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CAPÍTULO 4:
ENERGIA DE DEFORMAÇÃO
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
P1
L P P
δ
δ1 δ
0 δ dδ
Trabalho realizado pela força P durante o alongamento dδ:
P
P.δ
U= → Área do triângulo hachurado
2
δ
δ
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
U ∫0
P ⋅ dx x1 ε1
P dx
= =∫ ⋅ → u = ∫ σ x .dε x
V A⋅ L 0
A L 0
Unidade : J/m³
ε
εp ε1
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
Ruptura
ε
εR
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
σ E2
uE = σE
2⋅ E
Módulo de Resiliência
Módulo de Resiliência ε
εE
Módulo de Resiliência : representa a energia por unidade de
volume que o material pode absorver sem escoar.
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
dV=A(x).dx
P
P σx =
A(x)
L
L
P² P²
U =∫ ⋅ dV = ∫ ⋅ A( x ) ⋅ dx
V
2 ⋅ E ⋅ A 2
( x) 0
2 E ⋅ A 2
( x)
L
P2 P2 ⋅ L
U =∫
2 ⋅ E ⋅ A( x)
⋅ dx se A=const. → U=
0 2⋅ E ⋅ A
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
Exemplos:
U = U1 + U 2
P 2 ⋅ L1 P 2 ⋅ L2
A1, E1 A2, E2
U= +
L1 L2 2 ⋅ A1 ⋅ E1 2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ E2
A1
,E
1,
U = U1 + U 2
L 1,
F12 ⋅ L1 F22 ⋅ L2
F1
U= +
A2, E2, L2, F2 2 ⋅ A1 ⋅ E1 2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ E2
P
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
P
q q
• Desprezando as tensões de cisalhamento
• Momento em C = M
M .y
σx σx σx =
A
C
B Iz
x
dA
dx
σ x2 M 2 ⋅ y2 M 2 ⋅ y²
U =∫ ⋅ dV = ∫ ⋅ dV = ∫A I Z2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ E ⋅ dV
V
2E V
I Z2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ E
L L
M 2
M2
U =∫
2 ⋅ E ⋅ I Z2 ∫A
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
0
( y ² dA) dx ⇒ U =
0
2 ⋅ E ⋅ I z
⋅ dx ∫
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
Exemplo:
P
M = −P ⋅ x
x
P² ⋅ x² P² ⋅ x³ L
L
EI
U =∫ ⋅ dx =
L
0
2⋅ E ⋅ Iz 6⋅ E ⋅ Iz 0
P 2 ⋅ L3
U=
6⋅ E ⋅ Iz
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
τ
τ τ
τ .γ
u=
τ 2
τ
γ γ
u = ∫ τ .d γ onde: τ = G.γ
0
dU
u= ⇒ dU = u.dV ∴ U = ∫ u.dV
dV V
τ
G ⋅ γ ² G ⋅ ( G )²
γ
τ ² U = τ ² ⋅ dV
u = ∫ G ⋅ γ ⋅ dγ =
2
=
2
=
2⋅G
∫ 2⋅G
V
0
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
dA.dx
T
φ: ângulo de torção
T
dA T T ⋅L
φ=
T
L
U
G⋅J
T ⋅ρ
φ τ=
τ²
T ²⋅ ρ² J
U =∫ ⋅ dV = ∫ ⋅ dA ⋅ dx
2⋅G 2 ⋅ G ⋅ J (2x )
L L
T² T²
U =∫ ⋅ ( ∫ ρ ² ⋅ dA) ⋅ dx ⇒ U = ∫ ⋅ dx
0
2 ⋅ G ⋅ J ( x) A
2
0
2 ⋅ G ⋅ J ( x)
T2 ⋅L
Eixo da seção uniforme ⇒ U=
2⋅G ⋅ J
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
Exemplo:
T U = U1 + U 2
φ=n.d φ=d
T 2 ⋅ L1 T 2 ⋅ L2
U= +
L/2 L/2 2 ⋅ G ⋅ J1 2 ⋅ G ⋅ J 2
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
τ y
U = Uσ + Uτ
Energia de deformação devido a tensão normal Uσ:
M = −x ⋅ P
P 2 ⋅ L3
L
M2
Uσ = ∫ ⋅ dx =
0
2 ⋅ E ⋅ I z 6⋅ E ⋅ Iz
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
