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Controle de cegos e iluminação para manter o conforto

Intensidade de luz da sala de aula
Microcontrolador ATmega8535
Arthur Silitonga e eu Gusti LW Indrawan
Programa de Estudo da Faculdade de
Engenharia Elétrica da Universidade de
Presidente Bekasi, Indonésia
email: asilitonga@gmail.com

Resumo -Um nível estável de intensidade de luz de uma sala de
aula pode ser obtido através da integração do controlador
automático de brilho da lâmpada ao sistema automático de
persianas. Um controlador de brilho da lâmpada,
especialmente do tipo incandescente, pode ser desenvolvido
adotando o princípio do ângulo de disparo da fase. Ele deve
ser implementado de forma a que o ângulo de disparo seja
definido precisamente para manter a intensidade da luz da
sala de aula em um nível constante. Em seguida, o processo
de abertura e fechamento da cortina também pode ser feito
usando um motor de passo que será controlado
automaticamente por um microcontrolador através de um
driver de hardware. O objetivo é aproveitar a contribuição da
luz do lado de fora, em vez de ligar ou iluminar diretamente a
lâmpada.
Palavras-chave- intensidade da luz, controlador automático de brilho da lâmpada,
sistema de persiana automática, ângulo de disparo de fase, motor de passo,
microcontrolador
I. INTRODUÇÃO
A maioria dos sistemas de iluminação artificial é
apresentada e operada com base no dia e na noite apenas
sem levar em consideração a contribuição da luz do lado de
fora da sala, especialmente durante o dia. Essa situação pode
ser inconveniente para o aluno dentro da sala de aula ligar ou
desligar manualmente as lâmpadas várias vezes, de acordo
com o nível de intensidade da luz ambiente que pode
aumentar ou diminuir significativamente. Além disso, estudar
em baixa intensidade de luz afetará os olhos se cansam mais
rapidamente do que estudar sob luz suficienteintensidade. Por
outro lado, se a apresentação for feita em uma sala de aula
muito brilhante, não será uma boa exibição e se estiver muito
escuro, não será bom também para o público que precisa fazer
anotações. Desse ponto de vista, surge a idéia de desenvolver
e implementar esse projeto. O objetivo principal é projetar e
modelar um controlador automático de intensidade de luz que
será usado para manter um sistema de iluminação adequado
para a sala de aula equipado com lâmpadas CA
incandescentes para proporcionar um ambiente de
aprendizado confortável para o aluno. Uma intensidade de luz
confortável pode ser mantida integrando
controlador automático de brilho com sistema de persiana
automática. O controlador automático de brilho é construído
adotando o princípio do ângulo de disparo de fase, enquanto as
cortinas serão acionadas pelo motor de passo. Um sistema
cego e de iluminação bem planejado na sala de aula dará um
efeito significativo ao ambiente de aprendizado e à
concentração dos alunos ou usuários.
II REVISÃO DA LITERATURA
A. Fase de Disparo
O ângulo de disparo de fase é um método proporcional ao
tempo para controlar a quantidade de potência que entra em
uma carga (carga resistiva ou carga indutiva) por ciclo. Ao
variar a parte do tempo de atraso de disparo em cada ciclo da
onda de corrente alternada, será determinada a tensão total
sendo entregue à carga. Isso significa que quanto menor o
atraso de disparo, mais energia é fornecida à carga e vice-
versa.
Para obter um tempo de atraso de disparo preciso, é
necessário um ponto de referência fixo. Isso é chamado como
ponto de cruzamento zero. O cruzamento de zero é o ponto
instantâneo quando a onda sinusoidal de corrente alternada
cruza o zero volt. O cruzamento zero ocorre duas vezes
em cada ciclo completo, como mostrado na Fig. I [1] [5].
Eu r Zero aos ing
O 'o O
p
Zero Zeroaossing I
aossing
.- /
Fig. L. Zero Crossing
O intervalo de tempo de zero pontos de cruzamento é
determinado pela frequência da onda senoidal AC. Na
Indonésia, a State Electricity Company (PLN) distribui corrente
alternada de 220 volts a uma frequência fundamental de 50 Hz
para cada ciclo completo, o que dá um período de 20 ms.
Como o ponto de cruzamento zero ocorre duas vezes em cada
ciclo completo, ocorrerá a cada 10 ms

