GOVERNO DO ESTADO DO ESPRITO SANTO

SECRETARIA DE ESTADO DA EDUCAO

SRE VILA VELHA
CEET Centro Estadual de Educao Tcnica Vasco Coutinho

LNGUA INGLESA
TCNICO EM INFORMTICA
TECNICO EM REDES DE COMPUTADORES
TCNICO EM EVENTOS
TCNICO EM ADMINISTRAO

Professor: Marcelo Cardoso Lima dos Santos

ndice

Estratgias de Leitura.............................................................................................................................................3
Algumas dicas que podero auxili-lo na leitura de textos em ingls.....................................................................4
FALSOS COGNATOS...........................................................................................................................................4
PLURAL FORM....................................................................................................................................................9
PLURAIS IRREGULARES...............................................................................................................................9
PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS COMPOSTOS...........................................................................................10
ARTIGOS E ADJETIVOS EM FRASES NO PLURAL..................................................................................10
SPECIAL CASES............................................................................................................................................10
PRONOMES........................................................................................................................................................11
INDEFINIDOS................................................................................................................................................12
EMPREGO DE SOME E SEUS COMPOSTOS..............................................................................................12
ANY e seus compostos.....................................................................................................................................12
EMPREGO DE ANY E SEUS COMPOSTOS.................................................................................................12
NO e seus compostos.......................................................................................................................................13
EMPREGO DE NO E SEUS COMPOSTOS...................................................................................................13
INTERROGATIVES............................................................................................................................................14
FORMAS COMPOSTAS DE WHAT E HOW.................................................................................................15
RELATIVE PRONOUNS................................................................................................................................16
VERBOS.............................................................................................................................................................. 17
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS......................................................................................................................17
TO BE..............................................................................................................................................................18
THERE TO BE................................................................................................................................................19
GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE.......................................................................................................19
VERB TENSES...............................................................................................................................................20
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE............................................................................................................................22
SIMPLE PAST TENSE....................................................................................................................................25
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.........................................................................................................................26
OS MODAIS....................................................................................................................................................27
THE PASSIVE VOICE....................................................................................................................................28
CONJUNO......................................................................................................................................................29
PREPOSIES....................................................................................................................................................32
LOCUES PREPOSITIVAS.........................................................................................................................39
ADJECTIVES......................................................................................................................................................40
ADJETIVOS....................................................................................................................................................43
POSIO DOS ADJETIVOS..........................................................................................................................43
COMPARAO DOS ADJETIVOS...............................................................................................................44
COMPARAES IRREGULARES................................................................................................................45
ADVRBIOS.......................................................................................................................................................48
ADVRBIOS COM DUAS FORMAS E SIGNIFICADOS DIFERENTES....................................................48
TIPOS DE ADVRBIOS.................................................................................................................................48
POSIO DOS ADVRBIOS........................................................................................................................48
POSIO ESPECIAL DOS ADVRBIOS.....................................................................................................49
COMPARAO DOS ADVRBIOS..............................................................................................................49
IRREGULAR COMPARISONS......................................................................................................................50
SUFIXOS FORMADORES DE ADJETIVOS.....................................................................................................50
SUFIXOS FORMADORES DE SUBSTANTIVOS.............................................................................................53
SUFIXOS FORMADORES DE VERBOS...........................................................................................................57
Como utilizar convenientemente um dicionrio...................................................................................................58
NUMERAL..........................................................................................................................................................59
OS SONS DO INGLS........................................................................................................................................61

Estratgias de Leitura
Ler no um ato mecnico, e sim um processo ativo. A mente filtra as informaes
recebidas, interpreta essas informaes e seleciona aquelas que so consideradas relevantes.
O que se fixa em nossa mente o significado geral do texto. Portanto, usar o dicionrio
toda vez que no se conhece uma palavra se torna um processo improdutivo.
Algumas estratgias so bastante difundidas para desenvolver a habilidade de leitura.
Dentre elas podem ser citadas:
1. Identificao de cognatos
2. Identificao de falsos cognatos
3. Scanning - tcnica usada para extrair apenas informaes especficas do texto. No requer
uma leitura do texto como um todo.Quando lemos para encontrar informaes, movemos nossos olhos muito
rapidamente pelo texto. Ns no lemos cada palavra ou paramos de ler quando no entendemos. Ns
procuramos pela informao que queremos encontrar.
4. Predio Bons leitores fazem predies antes de ler um texto. Eles usam o que sabem sobre o tpico para
adivinhar sobre o que trata o texto. Esta tcnica pode ajudar ao leitor entender melhor o que ele ir ler.
- Usando ttulos e subttulos pra predizer o contedo do texto: s vezes o texto est dividido em pargrafos
que tm subttulos. Ns podemos usar nosso conhecimento para sobre o assunto e os subttulos para predizer
algumas das idias que podem estar no texto.
5. Skimming: leitura rpida que tem por finalidade checar o sentido geral do texto, como ele
est estruturado, e qual a inteno e/ou estilo do autor.
Skimming (for the main Idea): Quando usamos a estratgia skimming, ns no precisamos ler cada palavra,
ou procurar significado das palavras que no conhecemos. Fazemos o skimming para termos uma idia geral
sobre o assunto tratado no texto. Skimming um modo para procurarmos as idias principais do texto.
6. Seqncia dos eventos: alguns textos tm suas informaes listadas por ordem de eventos que
aconteceram ou acontecem. Datas e horas so usadas para ilustrar esta seqncia de eventos. Palavras como
first, next, then, later, after, finally e today tambm nos mostram a seqncia em que as coisas
acontecem. Conhecer estas palavras pode ajudar ao leitor a compreender o texto melhor, alm de poder ajudar
ao leitor a encontrar a informao mais rapidamente.
7. Idia principal e idias suporte: Cada pargrafo tem uma idia principal. Esta idia nos d a informao
mais importante do pargrafo. Freqentemente, a segunda ou terceira sentena do pargrafo nos d a idia
principal. Podemos aplicar aqui a estratgia de skimming para encontrar a idia principal do texto. Idas
suporte so as sentenas que explicam ou nos d mais informaes sobre a idia principal.
8. Inferncia - tcnica que permite a partir das informaes do texto se chegar a concluses
lgicas.
9. Identificao de palavras de referncia*
*Encontram-se nesta lista os pronomes do caso reto (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they), os
pronomes pessoais do caso oblquo (me, you, him, her, its, us, you, them), os pronomes
demonstrativos (this, that, these, those), os pronomes relativos (who, which, whose, etc.),
os pronomes e artigos indefinidos (one, ones, such), entre outros. Essas palavras substituem um substantivo ou
o acompanham para tornar o significado claro.
10. Identificao dos conectivos ou marcadores lgicos ou textuais.
11. Associao de palavras
12. Organizao das informaes: idia principal, detalhes e concluso.

Algumas dicas que podero auxili-lo na leitura de textos em ingls.

1. Lembre-se que a leitura no um processo de decodificao de palavra por palavra, sendo assim, no se
prenda a cada palavra do texto. Concentre-se no contexto.
2. Veja que a maioria das palavras, encontradas em um texto, so cognatas do portugus (palavras cuja forma
escrita e significado so parecidos nas duas lnguas), o que simplifica em muito a leitura de um texto.
3. Cuidado com os falsos cognatos (palavras que tm significado diferente nas duas lnguas). Exemplo: bond significa ao, ttulo, obrigao.
Os falsos cognatos tm que ser estudados e memorizados para que voc no interprete o texto erroneamente.
4. Procure o significado geral do texto, isto , sobre o que o texto trata. Isto ajuda na "filtragem" das informaes
mais relevantes.
5. Quando encontrar uma palavra desconhecida, voc no deve se preocupar primeiro com o seu significado. O
primeiro passo ver se a palavra ou no importante para a compreenso do texto.
6. Lembre-se que as palavras que aparecem diversas vezes no texto, ou esto em negrito ou itlico so
palavras importantes para a compreenso do texto.
7. Veja se a palavra est associada a um ttulo, ilustrao, etc., isto tambm uma indicao de sua relevncia.
8. Procure entender a palavra usando o contexto onde ela se encontra.
9. Lembre-se que quando lemos, estamos constantemente predizendo o que vir a seguir, tentando ver sentido
no que foi lido, verificando hipteses.
10. Quando estiver estudando, use o dicionrio apenas para encontrar o significado de palavras-chaves que
voc no conseguiu entender atravs do contexto. Certifique-se de ter escolhido o melhor significado,
verificando o contexto em que ela se encontra.

FALSOS COGNATOS
H palavras em Ingls que so muito similares com o Portugus, porm, essas palavras no significam em
Ingls o que a sua grafia lembra em nosso idioma. Isto pode levar a uma compreenso ou traduo errnea.
So os Deceptive Cognates (Cognatos Enganadores) ou False Friends (Falsos Amigos). So falsos porque a
semelhana com a nossa lngua traioeiramente enganosa , falsa.
Existem inmeros falsos cognatos. Selecionamos alguns que, devido a nossa experincia com textos,
observamos que imprescindvel o seu conhecimento.
1) Actually no atualmente; atualmente nowadays. Actually realmente, na verdade.
Ex.:
* Actually, you owe me more than this.
Na verdade, voc me deve mais do que isto.
* We used to drive our car a lot, but nowadays petrol is too expensive.
Ns costumvamos dirigir bastante nosso carro, mas atualmente a gasolina est muito cara.
2) Available no avaliado; avaliado appraised. Available disponvel.
Ex.:
* There is water available at the hut.
H gua disponvel na cabana.
* The house was appraised carefully before being sold.
A casa foi avaliada cuidadosamente antes de ser vendida.

3) Arrest no arrastar; arrastar drag. Arrest prender.

Ex.:
* Two policemen arrested the thief.
Dois policiais prenderam o ladro.
* Peter was so drunk that his friends had to drag him out of the bar.
Pedro estava to bbado que seus amigos tiveram de arrast-lo para fora do bar.
4) Bond no bonde; bonde streetcar, tram. Bond elo, lao, convnio, aliana.
Ex.:
* The government obtained money for the war by means of bonds.
O governo obteve dinheiro para a guerra por meio de convncios.
* Trams were substituted for buses.
Os bondes foram substitudos por nibus.
5) Collar no colar; colar necklace. Collar gola, colarinho e coleira.
Ex.:
* The wind was so cold that he turned his coat collar up.
O vento estava to frio que ele levantou a gola do seu casaco.
* I gave my daughter a pearl necklace on her birthday.
Eu dei um colar de prolas para minha filha no seu aniversrio.
6) College no colgio; colgio high school. College faculdade.
Ex. :
* There are many colleges at Oxford.
H muitas faculdades em Oxford.
* I have taught English at Marista High School since 1975.
Eu ensino Ingls no colgio Marista desde 1975.
7) Commodity no comodidade; comodidade comfort. Commodity artigo, mercadoria, bem de consumo.
Ex.:
* Prices of household commodities have risen lately.
Os preos dos artigos domsticos subiram recentemente.
* The bedroom they gave her had no comfort at all.
O quarto que lhe deram no tinha nenhuma comodidade.
8) Convict no convicto, convencido; convicto convinced, sure. Convict ru, condenado, presidirio.
Ex.:
* The convicts were threatening to kill the hostages.
Os presidirios estavam ameaando matar os refns.
* Im sure of his innocence.
Eu estou convicta da sua inocncia.
9) Data no data; data date. Data dados, informaes (singular = datum).
Ex.:
* The data are processed by a computer.
Os dados so processados por um computador.
* His birthday date is on February, 21st.
A data do seu aniversrio em 21 de fevereiro.
10) To enroll no enrolar (um pacote); enrolar (um pacote) wrap. To enroll matricular-se.
Ex.:
* My niece enrolled in a Spanish course.
Minha sobrinha matriculou-se em um curso de Espanhol.
* You can wrap the gift in colorful paper.
Voc pode enrolar presente em papel colorido.

11) Estate no estado; estado state. Estate patrimnio, bens.

