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Series2020 PDF
Series2020 PDF
P
1 P
1
Si f (x) = an xn y g (x) = bn xn ; entonces
n=0 n=0
f (x) g (x) = a0 b0 +(a0 b1 + a1 b0 ) x+(a0 b2 + a1 b1 + a2 b0 ) x2 +(a0 b3 + a1 b2 + a2 b1 + a3 b0 ) x3 +
O sea
P
1 P
n
n
f (x) g (x) = ak bn kx
n=0 k=0
Y si escribimos
P
1
f (x) g (x) = cn xn
n=0
entonces
P
n
cn = ak bn k
k=0
Remark
0 1 Se puede observar que,1se
0 cumple
1 0 10 1
a0 0 0 0 b0 b0 0 0 0 a0
B a1 a0 0 0 C B C B CB C
B C B b1 C B b1 b0 0 0 CB a1 C
B a2 a a 0 C B b C B b2 b1 b0 0 CB a2 C
B 1 0 CB 2 C = B CB C
B .. .. .. . . . .. A @ .. C
. C B . B .. .. .. .. .. CB .. C
@ . . . A @ . . . . . A@ . A
an an 1 an 2 a0 bn bn bn 1 bn 2 b0 an
2 P
1 P
n
n
P
1
entonces, (h (x)) = ak an kx = dn xn ; y los valores de d0 ; d1 ; ; dn
n=0 k=0 n=0
pueden hallarse mediante la multiplicación de dos matrices, asi
1
0 10 1 0 1
a0 0 0 0 a0 d0
B a1 a0 0 0 CB a1 C B d1 C
B CB C B C
B a2 a1 a0 0 CB a2 C B d2 C
B CB C=B C
B .. .. .. .. .. CB .. C B .. C
@ . . . . . A@ . A @ . A
an an 1 an 2 a0 an dn
0 10 1 0 1
a0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a0 a20
B a1 a0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB a1 C B 2a0 a1 C
B CB C B C
B a2 a1 a0 0 0 0 0 0 CB a2 C B a21 + 2a0 a2 C
B CB C B C
B a3 a2 a1 a0 0 0 0 0 CB a3 C B 2a0 a3 + 2a1 a2 C
B CB C=B C
B a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 0 0 0 CB a4 C B a22 + 2a0 a4 + 2a1 a3 C
B CB C B C
B a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 0 0 CB a5 C B 2a0 a5 + 2a1 a4 + 2a2 a3 C
B CB C B C
@ a6 a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 0 A@ a6 A @ a23 + 2a0 a6 + 2a1 a5 + 2a2 a4 A
a7 a6 a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 a7 2a0 a7 + 2a1 a6 + 2a2 a5 + 2a3 a4
0 1 0 1
d0 a20
B d1 C B 2a0 a1 C
B C B C
B d2 C B a21 + 2a0 a2 C
B C B C
B d3 C B 2a0 a3 + 2a1 a2 C
B C=B C
B d4 C B a22 + 2a0 a4 + 2a1 a3 C
B C B C
B d5 C B 2a0 a5 + 2a1 a4 + 2a2 a3 C
B C B C
@ d6 A @ a23 + 2a0 a6 + 2a1 a5 + 2a2 a4 A
d7 2a0 a7 + 2a1 a6 + 2a2 a5 + 2a3 a4
Ejemplo
Expresar en serie de potencias de x la función f (x) = sen2 x
Solución
Como
P
1
( 1)n 2n+1 1 3 1 5 1 7
senx = (2n+1)! x =x 3! x + 5! x 7! x +
n=0
1 2 1 4 1 6
senx = x 1 3! x + 5! x 7! x +
Entonces:
2
P
1
( 1)n 1 2 1 4 1 6 2
sen2 x = (2n+1)! x
2n+1
= x2 1 3! x + 5! x 7! x +
n=0
1 2 1 4 1 6 2
Ahora, calculamos 1 3! x + 5! x 7! x +
Veamos por ejemplo, los diez primeros términos
2
0 10 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB 0 C B 0 C
B CB C B C
B 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB 1 C B 1 C
B 3! CB 3! C B 3 C
B 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB 0 C B 0 C
B 3! CB C B C
B 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 CB 1 C B 2 C
B 5! 3! CB 5! C=B 45 C
B 0 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 CB 0 C B 0 C
B 5! 3! CB C B C
B 1
0 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 0 CB 1 C B 1 C
B 7! 5! 3! CB 7! C B 315 C
