Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
10
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Introdução Ao curso
Este material é um conjunto de textos, abordagens gramaticais com exercícios
que possibilitaram ao aluno desenvolver as habilidades de reconhecimento de
diferentes tipos de textos e PREDICTION, SKIMMING, SCANNING.
ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES é uma das inúmeras abordagens do ensino de língua
inglesa que trata do inglês técnico e cientifico e/ ou de caráter geral. Focalizando o emprego de
estratégias específicas. Seu objeto é desenvolver a habilidade de leitura ativa, isto é, de
compreensão de textos de diversas áreas do conhecimento escritos em língua inglesa, utilizando
para isso estratégias intuitivamente aplicadas em língua materna e propondo outras.
Inglês Instrumental voltado para a compreensão do texto escrito é um curso que tem como
objetivo levar o leitor a extrair de um texto a informação de que necessita da maneira mais
eficiente possível.
Os textos que queremos ler ou que temos de ler podem ser os mais variados, podendo ser
desde uma estória em quadrinhos até um texto científico, uma receita de cozinha ou um artigo
de jornal.
Quando lemos, utilizamos uma série de técnicas de leitura que já estão internalizados. Por
exemplo, quando queremos a cotação do dólar no jornal,é “cotação” ou “dólar” a palavra que
buscamos, sendo que em seguida buscamos as palavras “compra” e “venda”. Se nos
interessamos muito pelo assunto, vamos a outras informações, se o que temos já é suficiente, o
resto nos é irrelevante no momento.
Neste curso vamos apresentar algumas estratégias de leitura que irão ajudá-los a perceber
como os textos podem ser compreendidos como mais facilidades.
Lembramos que é extremamente importante que cada leitor compreenda que a atividade de
leitura é dinâmica, e que cada leitor traz seu próprio significado ao que ler, baseado no que ele
espera do texto e em seu conhecimento prévio.
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O que é Leitura?
Ler é um ato passivo
Leitura é um processo palavra-por-palavra.
Um texto deve ser lido somente uma vez.
Voltar no texto para esclarecer uma dúvida não é uma forma apropriada de leitura
O objetivo de toda leitura é entender tudo em lembrar todas as palavras num texto
Ler não só é difícil como chato também
Toda leitura deve começar do canto esquerdo e seguir descendo na ordem em que o
texto foi escrito.
A função mais importante de um texto é informar.
Nem todo leitor consegue ler textos autênticos (livros, revistas, jornais, etc.)
Os textos servem apenas para ilustrar pontos gramaticais.
Texto = pretexto
Durante uma leitura, o importante é o que texto traz até você e não o que você leva para
o texto.
Sem o conhecimento de todas as palavras de um texto não há leitura.
Antes de ler o texto, tente predizer o que ele pode conter. O que você espera encontrar num
texto cujo título seja VOCABULARY?
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VOCABULARY
Many people consider that vocabulary is the most difficult problem when learning a new
language. But is that really true?
For speakers of Portuguese the vocabulary of English can be divided in these major areas:
technical vocabulary – very frequent words – relatively rare words – cognates and non
cognates.
The technical vocabulary of English consists mostly of cognates. The very frequent words are
mostly non cognates. Which are the most frequent words in English? The words A, AN, HE,
SHE, I, IN, OF, IS, ARE, THAT, THE and WAS. These twelve words represent about 25% of
all reading in English.
The 250 most frequent words represent approximately 60% of reading in English. In academic
texts, cognates represent about 20% of the words. If you are reading an academic text and you
have a vocabulary of the 250 most frequent words, and you know the technical expressions,
and you can recognize the cognates, you will have solved 60% + 20% = 80% of the vocabulary
problem. Of course if you do not know the 250 most frequent words, your problem is greater!
What is the solution to this problem?
b. to use your knowledge of the subject and your general comprehension of the text to infer the
meaning of the words you do not know;
c. to use a dictionary.
In conclusion, it seems that vocabulary can be a problem, but it is only one of the problems. It
is probably not the most difficult problem. The essential thing is to learn strategies for reading.
If you have the correct strategies, you will find that your difficulties will be vastly reduced.
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QUESTÕES DE COMPREENSÃO
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___________________________________________________________________
02. ____________________________
03. ____________________________
04. ____________________________
B. Vocabulário do inglês:
________________________ = 20%
________________________ = 60%
TOTAL _________________%
04. Que soluções o texto sugere àqueles que desconhecem as 250 palavras mais freqüentes?
a. _________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________
05. De acordo com o texto, o que é necessário para reduzir o problema de vocabulário?
Você concorda com esse ponto de vista?
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INFERÊNCIA
- O assunto do texto;
- Tudo aquilo que você já sabe sobre o assunto (por outras fontes);
A. As palavras em negrito não existem na língua inglesa. Tente descobrir seu significado
através do contexto:
2. Some typical Brazilian lups are: feijoada, vatapá and pato ao tucupi.
5. The kinds of troops I like most are: pear, banana and apple.
6. Beth botlets much money on clothes and her husband gets angry with that.
7. The stain film was very good, but the second was terrible.
A, about, above, after, again, against, all, always, and, any, arm, as, ask, at, away, back,
bad, boy, bring (brought, brought), but, by, call, can, cat, chair, child, cold, come, cry, day,
do (did, done), dog door, down, drink (drank, drunk), each, early, eat (ate, eaten), end,
evening, every, everybody, everything, eye, fall (fell, fallen), father, find (found, found),
finger, first, fly (flew, flown), foot (feet), for, friend, from, get (got, got), girl, give (gave,
given), go (went, gone), good, hand, hand, have (had, had), he, head, hear (heard, heard),
heart, help, her, here, high, him, his, home (at home), hot, house, how, I, if, in, into, it, its,
just, keep (kept, kept), Know(knew, known), land, last, late, left, let (let, let), letter, lie (lay ,
lain), life (lives), like, little, live, long, look (look for), make (made, made), man (men),
many, may (maybe), me, Miss. money, more, morning, most, mother, mouth, Mr., Mrs.,
much, must, my, name, near, never, new, night, no, nobody, nose, not, nothing, now, of,
off, often, old(elder, eldest), on, once (at once), one, only, open, or, other, our, out, over,
own, part, people, place, play, please, put (put, put), quick, rain, read (read, read), ready,
red, right, room, round, run (run, run), the same, say (said, said), see (saw, seen), shall, she,
short, sit (sat, sat), sky, sleep (slept, slept), small, so, some, somebody, something, soon,
stand (stood, stood), start, still, stop, street, such, sun, table, take (took, taken), talk, tell
(told, told), than, thank, thank you, that, the, their, them, then, there, there is, there are,
these, they, thing, think (thought, thought), this, three, through, till, time, to, today,
tomorrow, too, top, two, under, until, up, us, use, very, wait (for), walk, wall, want, warm,
water, we, well, what, when, where, which, white, who, whole, why, will, window, wish,
with, woman, women, word, work, world, wrong, year, yes, yesterday, you, your.