Ex.:
* When Mr. Smith died, he left a large estate.
Quando o Sr. Smith morreu, ele deixou um grande patrimnio.
* How many inhabitants are there in the state of So Paulo?
Quantos habitantes h no estado de So Paulo?
12) Exit no xito; xito success. Exit sada.
Ex.:
* Incredible! The fire exit was locked.
Inacreditvel! A sada de incndio estava trancada.
* They tried several times, but they didnt get success.
Eles tentaram diversas vezes, mas no obtiveram sucesso.
13) Expert no esperto; esperto smart. Expert especialista, perito.
Ex.:
* You dont have to be an expert to operate this machine.
Voc no precisa ser um especialista para operar esta mquina.
*My nephew is a very nice boy.
Meu sobrinho um rapaz muito esperto.
14) Exquisite no esquisito; esquisito odd, strange. Exquisite aprimorado, sofisticado, fino.
Ex.:
* He has an exquisite style.
Ele tem um estilo aprimorado.
* The woman was very odd wearing an old-fashioned hat.
A mulher estava muito esquisita usando um chapu fora de moda.
15) Fabric no fbrica; fbrica factory. Fabric tecido.
Ex.:
* He showed us different sorts of fabric.
Ele nos mostrou tipos diferentes de tecidos.
* That factory produces screws.
Aquela fbrica produz farafusos.
16) Ingenious no ingnuo; ingnuo naive. Ingenious criativo, inventivo, engenhoso, habilidoso.
Ex:
* The ingenious boy made a toy car from an old wooden box.
O rapaz engenhoso fez um carro de brinquedo de uma velha caixa de madeira.
* He was so naive that he believed everything people told him.
Ele era to ingnuo que ele acreditava em tudo o que as pessoas lhe diziam.
17) Intend no entender; entender understand. Intend pretender, ter a inteno de.
Ex.:
*What does he intend to do after graduating?
O que ele pretende fazer depois de se formar?
* Although I dont agree with you, I can understand your reasons.
Embora eu no concorde com voc, eu posso entender suas razes.
18) Large no largo; largo wide. Large grande.
Ex.:
*A man with a large family needs a large house.
Um homem com uma famlia grande precisa de uma casa grande.
* What a wide avenue!
Que avenida larga!

19) Lecture no leitura; leitura reading. Lecture palestra, conferncia.

Ex.:
* Did you enjoy Professor Browns lecture on the British monarchy?
Voc gostou da conferncia do Professor Brown sobre a monarquia britnica?
* The reading of a good book can be invigorating.
A leitura de um bom livro pode ser revigorante.
20) Library no livraria; livraria bookstore. Library biblioteca.
Ex.:
* This book must be returned to the school library by tomorrow.
Este livro deve ser devolvido biblioteca da escola at amanh.
* The new bookstore near my course is selling second-hand books.
A nova livraria perto do meu curso est vendendo livros de segunda-mo.
21) Lunch no lanche; lanche snack. Lunch almoo.
Ex.:
* I go to the bank at lunch time its the only available time I have.
Eu vou ao banco na hora do almoo o nico tempo disponvel que eu tenho.
* The fat man likes to have a snack between meals.
O homem gordo gosta de fazer um lanche entre as refeies.
22) Notice no notcia; notcia news. Notice aviso, comunicao.
Ex.:
* When he read the notice, his face went white.
Quando ele leu o aviso, seu rosto empalideceu.
* The news is not good at all.
As notcias no so nada boas.
23) Novel no novela; novela soap-opera. Novel romance.
Ex.:
* I am reading a novel by Jorge amado at the moment.
Eu estou lendo um romance de Jorge Amado no momento.
* She watches soap-operas every night.
Ela assiste novelas todas as noites.
24) Parents no parentes; parentes relatives. Parents pais.
Ex.:
* She is not living with her parents anymore.
Ela no est mais morando com os seus pais.
* Ive got some relatives in Bahia.
Eu tenho alguns parentes na Bahia.
25) Policy no polcia; polcia police. Policy poltica (linha de ao, estratgia) e politics poltica
(partidria).
Ex.:
* What we need is a strong foreign policy, the candidate said. O que ns precisamos de uma poltica externa
forte, disse o candidato.
* Call the police right away!
Chame a polcia imediatamente!
* Some people just love to talk about politics.
Algumas pessoas simplesmente adoram falar sobre poltica.
26) Prejudice no prejuzo; prejuzo loss. Prejudice preconceito.
Ex.:
*Racial prejudice is condemned by law.
O preconceito racial condenado por lei.
* The company had a massive loss last year.
A companhia teve um prejuzo enorme no ano passado.

27) Pretend no pretender, pretender intend. Pretend fingir.

Ex.:
* Dont pretend youre not listening to me!
No finja que voc no est me escutando!
* What do you intend to do when you leave school?
O que voc pretende fazer quando sair da escola?
28) Push no puxar; puxar pull. Push empurrar, pressionar.
Ex.:
* Dont push, pull!
No empurre, puxe!
29) Ordinary no ordinrio; ordinrio disgusting. Ordinary comum, normal.
Ex.:
* Tomorrow isnt a holiday; just an ordinary workday.
Amanh no feriado; apenas um dia de trabalho normal.
* What a disgusting fellow!
Que sujeito ordinrio!
30) Resume no resumir; resumir summarize. Resume recomear, retomar.
Ex.:
*After a few hours interruption, the work was resumed.
Depois de uma interrupo de algumas horas, o trabalho foi retomado.
* The teacher asked us to summarize the text.
A professora nos pediu que resumssemos o texto.

Com a globalizao, a lngua inglesa passou a desempenhar um papel ainda mais importante na comunicao
entre os povos. Algumas palavras e expresses inglesas parecem muito com palavras e expresses utilizadas
na lngua portuguesa. MAS CUIDADO! MUITAS VEZES, O SIGNIFICADO DESTAS PALAVRAS BEM
DIFERENTE DO QUE SE IMAGINA.
1) assess = avaliar / access = acesso
2) advice = aconselhar / avisar = warn
3) anthem = hino / aerial = antena
4) army = exrcito / arma = gun / arm = brao
5) assist = ajudar / watch = assistir
6) chute = corredeira/pra = quedas / kick = chute
7) cigar = charuto / cigarro = cigarette
8) collar = colarinho, gola / necklace = colar
9) college = universidade, faculdade / school = colgio
10) compass = bssola / compasso = compasses
11) conceit = convencimento / conceito = concept
12) data = dados, fatos, identificao / data = date
13) deception = fraude, trapaa / disappointment = decepo
14) educated = instrudo, culto / polite = educado, corts
15) eventually = finalmente, por fim.= finally / Occasionally = eventualmente
16) exit = sada / success = xito
17) expert = perito, especialista / smart = esperto
18) gratuity = gorjeta / gratuitous, free = gratuito
19) guitar = violo / electric guitar = guitarra.
20) hazard = risco, dano, mal, perigo / mischance, jinx = azar
21) hospice = abrigo para viajantes / Bedlam, madhouse = hospcio.
22) intimate = ntimo(s), sugerir, insinuar (v) / summon, cite = intimar
23) large = grande / broad, wide = largo
24) lecture = conferncia / reading = leitura
25) library = biblioteca / bookstore = livraria

26) notice = observar, notar / news = notcia

27) parents = pais / relatives = parentes
28) particular = determinado, especfico / private = particular, privado
29) physician = mdico clnico / physicist = fsico
30) policy = diplomacia, poltica / police = polcia
31) pretend = fingir ( Ufrgs 88/1 ) / intend = pretender
32) proper = adequado / own = prprio
33) push = empurrar / pull = puxar
34) quote = citar / cota = share, quota.
35) realize = perceber, dar-se conta / accomplish, achieve, realizar
36) respite = trgua/ repouso / respect = respeito
37) resume = recomear, retomar / sum up, summarize = resumir
38) retire = aposentar-se / remove = retirar
39) rim = borda, beira ( de copo, xcara ) / kidney = rim
40) sap = seiva / toad = sapo
41) sensible = sensato, ajuizado / sensitive = sensvel
42) terrific = excelente / terrvel = terrible
43) traduce = caluniar, difamar, criticar / traduzir = translate

PLURAL FORM

Para formar o plural dos substantivos acrescentamos -s ao singular.

scientist scientists
Aos substantivos terminados em -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z e -o, acrescentamos -es ao singular.
bus buses
substantivos terminados em -y:
- quando precedidos de vogal, acrescentamos -s
boy boys
- quando precedidos de consoante, transformamos o -y em -i e acrescentamos -es.
century - centuries
substantivos terminados em -o:
- quando precedidos de vogal, acresentamos -s
radio radios
- quando precedidos de consoante, acresentamos es
tomato tomatoes
substantivos terminados em f ou fe que mudam o final para ves:
wife
self
loaf
life
calf
leaf
knife
half
thief
wolf
shelf
sheaf
Os demais substantivos terminados em -f ou fe seguem a regra geral, ou seja: recebem um -s no
plural.

PLURAIS IRREGULARES
Singular
man
woman
child
ox
foot
tooth
goose
louse
mouse

Plural
men
women
children
oxen
feet
teeth
geese
lice
mice

PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS COMPOSTOS

Quando houver justaposio de dois ou mais elementos formando uma palavra nova,
estabelecemos seu plural obedecendo regra do ltimo elemento.
school + room = schoolroom schoolrooms
police + woman = policewoman policewomen

ARTIGOS E ADJETIVOS EM FRASES NO PLURAL

O artigo definido the mantm a mesma forma no singular e no plural.

Os artigos indefinidos a e an no possuem plural.
Os adjetivos em ingls no flexionam no plural, ou seja, mantm a mesma forma para
singular e plural.
Plural do demonstrativo this: these
Plural do demonstrativo that: those

Ex: That child is in the park Those children are in the parks.

SPECIAL CASES
Alguns substantivos mantm a mesma forma para o singular e o plural.
nomes de certos animais:
Singular
sheep
fish

Plural
sheep
fish

They are going to catch some fish.

Palavras que indicam nmero, quantidade:
Singular
Hundred
Thousand
Million
Dozen

Plural
Hundred
Thousand
Million
dozen

Five hundred people are here.

Attention: Estas mesmas palavras recebem um -s no plural quando no esto precedidas de
numeral:
Hundreds of people are here.
Substantivos terminados em -s ou -se que indicam nacionalidade:
Singular
Plural
Portuguese
Portuguese
Swiss
Swiss
Chinese
Chinese
The Portuguese are fond of cod fish.
Outros substantivos:
Singular
Fruit

Species
Series

10

Means
Plural
Fruit

Species
Series
Means

Go to the market and buy some fruit.

Alguns substantivos so usados apenas no plural. O verbo, nestes casos, tambm vai para o
plural.
Goods
Pyjamas
Scissors
Riches
Glasses
Clothes
Trousers
Mas h substantivos usados somente no plural com o verbo no singular.
News
Physics
Mathematics
Politics
The news is interesting.

Os coletivos, por serem considerados plurais, so usados com o verbo no plural.

The police are looking for the murderer.

PRONOMES
PERSONAL
subject
object
I
Me
You
You
He
Him
She
Her
It
It
We
Us

PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE
adjective
possessive
My
Mine
Your
Yours
His
His
Her
Hers
Its

Our
Ours

REFLEXIVE
reflexive
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Ourselves

You

You

Your

Yours

Yourselves

They

Them

Their

Theirs

Themselves

PESSOAIS
sujeito
objeto
Eu
Me, mim, -migo

PRONOMES
POSSESSIVOS
adjetivo
Possessivo
Meu, minha,
Meu, minha, meus
meus minhas
minhas
Teu, tua, vosso,
Teu, tua, vosso,
vossa
vossa
Dele
Dele
Dela
Dela
Dele / dela
Dele / dela
Nosso
Nosso

Tu

Te, ti, -tigo

Ele
Ela
Ele / Ela
Ns

Lhe, o
Lhe, a
Lhe, o, a
nos

Vs

vos

Teus, tuas /
vossos, vossas

Teus, tuas /
vossos, vossas

Eles / Elas

Lhes, os, as

Deles, delas

Deles, delas

REFLEXIVOS
reflexivos
Eu mesmo

1s.
2s.
3s.
3s.
3s.
1pl
.
2pl
.
3pl
.

1s.

Voce mesmo(a)

2s.

Ele mesmo
Ela mesma
Ele / Ela mesmo(a)
Ns mesmos

3s.
3s.
3s.
1pl
.
2pl
.

Vs mesmos
Eles mesmos / elas
mesmas

3pl
.

INDEFINIDOS

11

SOME e seus compostos.

Some
Somebody
Someone
Something
Somewhere

Mary made some mistakes in her composition.

Bob also made some.
Somebody (someone) loves you.
Something happened.
He must be somewhere.

EMPREGO DE SOME E SEUS COMPOSTOS.

Oraes afirmativas.

There are some students in class.

He said something funny.

ANY e seus compostos.

Any
Anybody
Anyone
Anything
Anywhere

Do you have any doubts?

No, I dont have any.
Is there anybody (anyone) home?
He didnt say anything.
We didint see him anywhere.

EMPREGO DE ANY E SEUS COMPOSTOS.

Oraes interrogativas.

Does anybody know the correct answer?

Oraes negativas.

He does not have any real good friend.