B 0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 CB 0 C B 0 C
B 7! 5! 3! CB C B C
@ 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1 0 A@ 1 A @ 2 A
9! 7! 5! 3! 9! 14 175
1 1 1 1
0 0 9! 0 7! 0 5! 3! 0 1 0 0
Asi, tenemos:
1 2 1 4 1 6 2
1 3! x + 5! x 7! x + = 1 13 x3 + 45 2 5
x 1
315 x
7
+ 2
14 175 x
9
+
De donde:
sen2 x = x2 1 13 x2 + 452 4
x 1 6 2 8
315 x + 14 175 x +
2 2 1 4 2 6 1 8 2 10
sen x = x 3 x + 45 x 315 x + 14 175 x +
f (x) g (x) = 1
Para
0 hallar los n + 1 primeros términos
10 de
1 g (x)
0 ;podemos
1 resolver el sistema
a0 0 0 0 b0 1
B a1 a0 0 0 C B C B C
B C B b1 C B 0 C
B a2 a1 a0 C B
0 C B b2 C B C
B C=B 0 C
B .. .. .. .. . C B . C B . C
@ . . . . .. A @ .. A @ .. A
an an 1 an 2 a0 bn 0
Se
0 observa
1 que 0 1
b0 a0 0 0 0
B b1 C B a1 a0 0 0 C
B C B C
B b2 C B a2 a1 a0 0 C
B C es la primera columna de la matriz inversa de B C
B .. C B .. .. .. .. .. C
@ . A @ . . . . . A
bn an an 1 an 2 a0
0 1 1
a0 0 0 0 0 0
B a1 a0 0 0 0 0 C
B C
B a2 a1 a0 0 0 0 C
B C =
B a3 a2 a1 a0 0 0 C
B C
@ a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 0 A
a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0
3
0 1
1
a0
B 1
a C
B a20 1 C
B 1 C
B a21 a0 a2
a30 C
B C
B 1 2
a3 a0 2a2 a0 a1 + a31 C
B a40 C
B 1
a4 a0 + 2a3 a20 a1 + a20 a22
3
3a0 a21 a2 + a41 C
@ a50 A
1
a60
a5 a40 3
2a4 a0 a1 2a3 a30 a2 + 3a3 a20 a21 + 3a20 a1 a22 4a0 a31 a2 + a51
1
P
1
1 1
an xn = a0 a x+ a13
a20 1
a21 a0 a2 x2 1
a40
a3 a20 2a2 a0 a1 + a31 x3 +
0
n=0
1
a50
a4 a30 + 2a3 a20 a1 + a20 a22 3a0 a21 a2 + a41 x4
1
a60
a5 a40 2a4 a30 a1 2a3 a30 a2 + 3a3 a20 a21 + 3a20 a1 a22 4a0 a31 a2 + a51 x5 +
Ejemplo
Como:
P
1
( 1)n 2n+1 1 3 1 5 1 7
senx = (2n+1)! x =x 3! x + 5! x 7! x +
n=0
P1
( 1)n 2n 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8
cos x = (2n)! x =1 2! x + 4! x 6! x + 8! x +
n=0
1
h (x) = tan x = senx cos x
4
0 1 0 1
c0 1
B c1 C B 0 C
B C B C
B c2 C B 1 C
B C B 2 C
B c3 C B 0 C
B C B C
B c4 C B 5 C
B C=B 24 C
B c5 C B 0 C
B C B C
B c6 C B 61 C
B C B 720 C
B c7 C B 0 C
B C B C
@ c8 A @ 277 A
8064
c9 0
De donde:
1 1 2 5 4 61 6 277 8
cos x = 1 + 2 x + 24 x + 720 x + 8064 x +
Asi,
tan x = senx cos1 x
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 2 5 4 61 6 277 8
tan x = x 3! x + 5! x 7! x + 1+ 2x + 24 x 1+ 720 x + 8064 x +
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
B 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB 0 C B 1 C
B CB C B C
B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB 1 C B 0 C
B CB 2 C B 1 C
B 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB 0 C B C
B 3! CB C B 3 C
B 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB 5 C B 0 C
B 1 3! CB 24 C = B C
B 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 CB 0 C B 2 C
B 5! 3! CB C B 15 C
B 0 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 CB 61 C B 0 C
B 5! 3! CB 720 C B 17 C
B 1
0 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 0 CB 0 C B C
B 7! 5! 3! CB C B 315 C
@ 0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 A@ 277 A @ 0 A