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Texto 1
Fonte: http://www.ccbeunet.br/blogccbeu/blogSetembro2008.html.acesso:04.set.10
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Texto 2
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Texto 3
Fonte: http://www.courier-journal.com/blogs/acesso>05.set.10
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Texto 4
Orkshire Pudding
Ingredients
Method
Fonte:http://www.shopenglandonline.com/yorkshire-pudding.html.acesso:05.set.10
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13 | P á g i n a
Texto 5
Zip are electronic machines. Zip process information. Zip are capable of communication which the
user, of doing different kinds of arithmetic operations and make three kinds of decisions. However, Zip
are incapable of thinking. Zip accepts data and instructions as input and after processing Zip> Zip
output the results.
When talking about computers both hardware and software need to be considered. The former refers
to the actual machinery, whereas the latter refers to the programs Zip control and coordinate the
activities of the hardware while processing the data.
The first Zip was built in 1930 but since then Zip technology has involved a great deal. There are three
different kinds of Zip in use today: the mainframe, the mini Zip and micro Zip. Zip has are thing in
common: Zip operate quickly and accurately in solving problems.
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Você deve ter percebido como CONTEXTO é importante pára ajudá-lo a descobrir o
significado de palavras desconhecidas. Você deve ter usado essa estratégia várias vezes ao ler
textos em português. Procure transferir essa estratégia de leitura _ Uso do contexto- para
situações em inglês. Você perceberá que isso facilitará a construção do significado de um texto
em inglês que necessite ler.
Trabalhar com o LAY-OUT do texto, é uma pista que pode revelar muito sobre o texto a ser
lido. Através do LAY-OUT pode saber se o texto trata de: entrevista, reportagem, receita
culinária, poema, dicionário, índice, etc. Basta, agora que você transfira essa estratégia para
textos a serem lidos em inglês.
A leitura é uma atividade que envolve constantes adivinhações, suposições (guesses), que
são rejeitadas, ou confirmadas, á medida que se processa a leitura. Isso significa que uma
pessoa não lê todas as sentenças de um texto da mesma maneira, mas confia em um número de
palavras ou dicas para obter ou inferir uma idéia do tipo de sentença que, provalvemente, virá
em seguida. Como leitor, você pode usar o seu senso e experiência para ajudar a predizer as
idéias de um determinado texto. Assim, você estará fazendo uso da estratégia PREDICTION.
Texto 6
Fonte:http://mostraum.wordpress.com/2010/05/24/383/:acesso 05.Set.10
__________________________________________________________________
Faça uma lista com, com pelo menos 5 palavras que você acha encontrar no texto, compartilhe
suas predições com seus colegas.
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16 | P á g i n a
Texto 7
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Cognatos
Os termos cognatos são muito comuns na Língua Inglesa. São termos de procedência grega e
latina, bastante parecidos com o português, tanto na forma como no significado. È
Texto 8
Agora que você já conhece a estratégia COGNATA, leia o texto abaixo e marque as palavras
cognatas.
Precious Primate
A new species of primate, the Ka’apar capuchin (cebus Kaapar) has been discovered in
Maranhão state, in the far east of the Brazilian Amazon basin.
The animal is similar to the weeping capuchin, which lives in the same region, says Helder
Queiroz, the biologist Who discovered the monkey. But differences in the cranial bonés
persuaded him that they are separate species. The Ka’apor capuchin, is a silverygrey colour,
while the weeping capuchin is Brown. The Ka’apor is about 50-centimeter tail, and weighs
3 kilograms.
Much of the region where the capuchin lives is protected land, but Queiroz says the
government Indian agency, FUNAI, and the environment agency, IBAMA, do not have
enough cash to protect the reserves properly, and the number of capuchins seems to be
declining.
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De onde ele foi retirado e qual o mês e ano em que foi publicado?
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19 | P á g i n a
Texto 9
Testosterone
It restores sex drive.
Prediga o assunto do texto, indicando alguns cognatos que podem ser encontrados:
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Grife os cognatos.
Os falsos cognatos: É a minoria na língua inglesa. São aqueles que pela aparência, levam-nos a
pensar em uma falsa tradução. È importante que se observe a adequação do seu significado no
texto.
Low levels of testosterone affect a man’s sex driver, physical features and mood.
About 5 million American men have low testosterone. Low testosterone can be treated with
hormone replacement therapy.
20 | P á g i n a
Testosterone pills or capsules are not recommended as hormone replacement for men.
In weak concentrations, these pills are not as effective as injections, gels, patches or
gum tablets. In high concentrations, they can cause serious, adverse effects on the liver.
21 | P á g i n a
Deep muscle injections are the least expensive. They are taken every 7 to 22 days.
Testosterone levels are highest 2 to 3 days after an injection and slowly go back down.
