Co-Combustão de Biomassa Com Carvão Mineral

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AGRADECIMENTOS
Primeiramente aos meus pais, $UL-RVp Auler e Neusa Adams Auler pelo
apoio, amizade, incentivo e exemplo dados em todas as etapas de minha vida.
(VSHURVLQFHUDPHQWHVHUGLJQRGHWRGRRHVIRUoRHPSUHJDGRSRUYRFrV
$JUDGHoRDRPHXLUPmRRogerio Ivair AulerSHORDSRLRDPL]DGHIRUoD
HLQVSLUDomRDPLPGDGRV Espero poder servir de exemplo a ti.
$JUDGHoR HP HVSHFLDO DR meu amigo e professor orientador Dr.
Fernando Almeida Santos, pela oportunidade a mim concedida ao ingressar em
VHX JUXSR GH SHVTXLVD SHOD FRQILDQoD HP PLP GHSRVLWDGD SHOD H[FHSFLRQDO
RULHQWDomR H SHOD JUDQGH DPL]DGH $JUDGHoR j 06F Jaqueline Mattia, M.Sc
Paulo Eichler e M.Sc Jonatan Vuelma SHOD GHGLFDWDomR HP UHYLVDU HVWH
WUDEDOKRHVXJHULUPRGLILFDo}HVQHFHVViULDV Rumo ao sucesso.
$JUDGHoR ao grupo de pesquisa Centro de Estudos em Biorrefinaria
³&(6%,2´ e aos seus integrantes, em especial ao amigo Matheus Villares
Mem-de-6i, SHORFRPSDQKHLULVPRHGHGLFDomRnas pesquisas.
$JUDGHoR aos amigos da CIENTEC especialmente ao meu co-orientador
Dr. *XLOKHUPHGH6RX]D6RXPXLWRJUDWRWDPEpPDR Guilherme Priebe, Felipe
Linhares, Eduardo, Evelin$QW{QLRSHODGHGLFDomRHSDFLrQFLDHPPHRULHQWDU
nos procedimentos realizados nesta unidade de pesquisa.
680È5,2
1. ,1752'8d2 ........................................................................................................................ 09
2. OBJETIVO .............................................................................................................................. 11
2.1.OBJETIVO GERAL ............................................................................................................... 11
2.2 OBJETIVOS E63(&Ë),&26 .................................................................................................... 11
3. 5(9,62 %,%/,2*5È),&$................................................................................................... 13
3.1 B,20$66$/,*12&(/8/Ï6ICA .............................................................................................. 13
3.1.1 Cana-de-$o~FDU ....................................................................................................... 16
3.1.2 Eucalipto .................................................................................................................. 17
3.2 &$5920,1(5$/ ................................................................................................................ 19
3.3 C219(562(1(5*e7,&$ ................................................................................................... 21
3.3.1 Co-FRPEXVWmR .......................................................................................................... 23
3.3.2 'HILQLo}HVHUHDo}HVGHFRPEXVWmR ........................................................................ 24
$UGHFRPEXVWmRHH[FHVVRGHDU ........................................................................... 25
$QiOLVHHQHUJpWLFDGHVLVWHPDVGHFRPEXVWmR ....................................................... 2
3.4 PROPRIEDADES DOS COMB867Ë9(,6 ....................................................................................
&RPSRVLomRTXtPLFDHOHPHQWDU .............................................................................. 3
&RPSRVLomRTXtPLFDLPHGLDWD ................................................................................. 3
3.4.3 Poder FDORUtILFR ........................................................................................................ 3
3.5 F/8,',=$d2 ..................................................................................................................... 3
9HORFLGDGHPtQLPDGHIOXLGL]DomR ........................................................................... 3
3URSULHGDGHVGDV3DUWtFXODV ................................................................................... 3
3.5.3 Reatores de leito fluidizado ...................................................................................... 4
3.5.3.1 Leito fluidizado borbulhante .................................................................................. 4
3.5.3.2 Leito Fluidizado Circulante .................................................................................... 4
)OXLGL]DomRGHPLVWXUDVKHWHURJrQHDV .................................................................... 4
3.5.5 Vantagens e desvantagens dos leitos fluidizados ................................................... 4
3.6 A3/,&$d®(6'2352&(66O DE CO-&20%8672(0/(,72)LUIDIZADO ................................. 4
4.MATERIAL (0e72'26 ....................................................................................................... 5
4.1 MATERIAL UTILIZADO .......................................................................................................... 5
&DUDFWHUL]DomRGRV FRPEXVWtYHLV ............................................................................ 5
3URSULHGDGHVItVLFDVGRVPDWHULDLV .......................................................................... 5
'LkPHWUR0pGLR ..................................................................................................... 5
0DVVD(VSHFtILFD .................................................................................................. 5
4.1.2.3 Densidade Aparente ............................................................................................. 5
4.2 Me72'26(;3(5,0(17$,6 .................................................................................................. 5
4.2.1 Preparo da Biomassa............................................................................................... 5
4.2.2 Preparo das misturas ............................................................................................... 5
$QiOLVHWHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD7*$ ............................................................................. 5
%DQFDGDGH)OXLGL]DomR ........................................................................................... 5
)OXLGL]DomRGD0LVWXUD%LQiULDH7HUQiULD ............................................................... 5
4.2.6 Tratamento de Dados ..............................................................................................
5.RESULTADOS (',6&8662 ..............................................................................................
5.1 A1È/,6(,0(',$7$, $1È/,6((/(0(17$5(PODER &$/25Ë),&2..............................................
5.2 A1È/,6(7(502*5$9,0e7RICA (TGA) ................................................................................. 6
5.3 C$5$&7(5,=$d2FË6,&$'$6P$57Ë&8/$6'2LEITO ........................................................... 6
5.4 C859$6'()/8,',=$d2 .................................................................................................... 6
6.&21&/86®(6 ....................................................................................................................... 7
7.68*(67®(6 PARA TRABALHOS FUTUROS..................................................................... 7
8.5()(5Ç1&,$6 %,%/,2*5È),&$6 ...................................................................................... 7
,1752'8d2
A busca de substitutos para os FRPEXVWtYHLVIyVVHLV, finitos e altamente