7! 5! 3! 8064
1 1 1 1 62
9! 0 7! 0 5! 0 3! 0 1 0 0 2835
De donde:
tan x = x + 13 x3 + 15 2 5
x + 31517 7 62
x + 2835 x9 +
1 3 2 5 17 7 62 9
x + 3 x + 15 x + 315 x + 2835 x
0 10 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 CB 0 C B 0 C
B CB C B C
B 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 CB 1 C B 1 C
B 4 CB 4 C B 2 C
B 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 CB 0 C=B 0 C
B 4 CB C B C
B 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 CB 1 C B 3 C
B 64 4 CB 64 C B 32 C
@ 0 1
0 1
0 1 0 A@ 0 A @ 0 A
64 4
1 1 1 1 5
2304 0 64 0 4 0 1 2304 576
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 C B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 C
B C B 1 C
B 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 C B 0 1 0 0 0 0 C
B 2 C B 2 C
B 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 C =B 1 C
B 2 C B 05 2 0 1 0 0 0 C
B 3
0 1
0 1 0 0 C B 0 1
0 1 0 0 C
B 32 2 C B 32 2 C
@ 0 3
0 1
0 1 0 A @ 0 5
0 1
0 1 0 A
32 2 32 2
5 3 1 23 5 1
576 0 32 0 2 0 1 576 0 32 0 2 0 1
5
0 10 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB 1 C B 1 C
B 1 CB C B C
B 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB 0 C B 1 C
B 2! CB C B C
B 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB 1 C B 1 C
B 3! 2! CB 3! C B 3 C
B 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB 0 C B 0 C
B 4! 3! 2! CB C B C
B 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 CB 1 C=B 1 C
B 5! 4! 3! 2! CB 5! C B 30 C
B 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 CB 0 C B 1 C
B 6! 5! 4! 3! 2! CB C B 90 C
B 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 CB 1 C B 1 C
B 7! 6! 5! 4! 3! 2! CB 7! C B 840 C
B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 CB 0 C B 1 C
B 8! 7! 6! 5! 4! 3! 2! CB C B 2520 C
@ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 A@ 1 A @ 43 A
9! 8! 7! 6! 5! 4! 3! 2! 9! 181 440
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10! 9! 8! 7! 6! 5! 4! 3! 2! 1 1 0 14 400
P
1 P
n
n
P
1
ak an kx bn xn = 1
n=0 k=0 n=0
donde las incógnitas son: b0 ; b1 ; : Escrito en forma matricial, es como
sigue
(1)
AAb = In
Donde
0 1 0 1
a0 0 0 0 b0
B a1 a0 0 0 C B b1 C
B C B C
B a2 a1 a0 0 C B b2 C
B C B C
A=B a3 a2 a1 0 C;b = B b3 C
B C B C
B .. .. .. .. .. C B .. C
@ . . . . . A @ . A
an 1 an 2 an 3 a0 bn 1
(1)
In ; es la primera columna de la matriz identidad de orden n
1
2
O sea, llos primeros n términos de (f (x)) ; se hallan, encontrando la
2
primera columna de la matriz A
EJEMPLO
Hallar la serie de sec2 x; conocida la serie de cos x; alrededor de x = 0
A partir de
x2 x4 x6 x8 x10
cos x = 1 2! + 4! 6! + 8! 10! +
6
Sea 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 C
B C
B 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 C
B 2! C
B 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 C
A=B
B
2! C
B
1
4! 0 1
2! 0 1 0 0 0 C
C
B 0 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 C
B 4! 2! C
@ 1
0 1
0 1
0 1 0 A
6! 4! 2!