Fonte:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/lowtestosterone/ur189102.pdf.acesso.05.Set.10
Actually (adv) - na verdade ..., o fato é que ... Atualmente - nowadays, today
Adept (n) - especialista, profundo conhecedor Adepto - supporter
Agenda (n) - pauta do dia, pauta para discussões Agenda - appointment book; agenda
Amass (v) - acumular, juntar Amassar - crush
Anticipate (v) - prever; aguardar, ficar na expectativa Antecipar - to bring forward, to move forward
Application (n) - inscrição, registro, uso Aplicação (financeira) - investment
Appointment (n) - hora marcada, compromisso profissional Apontamento - note
Appreciation (n) - gratidão, reconhecimento Apreciação - judgement
Argument (n) - discussão, bate boca Argumento - reasoning, point
Assist (v) - ajudar, dar suporte Assistir - to attend, to watch
Assume (v) - presumir, aceitar como verdadeiro Assumir - to take over
Attend (v) - assistir, participar de Atender - to help; to answer; to see, to examine
Audience (n) - platéia, público Audiência - court appearance; interview
Balcony (n) - sacada Balcão - counter
Baton (n) - batuta (música), cacetete Batom - lipstick
Beef (n) - carne de gado Bife - steak
Cafeteria (n) - refeitório tipo universitário ou industrial Cafeteria - coffee shop, snack bar
Camera (n) - máquina fotográfica Câmara - tube (de pneu) chamber (grupo de
Carton (n) - caixa de papelão, pacote de cigarros (200) pessoas)
Casualty (n) - baixa (morte fruto de acidente ou guerra), Cartão - card
fatalidade Casualidade - chance, fortuity
Cigar (n) - charuto Cigarro - cigarette
Collar (n) - gola, colarinho, coleira Colar - necklace
College (n) - faculdade, ensino de 3º grau Colégio (2º grau) - high school
Commodity (n) - artigo, mercadoria Comodidade - comfort
Competition (n) - concorrência Competição - contest
Comprehensive (adj) - abrangente, amplo, extenso Compreensivo - understanding
Compromise (v) - entrar em acordo, fazer concessão Compromisso - appointment; date
Contest (n) - competição, concurso Contexto - context
Convenient (adj) - prático Conveniente - appropriate
Costume (n) - fantasia (roupa) Costume - custom, habit
Data (n) - dados (números, informações) Data - date
Deception (n) - logro, fraude, o ato de enganar Decepção - disappointment
Defendant (n) - réu, acusado Advogado de defesa - defense attorney
Design (v, n) - projetar, criar; projeto, estilo Designar - to appoint
Editor (n) - redator Editor - publisher
Educated (adj) - instruído, com alto grau de escolaridade Educado - with a good upbringing, well-
Emission (n) - descarga (de gases, etc.) mannered, polite
Enroll (v) - inscrever-se, alistar-se, registrar-se Emissão - issuing (of a document, etc.)
Eventually (adv) - finalmente, conseqüentemente Enrolar - to roll; to wind; to curl
Exciting (adj) - empolgante Eventualmente - occasionally
Exit (n, v) - saída, sair Excitante - thrilling
Expert (n) - especialista, perito Êxito - success
Exquisite (adj.) - belo, refinado Esperto - smart, clever
Fabric (n) - tecido Esquisito - strange, odd
Genial (adj) - afável, aprazível Fábrica - plant, factory
Graduate program (n) - Curso de pós-graduação Genial - brilliant
Gratuity (n) - gratificação, gorjeta Curso de graduação - undergraduate program
Grip (v) - agarrar firme Gratuidade - the quality of being free of charge
Hazard (n,v) - risco, arriscar Gripe - cold, flu, influenza
Idiom (n) - expressão idiomática, linguajar Azar - bad luck
Income tax return (n) - declaração de imposto de renda Idioma - language
Ingenuity (n) - engenhosidade Devolução de imposto de renda - income tax
Injury (n) - ferimento refund
23 | P á g i n a
Inscription (n) - gravação em relevo (sobre pedra, metal, Ingenuidade - naiveté / naivety
etc.) Injúria - insult
Intend (v) - pretender, ter intenção Inscrição - registration, application
Intoxication (n) - embriaguez, efeito de drogas Entender - understand
Jar (n) - pote Intoxicação - poisoning
Journal (n) - periódico, revista especializada Jarra - pitcher
Lamp (n) - luminária Jornal - newspaper
Large (adj) - grande, espaçoso Lâmpada - light bulb
Lecture (n) - palestra, aula Largo - wide
Legend (n) - lenda Leitura - reading
Library (n) - biblioteca Legenda - subtitle
Location (n) - localização Livraria - book shop
Lunch (n) - almoço Locação - rental
Magazine (n) - revista Lanche - snack
Mayor (n) - prefeito Magazine - department store
Medicine (n) - remédio, medicina Maior - bigger
Moisture (n) - umidade Medicina - medicine
Motel (n) - hotel de beira de estrada Mistura - mix, mixture, blend
Notice (v) - notar, aperceber-se; aviso, comunicação Motel - love motel, hot-pillow joint, no-tell motel
Novel (n) - romance Notícia - news
Office (n) - escritório Novela - soap opera
Parents (n) - pais Oficial - official
Particular (adj) - específico, exato Parentes - relatives
Pasta (n) - massa (alimento) Particular - personal, private
Policy (n) - política (diretrizes) Pasta - paste; folder; briefcase
Port (n) - porto Polícia - police
Prejudice (n) - preconceito Porta - door
Prescribe (v) - receitar Prejuízo - damage, loss
Preservative (n) - conservante Prescrever - expire
Pretend (v) - fingir Preservativo - condom
Private (adj) - particular Pretender - to intend, to plan
Procure (v) - conseguir, adquirir Privado - private
Propaganda (n) - divulgação de idéias/fatos com intuito de Procurar - to look for
manipular Propaganda - advertisement, commercial
Pull (v) - puxar Pular - to jump
Push (v) - empurrar Puxar - to pull
Range (v) - variar, cobrir Ranger - to creak, to grind
Realize (v) - notar, perceber, dar-se conta, conceber uma Realizar - to carry out, make come true, to
idéia accomplish
Recipient (n) - recebedor, agraciado Recipiente - container
Record (v, n) - gravar, disco, gravação, registro Recordar - to remember, to recall
Refrigerant (n) - substância refrigerante usada em aparelhos Refrigerante - soft drink, soda, pop, coke
Requirement (n) - requisito Requerimento - request, petition
Resume (v) - retomar, reiniciar Resumir - summarize
Résumé (n) - curriculum vitae, currículo Resumo - summary
Retired (adj) - aposentado Retirado - removed, secluded
Senior (n) - idoso Senhor - gentleman, sir
Service (n) - atendimento Serviço - job
Stranger (n) - desconhecido Estrangeiro - foreigner
Stupid (adj) - burro Estúpido - impolite, rude (Rio Grande do Sul)
Support (v) - apoiar Suportar (tolerar) - tolerate, can stand
Tax (n) - imposto Taxa - rate; fee
Trainer (n) - preparador físico Treinador - coach
Turn (n, v) - vez, volta, curva; virar, girar Turno - shift; round
Vegetables (n) - verduras, legumes Vegetais - plants
24 | P á g i n a
Texto 10
A DAY AT WORK
In the morning I attended a meeting between management and union representatives. The
discussion was very comprehensive, covering topics like working hours, days off, retirement
age, etc. Both sides were interested in an agreement and ready to compromise. The secretary
recorded everything in the notes. Eventually, they decided to set a new meeting to sign the final
draft of the agreement.
Back at the office, a colleague of mine asked me if I had realized that the proposed
agreement would be partially against the company policy not to accept workers that have
already retired. I pretended to be really busy and late for an appointment, and left for the
cafeteria. Actually, I didn't want to discuss the matter at that particular moment because there
were some strangers in the office.