Ateno: Incluem-se como elementos negativos, alm do not, as palavras:

12

Never
Seldom
Hardly=scarcely=barely
Without

It was so dark that we could hardly see anything.

Oraes afirmativas

Ask me anything you want.

Anyone (anybody) knows the sentence is correct.

NO e seus compostos
No
None
Nobody
No one
Nothing
Nowhere

No None

They bought no new instruments for the laboratory.

- Do you have any doubts?
No, none.

No exerce a funo de adjetivo. Deve, portanto estar acompanhado de um substantivo.

None exerce a funo de pronome. Logo, no deve ser acompanhado de um substantivo.

Nobody (no one) cares about him.

I know nothing about it.
He is free, he lives nowhere.

EMPREGO DE NO E SEUS COMPOSTOS.

Oraes negativas
No e seus compostos so usados em oraes de sentido negativo. Quando usamos NO, ou seus
compostos, no podemos usar nenhum outro elemento negativo.

He could see nothing.

= He could not see anything.

Perceba, assim, que a diferena entre any e no (e seus compostos) que o primeiro, para
expressar uma orao negativa, exige algum elemento negativo (not, never, etc.), enquanto o
segundo no admite o uso de outro elemento negativo na mesma orao (excetuando-se o No
inicial, separado por vrgula).

13

No, there is nothing to do.

INTERROGATIVES
WHAT
What makes you thin k this way?
What did you see there yesterday?
I dont know what to do.
WHO
Who are you?
Do you know who she called?
I dont know who she called.
WHOM
Whom did you see yesterday?
I dont know whom you saw yesterday.
WHICH
Which doctor you want to see?
Tell me which doctor you want to see.
WHY
Why are you so nervous?
Why do you say so?
I dont know why you are here.
WHEN
When is she graduating?
When were you born?
I dont know when you were born.
WHERE
Where is your sister?
Where are the Alps?
I dont know where your sister is.
WHOSE
Whose car is this?
Tell me whose car is this.
HOW
How did you do this?
I dont know how you did this.

Attention: What Which / Who What

What refere-se a um nmero ilimitado de coisas, no seletivo.

What subjects do you like to study? I like to study English, Mathematics and Sciences.

Which seletivo. Refere-se a um nmero limitado de coisas.

14

Which subjects are you studying now? I am studying English.

Who pergunta a identidade de uma pessoa.

Who is that man? He is Mr. Robinson.

What pergunta a profisso de uma pessoa.

What is that man? He is a dentist.

FORMAS COMPOSTAS DE WHAT E HOW

WHAT + BE + LIKE
What is your brother like?
What is your house like?
WHAT ABOUT
What about going to Paris?
What about swimming now?
WHAT DO YOU CALL
What do you call this device?
What do you call a man who fixes car?
WHAT FOR (WHY)
- Give me that pen.
- What for?
What did you do this for?
HOW FAR
How far is your house from here?
HOW DEEP
How deep is this lake?
HOW LONG
How long is this road?
How long has it been since you saw her?
HOW WIDE
How wide is this bridge?
HOW TALL
How tall are you?
HOW OLD
How old are you?
HOW MUCH / HOW MANY
How much did you pay for this?
How many people are there?
HOW HIGH
How high is that building?
HOW OFTEN
How often do you study English?

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
WHO
WHOM
WHICH
THAT
WHOSE

15

Em Ingls, h pronomes que se referem a pessoas who, whom e os que se referem a coisas e
animais which. H ainda os que podem se referir tanto a coisas e animais, como a pessoas
that, whose.
Pessoas.

The man who loves her is a doctor.

The man that loves her is a doctor.
The man who she loves is a doctor.
The man whom she loves is a doctor.
The man that she loves is a doctor.
The man she loves is a doctor.
The man at whom she smiled is a doctor.

Animais e coisas.

The dog which was found was Toms

The watch that was stolen was Toms
The dog that was found was Toms
The watch which was stolen was Toms
The watch which he stole was Toms
The watch that he stole was Toms
The watch he stole was Toms
The book on which I wrote my name is mine.

Pronome Relativo de posse.

Whose

The man whose name is Peter is a doctor.

The dog whose name is Rex is ours.
The house whose doors are brown is Peters.

Whose deve ser seguido de substantivo.

VERBOS
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
INFINITIVE
TO BE

SIMPLE PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

MEANING

TO BECOME
TO BEGIN
TO BREAK
TO BRING
TO BUILD
TO BUY
TO CHOOSE
TO COME
TO COST
TO CUT
TO DO
TO DRAW
TO DRINK
TO DRIVE
TO FEED

16

TO FIND
TO FORGET
TO GET
TO GIVE
TO GO
TO GROW
TO HAVE
TO HEAR
TO HIT
TO HOLD
TO KNOW
TO LET
TO MAKE
TO PUT
TO READ
TO RING
TO RUN
TO SEE
TO SEEK
TO SELL
TO SEND
TO SHOW
TO SHUT
TO SPEAK
TO SPEND
TO SPREAD
TO STAND
TO TAKE
TO TELL
TO THINK
TO THROW
TO UNDERSTAND
TO WAKE
TO WRITE

TO BE
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
I am = Im
You are = youre
He is = hes
She is = shes
It is = its
We are = were
You are = youre
They are = theyre
O pronome neutro IT, alm de substituir um nome (coisa ou animal) tem tambm a funo de
sujeito de expresses impessoais. Usa-se o pronome IT para no se deixar o verbo sem sujeito.
Neste caso ELE NO DEVE SER TRADUZIDO.
It is raining.
It is late.
NEGATIVE AND QUESTION FORMS.

17

I am not = Im not
You are not = youre not = you arent
He is not = hes not = he isnt
She is not = shes not = she isnt
It is not = its not = it isnt
We are not = were not = we arent
You are not = youre not = you arent
They are not = theyre not = they arent
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?
SIMPLE PAST
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were
Para as formas interrogativa e negativa, siga a mesma regra do tempo presente, porm com o
verbo to be no passado.

THERE TO BE
Present tense
Singular There is
Plural There are

Em portugus, o verbo haver impessoal usado apenas na 3 pessoa do singular: H

uma pessoa ou H varias pessoas. Em ingls, o verbo equivalente - there to be tem
singular e plural e concorda com o objeto direto associado ao verbo.

There is a tower in Pisa.

There are good painters in Brazil.
NEGATIVE AND QUESTION FORMS
Negative form: There is not / There are not = There isnt / There arent
Question form: Is there? / Are there?
Past tense
Singular There was
Plural There were

18

There was a man at the top of the tower.

There were men at the top of the tower.

GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Formao:
Infinitive to think
Gerund, present participle thinking

Para formarmos o gerund ou present participle, acrescentamos ing ao infinitivo sem o to.

Special Rules:
Verbos terminados em e:
To live living
Os verbos terminados em um s e perdem esse e ao acrescentarmos ing.
Verbos terminados em ee seguem a regra geral.
To see seeing
Exception: To be being

Verbos terminados em Y:
To enjoy enjoying
To worry worrying
Os verbos terminados em y seguem a regra geral, independentemente da letra que anteceder o
y.
Verbos terminados em consoante-vogal-consoante (c-v-c). Se o verbo uma nica slaba,
contendo como ltimas letras uma consoante, uma vogal e uma consoante, dobra-se a consoante
final.
To get getting
O mesmo ocorrer se o verbo tiver duas slabas, sendo a ltima tnica e composta de c-v-c.
To begin beginning
Verbos terminados em IE
to die dying
Ao acrescentarmos ing aos verbos terminados em ie, mudamos o ie para y.

VERB TENSES

19

TENSE

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

USE

20

Simple
Present

They play tennis

on Mondays.

They don't (do not)

Do they play tennis Habitual activities - States
play tennis on
on Mondays?
(Estados - atividades habituais)
Mondays.

They played tennis

Simple Past
last week.

They didn't (did

not) play tennis
last week.

Actions happening at a defined

Did they play tennis moment in the past.
last week.?
(Aes que acontecem em um
momento definido no passado)

Theyll (will) play

tennis next month.

They won't (will

not) play tennis
next month.

Decisions made at the moment about

the future, future predictions, future
Will they play tennis
promises
next month?
(Decises tomadas sobre o futuro,
pevises e promessas)

Simple Future

Present
Continuous

He's (is) playing

tennis at the
moment.

Actions happening at the present

moment. Near future intention and
scheduling.
(Aes que acontecem no momento
presente. Inteno de agendamento
para um futuro prximo)

They aren't (are

not) playing tennis
at the moment.

Are they playing

tennis at the
moment?

Interrupted past action, action

happening at a specific moment in
Were you playing
time in the past.
tennis when I
(Ao interrompida no passado, ao
called?
que estava acontecendo em um
momento especifico no passado)

Past
Continuous

I was playing
tennis when you
called.

He wasn't (was
not) playing tennis
when she arrived.

Future
Continuous

I'll (will) be playing

tennis when you
arrive.

They won't (will

not) be playing
tennis this time
next week.

Future action at a specific moment in

Will you be playing
the future.
tennis next week at
(Ao futura em um momento
this time?
especfico no futuro)

Future with
Going to

He's (is) going to

play tennis next
week.

They're (are) not

going to play
tennis with the
Browns.

Are you going to

Future intent or planned action
play tennis with the
(Inteno futura ou ao planejada)
Browns?

Present
Perfect

1)To express an action that was

begun in the past and continues into
the present.
(Expressa uma ao que foi iniciada
no passado e continua no presente)
I've (have) played
2) To express an action that
She hasn't (has
tennis with my
How long have you happened in the unspecified past.
not) played tennis
friends three times
played tennis?
(Expressa uma ao que aconteceu
lately.
this week.
em um tempo indeterminado no
passado.)
3) To express a recent action that has
a present effect.
(Expressa uma ao recente que tem
um efeito presente)

21

Past Perfect

I'd (had) already

played tennis
before.

She hadn't (had

not) played tennis
before.

Had you ever

played tennis
before?

She won't (will not) How long will you

We'll (will) have
have played tennis have played tennis
Future Perfect played tennis for
by the time we
in this club by the
ten years by 2010.
arrive.
end of next year?

Present
Perfect
Continuous

To express an action that happens

before another action in the past.
(Expressa uma ao que acontece
antes de outra ao, no passado.

To express what will have happened

or how long something will have
happened up to a certain point in the
future.
(Expressa o que ter acontecido ou
quanto tempo algo ter acontecido
at um certo ponto no futuro)

To express the duration of a

continuous activity begun in the past
She's (has) been They haven't (have How long have you
and continuing into the present.
playing tennis for not) been playing
been playing
(Expressa a durao de uma ao
over three hours.
tennis for long.
tennis?
contnua iniciada no passado e que
continua no presente)

She'd (had) been I hadn't (had not)

Past Perfect playing tennis for been playing for
Continuous three hours when
long when I got
they finally arrived.
hurt.

To express the duration of a

continuous activity begun before
How long had you
another activity in the past. (Expressa
been playing tennis
a durao de uma atividade continua
when she arrived?
iniciada antes de outra atividade, no
passado.)

To express the duration of an activity

He'll (will) have She won't (will not)
How long will you up to a point of time in the future.
Future Perfect been playing for a have been playing
have been playing (Expressa a durao de uma
Continuous few minutes by the tennis for long by 5
tennis by 6 o'clock? atividade at um certo ponto no
time we arrive.
o'clock.
futuro).

22

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

To live (infinitive)
I live
You live
He lives
She lives
It lives
We live
You live
They live
O simple present formado retirando-se o TO do infinitivo. Perceba que somente as terceiras
pessoas do singular (he/she/It) h um acrscimo de S, no havendo variaes nas demais
pessoas. justamente pelo fato de no haver variaes no verbo, exceto na terceira pessoa do
singular, que praticamente no existe sujeito subentendido em ingls, pois se dissssemos, por
exemplo, love, querendo dizer amo, este verbo tambm caberia para outros sujeitos (we,you,they).
Ex: I love and hate
Attention!!
I have
You have
He has
She has
It has
We have
You have
They have
Special Rules:
Os verbos terminados em ss, sh, ch, x, z e o recebem o sufixo ES nas terceiras pessoas do
singular.

to press presses
to wash washes
to watch watches
to wax waxes
to fizz fizzes
to go goes

Verbos terminados em y precedidos de consoante: IES.

Verbos terminados em y precedidos de vogal: recebem apenas o S

to try tries
to pray prays

Attention!!

23

Embora a palavra EVERY possa ser traduzida no plural, ela singular e deve ser
acompanhada de outra palavra no singular: every boy, every day. O mesmo ocorre com seus
derivados: everybody, everyone, etc.

Everybody knows the truth.