1 1 1
0 6! 0 4! 0 2! 0 1
0 1 2 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 C B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 C
B C B C
B 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 C B 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 C
B 2 C B C
B 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 C B 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 C
B 2 C =B C
B 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 0 C B 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 C
B 24 2 C B 3 C
B 0 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 C B 0 2
0 1 0 1 0 0 C
B 24 2 C B 17 3 C
@ 1
0 1
0 1
0 1 0 A @ 0 2
0 1 0 1 0 A
720 24 2 45 3
1 1 1 17 2
0 720 0 24 0 2 0 1 0 45 0 3 0 1 0 1
2
Y la primera columna de A ; es
0 1
1
B C
0
B C
B C
1
B C
B C
0
B 2 C
B C
B 3 C
B 0 C
B 17 C
@ A
45
0
Luego
sec2 x = 1 + x2 + 23 x4 + 17 6
45 x +
d2 y dy
+ P (x) + yQ (x) = 0
dx2 dx
sabiendo que
P1
P (x) = pn xn
n=0
P
1
Q (x) = qn xn
n=0
Sea
7
P
1
y (x) = an xn
n=0
entonces
dy P
1 P
1
dx = nan xn 1
= (n + 1) an+1 xn
n=1 n=0
d2 y P
1 P
1
dx2 = n (n 1) an xn 2
= (n + 1) (n + 2) an+2 xn
n=2 n=0
d2 y dy P
1 P
1 P
1
0= dx2 + dx P (x)+yQ (x) = (n + 1) (n + 2) an+2 xn + pn xn (n + 1) an+1 xn +
n=0 n=0 n=0
P
1 P
1
qn xn an xn
n=0 n=0
P
1 P
1 P
n P
1 P n
0= (n + 1) (n + 2) an+2 xn + (n k + 1) an n
k+1 pk x + an k qk xn
n=0 n=0 k=0 n=0 k=0
P1 P
n Pn
0= (n + 1) (n + 2) an+2 + (n k+ 1) an k+1 pk + an k qk xn
n=0 k=0 k=0
P1 Pn
0= (n + 1) (n + 2) an+2 + ((n k + 1) an k+1 pk + an k qk ) xn
n=0 k=0
P
n
(n + 1) (n + 2) an+2 + ((n k + 1) an k+1 pk + an k qk ) = 0; para n 2
k=0
f0; 1; 2; g
0 10
1:2 0 0 0 0 0 a2
B 2p0 2:3 0 0 0 0 CB a3
B CB
B 2p1 + q0 3p0 3:4 0 0 0 CB a4
B CB
B 2p2 + q1 3p1 + q0 4p0 4:5 0 0 CB a5
B CB
B 2p3 + q2 3p2 + q1 4p1 + q0 5p0 5:6 0 CB a6
B CB
B .. .. .. .. .. .. .. CB ..
@ . . . . . . . A@ .
