = 1, y decreases ‘without bound a x increases without bound. The curve is concave down for all real 1.182 Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 10. =, 14307" H@)=—2(14 se") (6c) ee OC (1+3e") sean allt) (20%) (122-2 (143¢") (6e") (+36 y (1+367" y _ 24e*(3e% -1) (tee 1 Ine =0 when =—2-~-0.549 ‘The line =2 is a horizontal asymptote because e”” vanishes as t decreases without bound. (03 ‘The line h=0 is a horizontal asymptote also as the denominator increases beyond all bounds when t increases beyond all bounds. The curve is decreasing for all real r. It is concave down for ¢<-0.549, and concave up for ¢ > —0.549, The point (—0.549, 1) is a point of infle od 12, f(x)=xe™* P(yan1e* + *I-x) when x=Sx) =e + (le ae*(-1) eT *(x-2) 0 atr=2. f(ly=e" and f(Q)=26? isa relative maximum while (23 is a point of inflection 0 lim xe” so the positive x-axis is a horizontal asymptote, which vanishes when x =0. Se) xe" (-2x)+0* (-2) =2e" ax? -1) Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions. 153 0 VY rN VU aa “071 on s| 06) os oa] a2 29 (0, 1) is a relative maximum, while [(s 16. f(xye"+e* ov) are points of inflection. 3 ' sa os 113 (0, 2) is the absolute minimum while the graph is always concave upward. 18, f(x) =x—Inx withx>0 r= when x=184 Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions ot VY VU eet “ 0 i 10, Ta (1,1) is the absolute minimum while the graph is always concave upward. 20. fo=Be with x>0 (3) x{+}-inx when Inx=1orx=e. (tc x)(2x) x) P= e?. The age where the aerobic rate is decreasing most rapidly is that age where '(x) is most negative or bas a minimum for x>e3, The derivative of A(x) is 7 O2Inx—7 Ay = WCW WD which is O when x= e7/? = 33.115 This value gives a minimum of A'(x) for x>e? so at roughly 33 years, the person's aerobic rate is decreasing the most rapidly. 40 Te 12e 008 3. P=: 40(-0.08)(12}e"0"" (14 12<00" y 38.4¢-00% (i+ 12e0")? 706 billion. The P40) tage rate is 100—— = 2.63% percentage rte is 100-5 (@ P= Pao (b) A graphing wtility indicates that P’@) will be maximized a ¢=31 or in 1991. (c) P() approaches 40 in the long run, 0 x0| 10} a (a) Writing exercise; answers will vary. 36. f()= 4p Thus 0.8 of the population will be infected afier 8 weeks. reo 2000 (Lo 0 vy Var ‘The change in interest for the rare book is ‘equal to the change in invested interest (assumed not to vary) if I v2 1 06V2 0.06 vi + OF f= 138.89 yearsChapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 137 40. p(x) =0.5e° 97, f(x) = 5x9 ‘The per capita rate of reproduction is In(o.5e-2"5x) _ In(2.5x0%e"028) _ In@Q.5)+0.9In.x-0.2x x (y= 09TH2S—09I0 x when x =e!(I25)/0.9 9.982 , The ideal age for reproduction is just under one year. 42, (a) E()=3,000p(w(0) 10 )o gyerB08" = 3,000] ~— lo. (ros; )om 24, 000%e-09% 1047 0512 + 107— (0) Eq = E200 + 101-200 (o+o? a ye 54 100+ (os1) when ¢=10 weeks which gives a maximum yield of £(10)= 7278.37 pounds. = a 4. Since the stamp collection is currently worth $1,200 and its value increases linearly at the rate of ‘$208 per year, its value £ years from now is V() = 1,200+ 2001 ‘The percentage rate of change of the value (expressed in decimal form) is188. Chapter 4, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Fw 200 VO 1,200+ 2007 200 2006+) 1 “ost which will be equal to the prevailing interest rate of 8% when a 08 or 1-1-6 =65. 