poluentes, tem dado para aV IRQWHV GH HQHUJLD UHQRYiYHLV, como a energia
gerada a partir do sol, dos ventos e da biomassa, um papel de destaque no
FHQiULR HQHUJpWLFR A biomassa VH GHVWDFD HQWUH DV IRQWHV UHQRYiYHLV, em
especial pela sua versatilidade e pela sua capacidade de ser armazenada,
sendo SRVVtYHO DWUDYpV GHOD D SURGXomR GH FRPEXVWtYHLV OtTXLGRV VyOLGRV RX
gasosos e HOHWULFLGDGH DOpP GH VXEVWLWXLU GHULYDGRV GR SHWUyOHR QD SURGXomR
GH FRPSRVWRV TXtPLFRV HVVHQFLDLV SDUD D SURGXomR GH demais bioprodutos,
ELRTXtPLFRVHELRPDWHULDLV (SANTOS et al., 2013; V$=-Ò1,25 et al., 2013).
Apesar GH QmR VHU XP FRPEXVWtYHO UHQRYiYHO R FDUYmR PLQHUDO p R
FRPEXVWtYHO IyVVLO FRP D PDLRU GLVSRQLELOLGDGH FRP UHVHUYDV em todos os
FRQWLQHQWHVDLQG~VWULDFDUERQtIHUDHVWiEHPHVWDEHOHFLGDJHUDQGRHPSUHgos
HUHQGDp XPFRPEXVWtYHOGHEDL[RFXVWRFRPLQWHQVDSDUWLFLSDomRQDJHUDomR
HQHUJpWLFD PXQGLDO H FRQVWLWXL XP IDWRU HVWUDWpJLFR SDUD D VHJXUDQoD
HQHUJpWLFD VHQGR D SULQFLSDO IRQWH FRPEXVWtYHO XWLOL]DGD QDV XVLQDV
WHUPRHOpWULFDV2(&',($
Cortez (2008), define a biomassa como ³TXDOTXHUFRPSRVWRRUJkQLFR, de
origem animal ou vegetal, que pode ser convertido em um bioSURGXWRV´.
Proveniente de rHVtGXRV IORUHVWDLV DJUtFRODV XUEDQRV RX LQGXVWULDLV RX DLQGD
GH SODQWDo}HV HQHUJpWLFDV D ELRPDVVD representou em 2016, 8,8% da oferta
interna de energia eOpWULFD 2,(( VHJXQGR R 0LQLVWpULR GH 0LQDV H (QHUJLD
(2016), gerando aproximadamente 54 TWh, sendo que destes, 67% foi gerado
DWUDYpVGREDJDoRRXSDOKDGDFDQD-de-Do~FDU
( SRVVtYHO ID]HU XVR GR SRWHQFLDO HQHUJpWLFR GD ELRPDVVD DWUDYpV GDV
URWDVTXtPLFDVELRTXtPLFDVRXWHUPRTXtPLFDV.
1D URWD WHUPRTXtPLFD D FRQYHUVmR GD ELRPDVVD HP ELRHOHWULFLGDGH p
PDLV HILFLHQWH VH D FRPEXVWmR RFRUUHU HP UHDWRUHV GH OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR Leito
fluidizado refere-VHDXPOHLWRGHVyOLGRVILQDPHQWHGLYLGLGRVDWUDYpVGRVTXDLV
VHSDVVDXPJiVRXXPOtTXLGRGDQGRDROHLWRDSDUrQFLDVLPLODUDXPOLTXLGR
em fervura. (PYLUWXGHGDPDLRUVXSHUItFLHGHFRQWDWRHQWUHRIOXLGRDVFHQGHQWH
no leito e o FRPEXVWtYHO D VHU IOXLGL]DGR RFRUUH D KRPRJHQHL]DomR GH
9
WHPSHUDWXUDQRUHDWRUUHVXOWDQGRHPPDLRUHVtQGLFHVGHWUDQVIHUrQFLDGHFDORU
e massa (BNDES; CGEE 2008, SANTOS et al., 2013; PHITSUWAN et al.,
2013, RAMBO et al., 2015).
De acordo com Genehr (2015), a irregularidade de formatos da
ELRPDVVD GLILFXOWD VXD IOXLGL]DomR WRUQDQGR-VH QHFHVViULR D DGLomR GH XP
material inerte de maior esfericidade como a areia, a calcita ou a alumina.
Genehr (2015), Linhares (2016) e 3HUHLUD FLWDP TXH D SUHVHQoD
GHHOHYDGDVSURSRUo}HVGHELRPDVVDWHQGHDGLILFXOWDUDIOXLGL]DomRDWUDYpVGD
IRUPDomRGHFDPLQKRVSUHIHUHQFLDLVQROHLWRRXSURYRFDQGRDVHJUHJDomRGDV
partes da mistura.
10
2. OBJETIVO
2.1 OBJETIVO GERAL
O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi avaliar e caracterizar o potencial