2pn 2 + qn 3 3p +q 4p + qn 5pn + qn 6pn + qn (n 1) n an
0 1 n 3
0 n 4 1n 4 5 5 6 6 7 1
p0 q0
B p1 + q 0 C B q1 C
B C B C
B p2 + q 1 C B q2 C
B C B C
B p3 + q 2 C B C
a1 B C a0 B q3 C
B p4 + q 3 C B q4 C
B C B C
B .. C B .. C
@ . A @ . A
pn 1 + qn 2 qn 1
EJEMPLO
Resolver
d2 y dy
1 x2 dx2 2x dx + 20y = 0
2x
P (x) = 1 x2
8
20
Q (x) = 1 x2
Pero
1
P
1
1 u = uk ; para juj < 1
k=0
Asi
2x
P
1 k
P (x) = 1 x2 = ( 2x) x2
k=0
20
P
1 k
Q (x) = 1 x2 = 20 x2
k=0
P
1
P (x) = 2x2k+1
k=0
P
1
Q (x) = 20x2k
k=0
0 10 1 0 1
1:2 0 0 0 0 0 a2 0
B 0 2:3 0 0 0 0 CB a3 C B 2 + 20 C
B CB C B C
B 4 + 20 0 3:4 0 0 0 CB a4 C B 0 C
B CB C= a1 B C
B 0 6 + 20 0 4:5 0 0 CB a5 C B 2 + 20 C
B CB C B C
@ 4 + 20 0 8 + 20 0 5:6 0 A@ a6 A @ 0 A
0 10 6 + 20 0 10 + 20 0 6:7 a7 2 + 20
20
B 0 C
B C
B20 C
a0 B
B
C
B 0 CC
@20 A
00 10 1 0 1 0 1
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a2 0 20
B 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB a3 C B 18 C B 0 C
B CB C B C B C
B 16 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB a4 C B 0 C B 20 C
B CB C B C B C
B 0 14 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 CB a5 C B 18 C B 0 C
B CB C B C B C
B 16 0 12 0 30 0 0 0 0 CB a6 C= a1 B 0 C a0 B 20 C
B CB C B C B C
B 0 14 0 10 0 42 0 0 0 CB a7 C B 18 C B 0 C
B CB C B C B C
B 16 0 12 0 8 0 56 0 0 CB a8 C B 0 C B 20 C
B CB C B C B C
@ 0 14 0 10 0 6 0 72 0 A@ a9 A @ 18 A @ 0 A
16 0 12 0 8 0 4 0 90 a10 0 20
9
0 10 1 0 1 0 1
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a2 0 20
B 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB a3 C B 18 C B 0 C
B CB C B C B C
B 16 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 CB a4 C B 0 C B 20 C
B CB C B C B C
B 0 14 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 CB a5 C B 18 C B 0 C
B CB C B C B C
B 16 0 12 0 30 0 0 0 0 CB a6 C= a1 B 0 C a0 B 20 C
B CB C B C B C
B 0 14 0 10 0 42 0 0 0 CB a7 C B 18 C B 0 C
B CB C B C B C
B 16 0 12 0 8 0 56 0 0 CB a8 C B 0 C B 20 C
B CB C B C B C
@ 0 14 0 10 0 6 0 72 0 A@ a9 A @ 18 A @ 0 A
16 0 12 0 8 0 4 0 90 a10 0 20
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
a2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B a3 C B 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C B 18 C
B C B C B C
B a4 C B 16 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 C B 0 C
B C B C B C
B a5 C B 0 14 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 C B 18 C
B C B C B C
B a6 C= a1 B 16 0 12 0 30 0 0 0 0 C B 0 C
B C B C B C
B a7 C B 0 14 0 10 0 42 0 0 0 C B 18 C
B C B C B C
B a8 C B 16 0 12 0 8 0 56 0 0 C B 0 C
B C B C B C