7 0.08 Moreover, > 0.08 when 0<1<6.5 and — < 0.08 when 6.5<¢ 6a Ger Hence the percentage rate of growth of the value of the collection is greater than the prevailing interest rate when 0<1<6.5 and less than the prevailing interest rate when 1> 6.5. Thus the collection should be sold in 6.5 years. 46. (a) The initial population is P(0) =10,000(7 +15-+0) = 220,000. (b)P'() =10,000(-0.75e° 0 + ¢° 5 — 9.0510") 10,000e-° "(0.25 - 0.051) 0 when ¢ PO) = 5 which does correspond to a maximum... The maximum population is 5,760 (©) lim P()=10,000(7 + 15(0) +0) = 70,000 Note lim re = 0 by L*Hopital’s rule. 48. (a) H(ry=M(I-e *) lim H(r) 4Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Funetions 159 (b) With H=M(I -e*) Hy(r)=H(2r) aif") | ou(ise"(-e") a (1 + eo )iiry 50. (a) Since the maximum concentration vous at the twenty minute mark, + we have 3 + a c(3)- a(3)cHe 3 ede 3 which says &=3. Using this fact and that e(;}-5 gives 4 A=1Se. Thus CO =(Seye™ 3/9) § of se! (b) After 1 hour the concentration is, C(I) =1Se? = 2.03 micrograms per milliliter. (©) The time t where the concentration is half the maximum is when Ire A graphing solution after the maximum, concentration time to be 1=0.893 hours. (@) No, the concentration will be mui smaller, In fact, C(2(0.893)) = 0.343 . 52. (a) P()=V(Ne™ PO=VNe Mr +e"VO=0 if V'Ug)=r¥ (ig), that is fg leads toa critical point. (b) The percentage rate of change is, 1002. jn the present exercise, ro FO _, leads to critical value, Vo which is alleged to maximize V(0). The factor 100 is not needed because r is expressed in decimal form. 54. P(x)= 2? xe 0) “8 -10 lim f(x)=0 Note: The portion of the graph in the third quadrant is likely to be hidden from view on your graphing utility unless you specifically request a negative domain. The high point occurs at (0.76, 0.52).160 Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Funetions st ¢)<20.0001¢0%-00 ao A graphing utility indicates a maximum present value of $2,684,456 at a 1= 44.38 years 1s 60. (a) y = 0.125(e** +e) a y = 05(e%-e*) 0 Ds M alotz= when e8* =| atx=0, 6. (a) Ine’ =5 since x =Ine* (b) Writing exercise; answers will vary. rs (b) e!®? =2 since x 62. (a) C() =456+1,234¢e° 97 CM =1,234e° "1 -0.1370=0 when ¢=1/0.137 = 7.299. The ‘maximum number of cases, €(7.299) 3,770. will occur in the first quarter of 1998, fw enen. (b) Since C(0)= 456 (the reported cases in 1990) and the function 456 +1,234e--37" will be greater than 456 for positive, the functions C(t) can never take on exactly the value 456 again. However since C(0) is an approximation of a whole number value, the number of eases, ‘we can ask for the first value of ¢ such that C(0)< 456.5. Using a graphing calculator we find that in roughly 90 years from 1990 the nuniber of AIDS cases will return to the 1990 level. Review ProblemsChapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Fanctions 161 12. In(x=2)+ Ing +1) n(x-+1)—In(x— 2) 14, ya2e*tS ®, ds 16. y=invx? 44x41 1 a erin(x’ + 4x41) Sin? +4041 gus 3x5 2153045) =66 ie BN barge dy 2x? 44x41 de x +4x4l 18, y=—* nde (naxx (in2x)? (in2x)? o 20. y= rare) dy (E+ 298) -e Ge) dx (@* +27 2 ya(ise sys & 4a, sd # Aaserysta, case eure162. Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions oe 24, y=In (= = Ine) —In(1 +x) =3x-In(l +x) ay 1 deste 26, xe + ye* =3 Use implicit differentiation, dey 4 4 pye® Fe") + Le) =0 Soe 40 sydy yay seer et By ye a0 vn are) 4 de dy ade Cre +e) Apply logarithmic differentiation. at Iny= Ine + In2Q—x3 2 — Inve x? Iny= 20+ 3In2=x°)-Lin 42?) 2 ld _ 43/3 - 2x ) ya 2\2 24x? 9x? 4-28 30. f(x)=xe* faa xe (2) +e (1) =e?*(1-2x)=0 when xChapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 163 Further f(I) settee —-o- 05 ls U Spheres isthe absolute maximum ie ) is point of inflection, e “2*=0 so y=Gis a horizontal asymptote. _ 4e* (e (ey =0 when x=0 TF A ° (0, 2) is a point of inflection.164 Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 0 because the rroltes denominator increases beyond all bounds. lien because e* 0. soelte So y=Oand y=4 are horizontal asymptotes. (0,2) is the only imercept. ines) sO vy hie #D so Hy when 1=e—1.Note g(e—I) e ney = ie sO= wp when ¢=¢?? =1, Note a? N35 payee yen eee tees eee el m~ VU . aoe tao ) fa elative asinum zn) is an inflection point + a (0, 0) is the only intercept. 1 when w= tn2 and s({-fm2 Pu) $e 40" 30 for all aya YY Tt y : [ogih2 gars | is arelative minimum, (0, 2) is the only intercept ‘ 6 —4 is the only critical number in the specified interval from -5 to ~I. At the critical numbers and endpoints of the40. 2. 44, interval 2 -5) =< = 0.487 f(-5) 5 2 4) == 0.462 f=— fle! 1.649 so the largest value of f(x) for -S0 (and F is increasing) for 0< p<140, and F'(p) <6 (and F is decreasing) for p> 140, it follows that F(p) has its absolute maximum at p=140. Thus the cameras should be sold for $140 apiece to maximize the profit. 60. (a) To compute doubling time in terms of the rate set 2? = Pe and solve for 1. In2 2=e% ort=—— In the chart below. find a comparison of the rules of 69, 70, 72 with the true doubling time. T[_0.04| 0.06] 0.09 | 0.10] 0.12 69 | 17.25 | 11.50 | 7.67 [ 69 [5.75 70| 17.5 [11.67 | 7.78| 7.0 5.83 Rl] 2[ 8| 72) 6 True | 17.33 [11.55 | 7.7 [6.93 | 5.78 9 Themlet isebsextecose & iscseto m2 (b) Writing exercise; answers will vary.168 Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 6065. According to the graphing utility, the most common age is x = 3 25| 64. (a) (b) 100 df 100k fade Hy (c) Writing exercise; answers will vary, 66. (a) “L a tim 7() = lim (204176 9") [90 tae ‘The horizontal asymptote is y =20 which is the temperature of the room and the temperature the body approaches over time. (b) 7(10)= 2041767" = 54.2°C., ‘The temperature is 25°C when 20417670 295 17-00% 5 er .0Te In 0.07.17 =17.48 hours.Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Funetions 169 (©) Let f= Odenote the time of Will Cheatum’s death. ‘The compse will reach a temperature of 33°C when 20417¢-007 = 33, 1g! o07""i7 2339 hours ‘or 3 hours and 50 minutes. Since the body reached this temperature at 8:00 A.M., the time of death was 3 hours and 50 minutes earlier at 4:10 A.M. Thus Abel needs an alibi for 4:10 A.M. that day. 70. (0) =80(4+ 766"! ay (0) =80(-1)(44 76612)” (T6)e°!(-1.2) __ 7296714 (4+ 76612") After 2 weeks (at the end of the second week) the disease is spreading atthe rate of ve) 729604 : (4+ 764) 5.576 oF 5.576 people per week. ‘The disease is spreading fastest when 3502087!" (19e 14 — Qo= 0 or £=2.454 weeks. 5 (4+ 76612") 72. Let a be the desired ratio. Then R= Rye aRy = Rye qe 150008170. Chapter 4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 4, 16. Since the half-life of ''C is 5,730 years, J 82206 op 4M? 2 3,730 .000(§2/5.730) _ 18145 _ 9.1690, a Let G(#) denote the country’s GDP in billions of dottars int years where represents 1990. G1) bas the form Gn) = Ae". We know G0) = 4e® = A=100and G10) = Ae! = 1002! = 165. 1,165 Solving for k gives k= in. In the Solving fork gives k= In-T. In year 2010, ¢= 20, and the GDP is estimated to be G(20) = 100el™4.65) 10120 = 272.25 billion dollars in k= 2 0.015. After 24 hours 465 1006"°1524) _ 69.77 mg will be left. The time required for the isotope to decline to 25 mg is os so 75 aS The graph agrees with these computations. ‘The graphs of y=6" andy reflections of each other in the y axis ( . (2 aavi-2e ja ie Jeane flan —2 fae 2, 287 429? -aVe4e "4 33 ~ ryt) ay" Jes x(2x+ 1) de = fe(4r? are t)dr aAfPdees fetacs fa Je 0% (e 1 4a) = fet +4 ar er Ol ge" 0024 + “0.15 =0.02 2-208 aan 4 +e > (41) ave? $2041 ¥ + = |(e-2+t)a 2 =“ 420+ Inf] eo 2 Inge" Jade = fox? ae36. f(0)= [fede = [x +6x-2)de 343x724 f(0)=0+0-0+C =6=>C=6 SP) = 43x? - 2046 38. fO)= [ode 1 =2+t SM=24 5+ Chapter 5. Integration 173 40. foy= [fonder = [(2 +4} x =Mnjx|—4x-+c f)=0-44C=02C=4 FQ) =3In|xj— 4+ 4 100g? 42. The revenue is R(q)= ia + Ry 2 oa and the cost is c=i+ey The profit is P(q) = R(q)—C(q). When 6, P(16) =520 006 + Ry ~0.2x16? Cy am} 000 — 125 — 228.8 = 646.2 RoC P(23) 44,1 = 0.278 4"? h= fade = ffo2P8 +4? )ar = 0.1257 40,677 46 WO) =C =2, h(t) = 0.12059 40.6719? 42 and (27) = 125.16 fi. 46. R(q)= JR'@aq = Jdg-1.2q? dq R(q) =2q -0.4q3 + 32,400 (40) = 10,000 ‘Thus $10,000 can be expected from producing 40 units174 Chapter 5, Integration 48. (a) S@)= [(-10)77/5 at rs =(-10)5—+C : a75* (b) In two years sales will be approximately SQ4)= 10,000 -22(247/8) 7 = 9,388.82 dollars. (©) The store remains profitable provided 5e=10,000 -2077'8 28,000 075 280 18 55.972 so profitability will last just under 56 months. 50, (a) Let P(A) denote the population of the ‘endangered species. Since the species is growing at P'(1) =0.516™ per year, P(t) is the antiderivative of 0.51e°™ PU)= Josie dr =-176™ +, Since P(0)= 500, 500 = ~17e-°™ + C oF c=517. P(0)=517-17e"°? = 504.41 so the species will be 504 strong 10 years from now. (b) Writing exercise; answers will vary 52. Ri(x)=240-Ax R(x) = JRE = f(40-4njae =240x-2x7 +C 54, 56. Since R(0) =0, R(x) = 240x-2x°. RG) = 1,150 = 5p where p is the price per unit. Thus the price per unit is $230. (a) OK) = 200673 ak =200-—+¢ 3 = 600K" 4.6 We have