O simple present tense expressa uma verdade geral ou cientfica.

The earth moves around the sun.

O simple present expressa uma ao habitual.

She seldom gets up before seven

I brush my teeth three times a day.

Advrbios que geralmente acompanham o simple present:

always
never
often = frequently
seldom = rarely
usually
generally
sometimes
On

Sundays
Mondays
Tuesdays
Wednesdays
Thursdays
Fridays
Saturdays

Once
Twice
Three times
For times
Every

day
month
week
year

day
month
year

Se observarmos esses advrbios de freqncia e tempo que acabamos de aprender, possvel

notar que alguns deles indicam tempo definido (every day, on Sundays) e outros, tempo
indefinido (always, seldom). Esta constatao importante, pois a partir dela que saberemos
qual a posio do advrbio dentro da orao.
Advrbio de tempo definido: no fim ou no inicio da orao.

Mary visits Calcuta once a year.

Once a year, Mary visits Calcuta.

24

 Advrbio de tempo indefinido: antes do verbo principal.

The poor seldom survive on the streets.

Your lover is always thinking of you.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Examples

Usage

Where did you go yesterday?

The flight left at 8 o'clock.
They didn't come last night.

Finished past actions, definite past

Common past time expressions last (week, year, night), yesterday, ago, in 1987, when I was a
include:
child.
Structure
In the positive form, for regular verbs, add an -ed to the base form of the verb. If the verb ends
in -y preceded by a consonant, change the -y to -ied.
I
You
He
arrived late last night. (regular verb)
She
It
came back late last night. (irregular verb)
We
You
They
Use the conjugated helping verb 'did' + not (didn't) + the base form of the verb to make
negatives.
I
You
He
She
didn't go to New York last week.
It
We
You
They
Use the conjugated helping verb 'did' + subject + the base form of the verb in question forms.
When Did
I
leave yesterday?

25

You
He
She
It
We
You
They

26

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Examples

Usage

Fred Meyers has had excellent profits this quarter.

The class's understanding has increased greatly
this semester.
Have they finished the report yet?

Giving or asking for news or recent events.

The study of irregular verbs has improved test

scores.
They have bought a new car.
I've already eaten lunch.
US/English exception: It is also accepted in US
English to ask "Did you phone her yet?" as
opposed to the more common "Have you phoned
her yet?"

Past actions with results in the present.

She's traveled in many parts of the world.

Have you ever been to France?
They've never seen a mountain.

Life experience

He's lived in San Francisco for 10 years.

How long have you worked for this company?
They've studied English for 3 years. I don't want to
live in Texas.

Unfinished actions (action still in progress). In

this respect the present perfect and present
perfect continuous are very similar. with Present
Perfect Continuous

Common present perfect time expressions

include:

for (with a period of time), since (with an exact

point in time), ever, never, yet, already, this week
(month, year)
Structure

Conjugate the verb 'have' (have or has) + past participle. Regular verbs end in -ed. If the verb
ends in -y preceded by a consonant, change the -y to -ied. Irregular verbs must be studied.
I
You
We
They
He
She
It

have lived in Seattle since 1978.

has worked for many years.

27

Conjugate the verb 'have' (have or has) + not + past participle. Regular verbs end in -ed. If the
verb ends in -y preceded by a consonant, change the -y to -ied. Irregular verbs must be
studied.
I
You
haven't seen Tom.
We
They
He
She
hasn't left yet.
It
Conjugate the verb 'have' (have or has) + Subject + past participle. Regular verbs end in -ed. If
the verb ends in -y preceded by a consonant, change the -y to -ied. Irregular verbs must be
studied.
Have

I
You
We
They

been to Paris?

Has

He
She
It

finished yet?

OS MODAIS
Os auxiliares modais tm as seguintes conotaes mais comuns:
modais
Can

significados
Habilidade, capacidade
Permisso informal.

Could

Habilidade no passado
Possibilidade remota
Permisso formal
Possibilidade
Permisso formal

May
Might
Will
Would

Shall
Should

Must

Possibilidade remota
Futuro
Vontade
Pergunta corts
Situaes
condicionais/hipotticas
Vontade/desejo
Pergunta corts
Ao habitual no passado
Futuro
Sugesto
Obrigao
Conselho, recomendao
Probabilidade
Concluso lgica
Necessidade
Obrigao

Exemplos
I can help you
She can meet you at the airport
Can we smoke in this room?
He could swim when he was very Young
I could go with you tomorrow
Could I borrow your pen?
I may be late for the meeting
May I come in?
We might go to Europe next Summer
I will see you on Sunday
I will do the work for you
Will you, please, help me?
I would read it if I had time.
I would like another cup of coffee, please
Would you, please, give her a message?
When he lived in New York, he would often visit the
Museum of Art
I shall leave soon
Shall I open the window?
Every student should read this book
You should leave now if you want to take the bus
If he should call, let me know
John was in the United States. He should speak
English well.
People must eat in order to live
You must be back by 10 oclock

28

Ought
to

Concluso bvia
Obrigao
Concluso lgica

Its getting dark. It must be late.

We ought to finish this work today
Our guests ought to be home by now

THE PASSIVE VOICE

Verb tense
Simple present
Present continuous
Present perfect
Simple past
Past continuous
Past perfect
Simple future
Near future
Future continuous
Future perfect
Simple conditional
Perfect conditional
Modal verbs

VERB TENSE
Simple present
Present
continuous
Present perfect
Simple past
Past
countinuous
Past perfect
Simple future
Near future
Future
continuous
Future perfect
Simple
conditional
Perfect
conditional
Modal verbs

To be
is/are
is/are being
have/has been
was/were
was/ were being
had been
will be
is/are going to be
will be being
will have been
would be
would have been
may/can/must/should be
ought to be

ACTIVE VOICE
Helen writes letters.
She is writing a letter now.

PASSIVE VOICE
Letters are written by Helen.
A letter is being written now.

She has written letters.

Helen wrote a letter yesterday.
She was writing a letter when I
came.
She had written other letters before.
Helen will write a letter tomorrow.
She is going to write a letter soon.
She will be writing letters at this time
tomorrow.
By ten oclock, she will have written
two letters.
She would write the letter if she
wanted.
She would have written the letter if
she had wanted.
She may write the letters this
morning.
She ought to write the letters today.

Letters has been written.

A letter was written yesterday.
A letter was being written when I
came.
Other letters had been written before.
A letter will be written tomorrow.
A letter is going to be written soon.
Letters will be being written at this
time tomorrow.
By ten oclock, two letters will have
been written.
The letter would be written if she had
wanted.
The letter would have been written if
she had wanted.
The letters may be written this
morning.
The letters ought to be written today.

Attention: THE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES ARE NOT USED PASSIVELY.

CONJUNO
As conjunes podem ser classificadas:

29

a) Quanto forma:
Simples but, if, for, etc.
Composta as well as, even if, etc.
b) Quanto ao significado:
Temporais after, before, etc.
Causais because, for, etc.
Concessivas though, even if, etc.
etc,etc.
c) Quanto funo:
Coordenativas and, but
Subordinativas after, because, etc.
Conjunes comumente usadas:
AFTER depois que
The books will be sent to the library after I have read them.
ALTHOUGH/THOUGH embora
Although they arrived early, they could not buy the tickets.
AND e
He sold na apartment and bought a country house.
AS enquanto, visto que, como
His hands trambled as he spoke.
As it is raining, we can not go out.
You may go home now, as the lesson is over.
AS IF/AS THOUGH como se
He gives orders as if he were the master of the house.
He treated me as if I were a stranger.
AS WELL AS assim como, no s...mas tambm
Robert, as well as Smith, deserves punishment.
BECAUSE porque, devido a
He said he can not go because he is very busy.
BEFORE antes que
Look before you leap.
The rain started before they were ready.
BOTH...AND no s...mas tambm, tanto...como, ao mesmo tempo que
He both speaks and writes perfectly
Both he and his brother are good lawyers..
BUT mas, porm, sem que
He is young but sensible.
He could not open his mouth but the audience burst out laughing (burst into laugher).
EITHER...OR ou...ou, quer...quer
He will arrive either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.
Either apologise or go away.
EVEN IF mesmo se, mesmo que, ainda que
I intended to go even if it rains.
FOR pois, porque
We must go, for it is late.
HOWEVER por mais...que, por muito...que, contudo, todavia
However late it is, he nay still come
However, I hope to find it tomorrow
He misjudge me, however I forgive him.
He, however, did his best to help us.
IF se
If you promise to come, I will wait for you.
I asked him if he would go.
If I shall have time, Ill call on you today.
LEST do contrrio, para que no
Take heed, lest you tumble down the stairs.
Command your temper lest it commands you.

30

NEITHER...NOR nem...nem
He drinks neither tea nor milk.
Neither he nor she will come.
He is neither clever nor studious.
NOR nem
He would not buy it nor would he accept it as a gift.
He doesnt think so, nor I(nor do I, nor I either).
NOW ora, pois bem, entretanto
Now they talk uninterruptedly for hours on end, how can they work?
OR ou, do contrrio
You must prove you are right , or apologize.
He must make up his mind today, or he will lose the opportunity.
SINCE visto que desde que
Since you dont like this model, Ill show you another.
What have you been doing since I last saw you (since I saw you last)?
SO assim, portanto
We were late for the train, so we must take a taxi.
As you make your bed so you must lie down.
SO THAT - a fim de que, de modo que
He preferred to work in the morning, so that he might be free in the afternoon.
THAN que, do que
You are taller than he (is).
He has more books than I (have).
THAT que, para que, a fim de que
I know that is impossible.
If he so insistently invited them it is that he really wants them to come.
He is so hoarse that we can hardly hear what he says.
He ran that he might arrive in time.
THEN alm disso
Our expenses will be very heavy: we will have to buy a great number of books, then well have
to pay several debts.
THEREFORE portanto
It was raining, therefore they had to postpone the game.
He was not there, therefore he couldnt witness the accident.
UNLESS a menos que
I shall go unless it rains
Unless you study five hours a day you will not pass your examination.
UNTIL/TILL at que
Wait till (until) the day breaks.
WHEN quando
When I arrive I will write.
WHEREAS ao passo que, enquanto que
You didint work yesterday, whereas he worked till midnight
WHETHER se
I asked him whetherhe intended to travel this month.
WHETHER...OR se...ou, quer...quer
I wonder whether they will repent what they did.
WHILE enquanto, enquanto que, ao passo que
Remain standing while they sing.
YET contudo
He is extremely poor, yet he is as happy as a king.
USOS:

* To show similarity:

31

similarly, likewise, in a similar manner, like, in the same way, analogously

* To compare or show contrast:
however, nevertheless, rather, whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, on the contrary, by
comparison, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, although, conversely, but,
meanwhile, in contrast, after all, otherwise, alternatively.
* To express an alternative:
or, either . . . or, whether . . . or
* To express concession:
granted, naturally, of course, one may object that . . .
* To introduce a new point:
furthermore, moreover, in addition
* To place what you have just said in a particular context:
in this connection, in this perspective
* To add something:
and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, next, what is
more, moreover, as well as, in addition, first (second, etc.), not only . . . but
* To prove your point:
because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, indeed, in fact, in any case, that
is, demonstrably.
* To show cause and effect:
as a result, consequently, hence, due to, in view of, on account of, accordingly, for this
reason, therefore.
* To give an example or an illustration:
for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, take the case of, to illustrate, as an
illustration, to take another example, namely, that is, as shown by, as illustrated by, as
expressed by.
* To repeat, insist and/or refer back to an earlier point:
as I have said, in brief, as I have noted, as suggested above, as has been noted
* To emphasize:
definitely, extremely, indeed, absolutely, positively, obviously, naturally, always, never,
surprisingly, emphatically, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation,
perenially, forever.

32

* To conclude a paragraph or an essay:

thus, lastly, in brief, in short, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have
shown, as I have said

PREPOSIES
ABOUT sobre, a respeito de, em torno de, cerca de, por, devido a
They were talking about politics.
She wore pearls about her neck.
The show began about midnight.
We have been walking about the town all day.
They quarrel about trifles.
ABOVE sobre, por sobre, mais de, acima de, superior a
We were flying above the clouds
There were above fifty pupils in the classroom.
He is above suspicion.
A Major ranks above a Captain.
ACROSS de atravs, atravs de, no outro lado de, em contato com.
We swam across the river.
There is a restaurant across the avenue.
I came across this book yesterday.
AFTER depois de, aps, atrs de, em homenagem a, imitao de parecido com.
They left after dinner.
After a storm comes a calm.
The dog was running after the cat.
He was named Henry after his uncle.
He dances after the Indians.
He paints after Rubens.
He takes after his father.
AGAINST contra, em troca de junto a, em.
The boat sails against the current.
They voted against my proposal.
We took machinery against coffee.
Please, lean the ladder against the wall.
ALONG ao longo de, por
The horses galloped at full speed along the road.
AMID/AMIDST entre, no meio de com.
He was seen amid the throng.
They are amidst enemies.
AMONG/AMONGST entre, no meio de, com.
We are among(st) friends.
The Christmas gifts were divided among the children.
The one-eyed are kings among the blind.