@ a9 A @ 0 14 0 10 0 6 0 72 0 A @ 18 A
a10 16 0 12 0 8 0 4 0 90 0
0 1 10 1
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
B 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C B 0 C
B C B C
B 16 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 C B 20 C
B C B C
B 0 14 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 C B 0 C
B C B C
a0 B
B 16 0 12 0 30 0 0 0 0 C
C
B
B 20 C C
B 0 14 0 10 0 42 0 0 0 C B 0 C
B C B C
B 16 0 12 0 8 0 56 0 0 C B 20 C
B C B C
@ 0 14 0 10 0 6 0 72 0 A @ 0 A
16 0 12 0 8 0 4 0 90 20
0 1 0 1 0 1
a2 0 10
B a3 C B C3 B 0 C
B C B C B 35 C
B a4 C B C0 B C
B C B 6 C B 3 C
B a5 C B C B 0 C
B C B 5 C B C
B a6 C= a1 B 0 C a0 B C
B C B 2 C B 0 C
B a7 C B C B 0 C
B C B 7 C B C
B a8 C B 0 C B 0 C
B C B 1 C B C
@ a9 A @ A @ 0 A
7
a10 0 0
10
0 1 0 1
a2 10a0
B a3 C B 3a1 C
B C B C
B C B 35 C
B a4 C B 3 a0 C
B a5 C B 6 C
B C B 5 a1 C
B a6 C=B 0 C
B C B C
B a7 C B 2 C
B C B 7 a1 C
B a8 C B 0 C
B C B C
@ a9 A @ 1 A
7 a1
a10 0
Asi
35 4
y (x) = a0 1 10x2 + 3 x + a1 x 3x3 + 65 x5 + 72 x7 + 17 x9 + para
jxj < 1
sabiendo que
P
1
xP (x) = An xn
n=0
P
1
x2 Q (x) = Bn xn
n=0
P
1
y (x) = Cn xn+r ; con C0 6= 0
n=0
De donde:
P
1
y (x) = (n + r) Cn xn+r 1
n=0
P
1
y" (x) = (n + r) (n + r 1) Cn xn+r 2
n=0
11
Obteniendo asi
P
1 P
1 P
1 P
1 P
1
(n + r) (n + r 1) Cn xn+r + An xn (n + r) Cn xn+r + Bn xn Cn xn+r =
n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0
0
P
1 P
1 P
n P
1 P
n
(n + r) (n + r 1) Cn xn+r + (m + r) An m Cm xn+r + Bn m Cm xn+r =
n=0 n=0 m=0 n=0 m=0
0
P
1 P
n P
n
(n + r) (n + r 1) Cn + (m + r) An m Cm + Bn m Cm xn+r =
n=0 m=0 m=0
0
P
1 P
n
(n + r) (n + r 1) Cn + ((m + r) An m + Bn m ) Cm xn+r = 0
n=0 m=0
por lo tanto
P
n
(n + r) (n + r 1) Cn + ((m + r) An m + Bn m ) Cm = 0;con C0 6= 0
m=0
para n 2 f0; 1; 2; g
r (r 1) + rA0 + B0 = 0
f (x) = x2 + (A0 1) x + B0
Como C0 6= 0; entonces
nP1
f (n + r) Cn + ((m + r) An m + Bn m ) Cm =0
m=0
para n 2 f1; 2; g
Es decir:
f (1 + r) C1 = (rA1 + B1 ) C0
f (2 + r) C2 + ((1 + r) A1 + B1 ) C1 = (rA2 + B2 ) C0
..
.
f (k + r) Ck +((1 + r) Ak 1 + Bk 1 ) C1 + +((k 1 + r) A1 + B1 ) Ck 1 =
(rAk + Bk ) C0
12
que en forma matricial se escribe
0 1
f (1 + r) 0 0 0 1
B C C1
B (1 + r) A1 + B1 f (2 + r) 0 CB C
B CB C2 C
B (1 + r) A2 + B2 (2 + r) A1 + B1 0 CB .. C=
B .. .. .. .. C@ . A
@ . . . . A
Ck
(1 + r) Ak 1 + Bk 1 (2 + r) Ak 2 + Bk 2 f (k + r)
0 1
rA1 + B1
B rA2 + B2 C
B C
B C
= C0 B rA3 + B3 C
B .. C
@ . A
rAk + Bk
Caso i r1 r2 , no es un entero
P
1
y1 (x) = xr1 Cn xn ; con C0 6= 0
n=0
13
P
1 P
1
y (x) = xr1 Cn xn + xr2 Cn xn
n=0 n=0
EJEMPLO
Resolver
d2 y dy