HQHUJpWLFR H DV FXUYDV GH IOXLGL]DomR HP OHLWRV SROLGLVSHUVRV IRUPDGRV SRU
diferentes misturas ELQiULDVHWHUQirias de biomassasFDUYmRPLQHUDO e areia.
2.2 OBJETIVOS (63(&Ë),&2S
x Caracterizar fisicamente a areia R FDUYmR PLQHUDO e as seguintes

biomassas: cavacos de Eucalyptus spp HEDJDoRGHFDQD-de-Do~FDU;
x &DUDFWHUL]DU TXDQWR DR 3RGHU &DORUtILFR ,QIHULRU 3&, RV FDYDFRV GH
(XFDO\SWXVVSSEDJDoRGHFDQD-de-Do~FDUHFDUYmRmineral;
x &DUDFWHUL]DU TXDQWR jV DQiOLVHV 7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFDV RV FDYDFRV GH

Eucalyptus spp EDJDoR GH FDQD-de-Do~FDU FDUYmR PLQHUDO H PLVWXUDV
FDUYmR PLQHUDO HXFDOLSWR H FDUYmR PLQHUDO
EDJDoRGHFDQD-de-Do~FDU
x Determinar as curvas dH IOXLGL]DomR H D YHORFLGDGH GH PtQLPD

IOXLGL]DomRSDUDXPOHLWRFRPSRVWRSRUDUHLD
x 'HWHUPLQDU DV FXUYDV GH IOXLGL]DomR H D YHORFLGDGH GH PtQLPD

IOXLGL]DomRSDUDXPOHLWRSROLGLVSHUVRFRPSRVWRSRUXPDPLVWXUDELQiULD
de cavaco de Eucalyptus sppFDUYmRPineral e areia;