33

AROUND ao redor de perto de, por, de um lugar para outro.

We planted a few trees around the house.
There is a shop around the corner.
We traveled around Europe for three months.
AT em a, (), ao, no, contra, para, de, com.
We are at home.
The china was sold at the auction.
Theyll soon be at liberty.
The car is at our disposal.
He is standing at the door.
He was at work when we arrived.
Hell go at midnight.
Hell come at noon.
The wreckage was at the bottom of the sea.
He shot at the target.
He was staying at the Stevens Hotel.
Theyll pay at the end of the month.
The tiger jumped at him.
The boy pointed at the woman.
I was looking at the picture.
We laughed at him.
The children were mocking at us.
I laughed at his jokes.
He is good at this game.
He was driving his car at 80 m.p.h.
We are selling these articles at a loss.
Dogs bark at strangers.
She stared at him.
We were surprised at seeing him.
BEFORE diante de, em frente de, na frente de, perante, antes de
They were sitting before the fireplace.
The tanks were seen before the infantry.
The poor and rich are alike before God.
The culprit appeared before a court of justice.
Hell arrive before noon.
BEHIND atrs de, detrs de, em apoio de, depois de
The broom is behind the door.
All his friends are behind him.
He came behind his hour.
BELOW abaixo de, para baixo de
The garage is below the ground floor.
He is below his schoolfellows.
It is the third shop below the post office.
BENEATH sob, abaixo de, inferior a
There was a bench beneath the tree.
His conduct is beneath contempt.
BESIDE ao lado de, fora de
There were two trees beside the house.
Your objection is beside the question.

34

BESIDES alm de, salvo, a no ser

He has a country house besides a flat in town.
There was nothing on the table besides a book.
BETWEEN entre
Our house stands between a lake and a wood.
Hell come between two and three oclock.
The profit was divided between the partners.
The secret will be kept between ourselves.
There was great friendship between them.
BEYOND alm de, para l de, depois de
There is a river beyond the hill.
That is far beyond my humble powers.
We wont stay there beyond autumn.
BUT seno, exceto.
He drank nothing but milk.
BY por, perto de, junto a ou de, ao longo de, beira de, margem de, a, com, durante, ao alcance
de, mais de, cerca de
The goods will be sent by sea.
Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare.
Well engage him by two months.
They were sitting by the window.
The room is fifteen feet by ten feet.
The book was sent by post.
He was paid by the week.
They were selected by mistake.
He is younger by three years.
Theyll arrive by five.
They always travel by night.
Well go by bus.
The house stood by the road.
He came by request of friends.
This engine is driven by electricity.
The flask was emptied drop by drop.
Ill go by your leave.
CONCERNING a respeito de
I received a letter concerning our business.
DOWN abaixo
He runs down the road.
DURING durante
We were at Nova Friburgo during the long vacation.
EXCEPT exceto
They all came, except my brother.
FOR para, por, durante, quanto a, em, devido a
Here is a present for you.
The ship sailed for the south.
Your letter will be a great pleasure for your father.
You are the man for this job.
He looks very young for his age.
Which is the train for So Paulo?

35

He left for Petropolis.

He traveled for the first time?
The house was not for sale.
This is easy for a boy.
Hell be taken as a spy.
He asked that just for fun.
We are waiting for an answer.
He works for money.
He was fighting for his ideals.
I bought this book for two dollars.
He has lived here for three years.
For my part, there will be no objection.
Ill vote for you.
They wept for joy.
FROM de, desde, contra
He cut a slice from the cake.
He jumped from the window.
He died from hunger.
I received this book from London.
The examples are translated from English.
He paints from nature.
Did you hear from your aunt?
We parted from him for a few months.
He read a quotation from Tennyson.
He quoted from memory.
He will soon be free from pain.
He wears spectacles to protect his eyes from the sun.
Hellwork frm eight oclock on.
The children were playing far from home.

IN em, dentro de, no meio de, a, de, com, para dentro de

He lives in Chicago.
I am weak in Mathematics.
The building will be ready in three days.
She has a flower in her hand.
I knew him when we were in the navy.
In my opinion he is right.
They are always in the country in summer.
The city was in ruins.
He writes in pencil.
This street in my time was quiet.
He is in the army.
Only in appearance.
From our window we saw the soldiers in the crowd.
Please, sign in ink.
She was dressed in blue.
The widow was in mourning.
He is in health.
The gate is ten feet in width.
He put his hands in his pockets.
INSIDE em, dentro de, para dentro de
The cars are already inside the garage.
They went inside the garden.
INTO em, para, para dentro de.

36

Please, divide the page into three parts.

This page was translated into Portuguese.
He jumped into the swimming pool.
He converted dollars into reais.
LIKE como
Drink like a fish.
Selep like a log.
NEAR prximo de, junto a, cerca de, quase
There is a school near our house.
Its near dinner-time.
NOTWITHSTANDING apesar de
Ill go notwithstanding his orders.
OF de, feito de, em, durante a
He is the president of our club.
What is the height of tis building.
He is reading a book of (about) birds.
He drank a glass of milk.
He got rid of his cold.
This man has nerves of iron.
I was informed of his abilities.
He is a boy of seven.
She is proud of his success.
He bought a can of beer.
He lost the lid of the box.
OFF de, for a de, para for a de, distncia de, afastado de, longe de, fora do alcance de
Take the boxes off the table.
Come off the grass.
The ship was two miles off shore.
He fell off his horse.
The old castle is off the road.
He is off duty.
Keep off the propellers.
ON em, sobre, em cima de, a respeito de, em torno de, a, custa de, por conta de, por motivo de,
de, contra, para, na direo de
He lives on the continent.
He hung the picture on the wall.
On August 25.
She has a ring on her finger.
The books are on the table.
He wrote a treatise on medicine.
The earth turns on an axis.
The house is on his right hand.
We rely on him.
He is on duty.
He came on purpose.
He will draw a check on the Banco do Brasil.
ONTO em, para cima de, sobre
The boy threw the ball onto the roof.
OUTSIDE for a de, do lado de for a de, alm dos limites de, exceto
There are three footsteps outside the door.

37

He had to go outside the city.

OVER sobre, por sobre, por cima de, acima de, mais de, no outro lado de, superior a, pelo espao
de, durante, diante de
The sky is over our heads.
He jumped over the fence.
He glanced over the page.
He had water over his chest.
It costs over two hundred dollars.
It weights over three kilos.
They live in a castle over the river.
A capitain is over a lieutenant.
He reigned over a period of ten years.
PAST depois de, alm de
It was a quarter past midnight.
He arrived past the hour.
We went past the house.
REGARDING a respeito de, sobre
He wrote regarding his plans.
ROUND em volta de, por todo, em todas as direes.
He run round the tree.
He travelled round the world.
He looked round the room.
SAVING exceto
Nothing remained of the building, saving (=except) the outer walls.
SINCE desde, depois de
I have not seen him since last month.
Since your departure he has not come here.
THROUGH atravs de, durante, por, por entre, por meio de, por intermdio de, por causa de,
devido a
He ran through the square.
He walked through the streets.
He studied through three years.
He marched through the enemies.
The letter was sent through a tourist.
They quarreled through a misunderstanding.
THROUGHOUT de um extremo ao outro, por todo.
He travelled throughout the country.
It will last throughout his life.
He walked throughout the house.
TILL, UNTIL at
Ill wait till the end of the month.
Until august theyll stay here.
TO a, para, para com, at, por, de, em comparao com, a ponto de, contra, sob, de acordo com
He is an exception to the rule.
They went to Germany.
He cannot attend to everything.
They work from morning to evening.
Two is to four as six is to twelve.

38

We should be kind to animals.

She was kind to her guests.
He read the article to the end.
He spent his savings to the last cent.
He was wet to the skin.
He took her to wife.
Its ten to three.
This is the key to your safe.
It was hot to suffocation.
Ill bet ten to one.
It was made to measure.
TOWARD(S) em direo a, para com, perto de, para, pouco antes.
We were swimming towards the boat.
Well go towards the end of the year.
UNDER sob, debaixo de, abaixo de, inferior a, em, dentro de, com, ao p de, junto a, por menos
de, em menos de, durante,no tempo de
The pencil is under the book.
The weight is under 10 kilos.
The car is under repair.
Under such conditions he would accept the invitation.
We were under his orders.
This matter is not under discussion.
He paid a fine under the terms of the contract.
He ran two hundred yards under twenty seconds.
UNDERNEATH sob, embaixo de, por baixo de
The river flows underneath a timber bridge.
UNTO a, para, com
Do unto others as you would they should do unto you.
UP contra, para o interior de.
The boat was sailing upwind.
We were rowing up the stream.
We traveled fifty miles up the country.
UPON sobre, em
The bird perched upon a bough.
To rain upon the wet.
WITH com, de, contra, para, por, entre.
You can cut it with a knife.
He will come with his parents.
He spoke with his hands in his pockets.
He was shivering with cold.
It was made with water.
He parted with his friends.
We differ with your father.
He struggled with temptation.
With him health means wealth.
He is very popular with his colleagues.
He was received with a smile.
I wont do business wih him.
WITHIN dentro de, ao alcance de, dentro dos limites de, na medida de
The birds were flying within the aviary.
The ship was within sight.

39

He lives within his means.

Ill help him within my power.
The church is within five minutes of walk from here.
WITHOUT sem, fora de
He will come tomorrow without fail.
He read all the books without exception.
No rose without its prickle.

LOCUES PREPOSITIVAS
ACCORDING TO de acordo com
AHEAD OF frente de
AS FAR AS at
AS FOR quanto a
AS TO quanto a
AT THE BACK OF atrs de
AT THE BEGINNING OF no comeo de
AT THE BOTTOM OF no fundo de
AT THE CORNER OF no canto de, na esquina de.
AT THE END OF no fim de
AT THE SIDE OF ao lado de
BECAUSE OF devido a, por causa de.
BY DINT OF fora de, a poder de, por meio de
BY MEANS OF por meio de, mediante
CLOSE TO junto a
FOR THE SAKE OF em ateno a, por amor de, devido a
IN AGREEMENT WITH de acordo com, em acordo com.
IN BEHALF OF em favor de, no interesse de, para bem de
IN FRONT OF em frente de, diante de
IN KEEPING WITH em harmonia com, em conformidade com.
IN ORDER TO afim de
IN SPITE OF apesar de, a despeito de
INSTEAD OF em lugar de, ao invs de
ON ACCOUNT OF devido a
ON BEHALF OF em nome de, da parte de
OUT OF sem, fora de, por, entre, dentre.
SO AS TO afim de
TOGETHER WITH juntamente com, assim como, bem como.
UP TO at
WITH REFERENCE TO com referncia a, com respeito a.
WITH REGARDING TO quanto a

ADJECTIVES
SIZE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

average
big
fat
giant
great

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

huge
immense
large
little
long

40

11. massive
12. short
13. small

14. tall
15. tiny

TOUCH
16. broken
17. cold
18. cool
19. damaged
20. damp

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

dirty
dry
dusty
filthy
wet

SHAPE
26. broad
27. curved
28. deep
29. flat
30. high
31. low

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.

narrow
round
shallow
square
straight
wide

45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.

old-fashioned
quick
rapid
short
slow
young

TIME
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.

brief
early
fast
late
long
modern
old

QUANTITY
51. abundant
52. empty
53. few
54. heavy

55. light
56. many
57. numerous

SOUND
58. deafening
59. high-pitched
60. loud
61. mute
62. noisy

63.
64.
65.
66.
67.

TASTE/TOUCH
68. bitter
69. delicious
70. fresh
71. juicy
72. ripe
73. rotten
74. salty
75. sour
76. strong
77. sweet
78. tasteless
79. tasty
80. thirsty
81. greasy
82. hard
83. hot
84. icy

85. loose
86. melted
87. plastic
88. rainy
89. rough
90. sharp
91. shivering
92. silky
93. slippery
94. smooth
95. soft
96. solid
97. steady
98. sticky
99. tender
100.
tight
101.
weak

quiet
silent
soft
thundering
voiceless

41

102.

wet

103.

wooden

124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.

frightened
helpless
hungry
hurt
ill
lonely
nervous
repulsive
selfish
sore
tense
terrible
thoughtless
tired
upset
uptight
weary
wicked
worried

FEELINGS (GOOD)
143.
agreeable
144.
amused
145.
brave
146.
calm
147.
charming
148.
cheerful
149.
comfortable
150.
cooperative
151.
determined
152.
eager
153.
elated
154.
energetic
155.
excited
156.
fair
157.
faithful
158.
fantastic

159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.

fine
funny
gentle
glorious
good
happy
healthy
helpful
kind
lively
perfect
pleasant
relieved
successful
thoughtful
zealous

CONDITION
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.