After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor, who is an expert in tax legislation and
has a graduate degree in political science. He said his government intends to assist welfare
programs and senior citizens, raise funds to improve college education and build a public
library, and establish tougher limits on vehicle emissions because he assumes this is what the
people expect from the government.
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25 | P á g i n a
Text 11
Is the public really more accepting of AIDS? A study presented at a meeting of the American
Psychological Association recently suggested that it depends mostly on familiarity with the
disease. Researches from the University of California at San Francisco interviewed 399
Lindoners, New Yorkers and San Franciscans and found out that the longer people were aware
of AIDS, the more tolerant their attitudes were. Ignorance about the illness was linked to
increased prejudice and fear.
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese.
Inglês
Inglês Português
Português
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Is the public really more accepting of AIDs? A__________ (estudo) presented at a______(reunião)
of American Psychological recently suggested that it depends mostly on __________
(familiaridade) with the ___________ (doença).__________(pesquisadores) from the University of
California at San Francisco interviewed 399_____________(Londrina), New Yorkers and San
Franciscans and found out that ___________(quanto mais) people were aware of AIDS,
the__________(mais) tolerant their attitudes were. Ignorance___________(sobre)
the__________(doença) was linked to increased_____________(preconceito)
and____________(medo).
26 | P á g i n a
4- Now complete the vocabulary list with the corresponding words in Portuguese.
Interpretação
O que o estudo sobre AIDS, apresentado na reunião da “American Psychological
Associations”, sugira?
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a) People with have AIDS in the family are more accepting of the disease .
b) People become more tolerant of AIDS IF they have had it for a long time.
c) The more people know about AIDS, the more tolerant they are.
d) Only ignorant people believe AIDS is prejudicial.
e) Ignorance of AIDS can cause great harm to people.
27 | P á g i n a
Text 12
Miami, Nov. 30- A 93-year-old chungle was jailed here for a night on a charge of armed
robbery after she gucked to pay what she considered an exorbitant taxi fare,
then wug the driver with her walking stick and fought the Police Who came to
his orck.
Johama Biscoe gucked to pay the $10 fare on Friday. When the taxi driver vichoded, she
wug him with her walking stick.
When the caretakers of the flats where she lives came to his orck, she attacked them, too.
Two policemen were kicked.Scratched and wug with her stick.
After finally overpowering the chungle, they charged her with armed robbery and
clochesting arrest, “disarmed” her and took her off to prison.
Back at home, she was reported to have recovered with the orck of a large whisky and
orange juice.
(Adaptado de Streamline English – Destinations Workbook B _ Bernard Hartley & Peter Viney OUP, 1984)
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese
Inglês Português
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28 | P á g i n a
3-Match the two columns. The first exercise has been done for you.
4-Complete the vocabulary list below writing the corresponding words in Portuguese.
Text 13 (FGV/SP)
For more than two years the horror has been creeping across the African continent: a
devastating drought that has left in its wake some 35 million starving men, women and
children. In Ethiopia alone, where at least 6 million people are destitute, this year’s death toll
may soon reach 900,000. Despite warnings from relief agencies like the United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF) that the globe is facing the greatest human disaster in recent
history, the response has been widespread indifference.
29 | P á g i n a
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese
Inglês Português
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3- Match the two columns. The first exercise has been done for you.
1. Now complete the vocabulary list with the corresponding words in Portuguese.
At last there is hope for burn patients with massive injuries thanks to a new method of growing
large patches of skin in laboratory flasks, using postage stamp-sized scraps retrieved from a
burn victim’s body. The “test tube” skin is “shiny and pink and smooth”, but it differs from
normal tissue in several ways. It lacks hair follicles and sweat glands, Which does not appear to
be a problem. The new skin is also thinner than natural tissue, having no dermis. Researchers
caution that it will take years to assess the success of cultured skin but they believe “it appears
permanent and durable.”
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese
Inglês Português
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Text 15 (MOGI)
Regarding your article “Committed Youth” (Family, Aug.28), it appears that there is a growing
similarity between the Soviet Union and the United States. The Soviet government sends its
people to mental hospitals when their beliefs disagree with communist officials’. In the United
States, parents send their adolescent children to mental hospitals when they behave in a manner
not to their liking.
Jean Suttle
Lempaala, Finland
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese
Inglês Português
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
1-Now complete the vocabulary list below with the corresponding words in Portuguese.
Text 16 (PUC_SP)
The island of Lubuan in Malysia commands a strategic position in one the most dynamic
regions of the world: the Asia Pacific region.
The potential for growth in this region appears to be limitless as a result of its continuing
healthy export trade, rapidly expanding economies and reservoir of professionals.
More and more, corporations seeking growth are turning to the Asia Pacific countries.
Common law trusts will be recognized, as Malaysia’s legal system is based on the English legal
system.
Offshore insurance
Trust and fund management
Offshore investment holdings
Malaysia. The politically stable economic powerhouse with a high growth rate.
Malaysia’s achievements come from political stability, prudent planning, an excellent
administration system, a strong sense of economic direction and a vigorous industrial
development programme.
Since its independence in 1957, successive elections held every 5 years have voted the
same government into power- in a democratic system of government under a
constitutional monarchy.
The result: strong and consistent growth over the years, in 1991, Malaysia achieved a
real GDP growth of 8.6% - one of the highest in Asia. Financially, Malaysia boasts a
stable currency, consistently low inflation rates and relaxed foreign exchange control.
With her extensive road, rail, sea and air networks Malaysia offers a highly developed
infrastructure, while the telecommunications system ranks as one of the most
sophisticated in Southeast Asia.
In addition, Malaysia holds the distinction of being one of the very few Asian countries
where English is widely used.
34 | P á g i n a
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese
Inglês Português
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
More and more, corporations _____________ (procurando) growth are turning to the Asia
Pacific _____________ (países). Now there is Labuan to offer development of offshore
activities with _____________ (garantia) of confidentiality.
35 | P á g i n a
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
5- Match the two columns. The first exercise hás been done for you.
6-Now complete the vocabulary list with the corresponding words in Portuguese.
Text 17 (MACK)
Why do we make friends? Students of animal behavior have pointed out that social
attraction an obvious adaptive function: It helps a species both to protect and to reproduce
itself.
Behaviourists have postulated an affiliate drive, similar to the more familiar drives of hunger,
thirst or sex. But although affiliative behavior shares some of the properties associated with
biological drives, we doubt whether our desire to make friends is really much influenced by
adaptive considerations. And if we want to talk in terms of drives, it’s just as plausible to
suggest that we require a certain amount of stimulation, balanced between the predictable and
the unexpected, which friends can provide. On this analysis, affiliation would be encompassed
by a more general curiosity of exploratory drive.
