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Métodos de reamostragem
Notações
estimador.
Notações cont.
Exemplo N(µ, σ 2 )
Exemplo N(µ, σ 2 )
Cont.
σ2
(n−1)b
b ∼ N(µ, σ 2 /n) e
Sabemos que µ σ2 ∼ χ2(n−1) .
Cont.
p
σ c2 .
Estimador natural de θ, θb = b, σ
b
µ b = σ
Procedimento
Resultados
PR
Uma estimativa (refinada) de θ é θe∗ = 1
R
e∗
r =1 θr (podemos utilizar,
também, a estimativa pontual baseada na amostra observada).
∗ ∗ ∗
Sejam θe(1) , θe(2) , ...., θe(R) as estatı́sticas de ordem da amostra gerada.
Função “quantile” no R.
Amostras Bootstrap 1
8e−04
densidade
densidade
4e−04
4e−04
0e+00
0e+00
−10000 −5000 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
valores valores
0.6
densidade
densidade
0.4
0.010
0.2
0.000
0.0
valores valores
Amostras Bootstrap 2
n = 200 m = 200 media = 2.62 dp = 0.54 n = 500 m = 500 media = 1.97 dp = 0.19
2.0
0.6
1.5
densidade
densidade
0.4
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1.5 2.0 2.5
valores valores
n = 800 m = 800 media = 2.09 dp = 0.16 n = 1000 m = 1000 media = 2.02 dp = 0.14
3.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
densidade
densidade
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
valores valores
Exemplo beta(a, b)
Com as estimativas e
aee
b, gera-se R vezes amostras de tamanho m,
ou seja temos para r = 1, ..., R, m valores simulados de uma
beta(e
a, e
b), Xr 1 , ..., Xrm .
Amostras Bootstrap 1
1.5
1.0
densidade
densidade
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
valores valores
4
3
3
densidade
densidade
2
2
1
1
0
valores valores
Amostras Bootstrap 2
n = 200 m = 200 media = 0.97 dp = 0.05 n = 500 m = 500 media = 1.18 dp = 0.04
10
8
8
6
densidade
densidade
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35
valores valores
n = 800 m = 800 media = 1.09 dp = 0.03 n = 1000 m = 1000 media = 1.09 dp = 0.02
14
15
10
10
densidade
densidade
8
6
5
4
2
0
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
valores valores
Bootstrap paramétrico
Com a estimativa θ,
e gera-se R vezes uma amostra aleatória de
Caso geral
Bootstrap não-paramétrico
0.00010
densidade
densidade
0.0010
0.00000
0.0000
−4000 −3000 −2000 −1000 0 1000 −30000 −20000 −10000 0 10000 20000 30000
valores valores
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.15
densidade
densidade
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
valores valores
n = 200 m = 200 media = 2.76 dp = 0.62 n = 500 m = 500 media = 2.32 dp = 0.27
1.5
0.6
1.0
densidade
densidade
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
2 4 6 8 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
valores valores
n = 800 m = 800 media = 2.13 dp = 0.18 n = 1000 m = 1000 media = 2.07 dp = 0.15
densidade
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
valores valores
3
densidade
densidade
1.5
2
1.0
1
0.5
0.0
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
valores valores
4
2.0
densidade
densidade
3
2
1.0
1
0.0
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
valores valores
n = 200 m = 200 media = 1.03 dp = 0.05 n = 500 m = 500 media = 1.05 dp = 0.03
12
7
10
6
5
8
densidade
densidade
4
6
3
4
2
2
1
0
0
0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
valores valores
n = 800 m = 800 media = 1.05 dp = 0.03 n = 1000 m = 1000 media = 1.08 dp = 0.02
15
15
10
densidade
densidade
10
5
5
0
0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
valores valores
Comparações
b2 ) = 0, se X ∼ N(µ, σ 2 ).