189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.

easy
famous
fragile
helpful
helpless
important
impossible
innocent
inquisitive
modern
open
outstanding
poor
powerful

FEELINGS (BAD)
104.
afraid
105.
angry
106.
annoyed
107.
anxious
108.
arrogant
109.
ashamed
110.
awful
111.bad
112.
bored
113.
combative
114.
confused
115.
cruel
116.
dangerous
117.
defiant
118.
depressed
119.
disgusted
120.
disturbed
121.
envious
122.
foolish
123.
frantic

alive
brainy
breakable
busy
careful
cautious
clever
concerned
crazy
curious
dead
different
difficult
doubtful

42

203.
204.
205.
206.
207.

puzzled
real
rich
shy
sleepy

APPEARANCE
213.
adorable
214.
alert
215.
average
216.
beautiful
217.
blonde
218.
bloody
219.
bright
220.
clean
221.
clear
222.
cloudy
223.
colorful
224.
crowded
225.
cute
226.
dark
227.
distinct
228.
dull

208.
209.
210.
211.
212.

stupid
super
uninterested
wild
wrong

229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.

elegant
filthy
graceful
grotesque
homely
light
motionless
muddy
plain
shiny
spotless
stormy
strange
ugly
unusual

ADJETIVOS
Os adjetivos em ingls no flexionam em gnero e nmero.
Singular
Plural
A kind gentleman
Kind gentlemen
A kind lady
Kind ladies
POSIO DOS ADJETIVOS
O adjetivo precede o substantivo que est modificando.
The poor little man has gone away.
Sua posio muda quando exerce a funo de predicativo do sujeito ou do objeto.
Im thirsty and hungry.
The jury considered the farmer innocent.
s vezes, usamos dois ou mais adjetivos juntos:
My brother lives in a nice new house.
In the kitchen there was a beautiful large round wooden table.

Adjetivos como new/large/round/wooden so adjetivos de fato. Eles nos fornecem

informaes factuais sobre a idade, tamanho, cor, etc.
Adjetivos como nice/beautiful so adjetivos de opinio. Eles nos informam o que algum
pensa de algo ou algum.
a
an
a

opinio
nice
interesting
delicious

Fato
Long
Young
Hot

summer day
person
vegetabel soup

43

beautiful

large round wooden

table

s vezes, usamos dois ou mais adjetivos de fato juntos. Geralmente (mas nem sempre)
colocamos os adjetivos de fato nesta ordem:

1) tamanho (how big?);

2) idade (how old?);
3) cor (what colo(u)r?);
4) procedncia (whre from?);
5) matria do qual feito (what is it made of?) SUBST.
A tall young man
Big blue eyes.
A small black plastic bag.
A large wooden table.
An old Russian song.
An old white cotton shirt.

Adjetivos de tamanho e comprimento, como big/small/tall/short/long, geralmente vm antes

dos adjetivos de forma e largura, como round/fat/thin/slim//wide.
A large round table.
A tall thin girl.
A long narrow road.

Quando h duas ou mais cores, usamos and:

A black and white dress.
A red, white and green flag.

COMPARAO DOS ADJETIVOS

GRAU COMPARATIVO
Igualdade
asas (to/tantocomo/quanto)
Prejudice is as old as human beings.
Negative form: not so/asas
He did not feel so/as hopefulas his wife.
Inferioridade
lessthan (menos(do) que)
Your work is less satisfactory than your friends.
Superioridade
Antes de estabelecermos uma comparao indicando superioridade, necessrio
observarmos o nmero de slabas do adjetivo em questo.
Adjetivos de uma slaba: sufixo er...than
rich richer than
hot hotter than (dobra-se a consoante final)
fine finer than

44

dry drier than

grey greyer than
Adjetivos de duas slabas com a terminao y, er, ow, le: sufixo er... than
happy happier than
clever cleverer than
simple simpler than
shallow shallower than
Adjetivos de duas slabas com outras terminaes: more ...than
human more human than
Adjetivos com mais de duas slabas: more ...than
intelligent more intelligent
GRAU SUPERLATIVO
Enquanto o comparativo usado para comparar dois elementos ou dois grupos, o
superlativo usado para destacar um elemento ou um grupo no meio de vrios.
All this is happening in the richest and freest country in the world.
A formao do grau superlativo obedece a regras semelhantes s do comparativo de
superioridade.
Adjetivos de uma slaba: -est
rich the richest
hot the hottest
fine the finest
dry the driest
grey the grayest
Adjetivos de duas slabas com a terminao y, er, ow e le: -est
happy the happiest
clever the cleverest
simple the simplest
shallow the shallowest
Adjetivos de duas slabas com outras terminaes: the most
human the most human
Adjetivos com mais de duas slabas: the most
intelligent the most intelligent
COMPARAES IRREGULARES
adjetivo
Comparativo de superioridade
good
better
bad/ill
worse
much/many more
little
less
far
farther/further
late
later/latter

superlativo
the best
the worst
the most
the least
the farthest/furthest
the latest/last

45

little less the least: com substantivos no singular.

few fewer the fewest: com substantives no plural.
We not only had fewer things but less money as well.
far (longe, distante)
farther the farthest: referem-se distncia espacial.
Im too tired. I cant go farther.
further the furthest: significam: mais, adicional (quantidade)
The policed received further information about the gangster.
late (tardio, atrasado)
later (mais tarde, mais atrasado)
the latest (mais recente)
He is always been later than the other students to hand in homeworks.
Have you read Jorge Amados latest book?
the latter (posterior, mencionado em segundo lugar)
the last (ltimo)
The last book I read was about the latter half of the twentieth century.
I.

No quadro abaixo se encontram os opostos das palavras. Relacione-as.

fast hot tall expensive dirty noisy - clean light interesting dangerous comfortable
modern beautiful high old healthy good - big rich
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
s)

small
poor
ugly
polluted
old-fashioned/old
cold
short
heavy
boring
new/young
uncomfortable
bad
clean
slow
low
safe
unhealthy
cheap
quiet

II.

Complete o quadro.
Adjective

Superiority Comparative
Form

Meaning

near
clean

46

cold
rich
young
heavy
dirty
noisy
healthy
hot
fat
big
thin
beautiful
interesting
boring
comfortable
difficult
dangerous
expensive
modern
III.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Traduza.
So Paulo is the biggest city in Latin-America.
The Rio-Niteri bridge is the longest bridge in Brazil.
Rio de Janeiro is the most exciting city in Brazil.
Rolls Royce is the most expensive car in the world.

a)
b)
c)
d)
IV.

Complete o quadro.

Adjective
polluted
interesting
beautiful
exciting
dangerous
V.

Meaning

Complete o quadro.
Adjective

Ugly
Bad

Superlative

Superiority Comparative
Form
Uglier

Superlative
The ugliest
The worst
The fattest

Hot
Heavier
good
young

The best
Younger

47

Big
Newer

48

ADVRBIOS
ADVRBIOS COM DUAS FORMAS E SIGNIFICADOS DIFERENTES
Near perto
He came near.
Nearly = almost quase
He nearly died.
High alto
Its flying high.
Highly muito
She was highly admired.
Hard rduo
He works hard.
Hardly = barely mal, quase no
He hardly works.
Wide totalmente
Our eyes were wide open.
Widely bastante
They differed widely.
Late tarde
He arrived late.
Lately ultimamente
I havent seen him lately.

TIPOS DE ADVRBIOS
Manner (modo) fast, carefully, easily, etc.
Place (lugar) here, there, everywhere, etc.
Time (tempo) yesterday, now, today, etc.
Frequency (frequncia) always, never, usually, etc.
Degree (intensidade) very, too, quite, etc.

POSIO DOS ADVRBIOS

Modo: geralmente no fim da orao.
sujeito verbo
objeto advrbio de modo
She
can speak English Fluently
John
works
Hard
Lugar: geralmente no fim da orao.
sujeito verbo objeto advrbio de lugar
She
put
it
On the table
They
are
At home

49

Tempo: podem aparecer no inicio ou fim da orao.

advrbio de tempo sujeito verbo objeto advrbio de tempo
Yesterday
I
saw
him
I
saw
him
Yesterday
Frequncia (tempo indefinido): so colocados:
a) antes do verbo principal;
b) depois do verbo auxiliar.
sujeito verbo auxiliar
You
David has
Sue
is

advrbio de frequncia verbo principal

Never
study
Always
lived
Seldom

objeto
your lessons
in Mexico
at home

Intensidade: geralmente aparecem diante da palavra (adjetivo, advrbio ou verbo) que modificam.
She can hardly walk. (verbo)
We are deeply sorry. (adjetivo)
She dances very well. (advrbio)

POSIO ESPECIAL DOS ADVRBIOS

Quando tivermos os trs tipos de advrbios (ou locues adverbiais) modo, lugar e
tempo numa mesma orao, eles seguiro a seguinte ordem: modo, lugar e tempo.
Paul did his tasks fast in the office this morning.
Entretanto, com verbos de deslocamento (go, leave, travel, etc.) a posio dos advrbios a
seguinte: lugar, modo e tempo.
They left for Italy by plane last week.

COMPARAO DOS ADVRBIOS

Igualdade: asas
She danced as gracefully as the other dancers.
Negativa: not so/asas
She didint dance so/as gracefully as the other dancers.
Inferioridade: lessthan
He drives less carefully than the others drivers I know.
Comparativo de superioridade e superlativo
advrbios de uma slaba
hard harder hardest
He ran faster than he should.
advrbios de duas ou mais slabas.
Carefully more carefully most carefully
He played the piano more beautifully than the other.

50

IRREGULAR COMPARISONS
Well better best
Badly worse worst

Certos adjetivos e advrbios tm a mesma forma:

So eles:
Fast
Hard
Fine

Low
Loud
High
Late

Early
Straight
Lon

SUFIXOS FORMADORES DE ADJETIVOS

1. Os sufixos ful e less.
O sufixo ful forma adjetivos de substantivos, significando cheio de ou que tem.
Faith faithful (fiel)
Use useful (til)
alguns desses mesmos substantivos formam adjetivos com o significado exatamente oposto, pelo
acrscimo do sufixo less.
Faith faithless (infiel)
Use useless (intil)
Uma quantidade razovel de palavras admite ambos os sufixos.
Harmful (prejudicial) Harmless (inofensivo)
Thankful (agradecido) thankless (ingrato)
No entanto, h palavras que s admitem um dos sufixos.
Frightful (assustador), mas no frightless.
Noiseless (silencioso), mas no noiseful.

Forme adjetivos derivados das palavras dadas, usando os sufixos

-ful

price
-less

forget
mind
success
wonder

-full e less
aim
end
motion

care
help

51

meaning

power

2. O sufixo able (-ible) acrescentado a verbos ou substantivos para formar adjetivos,

significando que pode ser
Avoidable que pode ser evitado (avoided), isto , evitvel.
Considerable que pode ser considerado (considered), isto , considervel.
Permissible que pode ser permitido (permitted), isto , permissvel.
OBS: a forma ible j est incorporada a algumas palavras inglesas. Exemplos: possible, visible,
legible.

Acrescente os sufixos able ou ible s palavras dadas, empregando os sufixos indicados e

fazendo as mudanas ortogrficas necessrias.
-able
-ible
apply
calculate
compute
predict
reason

Access
Contempt
Convert
Defend
Divide

3. Os sufixos y e ly geralmente so acrescentados a substantivos para formar adjetivos,

significando que tem a qualidade ou a aparncia de
Grease greasy
Salt salty
Father fatherly
Week weekly
Forme adjetivos derivados das palavras indicadas, usando os sufixos
-y

-ly

mud
oil
rust
sun

cost
day
friend
year

4. O sufixo ive acrescentado a verbos para formar os adjetivos correspondentes

To destroy destructive
To relate relative

Numere a coluna B de acordo com a coluna A, relacionando os adjetivos aos verbos.