L V² f C ⋅ I z2
Logo: U τ =
∫0 2G ⋅ I z2 ⋅ A ⋅ dx
L f C ⋅V ²
Uτ = ∫ ⋅ dx
0 2G ⋅ A
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
12
6 ⋅V 2
L
3 ⋅V 2 ⋅ L
Logo: U τ = ∫ 5 ⋅ dx = U = U σ + Uτ
0
2G ⋅ A 5⋅G ⋅ A
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
δ1
U = ∫ P ⋅ ds
0
1
Para deformação elástica: U= P ⋅δ
2
Exemplos:
1) Viga em balanço: P ⋅ L³
Sabendo que: ymáx =
P
3E ⋅ I z
P⋅ y
U=
y 2
P P ⋅ L3 P 2 ⋅ L3
L
U = =
2 3⋅ E ⋅ I z 6⋅ E ⋅ Iz
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
θ M ⋅θ
M
U = ∫ M ⋅ dθ =
θ 0 2
M ⋅L
L
θ máx =
E ⋅ Iz
M ⋅θ M M ⋅ L M 2 ⋅L
U= = ⋅ =
2 2 E ⋅ I z 2 ⋅ E ⋅ I z
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
T φ
T
L
φ T ⋅φ
U = ∫ T ⋅ dφ =
0 2
T ⋅L
φ=
G⋅J
T T ⋅L T2 ⋅L
U= ⋅ =
2 G⋅J 2⋅G ⋅ J
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
f C ⋅V 2
L 6
Uτ = ∫ ⋅ dx Seção retangular: f C =
0 2⋅G ⋅ A 5
6 ⋅ P2
L
5 3⋅ P2 ⋅ L
Uτ = ∫ ⋅ dx =
0 2⋅G ⋅ A 5⋅G ⋅ A
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
P 2 ⋅ L3
Uσ =
6⋅ E ⋅ Iz
P 2 ⋅ L3 3 ⋅ P 2 ⋅ L
U Total = U σ + Uτ = +
6⋅ E ⋅ Iz 5⋅G ⋅ A
P ⋅ yB P 2 ⋅ L3 3 ⋅ P 2 ⋅ L
U Total = = +
2 6⋅ E ⋅ Iz 5⋅G ⋅ A
P ⋅ yB P 2 ⋅ L3 18 ⋅ E ⋅ I z
= ⋅ 1 +
2 6 ⋅ E ⋅ I z 5 ⋅ A ⋅ G ⋅ L2
P ⋅ L3 18 ⋅ E ⋅ I z
yB = ⋅ 1 + 2
(yB)Uτ → equivale a erro menor
3⋅ E ⋅ Iz 5⋅ A⋅G ⋅ L que 0,9% quando h/L<1/10
↑
Parcela relativa ao cisalhamento
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
∂U ∂U ∂U
Assim: δi = θi = φi =
∂Pi ∂M i ∂Ti
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
∂U L M ∂M
δi = =∫ ⋅ ⋅ dx
∂Pi 0 E⋅I
z ∂Pi
∂U L M ∂M
θi = =∫ ⋅ ⋅ dx
∂M i 0 E⋅I
z ∂M i
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
1 L q ⋅ x2
∂B = = ∫ − (P ⋅ x + )(− x) ⋅ dx
E ⋅ Iz 0 2
2m
1 L q ⋅ x3
∂B = = ∫ (P ⋅ x2 + ) ⋅ dx
q⋅x2
E ⋅ Iz 0 2
M = −( P ⋅ x + )
2 1 P ⋅ L3 q ⋅ L4
∂B = =( + )
∂M E ⋅ Iz 3 8
= −x
∂P
1 6 ×103 × 23 4 ×103 × 2 4
∂B = ( + )
5 ×10 6
3 8
∂U L M ∂M
A B δA = =∫ ⋅ ⋅ dx
∂Qi 0 E⋅I ∂
x S
L z Qi
3) Flecha:
1 L q ⋅ x²
δA = ⋅ ∫ (−QA ⋅ x − ) ⋅ (− x) ⋅ dx
E ⋅ Iz 0 2
fazendo QA = 0
1 L q ⋅ x3 1 q ⋅ x4 L
δA = ∫ ⋅ dx = ⋅
E ⋅ Iz 0 2 E ⋅ Iz 8 0
q ⋅ L4
δA = ↓
8⋅ E ⋅ Iz
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
4) Declividade:
∂U L M ∂M
q θA = =∫ ⋅ ⋅ dx
∂M A 0 E ⋅ I z ∂M A
A
S B
q ⋅ x2 ∂M
MA
M = −M A − → = −1
2 ∂M A
1 L q ⋅ x²
θA = ⋅ ∫ (− M A − ) ⋅ (−1) ⋅ dx
E ⋅ Iz 0 2
MA =0
1 q ⋅ x³ L q ⋅ L³
θA = ⋅ →θA =
E ⋅ Iz 6 0 6⋅ E ⋅ Iz
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
2- Flecha em D:
L M ∂M D M
1 ∂M 1
D M
2 ∂M 2
δD = ∫ ⋅ ⋅ dx = ∫ ⋅ ⋅ dx + ∫ ⋅ ⋅ dx
0 EI z ∂Q A EI
z ∂Q B EI
z ∂Q
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
Reações de apoio:
b
q ⋅ b ⋅ (a + )
q ⋅ b2 Q ⋅ b 2 +Q⋅ a
RVA = + e R VB =
2L L L L
Trecho AD: 0 ≤ x ≤ a
q ⋅ b² Q ⋅ b ∂M 1 b ⋅ x
M 1 = RVA ⋅ x = ( + )⋅ x e =
2L L ∂Q L
D M 1 ∂M 1 1 a b⋅ x R ⋅ a³ ⋅ b