Q(8)=1,200+C =5,500 so = 4,300and AK) = 600K" + 4,300 (b) 927) = 600(3)+ 4,300 = 6,100 units (©) 600K" 44,300 = 7,000 600K"3 = 2,700 KN 245 K=91.125 80 $91,125 are needed to produce 7,000 units, ‘The distance covered during the reaction time of 0.7 seconds is Sones $2807, 9761.68 ir mile HO ‘The speed is “P= -281 +88 =Ofusee when the ear comes to rest, s0 == see. ‘The distance traveled in this time will be 2 22) 3) (3) ot camel sits on the road in the cats path will make contact with the car. If the camel is standing and its legs are in the car's path, the car will hit it. If, on the other hand, the car is positioned between the camel's front and rear legs, and if the hood of the car is no more than 0.89 ft (10.7 inches) in length, the camel will escape undamaged.58. 3 (a) V'()=0.15 0.0969 Vos [vod = J(0.15 0.09 yar 0.0061 = 0.15/28 5 0.006 = 0154 = 15°! 4. Attime ¢=Othe volume is 30cm’ so V@)=-15+C=30 and so C= 45 and V(Q)=0.151~1522 +45. () (60) = 0.15(60) — 1529 4.45 525 va20) =0.15(120) = 152000412) 4 45 332.18 (©) Since V(90) = 32.76 the tumor has still not begun shrinking from it original size of 30 em? so the procedure is not successful. Let 1(x) be the number of inmates after.x years 280 02 1(x)= [280e°2* dr =e" 4c (x) at =1,400e"" + Since the current population is 2,000 inmates 1(0) = 1,400+C = 2,000 so C= 600and U(x) =1,400e"2* + 600 Afi 10 years, the number of inma approximately 110) = 1.4006? + 600 = 10,944.679 of 10, 945 inmates. Chapter $. Integration 175 62. H(x)=C because the tangent line is horizontal at every point. Two horizontal lines differ by a constant C but are parallel. If F’(x)=G'(x) the tangent lines to F(x) and G(x) are parallel at every point. One curve is C units away from the other at every point. 64, (a) fede =ke+C a “ke +0) eer) (by folac=tel 4c Be etal: Hee aEc =e) re (0) +0 66. P(xp= 241.5 243! (a) PQ)=2x49? 40 P(0)=5,000=C and P(x) = 2x49? +5,000 s.1oo? so] a a (b) P(9)=5,045 and (L715) = 7,590.176 Chapter 5. Integration (6) The graphs are the same curve at differem heights. 000; = tol ee 4.000] —— {a Toe 5.2 Integration by Substitution 2 Integral Substitution u tl (@) de u=2x-5 J Qx-5)* (b) rte ty ues (oru=-°) [ee eee © Sa | nee ett @ | [tt | nat sores VP? +6145 4. 1 fede Let w= 5x then du =Sdx, acm} du and T= [ede 6 te fboe 3x45 Let w=3x+5 then du =3dk, dv =+ du and = Linx +s) +e 3 13 I Check: /' == = ONTOS 3ee5 See5 & T= [08 36-17 +5 Jae Let w= x1 then du=de and T= feud +3? +5)du 6 saw Sure 6 a AP ep ase D4C (OKx=1' 3-07 +5Chapter 3. Integration 177 Let w=1? +8 then du = 2rde and Ve? +8 (2Nd¢ 12, T= fave? +8ar Nap 3 [Var alu =u 4c =P +8)? 4 Check: 1 ==(7 +8)!(2n = 31 +8)!? 30° +5) 1 r= abel ae Check: Latins ta then e658 and = Ln(or+s) 2) = fade I= freely P(e +s)? 18, 1= f (3s? -1)e" “ar Let w= x? —x then du =(3x? = I)dv and T= f (3 -1)e" ar = fe" (3x? -1)ar = Jetdu ae M40 Cheek: 1! ( &\(a2 =) du=(4x° -2x)de and178 Chapter 5. Integration { Ties Check: dx 3 xt -x7 46 Goa _ [6/2@e—20 3 [eo a6 2w=I 5 3(2u—-1) 5)ae™ a? SD ylgy —— 83 zi : 4 dur} 2 pollen, 21/2 24. rf ; =Svu+C a 1 [aw a6+C Let w= tnx then du=—de and xt x? +6 22. 