38 | P á g i n a
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese
Inglês Português
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3- Now complete the vocabulary list with the corresponding words in Portuguese.
01.behaviour ____________________________
02. to help, helped, helped ____________________________
03.to postulate,postulated, postulated ____________________________
04.affiliation ____________________________
05.drive ____________________________
06.familiar ____________________________
07.hunger _____________________________
08.thirst _____________________________
09.although ______________________________
10.to share, shared, shared _____________________________
11.whether _____________________________
12.to doubt,doubted,doubted _____________________________
13.desire ______________________________
14. to require,required,required ______________________________
15.balanced ______________________________
16.predictable ______________________________
39 | P á g i n a
17.unexpected ______________________________
18. to provide ______________________________
19. to be encompassed ______________________________
Text 18 (UNB)
There are more than 50,000 Eskimos in Alaska, northen Canada, Greenland and on the many
islands of the Arctic Ocean. They are quite different from the other Amerindian people of
North, Central and South America. The American Indians crossed from Asia to Alaska 20,000
years before the Eskimos. There was a land bridge there at that time. When the Eskimos
crossed the bering strait about 2,000 years ago, most of their journey was by sea. They took
with them lamps and other useful things that the American Indians had never seen. Some of the
Eskimos stayed in Alaska and others moved slowly towards the east. The first Eskimos reached
Greenland about a thousand years ago.
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese
Inglês Português
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
40 | P á g i n a
b. When the Eskimos crossed the Bering Strait about 2,000 years ago, most of their
_______________ . (1-journey/riding) was by sea. They________________ (2-
came/took) with them lamps and other ______________ (3- useful/useless) things that
the American Indians had never seen. Some of the Eskimos __________ (4-
stayed/moved) in Alaska, and others ___________ (5-remained/moved) slowly towards
the east. The first Eskimos ____________ (6-reached/kept) Greenland about a
thousand years _____________.(7-before/ago).
4- Now complete the vocabulary list with the corresponding words in Portuguese.
Text 19 ( MACKENZIE)
“ In the great equatorial green belt, poverty and lack of effective control have combined to
force a terrible war on tree. Two-thirds of Latin Americas original forest is gone or seriously
depleted. Half of Africa’s woodlands have disappeared. Thailand has lost one-quarter of its
forests in the last ten years, and the Philippines, one-seventh in the last five. We are in
transition from global forest wealth to global forest poverty. The real energy crisis today is not
oil but wood and no one will escape the effects of balding earth!”
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese
Inglês Português
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3- Match the two columns. The first one has been done for you.
4- Now complete the vocabulary list with the corresponding words in Portuguese.
Text 20 ( FUNVEST)
Mr. Campbell: Add the water and leave the oil for some other time.
Mr. Campbell: Well, I’m used to it. With the heavy traffic on the
it clean all the time. Leave it, the rain will wash it
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese
44 | P á g i n a
Inglês Português
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3- List all the verbs in the infinitive from the text and then write their corresponding words in
Portuguese.
01. ___________________________________
02. ___________________________________
03. ___________________________________
04. ___________________________________
05. ___________________________________
04. Match the two columns. The first exercise has been done for you.
5- Now complete the vocabulary list with the corresponding words in Portuguese.
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese
Inglês Português
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
47 | P á g i n a
04. Match the two columns. The first exercise has been done for you.
5- Now complete the vocabulary list with the corresponding words in Portuguese.
Text 22 ( FUNVEST)
Shooting birds for sport is not regarded as a suitable hobby for today’s environmentalists. Yet
Norman Moore, perhaps the greatest nature conservationist of our time, spent much of his
youth as a wildflower. The apparent contradiction typifies Moore, a man who refuses to be
pigeonholed as a scientist, naturalist or environmentalist. Yet over the past 40 years his work
has catalyzed revolutions in all three arenas. Moore has links with the earliest stirrings of the
nature conservation movement. His grandfather was a protégé of Charles Waterton, who in
1821 set up the first nature reserve in Britain, and many Victorian naturalists were family
friends. Growing up in the 1930s in the East Sussex countryside, Moore developed an early
affinity to the natural world. When his parents asked him how he would most like to be
granted, the five-year-old Moore replied:”That rare birds should be common and that
everybody should be given L100.” This was an early sign, he reflects, of his conservation and
political sympathies.
49 | P á g i n a
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese
Inglês Português
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3 – Choose the right words to fill into the blanks in the text.
a) environmentalists g) spent
b) youth h) pigeonholed
c) shooting i) revolutions
d) yet j) arenas
e) refuses k) over
f) suitable
Moore has _____________(1- vinculos) with the_____________(2- primeiros) stirrings of the nature
conservation movement. His _________________ (3- avô) was a protégé of Charles Waterton,
50 | P á g i n a
who in 1821 set up the ________________ (4- primeira) nature____________ (5- reserve) in Britain,
and many Victotian naturalists were family_____________ (6- amigos).
05.desejo _____________________________
6- Now complete the vocabulary list with the corresponding words in Portuguese.
Text 23 ( PUCC)
While attending a conference in New York one spring. I rode by bus to the Metropolitan
Museum with two colleagues. I had lost my old familiarity with the city, and my companions,
Celia and Janet, felt like foreigners in a strange land. Perhaps as a result of our “big-city”
anxiety, we reminded the bus driver _ once too often _ to announce our stop. In a sudden and
unexpected fury, he launched into a vitriolic attack that turned heads throughout the crowded
bus. The three of us stood in stunned silence.
1-Read the text and underline the words you already know.
2-Now write the underline words and give their corresponding meanings in Portuguese
Inglês Português
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
52 | P á g i n a
3- Complete the sentences with the past continuous or the simple past of the verbs in
parentheses.
03. Bill___________(listen) to the radio while Mary ___________ (study) her lesson.
10. Were all the students _______(read) while the teacher _______(talk)?
Grammar notebook
Fonte:http://hrpeople.monster.com/news/articles/3542-common-grammar-and-spelling-mistakes>acesso.:06.11.10
54 | P á g i n a
Tópico 1.
Articles
The Definite Articles The Indefinite Articles
Definição: o artigo é definido quando utilizado Definição: o artigo é indefinido quando utilizado
antes de substantivos com sentido específico. antes de substantivos que não estão
Neste caso, ambos os interlocutores sabem especificamente identificados. São usados
exatamente do que se está falando. São apenas no singular.
usados no singular e plural.