Sabemos que a corre(X , σ
0.20
densidade
densidade
0.4
0.10
0.2
0.00
0.0
−2 −1 0 1 0 2 4 6 8
valores valores
●
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densidade
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valores valores
10
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valores valores
n = 100 m = 100 correlacao entre a media e a variancia amostrais n = 100 m = 100 Densidade bivariada
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valores valores
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● ●
● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●
●
● ●● ●●●●● ●
● ● ● 0.0015
●● ●●●●●● ● ●● ●
●●●
● ● ● ●●●●● ● ●●● ●●●●●●
●●● ● ● ●●
●
●
●●● ●● ●●
●● 5e−04
●● ●●● ●
0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0.04
0.3
densidade
densidade
0.2
0.02
0.1
0.00
0.0
8 10 12 14 10 20 30 40 50 60
valores valores
● ●
● ●
60
60
● ● ●●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
variancia amostral
● ●● ● ●●●● ● ●● ●
● ●● ●●
● ●● ● ●●● ●
50
50
● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ●
●●●● ●●●● ●●●● ● ●● ● ●●● ●●● ● 0.002
var amostral
● ●● ● ●● ●●●●●● ●● ●●●●
●●●●●●●●
●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●
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●
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40
40
● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
●
● ●
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● ●
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●
●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●● ●● ● 0.008
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● ● ●●● ● 0.01
● ●● ●●●●● ●● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ●
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●
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●
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● ●● ●
●●● ●●● ●●●●
● ●●● ● ●●● ●● ● ●●●● 4
● ●
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●●●●●● ● ●●● 0.01
2 0.02
●●● ● ●●● ●●● ●● ●● ●●●●
● ● ●●●●●
●
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● ● ●● ●●● ● ●●● ●●
30
●
30
●
20
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● ●
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●
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● ●
●
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●
●
●
●
●
●
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●
●
●
●
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●
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● ●
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●
●
●
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●
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●
●
●
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●
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●
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●
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●
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●
●
●●●
● ●●●●●● ●●●●● ●● ●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●
● ● 0.004 0.006
● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●
● ●●
●● ●●
● ●● ● ● ●
●
●
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●●●● ● ●●●●
● ● ●●● ● ●●
● ●
● ● ● ●
10
10
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0.020
0.30
densidade
densidade
0.20
0.010
0.10
0.000
0.00
valores valores
●
● ● ●●
● ●
140
140
●
●● ● ●● ● ●
●●● ●●●● ●●● ●
●●● ● ● ● ●● ●
variancia amostral
● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●
●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●● ●
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●
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●●● ● ●● ● ●
●●●●● ●● ●● ●
● ●●● ●● ●● ●
var amostral
●
100
● ● ●
60
●●
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●
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●
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●
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●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
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●
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●
●
●
●
●
●
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●
●
● ●●● ●●●
● ● ●●● ● 0.003
●●
● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●
●● ●●● ● ● ● ●
●
●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●● ●● ●●●● ● ●● ●● 0.001
●
● ● ●●● ●● ●●●●● ●
20
20
10 12 14 16 18 10 12 14 16 18
0.04
0.4
densidade
densidade
0.02
0.2
0.00
0.0
8 9 10 11 12 13 20 30 40 50 60 70
valores valores
n = 100 m = 100 correlacao entre a media e a variancia amostrais n = 100 m = 100 Densidade bivariada
● ●
● ● ●
●
60
60
● ● ● ● ●
●● ● ●● ● ●
● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●●
●
variancia amostral
●● ●● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ●
● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ●●●● ●● ●●● ●●● ●
● ● ●●●●● ● ●
●
● ● ● ●● ●● ●●● ●●●●●●
● ●●● ●●
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● ●● ● ●
● ●●●●
●● ●● ●●● ● ●●●● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ● ●●
●● ● ●● ●●
var amostral
● ●●●● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●● ●
●●● ● ● ●●
50
● ● ● ●●● ●
50
●● ●●● ● ●
●● ●●● ● ●●●● ●●
●●
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●
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● ●
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● ●
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● ●
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● ●● ● ●●
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●●●●●●
● ● ● ● ● 0.01
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● ●● ●
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●
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●
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Resumo
Resumo cont.
PR
Estimativa (refinada) bootstrap θe∗ = R1 r =1 θer∗
q
Definimos Var
g B (θ)b = 1 PR (θe∗ − θe∗ )2 e EP f B (θ)
b = Var
g B (θ),
b
R−1 r =1 r
Intervalos de confiança
1+γ
P(Z < z 1+γ ) = 2 ,Z ∼ N(0, 1), EPB () erro-padrão bootstrap
2
(estimativa).
Usar quantis empı́ricos das estimativas bootstrap.
(κ 1−γ , κ 1+γ ),
2 2
Exemplo: Poisson
x = (1, 2, 5, 0, 3, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 1, 8, 0, 5, 0, 2, 1, 2, 3).
s 2 = 4, 31.
Há indı́cios de superdispersão x = 1, 90 < e
● ●
Observada
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Esperada
0.25
0.20
frequencia relativa
●
0.15
●
0.10
0.05
●
0.00
0 1 2 3 5 8
numero de acidentes
Histogram of v.mu.r
0.8
0.6
densidade
0.4
0.2
0.0
valores
Resultados
Teste de Hipótese
Observação
p1 = 0, 7642 e p2 = 0, 7642.
Para H0 : F = F1 vs H1 : F 6= F1 .
Matemática: x = (60, 58, 73, 51, 54, 75, 48, 72, 75, 83, 62, 52).
Música: y = (80, 62, 70, 83, 62, 92, 79, 88, 54, 82, 64, 69).
correlacao amostral
1.2
1.0
0.8
densidade
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
valores
Resultados
Método IC(95%)
Teste de nulidade H0 : ρ = 0 vs H1 : ρ 6= 0
Hipóteses de interesse H0 : βj = 0 vs H1 : βj 6= 0; H0 : φ = 1 vs
H1 : φ 6= 1.
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20
15
tempo
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10
5
1 2 3 4 5
tipo de turbina
Análise descritiva
Medidas descritivas.
Análise Inferencial
µi = µ + αi , α1 = 0
Análise Inferencial
Gráfico QQplot
3
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Continuação
∗ ∗
1 Para cada um dos m grupos, obtemos os limites r(i)I = minj r(i)j e
∗ ∗
r(i)S = maxj r(i)j . Assim, os limites correspondentes ao i-ésimo
∗ ∗
resı́duo serão dados por r(i)I e r(i)S .
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