IOXLGL]DomRSDUDXPOHLWRSROLGLVSHUVRFRPSRVWRSRUXPDPLVWXUDELQiULD
GHFDUYmRPLQHUDOHDUHLD
11
IOXLGL]DomRSDUDXPOHLWRSROLGLVSHUVRFRPSRVWRSRUXPDPLVWXUDWHUQiULD
de cavaco de Eucalyptus sppFDUYmRPLQHUDOHDUHLD

fluidizDomRSDUDXPOHLWRSROLGLVSHUVRFRPSRVWRSRUXPDPLVWXUDELQiULD
GHEDJDoRGHFDQD-de-Do~FDUHDUHLD
x ,QYHVWLJDU R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GD IOXLGL]DomR GH XP OHLWR FRQWHQGR XPD

mistura ELQiULD das diferentes biomassas e areia em diferentes
SURSRUo}HV;
x Investigar R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GD IOXLGL]DomR GH XP OHLWR FRQWHQGR XPD

PLVWXUDWHUQiULDde Eucalyptus sppFDUYmRPLQHUDOHDUHLDHPGLIHUHQWHV
SURSRUo}HV.
12
5(9,62%,%/,2*5ÈFICA
3.1 %,20$66$/,*12&(/8/ÏSICA
$ XWLOL]DomR GH ELRPDVVD SDUD ILQV HQHUJpWLFRV tem acompanhado os

humanos desde RV SULPyUGLRV da humanidade. Foi SRVVtYHO aos nossos
ancestrais afugentar os animais selvagens, cozinhar os alimentos, aquecer-se
HPROGDULQVWUXPHQWRVGHVHXXVRGLiULR JUDoDVDRIRJR2GRPtQLRGDHQHUJLD
contida na biomassa permitiu a humanidade HQRUPHV HYROXo}HV QmR Vy HP
QtYHO GD TXDOLGDGH GH YLGD FRPR HP QtYHO VRFLDO H WHFQROyJLFR (LINHARES,
2016)
Como ELRPDVVD OLJQRFHOXOyVLFD define-se a PDWpULD-SULPD UHQRYiYHO GH
SURGXomR HQHUJptica e com grande potencial de processamento para
FRQYHUVmR HP IRUPDV ELRHQHUJpWLFDV PDLV HODERUDGDV SDUD R XVR ILQDO
(EICHLER et al., (P WHUPRV HQHUJpWLFRV p WRGD H TXDOTXHU IRUPD GH
HQHUJLD DFXPXODGD DWUDYpV GH SURFHVVRV IRWRVVLQWpWLFRV e XPD IRQte
SURPLVVRUD SDUD D SURGXomR ELRHQHUJpWLFD e de bio-produtos devido a sua
DEXQGkQFLD GLVSRQLELOLGDGH H FDUiWHU UHQRYiYHO %1'(6 &*((
SANTOS et al., 2013; PHITSUWAN et al., 2013, RAMBO et al., 2015,
LINHARES, 2016).
Podem ser utilizadas como fontes de biomassa DVFXOWXUDVHQHUJpWLFDV e
RVUHVtGXRVDJURIORUHVWDLVLQGXVWULDLVHXUEDQRV0$,7<$VSODQWDo}HV
HQHUJpWLFDVJHUDOPHQWHVmRGHQVDPHQWHFXOWLYDGDVGHDOWDSURGXWLYLGDGHHGH
FXUWD URWDomR FRPR SRU H[HPSOR EDPEX eucalipto e canola 5HVtGXRV
DJUtFRODV VmR FRPSRVWRV SULQFLSDOPHQWH SRU cascas, caules e folhas ou que
QmR VmR FROKLGRV GH SODQWDo}HV FRPHUFLDLV FRPR FDVFD e palha de arroz,
palha e sabugo de milho e palha de trigo entre outras 5HVtGXRV IORUHVWDLV
referem-VH j ELRPDVVD QmR FROKLGD GH ORFDLV GH H[SORUDomR PDGHLUHLUD como
as cascas e folhas, restos resultantes GHRSHUDo}HVGHPDQHMRIORUHVWDO como
os galhos e VREUDVGDLQGXVWULDOL]DomRGDPDGHLUDFRPRDserragem5HVtGXRV
industriais e uUEDQRV LQFOXHP UHVtGXRV VyOLGos, lodo de esgoto entre outros
(MAITY, 2015; SANTOS, 2013).
13
Palha de soja 25 12 18 45
Farelo de trigo 10-15 35-39 8,3-12,5 33,6-46,7
Palha de trigo 38,2 21,2 23,4 17,2
Joio do trigo 38 36 16 10
*UDPtQHDV 25-40 35-50 10-30 15-30
Madeira de lei 44,7 18,6 26,4

iODPRKtEULGR 10,3
Madeira
resinosa 44,6 21,9 27,7 5,8
(pinho)
5HVtGXRVGH 76 13 11 <1
papel
Fonte: SANTOS et al. (2012).
As propriedades da biomassa diferem, consideravelmente, de