A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

accumulate
act
cause
compare
construct
describe

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

effect
exceed
expand
explode
extent
imagine
produce

52

14. select

expansive
excessive
comparative
descriptive
constructive
imaginative
extensive
productive

B
causative
cumulative
explosive
active
effective
selective
5. Os sufixos like, -some e worthy.

o sufixo like acrescentado a substantivos para formar adjetivos, significando pessoas ou animais
(e s vezes, objetos) que se parecem com ou que tem as caractersticas de
Box boxlike
Cat catlike
o sufixo some acrescentado a verbos ou substantivos para formar adjetivos, significando que
causam ou provocam
tire tiresome
O sufixo worthy acrescentado a substantivos para formar adjetivos, significando dignos de ou
adequados a
praise praiseworthy
Forme adjetivos das palavras dadas, usando os sufixos
-like

-some

-worthy

businness
dog
lady

fear
love
trouble

note
respect
trust

6. o sufixo ous acrescentado a substantivos abstratos para formar os adjetivos

correspondentes.
Ambition ambitious
Error erroneous
Virtue vituous
7. O sufixo ed acrescentado a substantives ou sintagmas nominais para formar adjetivos,
significando feitos de ou tendo a aparncia ou as caractersticas de
Point pointed
blue eyes blue-eyed
8. Os sufixos ed e ing so acrescentados a verbos para formar adjetivos, o primeiro
significando o que recebe a ao do verbo correspondente, e o ltimo o que realiza a
ao do verbo correspondente.
Charmed (encantada) charming (encantadora) do verbo to charm
Frightened (assustado) frightening (assustador) do verbo to frighten
Relaxed (relaxado) relaxing (relaxante) do verbo to relax

53

SUFIXOS FORMADORES DE SUBSTANTIVOS.

1. Os sufixos mais comuns que formam substantivos de verbos so er, -or e ar, que
significam a pessoa ou coisa que faz ou que est relacionada com.
worker do verbo to work (trabalhar)
navigator do verbo to navigate (navegar)
liar do verbo to lie (mentir)
EXERCCIO.
Forme substantivos derivados dos verbos indicados, empregando os sufixos:
-er
to program
to read
to research
to start
to transmit
-or
to calculate
to conduct
to govern
to investigate
to react
-ar
to beg
2. Os sufixos ist e -(i)an tambm so usados para indicar a pessoa por associao a certas
coisas e lugares.
O sufixo ist indica uma pessoa que estuda ou se aplica a
Geology (geologia) um geologist (gelogo)
science um
biology um
chemistry um
anthropology um
psychology um
archeology um
ecology um
agronomy um
physics um
a person who analyzes is an
a person who is specialized in a branch of work, study or other activity is a
a person who applies the study of economics is an

54

O sufixo (i)an indica uma pessoa que estuda e se aplica a:

Mathematics (matemtica) um mathematician (matemtico)
Statistics um
Obstetrics um
Politics um
Music um
Electricity um
Excees:
Uma pessoa que se aplica aos estudos de
Engineering um engineer
Architecture um architect
Medicine um doctor ou physician.
3. O sufixo ion (-ation, -ition) forma substantivos de verbos, significando o processo de
ou o resultado do processo de.
action to act (agir/atuar)
addition to add (adicionar)
application to apply (aplicar)
Forme substantivos derivados dos verbos dados, pelo acrscimo dos sufixos indicados.
-ion
to construct
to relate
to select
-ation
to compute
to observe
to specialize
-ition
to define
to recognize
to transmit
4. As terminaes ment, -ance e ence tambm so acrescentadas a verbos para formar
substantivos que significam a ao de ou o resultado da ao de.
development to develop (desenvolver)
performance to perform (desempenhar)
residence to reside (residir)
Forme substantivos derivados dos verbos indicados:
-ment
to arrange
to commit
to improve
-ance

55

to assist
to attend
to resist
-ence
to interfere
to occur
to refer
5. Os sufixos al e age so igualmente usados para formar substantivos derivados de
verbos com o significado de o ato de ou o resultado do ato de.
removal to remove (remover)
reversal to reverse (inverter)
drainage to drain (drenar)
Forme substantivos derivados dos verbos dados, usando os sufixos
-al
to approve
to refuse
to renew
-age
to marry
to pass
to store
6. Os sufixos let, -ette, e y formam diminutivos de substantivos.
book booklet (livrete)
cigar cigarrette (cigarro)
daddy dad (papai)
7. O sufixo ess forma substantivos femininos.
actor actress (atriz)
lion lioness (leoa)
8. Os sufixos hood, -ship, -dom e ery formam substantivos com o significado de status,
domnio, condio.
brother brotherhood (irmandade)
friend friendship (amizade)
king kingdom (reino/reinado)
nun nunnery (convento)
Forme substantivos derivados das palavras indicadas.
-hood
child
father
mother

56

-ship
companion
leader
relation
-dom
bore
free
martyr
-ery
refine
slave
nurse
9. O sufixo ing forma substantivos e significa resultado de atividade ou atividade.
to tube tubing (canalizao)
to learn learning (saber/erudio)
to happen happening (acontecimento)
10. O sufixo ful forma substantivos com o significado de a quantidade contida em
mouth mouthful (bocado)
spoon spoonful (colherada)
11. Os sufixos ness e ity formam substantivos abstratos de adjetivos.
great greatness (grandeza)
useful usefulness (utilidade)
active activity (atividade)
probable probability (probabilidade)
Forme substantivos abstratos derivados dos adjetivos indicados.
-ness
clear
direct
exact
heavy
-ity
complex
relative
responsible
stable

SUFIXOS FORMADORES DE VERBOS

A formao de verbos por sufixao relativamente pequena em ingls. So sufixos verbais:

57

1. ify, que se acrescenta a substantivos e adjetivos.

Beautify (embelezar) do substantivo beauty
Codify (codificar) do substantivo code
Nota: Em alguns casos, a raiz sofre alterao. Exemplo: clear (do latim clarus) + -ify = clarify
(clarear)
Acrescente o sufixo ify s seguintes palavras:
Ample
Certain
Class

Humid
Simple
Specific

2. ize (-ise: alternative ortogrfica no ingls britnico), que se acrescenta a substantivos e

adjetivos.
Concretize do substantivo concrete
Symbolize do substantivo symbol
Acrescente o sufixo ize s seguintes palavras:
Computer
Critical
Hospital

Legal
Modern
Popular

3. en, que se acresenta a adjetivos.

Deafen (ensurdecer) do adjetivo deaf
Lessen (minimizar) do adjetivo less
Ripen (amadurecer) do adjetivo ripe
Acresente o sufixo en s seguintes palavras:
Broad
Loose
Quick

Sad
Tight
Wide

Como utilizar convenientemente um dicionrio.

O dicionrio um recurso valioso para o estudante de lngua estrangeira. Costuma-se
recorrer a ele quando se tem dvida quanto : grafia, pronncia, e para conhecer o significado ou
definio dos vocbulos.
Alm dessas orientaes, o dicionrio tambm esclarece acerca de plurais irregulares e o
passado dos verbos irregulares. Entretanto, evite consult-lo excessivamente para no tornar sua
atividade de leitura montona e cansativa.
Observe o verbete (vocbulo + todas as informaes sobre ele) abaixo e responda:
Move [mu:v] s.1.movimento m. 2. mudana f. 3. lance m. // v. 1. mover, deslocar. 2. acionar, por
em movimento. 3. alterar. 4. mexer. 5. induzir, incitar. 6. persuadir. 7. excitar. 8. passar. 9. decorrer.
10. agir. 11. comover, enternecer. 12. freqentar. 13. progredir. 14. propor. 15. efetuar um lance. 16.
mover-se, mudar-se. 17. por-se em movimento. 18. caminhar. 19. dirigir-se. 20 provocar (uma
risada). 21. provocar o funcionamento. 22. ter venda, sada. 23. (pop) evacuar.

58

On the ~ a caminho, em viagem. To make a ~1. ir. 2. deixar a mesa. 3. iniciar. 4. fazer um lance.
God ~s in a mysterious way Deus age de maneira misteriosa. He ~s in the high society ele
frequenta a alta sociedade. I ~that we make peace. Eu proponho que faamos as pazes. To ~
heaven and earth fazer o possvel. To ~ men to tears comover homens at as lgrimas. To ~ on ir
andando. Power to ~ the masses poder de excitar as massas. These dresses ~ slowly estes
vestidos tm pouca sada. We ~ next week mudamos na semana que vem.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
a)
b)
c)

Quantas definies o vocbulo move tem?

Para que serve o smbolo ~ ?
Qual smbolo serve para separar as classes gramaticais?
Que tipo grfico usado para dar destaque ao vocbulo?
O que vem logo aps o vocbulo e para que serve?
O que significam os smbolos:
s.
d) pop
f.
e) m
v.
f) bot.

Apoiando-se no verbete abaixo, identifique nas frases que se seguem o significado de can.
Can (I) [kn] v (imp.could) poder, ser capaz de, ter a faculdade de, ter a possibilidade de, ter a
autorizao para, estar em condies de, sentir inclinao para, saber fazer alguma coisa.
I ~not, I ~nt no posso. As sure as ~ be com toda certeza, certamente, sem dvida. What ~ I do
for you? Em que posso ser til? I ~not but do it no posso deixar de fazer isso. He could have
done it ele podia t-lo feito. As happy as happy could be sobremodo feliz.
Can (II) [kn] s. 1. lata, vasilha (de metal) f. 2. caneca // v (imp. e p.p. canned) 1. enlatar, meter em
lata. 2. (EUA gira) expulsar, despedir.
~ that stuff! No fale bobagem!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

We can go to the movies tomorrow night if we finish our work on time.

Ana can sing very well.
The boy asked his mother: Can I go to the football game this afternoon?
Please, bring me a can of peaches from the supermarket.
Lee drank the can of juice very quickly.
I dont know what happened, but he was canned from his job yesterday.

Com a ajuda de um dicionrio, identifique nas frases que se seguem o significado de give e play,
respectivamente.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

John gives many gifts to his girlfriend.

You must give up smoking.
Mary is terrible. You must not give ear to her.
He gave away all his fortune.
Do you want to play tennis with me now?
Shakespeare wrote comical and tragic plays.
Ann plays the piano very well.
He thinks hes very intelligent, but is always playing the fool.

NUMERAL
cardinal
1
2
3
4

cardinal
One
Two
Three
Four

ordinal
1
2
3
4

ordinal
The first
The second
The third
The fourth

ordinal
1st
2nd
3rd
4th

59

5
Five
6
Six
7
Seven
8
Eight
9
Nine
10
Ten
11
Eleven
12
Twelve
13
Thirteen
14
Fourteen
15
Fifteen
16
Sixteen
17
Seventeen
18
Eighteen
19
Nineteen
20
Twenty
30
Thirty
40
Forty
50
Fifty
60
Sixty
70
Seventy
80
Eighty
90
Ninety
100
One hundred
101
One hundred and one
1000
One thousand
1000000
One million
MULTIPLICATIVO

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
101
1000
1000000

The fifth
Ths sixth
The seventh
The eighth
The ninth
The tenth
The eleventh
The twelfth
The thirteenth
The fourteenth
The fifteenth
The sixteenth
The seventeenth
The eighteenth
The nineteenth
The twentieth
The thirtieth
The fortieth
The fiftieth
The sixtieth
The seventieth
The eigthieth
The ninetieth
The one hundreth
The one hundred and first
The one thousandth
The one millionth

5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
101st
1000th
1000000th

Once
Twice
Three times (thrice)
Four times ...

LEITURA DE NMEROS
5.532.247 = five million, five hundred and thirty two thousand, two hundred and forty seven.

As denominaes billion e trillion no tm o mesmo valor na Inglaterra e nos Estados

Unidos.

1 000 000
1 000 000 000
1 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000 000 000 000

Inglaterra
Million
Thousand millions
Billion
Thousand billions
Trillion

Estados Unidos
Million
Billion
Trillion
Quadrillion
Quintillion

TELEFONE
5306 = five three oh six
HORA

60

03:45 = a quarter to five

04:15 = a quarter past four
05:30 = half past five
06:05 = five past six
06:55 = five to seven
FRAES
= one half
= a quarter
1/40 = one fortieth
2/3 = two thirds
1 = one and a half
0.35 = point three five
152.432 = one hundred and fifty-two point four three two

61

OS SONS DO INGLS
W

O w nunca ter som /v/.

widow
walk
witch
way
well
watch
where
what
white
welcome

twenty
hardworking
widower
slowly
always
entryway
power
between
award
underwear

how
tomorrow
slow
yellow
now
low
nephew
andrew
arrow
show
H

O h no uma letra muda como em portugus.

how
help
hat
hit
here

her
hot
happy
hospital
ham

husband
household
hostile
hardcover
hand

have
heat
house
holiday
hello

behind
ahead
behave
unhappy
behead

As palavras abaixo comeam com o som de h. Aqui o w no pronunciado.

who

whose

whole

Whore

Nos casos abaixo o som do h NO pronunciado.

hour

honesty

honest

dishonest

heir

honour

honourable

dishonourable

O r tem dois sons:

1. Ocorre no incio de palavras, entre vogais ou aps consoantes. Lembra o r dito caipira.
run
rat
root
race
rabit
rich
radio
relative
parent
carry

rock
marrow
crack
rainy
room
repeat
write
print
gruesome
bring

boring
race
very
dry
parents
Europe
different
generous
marital
general

green
barrack
pram
ice-cream
arrive
very
bedroom
children
price
from

trip
zero
trunk
private
pretty
brilliant
clasroom
brown
great

2. Este som s ocorre depois de vogal, se estiver antes de consoante. No pronunciado

como o r acima, e sim absorvido pela vogal que antecede. Tambm ocorre no final das
palavras, quando o ltimo som.