1=(—3 du a au First note Let w=Inx then du 1=2[ 2dr x =f an of Lac AG =2 fudw = 4 = (nx + 1)_ Ins? Check: #”=2(Inx)| + rane ve 28. 1=| de ik Let w=V¥ then dc=—tede and 2xIn the first integral, let w=—x so du=—dr and ferean fet du 2. 1 [Sta -f-a)e Let w=r+1 then du=dr and =f(i Chapter 5, Integration 179180 Chapter 5, Integration (3X4=u)f_ 1 [eG = 0 ydu 42383) —X_hic 313 (3)Chapter 5. Integration 181 42. f(x)=xVx? +5 P= [P@yde= fav? +5dx 2x then du=—de and Let w=? +5 then du=2x dv and fered Hs =4 fa? +5 (2x)de 38. In addition, 2 72-2) .029+6=10 (rasp? C=land f(: +1 3 4. 70-255 130 Pode [renae= [ae 13 i Let u=1+3x? then du =6x de and 1 2x 2 wet f 6x)dx (2) Ons!) Trae? ) +C > ! aac Int = Zin I+3x°}+C runner y= = sin(ts3") In addition, f(0)=4In1+C=0+C =5 C=2and yo) = so C=Sand f(x)=:182. Chapter 5. Integration 46. (a) XO) &) x0 dt = Tos” Let w=140.5t, du =0.5dt 1 xf) = 2. (0.5d0) (= 2 fe 0.sd) i =-2f4 du Sr =-2in|l+0.5]+C inl + 0.57 +C Since x(0)=5,0+C=5 so C=Sand x()=5~In(1+ 0.50) x(4) =5—In3? = 2.803 48. (a) (e-1) = 3.437 le? a4 re 50. (a) Let (1) denote the value of the machine after ¢ years. Since o. =960e""!* dollars per year, V= I(-960e" Jar = 4.800075 40 If Vy =V(0)=4,800e +0, C=V9-4,800. Thus, Vi) = 4.8000" + ¥ ~4,800. (b) If ¥g = $5,200, then V(10) = 4,800e~ + 5,200- 4,800 = $1,049.61, Py = 300 cents 3q4 1? P= R m-th P(8)=28+1)9? +300 oF $3.54. 54. (a) Let R() denote the radius at time ¢. 21 xd. 0.071+5 =0.07dt Then RW) = fRae Let w= 0.07145 then di ‘Thus 1 (0.07)dt Sims y 4 dw = 300 infu] +c = 300In|0.071+5]+C We know R(0)=0 50 C+300InS=0 and so € =-300In3. Since represents time, we assume £2 0 Thus 0.071+5 is positive and theChapter 5. Integration 183 absolute value sign in the formula for R(\) is not needed. Thus R() = 3001n(0.071 +5) ~300In5 (b) After | hour, the radius of the spill is R(60) = 3001n9.2 - 300InS = 182.93 fi. A= n(R(60))? and the area of the spill is = (182.93) = 105,130 square feet 56. (a) Let V(x) denote the vatue of the farm land x years from now. Since a 0.48 ax* ‘i ale dollars per year. V(x) = | —=04* _ dr, an antiderivative of this Cs 0.2x4 +8,000 expression. Let u=0.2x4 +8,000 ‘Then du =0.8x°de or O.4x°de-= au 0.42 yo.2x4 +8,000 od fu Vu Hence, veo] ds te alae y2 =(0.204 +8000)! +c ‘Since the land is currently worth $500 per acre, it follows that 500 = V (0) =(8,000)"? +C or C = 500-(8,000)!? ° Hence (x)=(0.2x" +8,000)" + 500~(8,000)"2, (b) The value of the land 10 years from now will be ; 2 0. aio’) 8.000] +500-(8,000)!? " 4. so0-(8,000)" = 600-(8,000)'” 510.56 per acre184 Chapter 5. Integration © ° 300 Using the features of a graphing calculator, the land will be worth $1,000 per acre in 36 years. x ‘58. (x) =-—— @ p= on reoyte= [ pta)= Jp a Let w=x43 then x=u~3, dy =duand ds =Inox+ 3+ x43 where the absolute value sign was dropped since x+3 is a positive number. 142.45 =2.20 > C =~0.25 Further, p(S) N84 340 = 8 and p(x) =In(x+3)+ () (ld) =In13+3—0 25~ 2.546. Aunit price of $2.55 should be charged to sell $0,000 units, 60. P(x) = RG) ~C(a) = 7-3-4? 5-28 Pea)= f[-4e2 504 2)ac= where C is some constant. PQQ) =-1,156.5+C P(S)=-219.7+C