2x2 dx 2 x dx + (x 5) y = 0
d2 y 1 dy x 5
dx2 2x dx + 2x2 y
En éste ejemplo
1
P (x) = 2x
x 5
Q (x) = 2x2
son funciones uqe no son análiticas en x = 0
Sin embargo,
xP (x) = 12
x Q (x) = 12 x 52
2
14
r1 = 52
r2 = 1
Se analizan dos casos
Caso i r1 = 52
f (1 + r1 ) = f 72 = (1) 9
2 = 2
9
f (2 + r1 ) = f 92 = (2) 11
2 = 11
f (3 + r1 ) = f 112 = (3) 13
2 = 39
2
f (4 + r1 ) = f 132 = (4) 15
2 = 30
15 17
f (5 + r1 ) = f 2 = (5) 2 = 85
2
f (6 + r1 ) = f 172 = (6) 19
2 = 51
Obteniendo la solución
5
y = C0 x 2 1 19 x + 198
1
x2 1
7722 x
3
+ 1
463 320 x
4 1
39 382 200 x
5
+ 1
4016 984 400 x
6
+
Caso ii r2 = 1
5 5
f (1 + r2 ) = f (0) = 2 (1) = 2
3
f (2 + r2 ) = f (1) = 2 (2) = 3
1 3
f (3 + r2 ) = f (2) = 2 (3) = 2
15
1
f (4 + r2 ) = f (3) = 2 (4) = 2
3
f (5 + r2 ) = f (4) = 2 (5) = 15
2
5
f (6 + r2 ) = f (5) = 2 (6) = 15
Obteniendo la solución
y2 = C0 x 1 1 + 15 x + 30
1 2
x + 1 3
90 x
1
360 x
4
+ 1
5400 x
5 1
16 2000 x
6
+
5
y = C0 x 2 1 19 x + 1981
x2 1 3 1
7722 x + 463 320 x
4 1
39 382 200 x
5 1
+ 4016 984 6
400 x + +
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
+C0 x 1 + 5 x + 30 x + 90 x 360 x + 5400 x 16 2000 x +
EJEMPLO
Resolver
2
d y dy
x2 dx2 + x dx + x
2
9 y=0
1
P (x) = x
2
Q (x) = x x2 9
xP (x) = 1
16
x2 Q (x) = x2 9
f (x) = x2 9
las raíces de la ecuación inicial son r2 = 3 y r1 = 3
Para r = r2 = 3
0 10 1
f ( 2) 0 0 0 0 0 C1
B ( 2) 0 + 0 f ( 1) 0 0 0 0 CB C2 C
B CB C
B ( 2) 0 + 1 ( 1) 0 + 0 f (0) 0 0 0 CB C3 C
B CB C=
B ( 2) 0 + 0 ( 1) 0 + 1 (0) 0 + 0 f (1) 0 0 CB C4 C
B CB C
@ ( 2) 0 + 0 ( 1) 0 + 0 (0) 0 + 1 (1) 0 + 0 f (2) 0 A@ C5 A
( 2) 0 + 0 ( 1) 0 + 0 (0) 0 + 0 (1) 0 + 1 (2) 0 + 0 f (3) C6
0 1
( 3) 0 + 0
B ( 3) 0 + 1 C
B C
B ( 3) 0 + 0 C
C0 B
B ( 3) 0 + 0 C
C
B C
@ ( 3) 0 + 0 A
0 ( 3) 0 + 0 10 1 0 1
5 0 0 0 0 0 C1 0
B 0 8 0 0 0 0 C B C2 C B 1 C
B CB C B C
B 1 0 9 0 0 0 C B C B C
B C B C3 C = C0 B 0 C
B 0 1 0 8 0 0 C B C4 C B 0 C
B CB C B C
@ 0 0 1 0 5 0 A @ C5 A @ 0 A
0 0 0 1 0 0 C6 0
de la última …la ecuación se sigue que C4 = 0
0 1 0 1 10 1
C1 5 0 0 0 0 0
B C2 C B 0 8 0 0 0 C B 1 C
B C B C B C
B C3 C = C0 B 1 0 9 0 0 C B C
B C B C B 0 C=
@ C4 A @ 0 1 0 8 0 A @ 0 A
C 0 0 1 0 5 0
0 5 1 0 1
C1 0
B C2 C B 1 C0 C
B C B 8 C
B C3 C = B 0 C
B C B 1 C
@ C4 A @ A
64 C0
C5 0
Para r = r1 = 3
17
0 1
f (4) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
B (4) 0 + 0 C C1
B f (5) 0 0 0 0 0 CB C
B (4) 0 + 1 CB C2 C
B (5) 0 + 0 f (6) 0 0 0 0 CB C
B (4) 0 + 0 CB C3 C=
B (5) 0 + 1 (6) 0 + 0 f (7) 0 0 0 CB C
B (4) 0 + 0 CB C4 C
B (5) 0 + 0 (6) 0 + 1 (7) 0 + 0 f (8) 0 0 C@ A
@ (4) 0 + 0 A C5