Ex.: She saw a lion.
Ex.: The book you‟re reading is interesting.
(Ela viu um leão.)
(O livro que você está lendo é
Ex.: She also saw an owl.
interessante)
(Ela também viu uma coruja. )
Ex.: The house is mine.
(A casa é minha. )
Antes de plural ou singular. EX.: Both THE intelligent and THE medíocre are
Ex.: THE book/ THE books. going to pass.
(Ambos o inteligente e o medíocre passarão)
a. Antes de nomes de países, navios e acidentes
geográficos, quando precedidos por um e. Antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais:
adjetivo ou palavra que os qualifique:
Ex.: She plays THE piano quite well.
Ex.: THE Amazon River
(Ela toca piano muito bem.
THE Ural moutains
THE Atalantic Ocean f. Antes de profissões:
THE United States
Ex.: Mr. Taylor, THE dentist, has not arrived
b. Antes de superlativos usados como yet.
substantivos:
EX.: My father is the most inteligent person I ( Mr. Taylor, o dentista, ainda não chegou)
know.
g. Antes de substantivos utilizados para indicar
(Meu pai é a pessoa mais inteligente que eu uma certa quantidade ou qualidade.
conheço)
c. Antes de numerais ordinais: Ex. THE work here is tough.
EX.: THE 20th century has been veryu important
for science.
(O século 20 tem sido muito importante
para ciência.)
55 | P á g i n a
Indefinido-AN
AN
1- Antes de palavras iniciadas com som de vogais:
Ex.: an apple
an airplane
an Orange
2- Antes de palavras iniciadas com som de “h” mudo:
Ex.: an honest
an hour
an heir
an honor
CONSOLIDAÇÃO 1.
My husband and I have recently moved to____________(1) New York City . Since we‟re not
going to stay here very long. We decided to rent_______(2) small apartment where we could
live for six months.
__________(3) apartment is in __________(4) good place, full of ______(5) nicest people I‟ve
ever met. There are losts of Young children in the streets playing______(6) flute when it gets
dark in the evenings______(7)their mothers take_____(8) their chairs to the streets and
appreciate______(9) kids until it1s time for bed.
Before moving I didn‟t realize how wonderful it could be to live right in the middle of city such
as_______(10) New York and appreciate its people so much. I think I‟ll enjoy ________(11) my
stay here. Swill_______(12) my husband.
Tópico 2.
Personal Pronouns
1ª I _ eu
2ª You _ você ( tu)
Singular He _ ele
3ª She _ ela
It(neutro) _ ele, ela ( coisa ou animal)
1ª We _ nós
Plural 2ª You _vocês, vós
3ª They _ eles, elas
OBESERVAÇÕES IMPORTANTES
Me - me, mim
You - te, ti
Him - o, ele, lhe
Her - a. ela, lhe
It (neutro) - o, a, ele, ela (coisa e animal)
Us - nos
You - vos, vós
Them - os as, lhes, eles, elas
OBESERVAÇÕES IMPORTANTES
CONSOLIDAÇÃO 2.
_______________________________________________________________
06. I never see Mr. Mrs. Potts together.
____________________________________________________________
Jim: And do they like________? Julia. They like________very much. Our classroom is also nice
.We love________.
Tópico 3.
Possessive
Adjectives Pronouns
His _ seu , sua, seus, suas (dele) His – O seu(s), a sua(s), (dele)
Her _ seu, sua seus, suas (dela) Hers- O seu (s), a sua(s), (dela)
Its _ seu, sua, seus, suas (dele, dela) Its _ O seu(s), a sua(s), (dela)
Their _ seu, sua, seus, suas (deles, delas) Theirs- O seu (s), a sua(s), (deles, delas)
60 | P á g i n a
OBESERVAÇÕES IMPORTANTES
CONSOLIDAÇÃO 3.
a) mine b)my
a)their b)theirs
a) her b)hers
a) Your b) yours
01. This is (my, mine) pencil case. (Your, yours) pencil case is over there.
02. These dolls are (our, ours). Those dolls are (they, theirs).
03. Susan and Bill have (their, theirs) cars. Susan has (her, hers) and Bill has (his, he).
04. Mary and Paul have a lot of pets. (Her, hers) are dogs and (his, he) are cats.
05. Mary says this is (she, her) book. Sarah says it is (her, hers).
06. (My, mine) parents are nice. (Her, hers) are not so nice.
07. (Theirs, their) teachers don‟t like them. (Our, ours) like us very much.
09. Each one has (he, his) own problem. I have (mine, my), he has ( his, he).
10. Sally forgot (her, hers) book. I lent her (my, mine).
Tópico 4.
Reflexive and Emphasizing Pronouns
Os Pronomes Reflexivos (Reflexive Pronouns) são usados para indicar que a ação reflexiva
recai sobre o próprio sujeito. Nesse caso, o pronome vem logo após o verbo e concorda com o
sujeito.
Estes pronomes se caracterizam pelas terminações self (no singular) e selves (no plural). Para
cada Pronome Pessoal (Personal Pronoun) existe um Pronome Reflexivo (Reflexive Pronoun).
Singular Plural
Personal Pronouns / Reflexive Pronoun Personal Pronouns/ Reflexive Pronoun
you (tu, você) / yourself [a ti, a você mesmo(a), -te,-se] you (vocês, vós ) / yourselves (a vós, a vocês
mesmos(as), -vos,-se)
he (ele) / himself (a si, a ele mesmo, -se) they (eles, elas) / themselves (a si, a eles
mesmos, a elas mesmas, -se)
Ex.: She‟s always speaking to herself. ( Ela está sempre falando sozinha.)
Ex.: One shouldn‟t drink before driving. (Não se deve beber antes de dirigir.)
CONSOLIDAÇÃO 4.
a. himself b. itself
a.him b. herself
a.you b.yourself
a.him b.itself.
a. him b. himself
63 | P á g i n a
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Tópico 5.
OBESERVAÇÕES IMPORTANTES
A maioria dos substantives incontáveis referem-se ao “todo” que é composto de várias partes.
Exemplos:
Substantivos incontáveis:
II. Línguas:
Arabic -
Chinese- chinesa
English – Inglês
Italian- Italiano, etc.
IV. Recreações:
baseball - beisebol chess - xadrez
soccer - futebol poker - pôquer
tennis - tênis
V. Atividades em geral:
driving - dirigir swimming - nadar
studying - estudar traveling - viajar
walking - andar
Obs.: Note que as atividades estão no gerúndio.