Logo:
∫
A
⋅
EI z ∂Q1
⋅ dx =
EI z ∫0
RVA ⋅ x ⋅
L
⋅ dx = VA
3 ⋅ EI z ⋅ L
Fazendo Q=0 e substituindo RVA:
D M 1 ∂M 1 q ⋅ a ³ ⋅ b³
∫A EI z ∂Q
⋅ dx =
6 ⋅ EI z ⋅ L ²
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
Trecho DB: 0 ≤ v ≤ b
b
q ⋅ b ⋅ (a + )
q ⋅ v² 2 + Q ⋅ a ] ⋅ v − q ⋅ v²
M 2 = RVB ⋅ v − =[
2 L L 2
∂M 2 a ⋅ v
=
∂Q L
D M 2 ∂M 2 1 b q ⋅ v² a ⋅ v
Logo:
∫ B
⋅
EI z ∂Q
⋅ dv =
EI z ∫0
( RVB ⋅ v −
2
)⋅
L
⋅ dv
D M 2 ∂M 2 RVB ⋅ a ⋅ b ³ q ⋅ a ⋅ b 4
∫ B
⋅
EI z ∂Q
⋅ dv = −
3 ⋅ EI z ⋅ L 8 ⋅ EI z ⋅ L
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
3
3 B Q
4
4
B Q 3
L 4
3
4 P FBD
P
A,E
D
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
P⋅L P⋅L
Logo: xB = 0,096 ⋅ ← y B = 0,728 ⋅ ↓
A⋅ E A⋅ E
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
Grau de hiperestaticidade → 1
Escolhe-se uma reação como redundante → RA
q
A B
L
RA
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
∂U
Pelo teorema de Castigliano: → y A =
∂RA
Onde sabe-se que yA=0
Logo:
∂U L M ∂M
yA = =∫ ⋅ ⋅ dx
∂RA 0 E ⋅ I z ∂RA
q ⋅ x2 ∂M
M = RA ⋅ x − e =x
2 ∂RA
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
1 L q ⋅ x²
yA =
EI z ∫
0
( RA ⋅ x −
2
) ⋅ x ⋅ dx
1 L q ⋅ x³
yA =
EI z ∫
0
( RA ⋅ x ² −
2
)dx
1 RA ⋅ L ³ qL4
yA = ⋅( − )
EI z 3 8
3⋅ q ⋅ L
Como yA= 0 → RA =
8
5qL qL ²
Logo: RB = e MB =
8 8
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
A B
C
L L/2
Grau de hiperestaticidade : 3 – 2 = 1
Reação redundante : RA
A B
C
L L/2
RA
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
Teorema de Castigliano:
M ∂M 1 B ∂M 1 C ∂M 2
yA = ∫ ⋅ ⋅ dx = ∫A M 1 ⋅ ⋅ dx + ∫ M 2 ⋅ ⋅ dx
EI z ∂RA EI z ∂RA B ∂RA
Reações de apoio:
9 3
RB = qL − 3R A e RC = 2 R A − qL
4 4
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
Trecho 1 : 0 ≤ x ≤ L ∂M 1
qx ²
M 1 = RA ⋅ x − ;=x
∂RA
2
B ∂M 1 L qx ² R A ⋅ L ³ qL4
∫A M 1 ⋅ ∂RA ⋅ dx = ∫0 ( RA ⋅ x − 2 ) ⋅ x ⋅ dx = 3 − 8
Trecho 2 : 0 ≤ v ≤ L/2
3 qv ² ∂M 2
M 2 = (2 R A − qL) ⋅ v − ; = 2v
4 2 ∂R A
B ∂M 2 L/2 3 qv ²
∫C
M2 ⋅
∂R A
⋅ dv = ∫ [(2 R A − qL) ⋅ v −
0 4 2
] ⋅ 2v ⋅ dv
Reação em A:
1 R A ⋅ L ³ qL4 R A ⋅ L ³ 5qL4
yA = − + −
EI z 3 8 6 64
13
Sabendo que yA = 0 RA = qL ↑
32
33 qL
Reação em B e C: RB = qL ↑ RC = ↑
32 16
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
0,8L
P FBD P
P
D
Grau de hiperestaticidade → 3 – 2 = 1
Escolhe-se uma reação como redundante → RH
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
∂U
Pelo teorema de Castigliano → y H = e yH = 0
∂RH
Energia de deformação:
2
FBC ⋅ LBC FBD
2
⋅ LBD FBH
2
⋅ LBH
U= + +
2 AE 2 AE 2 AE
Logo:
FBC ⋅ LBC ∂FBC FBD ⋅ LBD ∂FBD FBH ⋅ LBH ∂FBH
yH = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
AE ∂RH AE ∂RH AE ∂RH
Prof. Romel Dias Vanderlei
yH =
1
[(0,6 P − 0,6RH ) ⋅ 0,6 L ⋅ (−0,6) + (0,8RH − 0,8P) ⋅ 0,8L ⋅ 0,8 + RH ⋅ 0,5L ⋅1]
AE