62

bar
cart
lard
firm
seer
hear
tear
colour
port
door
serve
bird
firm
forty
part
short

disturb
cart
hard
burn
skirt

absurd
farm
learn
vertigo
board

poor
door
hour
star
near

mere
lure
where
air
chair

beer
murder
sister

TH
Por no existir em portugus, este som naturalmente difcil para os brasileiros.

O som do th sem voz.

Como produzir?
Coloque a lngua entre os dentes e sopre. Mas como? Emita um som /s/ longo, como se
imitasse o som de uma cobra. Observe que a lngua toca os dentes de baixo por trs.
Agora tente emitir um som /s/ mantendo a lngua entre os dentes.
Desse jeito, o som produzido ser o de th. Observe que neste som no ocorre a vibrao das
cordas vocais. Portanto, voc est emitindo o th sem voz.
thumb
thin
thank
thick
theory
thisrty
three

author
nothing
something
anything
toothbrush
birthday
bathroom

path
cloth
seventh
north
teeth
tooth
month

O som do th com voz.

Como produzir?
Emita um /z/, como se fosse imitar uma abelha, e preste ateno posio de sua lngua: ela toca
os dentes de baixo por trs.
Tente emitir o mesmo som mantendo a lngua entre os dentes. Desse jeito voc estar produzindo
o som th com voz. Ao produzir o th com voz, voc estar com sua lngua entre os dentes,
soprando o ar e vibrando suas cordas vocais.
O th fica com voz quando est em palavras como:
the
the
this
there
them

this

that
other
either
mother
brother

these

those

their

clothe
loathe
with us
weather

63

that
they
these

father
heather
bother
GRUPOS DE CONSOANTES

rld
world

rl
girl
curl
pearl

free
three
tree
trachea
great
dress
crank
please
fraction
thrown
skate

tch
watch
kitchen
patch

xt
next
extinct
text

womanswear
expensive
helpful
exactly
bedroom
classroom
children
handkerchief
bathroom
armchair
girlfriend

kg e gn
knock
gnome
knife
gnat
know

l + cons.
already
help
alright
gold
alkaline

s + cons.
skirt
skate
slip
speak
street

next
pants
duct
world
bird
board
curl
airfield
dwarf
waitress
text

thr
three
thrown
thread
thrash
thriller

strange
cupboard
overgrowth
scarf
friendly
strong
skirt
gloves
practical
absent
abduct

No encontro sten deve ocorrer a omisso da consoante t.

chasten

christen

fasten

glisten

hasten

listen

moisten

SPELLING-TO-SOUND RULES FOR ENGLISH VOWELS IN ONE-SYLLABLE WORDS

In spite of all that has been said about the
heavy irregularity between spelling and
pronunciation, we do find some regular
patterns in this area. Several grapheme to
phoneme relationships can be demonstrated
and presented as spelling-to-sound rules to
provide a little light at the end of the tunnel.
It's worth remembering that the occurrence of
one-syllable words in English is very high, as
we demonstrated in our study about phonetic
signalling.
The dialect used in this paper is the General
American English.

Apesar da extrema irregularidade entre a

ortografia e a pronncia do ingls principalmente no mbito das vogais -
possvel se encontrar uma certa regularidade
na pronncia das letras vogais, quando
estas ocorrem em palavras monossilbicas.
Embora limitadas e de utilidade
questionvel, essas regras, quando
apresentadas ao aluno iniciantes podem ter
o efeito positivo de demonstrar que nem tudo
est perdido. bom lembrar entretanto que
a ocorrncia de palavras monossilbicas em
ingls muito alta, como demonstramos em
nosso estudo sobre sinalizao fontica.
O dialeto analisado neste estudo o General
American English.

A
1. The grapheme "a" represents the

A
1. A letra "a" representa o fonema (som) /a/,

64

phoneme /a/ as in father, when it is followed

by an "r" in spelling.

como em father, sempre que for seguida da

letra "r" na ortografia.

Examples: bar, bark, car, card, cart, far, farm, jar, scar, scarf, star, start, tar
Exceptions: war /wor/, ward /word/, warm /worm/, warn /worn/, warp /worp/
2. The grapheme "a" represents the
phoneme /e/ as in pet, when the spelling of
the word ends with "_re".

2. A letra "a" representa o fonema /e/, como

em pet, sempre que a palavra, na sua forma
ortogrfica, terminar em "_re".

Examples: bare, care, dare, fare, scare, stare, tare

Exception: are /ar /
3. The grapheme "a" represents the
phoneme // as in map, when the spelling of
the word ends with a consonant other than
"r".

3. A letra "a" representa o fonema //, como

em map, sempre que a palavra, na sua
forma ortogrfica, terminar numa consoante
que no "r".

Examples: at, back, bad, bath, can, cap, fad, fat, glad, hat, Jack, lack, lad, mad, man, mat,
pal, pan, rack, rat, Sam, shack, tack, tap, van, whack
Exception: was /wz/, /waz/
4. The grapheme "a" represents the
phoneme /ey/ as in table, when the spelling
of the word ends with a consonant other than
"r" followed by the letter "e".

4. A letra "a" representa o fonema /ey/, como

em table, sempre que a palavra, na sua
forma ortogrfica, terminar numa consoante
que no "r", seguida da letra "e".

Examples: ate, bake, bade, bathe, cane, cape, fade, fate, glade, hate, Jake, lake, lade, made,
male, mane, mate, pale, pane, pave, rake, rate, same, shake, take, tape, vane
Exception: have /hv/
5. The grapheme "a" represents the
phoneme /o/ as in dog and law, when it is
followed by an "l" in spelling.

5. A letra "a" representa o fonema /o/, como

em dog e law, sempre que for seguida da
letra "l" na ortografia.

Examples: bald, ball, call, chalk, fall, hall, mall, stalk, talk, tall, walk, wall
Exception: pal /pl/, calm /kam/

E
6. The grapheme "e" represents the
phoneme /e/ as in pet, when the spelling of
the word ends with a consonant other than
"w" and "y".

E
6. A letra "e" representa o fonema /e/, como
em pet, sempre que a palavra, na sua forma
ortogrfica, terminar em consoante menos
"w" e "y".

Examples: bet, check, deck, fell, kept, left, lend, melt, pet, pen, rent, spell, tell, ten, vet, well,
when

65

7. The grapheme "e" represents the

phoneme // as in bird and but, when it is
followed by an "r" in spelling.

7. A letra "e" representa o fonema //, como

em bird e but, sempre que for seguida de "r"
na ortografia.

Examples: berg, Bert, clerk, nerd, per, sperm, term, verb, were
Exceptions: where /wher/, mere /mIr/

I
8. The grapheme "i" represents the phoneme
/I/ as in hit, when the spelling of the word
ends with a consonant other than "gh" and
"ght".

I
8. A letra "i" representa o fonema /I/, como
em hit, sempre que a palavra, na sua forma
ortogrfica, terminar em consoante, menos
"gh" e "ght".

Examples: bit, dim, fill, fin, kit, lip, mill, pick, pill, pin, rip, six, spit, till, tilt, will, win
9. The grapheme "i" represents the
diphthong /ay/ as in my, when the spelling of
the word ends with "_gh" or "_ght".

9. A letra "i" representa o fonema /ay/, como

em my, sempre que a palavra, na sua forma
ortogrfica, terminar em "gh" ou "ght".

Examples: high, thigh, fight, light, might, night, right, tight

10. The grapheme "i" represents the
diphthong /ay/ as in my, when the spelling of
the word ends with "_e".

10. A letra "i" representa o fonema /ay/, como

em my, sempre que a palavra, na sua forma
ortogrfica, terminar com a letra "e".

Examples: bite, dime, dive, file, fine, five, kite, knife, lie, mile, nine, pie, pike, pile, pine, ripe,
site, spite, strive, tile, while, wine, wire
Exceptions: give /gIv/, live /lIv/
11. The grapheme "i" represents the
phoneme // as in bird, when it is followed by
an "r" in spelling.

11. A letra "i" representa o fonema //, como

em bird, sempre que for seguida da letra "r"
na ortografia.

Examples: dirt, firm, flirt, irk, Kirk, shirt, skirt, stir, whirl

O
12. The grapheme "o" represents the
phoneme /a/ as in father, when in spelling:
1) it is not followed by an "r";
2) the word ends with any consonant but
"_w".

O
12. A letra "o" representa o fonema /a/, como
em father, sempre que na ortografia:
1) no seja seguida da letra "r";
2) a palavra terminar em qualquer
consoante, menos "w".

Examples: bomb, bond, clock, con, cop, cot, flop, glob, hop, hot, mod, mop, not, on, pond,
rob, tom, top
Exceptions: comb /kowm/, dog /dog/, from /frm/, tomb /tuwm/, ton /tn/

66

13. The grapheme "o" represents the

phoneme /ow/ as in go, when the spelling of
the word ends with "_e".

13. A letra "o" representa o fonema /ow/,

como em go, sempre que a palavra, na sua
forma ortogrfica, terminar com a letra "e".

Examples: clove, cope, cote, globe, hope, mode, mope, note, robe, tone, tope
Exceptions: done /dn/, love /lv/, none /nn/, gone /gon/
14. The grapheme "o" represents the
phoneme /o/ as in dog and law, when it is
followed by an "r" in spelling.

14. A letra "o" representa o fonema /o/, como

em dog e law, sempre que for seguida da
letra "r" na ortografia.

Examples: born, corn, fort, horn, lord, norm, pork, port, torn
Exceptions: word /wrd/, world /wrld/, worm /wrm/

U
15. The grapheme "u" represents the
phoneme // as in but, when the spelling of
the word ends with a consonant.

U
15. A letra "u" representa o fonema //, como
em but, sempre que a palavra, na sua forma
ortogrfica, terminar em consoante.

Examples: blurb, blush, cub, cup, curt, cut, duck, dull, flush, fun, hug, junk, luck, pun, purr,
rug, run, rush, trunk, tub, up
Exceptions: bush /bUsh/, pull /pUl/, push /pUsh/
16. The grapheme "u" represents the
phoneme /uw/ or the diphthong /yuw/ as in
too or you, when the spelling of the word
ends with "_e".

16. A letra "u" representa os fonemas /uw/ ou

/yuw/, como em too ou you, sempre que a
palavra, na sua forma ortogrfica, terminar
com a letra "e".

Examples: cube, cure, cute, duke, huge, Luke, nude, pure, rule, tube
Exceptions: sure /shUr/, curve /krv/

67

Sons disponveis em http://www.antimoon.com/

IPA
words
listen
cup, luck

Amer

arm, father

Amer /
Brit

cat, black

Amer

met, bed

Amer

away,
cinema

Amer

turn, learn

Amer /
Brit

hit, sitting

Amer

see, heat

Amer

hot, rock

Amer /
Brit

call, four

Amer /
Brit

put, could

Amer

blue, food

Amer

five, eye

Amer

now, out

Amer

go, home

Amer

where, air

Amer /
Brit

say, eight

Amer

near, here

Amer /
Brit

consonants
IPA

words

listen

bad, lab

Amer

did, lady

Amer

find, if

Amer

give, flag

Amer

how, hello

Amer

yes, yellow

Amer

cat, back

Amer

leg, little

Amer

man, lemon

Amer

no, ten

Amer

sing, finger

Amer

pet, map

Amer

red, try

Amer

sun, miss

Amer

she, crash

Amer

tea, getting

Amer

check, church

Amer

think, both

Amer

this, mother

Amer

voice, five

Amer

wet, window

Amer

boy, join

Amer

zoo, lazy

Amer

pure, tourist

Amer /
Brit

pleasure,
vision

Amer

just, large

Amer

68