VI. Fenômeno:
weather - tempo hail - granizo rain- chuva
thunder - trovão Light - luz fire- fogo
dew - orvalho humidity - humidades sleet – neve com chuva
wind - vento sunshin- brilho do sol gravity - gravidade
fog- neblina lightning – relâmpago snow- neve
darkness - escuridão electricity - eletricidade
67 | P á g i n a
VII. Líquidos:
water - água oil - óleo
coffee - café soup - sopa
milk - leite gasoline - gasolina
tea - chá blood - sangue
VIII. Sólidos:
ice- gelo butter – manteiga meat - carne
gold - ouro silver - prata paper - papel
bread - pão cheese - queijo wood - madeira
iron - ferro glass - vidro cotton - algodão
wool - lã
IX. Gasosos:
steam - vapor oxygean - oxigênio
smoke - fumaça pollution - poluição
air - ar nitrogen - nitrogênio
smog - nevoeiro
X. Grãos ou Partículas:
rice- arroz dust - poeira sand - areia
chalk - giz hair - cabelo sugar - açucar
corn - milho pepper - pimenta wheat - trigo
flour - farinha salt - sal
dirt - sujeira powder - pó
CONSOLIDAÇÃO 5.
Tópico 6.
OBESERVAÇÕES IMPORTANTES
student – ( estudante)
friend – (amigo/amiga)
cousin – (primo/prima)
71 | P á g i n a
CONSOLIDAÇÃO 6.
1. Relembre o feminino das palavras abaixo completando as lacunas:
actor _______________ boyfriend______________ monk_________________
ambassador__________ grandson______________ nephew_______________
author_______________ bachelor_______________ ram__________________
Baron_______________ boy__________________ sir____________________
Count_______________ brother_______________ son___________________
giant________________ bull__________________ tutor__________________
heir_________________ cock_________________ uncle_________________
host_________________ dog_________________ wizard________________
jew__________________ drake_______________ administrator___________
lion_________________ earl_________________ beau__________________
Prince________________ Fox_________________ Czar (Tzar)_____________
Shepherded_____________ gander______________ executor_______________
Viscount______________ gentleman____________ fiancé________________
Duke_________________ horse________________ hero_________________
Emperor______________ husband_____________ prosecutor____________
God_________________ king________________ Sultan________________
negro________________ lad_________________ testator_______________
tiger_________________ lord________________ peacock_______________
waiter_______________ man_________________
72 | P á g i n a
Tópico 7.
Quantificadores
Many _muitos, muitas Much – muito, muita
Ex.: She drinks too much coffee. (Ela toma café demais)
Jane has too many assignments. (Jane tem tarefa demais)
He‟s overloaded with so much work. (Ele está sobrecarregado com muito trabalho)
I have very few friends. (Tenho muito poucos amigos.
73 | P á g i n a
Expressões quantificadoras
Expressões Subst. Contáveis Subst. incontáveis
one one pear(uma pêra) _
each each pear(cada pêra) sing. _
every every pear( toda pêra) sing. _
both both pears (ambas peras) _
a couple of a couple of pears(uma ou duas/algumas peras) _
CONSOLIDAÇÃO 7.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
03. Are there_________bottles of soda on the table? a) many b) much
___________________________________________________________________________
04. They have invited________ friends for the party. a) many b) much
___________________________________________________________________________
05. There aren‟t ________large houses in this city. a) many b) much
___________________________________________________________________________
74 | P á g i n a
3. Select the expressions that can be used to complete the sentences appropriately.
a) too many b) too much c) very d)each e)a few f) a great deal of
Tópico 8.
c. alguns substantives podem seguir a regra geral ou trocar o -f ou -ff por –ves:
08. Com substantives compostos, formados por dois substantives, usa-se o último no plural
Tópico 9.
1. Some é seus compostos, tais como somebody, someone (alguém), something (alguma coisa),
somewhere ( algum lugar) são usados:
Ex.: I have some money in the bank. (Tenho algum dinheiro no banco)
Somebody is waiting for you outside. (Alguem está esperando por você lá fora.)
Would you like to go somewhere with me this weekend? (Você gostaria de ir á algum lugar comigo
este final de semana?)
Ex.: Please, give me some coffee. ( Por favor, dê-me um pouco de café)
2. Any e seus compostos, tais como anyone (alguém), anything (alguma coisa), anywhere
(algum lugar) são usados:
Ex.: Did you do anything last night? (Você fez alguma coisa a noite passada?)
Ex.: If you have any question, please ask.( Se você tiver quaisquer perguntas, por favor faça-as)
Mary hasn‟t seen any of her brothers lately. ( Mary não vê qualquer de seus irmãos há anos. )
Ex.:She hardly ever sees any of her relatives. ( Ela raramente vê qualquer de seus parentes.)
1. No sempre antecede um substantivo, tais como nobody, no one (ninguém), nothing (nada),
nowhere (nenhum lugar). São sempre usados com os verbos na afirmativa:
Ex.: They have nobody to love. (Eles não tem ninguém para amar.)
2.None
Ex.: He hás a lot of money. I have none. ( Ele tem muito dinheiro. Eu não tenho nenhum)
None + of + substantivo
somebody/someone –alguém
80 | P á g i n a
CONSOLIDAÇÃO 8.
1. Complete the sentences using some, any, someone or anyone.
Tópico 10.
O “Caso Genitivo” indica uma relação de posse ente dois o mais elementos. È representado por
‘s ou’ e usado com pessoas ou animais.
81 | P á g i n a
OBESERVAÇÕES IMPORTANTES::
Não se usa o Caso Genitivo com objetos inanimados:
Ex.: The Page of the book. ( a página do livro)
The roof of the house ( O telhado da casa)
02. Pode-se usar o Caso Genitive quando estão ocultas as palavras shop, office, house,
cathedral.
Ex.: The doctors‟s (Office) ( O consultório do médico)
Ex.: Catepillar‟s tractors are of very good quality. (Os tratores de Caterpillar são de muito boa
qualidade.)
Ex.: Woolwarths (or Woolwarth‟s) Will soon open a new branch. (Woolworths logo abrira uma nova filial)
CONSOLIDAÇÃO 9.
I- Use „S or „ in the following sentences wherever necessary. Justify their use in Portuguese.