978-1-4799-0425-9 / 13 / $ 31,00 © 2013 IEEE

Theoretically, by knowing the firing delay time, then the firing B. Light Sensor
angle can be determined by simply varying it after each zero Light dependent resistor (LOR) is used as the
crossing point between an interval of 0 up to 10 ms. To illumination measurement unit. It is built in combination
convert the firing delay into firing angle, this interval can be
with 10 k!1 resistor in a voltage divider configuration as
divided into 180 time slots and eachextime slot will be equal to shown on the Fig. 3.
I degree. From this information, if is assumed as the firing
angle and td is the firing delay, then the relation of these
variables is simply determined by (1). To MCU

(1)
For alternating current (AC),= the input voltage oscillates in a
sine wave pattern Vi (t) Vp sin mt with Vp as the peak

voltage and the average voltage can be calculated using (2).

V Fig. 3. LDR Configuration

The output of this measurement circuit is an analogue
Vav = --- .Ea +...1) (
cos (2) signal. Since the project utilizes ATmega8535 which is

Jr completed already with analogue to digital converter (AOC),

If a non-RMS Voltmeter is used for the load voltage then external AOC IC is not required. By setting up the
measurement, the result should be equivalent with (3). components into voltage divider configuration, the circuit will
directly obtain a voltage that varies with the measured values
of light intensity, instead of a resistance change. By adapting

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(3)
A. Block Diagram
III. PROJECT DESIGN
Pulsating
positive DC
voltage
Fig. 2. Organization ofthe System Controller
Complete block diagram showing how hardware aspect
of the system controller is organized depicted in Fig. 2.
There are two power supply units that provide 5 volts
DC with different current ratings. A lower current rating
power supply is used to supply all of the logic circuits
while the higher one is specially used to supply the
stepper motors only. Next, the mode selection button is
used to choose either normal mode or presentation mode.
rectifier is not pure direct current, but it is a pulsating positive
DC voltage as shown on the waveform in the Fig. 5[3].
OCL'J
I ms l rn:; I ms
Fig. 5. Pulsating Positive Voltage
This pulsating positive voltage is used to drive the infrared LED
inside the NPN optocoupler and a 1.2 kO resistor is used to limit the
current through it. By doing this, the optocoupler LED will stay ON for
most of the cycle except at the time when the AC sinusoidal wave
crosses 0 V (or about to cross 0
V) . When this LED is glowing, it will pull the external interrupt
pin of the microcontroller low, in this case external interrupt 0
PIND.2 (EXT INTO). In contrary, when the LED is OFF, then
the external interrupt PIND.2 will be pulled high. Theoretically,
based on the working principle above, output of this zero
crossing detector should look like the red waveform
in the Fig. 6.
AC Sinusoidal Ware
OU!PU! ot Zuo Cl'ossiDgD�tector
nnn(
Fig. 6. Zero Crossing Output Signal (Theoretically)
By the presence of this interrupt signal into PIND.2,
continuously the microcontroller will be interrupted every
10 ms and it will be able to recognize when the wave pass
through the zero line. Next, this point will be used as
reference point to start the triac firing delay precisely.
D. Brightness Controller Circuit
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the concept, then the output voltage of this configuration can
be calculated using (4).
I Oxl 03
Z
v
out
= 5X l( LD R + (1 0 xl 03 ) J (4)
C. ero Crossing Detector
The zero crossing detector circuit is utilizing a step
down transformer, five diodes IN5392GP, optocoupler
NPN, and two resistors. Practically, this circuit can be
connected directly into the power supply circuit so it
utilizes the same transformer and bridge rectifier circuit as
the power supply used. Complete configuration of these
components is shown on the Fig. 4.
ri-'---ToPIND.:2o 0PTOCOUPlER-oNPN
Fig. 4. Zero Crossing Detector Circuit
Firstly, the 12V alternating current is rectified into direct
current by the bridge rectifier circuit. The output of this
unwanted high voltage or high current occur in the load. By
using this optocoupler, all of the logic circuit is completely
separated from the AC load (lamp). A complete circuit
ofthe brightness controller is shown on the Fig. 7.
sv
Fig. 7. Brightness Controller Circuit
Triac gating through the MOC3020 is done by giving a
low pulse into optocoupler pin 2. Active low is chosen so
that the microcontroller does not need to provide voltage
for the circuit. This condition is generally known as sinking
where the digital 110 only provides ground needed in the
circuit. Sinking is chosen instead of sourcing because of
the optocoupler current rating consideration. When a low
pulse is given to optocoupler pin 2, then the bilateral
switch inside MOC3020 will directly ON and triac is
latched until it reaches the zero crossing point.
E. Stepper Motor Driver
Stepper motor driver is used as an interface between
microcontroller with the stepper motor itself. The driver
being used is dual H-bridge, high current, 16-pins L293D.
In this final project, since the motor requires quite high
current to operate than it is better to separate this motor
driver with the other logic circuits. For this purpose
TLP521 optocoupler is used to separate the motor driver
with the microcontroller depicted in Fig. 8. Related with
this, the power supply for the motor and the driver are also
separated so that in case the load draws high current,
then the other circuits will not be disturbed.
powersupply1 powersupply2
lVfrom lVfrom
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Brightness controller circuit has the responsibility to maintain
the brightness of the lamp. This circuit consists of triac BTl39
[2][7], optocoupler MOC3020 as a triac driver, and several
current limiting resistors. Here MOC3020 is used also as a
protection for the whole logic circuits if there is