(5) 0 + 0 (6) 0 + 0 (7) 0 + 1 (8) 0 + 0 f (9) 0
C6
(4) 0 + 0 (5) 0 + 0 (6) 0 + 0 (7) 0 + 0 (8) 0 + 0 (9) 0 + 0 f (10)
0 1
(3) 0 + 0
B (3) 0 + 1 C
B C
B (3) 0 + 0 C
C0 B
B (3) 0 + 0
C
C
B C
@ (3) 0 + 0 A
(3) 0 + 0
0 10 1 0 1
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 C1 0
B 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 CB C2 C B 1 C
B CB C B C
B 1 0 27 0 0 0 0 CB C3 C B 0 C
B CB C B C
B 0 1 0 40 0 0 0 CB C4 C= C0 B 0 C
B CB C B C
B 0 0 1 0 55 0 0 CB C5 C B 0 C
B CB C B C
@ 0 0 0 1 0 72 0 A@ C6 A @ 0 A
0 0 0 0 1 0 91 C7 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
C1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B C2 C B 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 C B 1 C
B C B C B C
B C3 C B 1 0 27 0 0 0 0 C B 0 C
B C B C B C
B C4 C = C0 B
C C B C=
B B 0 1 0 40 0 0 0 C B 0 C
B C5 C B 0 0 1 0 55 0 0 C B 0 C
B C B C B C
@ C6 A @ 0 0 0 1 0 72 0 A @ 0 A
C7 0 0 0 0 1 0 91 0
0 1
0
B 1 C
B 16 C
B 0 C
B C
B 1 C
B 640 C
B 0 C
B C
@ 1 A
46 080
0
0 1 0 1
C1 0
B C2 C B 1 C
B C B 16 C
B C3 C B 0 C
B C B C
B C4 C = C B 1 C
B C 0B 640 C
B C5 C B 0 C
B C B 1 C
@ C6 A @ A
46 080
C7 0
Obteniendo
18
1 2 1 1
y1 = C0 x3 1 16 x + 640 x
4
46080 x
6
+
Se utiliza
R laR fórmula
P (x)dx
y 2 = y1 e y2
dx
1
1
Para hallar y12
; se acude a los términos de y1 ; y se calcula la primera columna
de la
0 matriz 1 2
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 C
B C
B 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 C
B 16 C
B 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 C
B 16 C
B 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 0 C
B 640 16 C
B 0 1
0 1
0 1 0 0 C
B 640 16 C
@ 1
0 1
0 1
0 1 0 A
46080 640 16
1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1
0 1
46080 640 16
1
B 0 C
B C
B 1 C
B 8 C
B 0 C
O sea B
B 11
C
C
B 1280 C
B 0 C
B C
@ 1 A
2304
0
De donde
1
y12
=x 6
1 + 18 x2 + 11
1280 x
4
+ 1
2304 x
6
+
R e
R
P (x)dx
dx
R R 1
y12
= x 6
1 + 18 x2 + 11
1280 x
4
+ 1
2304 x
6
+ e x dx dx
R e
R
P (x)dx
dx
R
y12
= x 7
1 + 18 x2 + 11
1280 x
4
+ 1
2304 x
6
+ dx
R e
R
P (x)dx
dx 1 6 1 4 11 2 1
y12
= 6x 32 x 2560 x + 2304 ln x +
Asi
1 6 1 4 11 2 1
y 2 = y1 6x 32 x 2560 x + 2304 ln x +
1 2 1 1 1 1 11 1
y2 = x3 1 16 x + 640 x
4
46080 x
6
+ 6x
6
32 x
4
2560 x
2
+ 2304 ln x +
1
y2 = 6x
3
1 + 18 x2 + 17
1280 x
4
+ 1
6 y1 ln x
19
EJERCICIOS TOMADOS DE INTRODUCCIÓN A LAS ECUACIONES
DIFERENCIALES Shepley L. Ross
20
2
d y dy
15. x dx2 + dx + 2y = 0
2
d y dy
16. 2x dx 2 + 6 dx + y = 0
2
d y dy
17. x2 dx 2 x dx + x2 + 1 y=0
2
d y dy
18. 2x2 dx 2 + x dx + y = 0
2
d y dy
19. x2 dx2 x dx + x2 3 y=0
21