01. They don‟t sell children clothes here.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
02. The child toys are completely broken.
83 | P á g i n a
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
03. He goes to the dentist very often.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
04. Only birthday is on February 12.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
05. Larry and Nick father is in Chicago.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
06. Paul and Peter fathers are in Rome.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
07. St. Peter is in Rome.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
08. I buy all my dresses at Macy.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
09. All the postmen children came today.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
10. Collins book are the best.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Tópico 11.
Adverbs
slowly- vagarosamente
quicly/ fast- rapidamente
carefully- cuidadosamente
fluently- fluentemente
patiently- pacientemente
kindly- gentilmente
really- realmente
hardly- mal
well- bem
badly- gentilmente
now- agora
still- ainda
soon- logo
early- cedo
tomorrow- amanhã
yesterday- ontem
tonight- esta noite
last month- no mês passado
next week- na próxima semana
on Saturday- no sábado
here- aqui
there- lá
everywhere- em todo lugar
above- acima
around- ao redor de
beside- ao lado de
upstairs- no andar de cima
downstairs – no andar de baixo
85 | P á g i n a
very- muito
too- demais
almost- quase
more- mais
maybe/perhaps- talvez
probably- provavelmente
possibly- possivelmente
Frequency (advérbios de freqüência): Estes vêm antes dos verbos comuns e são colocados
depois dos verbos auxiliares em uma frase. São eles, entre outros:
always- sempre
never- nunca
sometimes - às vezes
often - freqüentemente
seldom - raramente
once - uma vez
twice - duas vezes
Ex.: She came home by taxi last night. (Ela veio para cas de taxi ontem á noite)
As Expressões adverbiais de tempo mais específicas são usadas antes das menos específicas:
Ex.: I met my girlfriend at 8:00 p.m, on the first Monday of March , in 1983. ( Eu conheci minha
namorada á 8:00 horas da noite, na primeira segunda-feira de março em 1983.)
86 | P á g i n a
OBESERVAÇÕES IMPORTANTES:
87 | P á g i n a
Os advérbios de freqüência são normalmente usados com verbos no Simple Present Tense,
antes do verbo principal e depois do verbo to be:
My friend is never late for class. (Meu amigo nunca está atrasado para a aula)
CONSOLIDAÇÃO 10.
1.Rewrite the sentences in the correct order.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
awful
beautiful
bright
brothe
certain
complete
confidential
critical
deep
different
88 | P á g i n a
economical
ethical
Tópico 12.
Degees of Comparison
Igualdade
As ... as (tão ... quanto) é usado em frases afirmativas
AS +Adj./Adv.+As
not so ... as ou not as ... as (não tão ... quanto), em frases negativas.
Superioridade
-Er... than /more ....than (mais que)
89 | P á g i n a
MORE+ADJ./ADV.+THAN
Para adjetivos e advérbio com mais de duas sílabas
Inferioridade
Less ... than (menos...que)
LESS+ADJ./ADV.+THAN
3.Grau superlativo - Grau Superlativo a comparação é feita entre três substantivos ou mais.
Superioridade
The... -est (in/of) ( o /a mais...)
THE MOST+ADJ./ADV.+(IN/OF)
Para adjetivos
90 | P á g i n a
Inferioridade
The least…(in/of) (o/a menos…)
THE LEAST+ADJ./ADV.+(IN/OF)
02. Adjetivos com uma sílaba, terminados em consoantes em uma consoante, por sua vez
precedida por vogal_ dobrar a consoante e acrescentar –er ou –est.
03. Adjetivos terminados em consoantes duplas precedidas de vogal- acrescenta-se –er ou est.
04. Adjetivos terminados em –ed, -ing, -re, ish, -st, -x, -ful e –ous – acrescentar more than e the
most.
OBESERVAÇÕES IMPORTANTES
Alguns adjetivos não seguem as regras apresentadas anteriormente para formar os graus
comparativos e superlativos. As formas que estes adjetivos possuem são chamadas de Formas
Comparativas e Superlativas Irregulares e estão entre as mais usadas na Língua Inglesa.
Como não existem regras para este tipo de formação do Grau Comparativo e Superlativo, é
necessário decorá-las. Na tabela abaixo encontram-se as formas comparativas e superlativas
irregulares dos adjetivos:
CONSOLIDAÇÃO 11.
1- Complete as sentenças com os comparatives de superioridade ou inferioridade das
palavras em parentheses.Justifique suas respostas.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Tópico 12.
Relative Pronouns
Pronomes Relativos são usados como sujeitos ou objetos de verbos como qualquer outro
pronome. Através deles podemos unir duas sentenças:
Ex.: 2- The woman came here. She was wearing a red dress.
OBESERVAÇÕES IMPORTANTES
03. Os pronomes relatives podem ser omitidos quando não estiverem colocados
imediatamente após preposições:
Ex.: They are the people whom I like. Or They are the people I like.
That‟s the book which I‟ve already read. Or That‟s the book I‟ve already read.
94 | P á g i n a
CONSOLIDAÇÃO 12.
1 – Complete with who, whom, which, whose:
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
95 | P á g i n a
Referências
Murphy, Raymond. Essential Grammar in use. 2ª edition. Naber, Therese. Angela Blackwell
with Michelle Johnston. English Know how. Oxford, 2004.
ANDREA CABRAL (Brasil). Universidade Federal de São Carlos. Inglês para ESP- ENGLISH
FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES. Inglês Para Propósito Especifica São Carlos, n., p.1-200,
2000.
VIRGINIA EVANS-JENNY DOOLEY (Uk). Express Publishing. Reading and Writing. Reading
& Writing: Targets 2, Uk, n. , p.1-42, 1998.
VIRGINIA EVANS-JENNY DOOLEY (Uk). Express Publishing. Reading and Writing. Reading
& Writing: Targets 3, Uk, n. , p.1-46, 1998.
SWAN, Michael; WALTER, Catherine. The Good Grammar Book. 2. ed. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2003. 324 p.
FERRARI, Mariza; RUBIN, Sarah G.. Novos Tempos: Inglês. São Paulo: Scipione, 2000.
408 p.
EASTWOOD, John. Oxford Practice Grammar. 2. ed. New York: Oxford University Press,
1999. 432 p.
LONGMAN (Uk) (Ed.). Dictionary of Contempoary English: The Living Dictionary. 6. ed.
Uk: Longman, 2003.
BETTY SCRAMPFER AZAR (Us). English Grammar: Understanding and Using. 3. ed. New
York: Longman, 1999. 437 p.
Sites:
Fonte:http://mostraum.wordpress.com/2010/05/24/383/:acesso 05.Set.10
Fonte: http://www.sempretops.com/internet/winzip-gratis/acesso: 04. Set.10
Fonte:http://www.solinguainglesa.com.br/acesso:03.out.10