Fig. 8. Stepper Motor Configuration

The input signal of the driver can be simply set by

following the stepper table[4].

1. Step down transformers

TABLE I 2. High current power supplyfor the three stepper
STEPPER TABLE motors only
3. Power supplyfor all o{the logic circuit
Pin 2 Pin 7 Pin 10 Pin 15
4. Stepper motor drivers configuration
STEP 1 ON OFF ON OFF
5. ATmega8535 minimum system[6]
STEP 2 OFF ON ON OFF
STEP 3 OFF ON OFF ON
6. AC lamps brightness controller
7. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
STEP 4 ON OFF OFF ON
8. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
In order to change the direction ofthe rotation can be done by 9. Mode selection button
simply reverse the step[4]. It means step 4 become step 1, step 3 10. AC lamps
11. Bipolar stepper motors
become step 2, step 2 become step 3, and step 1 become step 4.
12. Blinds
This reversed step order is shown in the table below.

The device has successfully operated to keep the light

TABLE II intensity in a constant level. In the normal mode, if the
REVERSED STEPPER TABLE
light intensity drops below the predetermined setpoint
Pin 2 Pin 7 Pin 10 Pin 15 then the stepper motor opens the blind while the lamp
STEP 1 ON OFF OFF ON stays OFF. Ifthe blind has already opened and the light
STEP 2 OFF ON OFF ON intensity still below the setpoint, the lamp will ON and get
STEP 3 OFF ON ON OFF
brighter until the setpoint is reached.
STEP 4 ON OFF ON OFF
On the other hand, if light intensity is greater than the
predetermined setpoint, the lamp will be dimmed until the
setpoint is reached (in this case the lamp might be
IV. RESULT completely OFF). Ifthe light intensity is still greater than the
setpoint and the lamp is OFF, then the stepper motor will
A. Hardware Configuration close the blind. Next, in the presentation mode the
operating way is quite similar. The difference is only on the
setpoint for the first lamp (the lamp that will be placed in
front side of the room) while the rest are exactly the same.

B. Zero Crossing Detector

Output signal of the zero crossing detector looks like a
repeated positive pulse with a fix time interval as shown
on the Fig. 10.

Fig. 9. Top View ofSystem's Miniature Fig. 10. Zero Crossing Output Signal (Practically)

Miniaturization of the classroom, and the light
intensity controller ofthe classroom are shown on Fig. 9.
Depicting in the Fig. 9, the component of the miniature
can be mentioned as follows.
Theoretically, zero crossing point must occur every 10 ms
as explained in the previous section. However this is not that
accurate in practical. The infrared LED of NPN optocoupler will
goes off a moment before and after the AC sinusoidal wave
crosses zero because the power is too small at this time
interval. Because ofthis, the NPN optocoupler's output signal

will consume a small amount of time at every zero
crossing point. Base on estimation, it is around ± 0.5 ms
on each edge ofthe zero crossing point. By knowing it,
then the firing pulse must not be generated 0.5 ms before
and after the zero crossing point.
C. Brightness Controller Circuit
We described also that period time of one complete
cycle of AC signal generated by the State Electricity
Company is 20 ms. Indeed, the period of a half cycle of
the AC signal is 10 ms. When we increased the firing
delay near to 10 ms, i.e. 7 ms, the conduction time of
phase firing angle became smaller. In Fig. 14, we could
depict that the total voltage delivered to the lamp was very

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Brightness level of the lamp can be determined by small. This condition also means the intensity of the light
chopping the AC sinusoidal wave that is fed into it. In emitted by the lamp became very low.
order to know how much voltage is exactly delivered into
3. Firing delay: 5 ms
the lamp, several testing are performed by varying the
firing delay ofthe triac. Some of the results are shown on
the Fig. I I , Fig. 12, Fig. 13, and Fig. 14.

I. Firing delay: 0 ms

Fig. 13. Output of5 ms firing Delay

Fig. I I . Output of0 ms firing Delay

The conduction time of the phase firing angle is much

longer than the firing delay time. Hence, the total voltage
delivered to the lamp is also much high which can be
depicted in Fig. 11 . When we decreased the conduction
time of the phase firing angle which also means that the Fig. 14. Output of 7 ms firing Delay
firing delay was being increased, the total voltage
delivered to the lamp for one complete cycle ofa
sinusoidal wave became smaller shown on Fig. 12.

The comparison between calculated load voltage (at

the lamp) and measured load voltage (at the lamp) are
shown in the table and on the graph below. Note that the
load voltage measurements are done ten times for each
conduction time. Therefore the measured values listed
below are the average of the ten times measurements.

Fig. 12. Output of2 ms firing Delay

Varying the conduction time ofthe phase firing angle

was also possible when we decreased again the
conduction time. Depicted in Fig. 13, firing delay
increased as the conduction time of the phase firing angle
had decreased, and this configuration causes the total
voltage measured at the lamp to become much smaller.

TABLE III Classroom Utilizing Microcontroller ATmega8535 has

CALCULATED VS. MEASURED LOAD VOLTAGE
already successfully done its function as follows.
Calculated Measured
Conduction
Load Voltage Load Voltage Error 1. The light intensity sensing circuits has successfully
Time (ms) (%) detected the light intensity level and the microcontroller
(V) (V)
display it on the LCD in
1 5.38 4.83 10.22
2 21 20. 11 4.24 2. The zero crossing detecto
output signal that indicate
3 45.34 42.63
4 76 73.48 3.73 3. The II
5.98 current sinusoidal wave
5 1 10 106.63
6 143.99 138.62
7 174.66 167.21
8 198.99 189.85
9 214.62 205. 1
10 220 209.47

220
� 200
140
OJ 160180

0()
±l 120
0 100 Vcalc
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8- 60 Vmeasure

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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Conduction Time (ms)

Fig. 15. Measured Voltage vs. Calculated Voltage

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ATmega8535".
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