FRPEXVWtYHLVFRPRRFDUYmRHPSDUkPHWURVFRPRDVXDFRPSRVLomRTXtPLFD
RUJkQLFD H LQRUJkQLFD QR FRQWH~GR HQHUJpWLFR H QDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFDV
&RPSDUDQGR D ELRPDVVD DR FDUYmR PLQHUDO D ELRPDVVD geralmente
caracteriza-se por DSUHVHQWDU PDLRUHV WHRUHV HP XPLGDGH R[LJrQLR H
QLWURJrQLRPHQRUSRGHUFDORUtILFRHPHQRUWHRU GHFDUERQRHPVXDFRQVWLWXLomR
(LINHARES, 2016). $ ELRPDVVD WDPEpP DSUHVHQWD PHQRU GHQVLGDGH H
IXVLELOLGDGH DOpP GH PHQRUHV TXDQWLGDGHV GH HQ[RIUH IHUUR H DOXPtQLR
(DEMIRBAS, 2004). A Tabela 2 DSUHVHQWDYDORUHVPpGLRVUHODWLYRVDGLYHUVDV
SURSULHGDGHV ItVLFDV H TXtPLFDV HQFRQWUDGDV HP FRPEXVWtYHLs de biomassa e
FDUYmRPLQHUDO
Tabela 2: 3URSULHGDGHV ItVLFDV H TXtPLFDV WtSLFDV GH ELRPDVVD H FDUYmR
mineral.
Propriedades Biomassa &DUYmR
0DVVDHVSHFtILFDGR
~500 ~1300
FRPEXVWtYHONJP
Ca (%m/m) 42 - 54 65 - 85
a
O (%m/m) 35 - 45 2 - 15
Sb (%m/m) Max 0,5 0,5 - 7,5
SiO2b (%m/m) 23 - 49 40 - 60
Al2O3b (%m/m) 2,4 - 9,5 15 - 25
Fe2O3b (%m/m) 1,5 - 8,5 8 -18
16
7HPSHUDWXUDGH,JQLomR
418 - 426 490 - 595
&
3RGHU&DORUtILFR,QIHULRU
14 - 21 23 ± 28
(MJ/kg)
DSHUFHQWXDOPiVVLFDHPEDVHVHFDGHFRPEXVWtYHO.
ESHUFHQWXDOPiVVLFDHPEDVHVHFDGHFLQ]DV.
Fonte: Adaptado de DEMIBRAS (2004).
Os UHVtGXRVDJUtFRODV e florestais VmRyWLPDVDOWHUQDWLYDVSDUDSURGXomR

HQHUJpWLFD 3+,768:$1 et al., 2013). $ FRQFHQWUDomR dos componentes
OLJQRFHOXOyVLFRV depende do tipo de biomassa, tipo de tecido, da idade das
plantas HGDVFRQGLo}HVGHdesenvolvimento destas (SANTOS et al., 2012).
3.1.1 Cana-de-$o~FDU
2ULJLQiULDGHUHJL}HVWURSLFDLVGRVXOGDÈVLDHGD0HODQpVLD, a cana-de-
Do~FDU WHYH VXD LQWURGXomR QR Brasil efetuada pelos portugueses no decorrer
dR SHUtRGR FRORQLDO e XPD PRQRFRWLOHG{QHD GR JrQHUR 6DFFKDUXP
pertencente j IDPtOLD3RDFHDHGHPHWDEROLVPR&4, atingindo DWp m de altura.
O talo fibroso de onde se extrai o caldo (rico em sacarose) e as folhas
constituem VXDFRPSRVLomREiVLFD(GOUVEIA et.al., 2009).
Os colmos (compostos por fibUDVOLJQRFHOXOyVLFDVDo~FDUHVHiJXDVmR
GLYLGLGRV SRU QyV e formam o talo da cana-de-Do~FDU. Folhas novas (aspecto
esverdeado) e folhas velhas conhecidas como palha (folhas secas), FRPS}HP
as folhas dessa planta (SANTOS et.al.,2013).
%DJDoR de FDQDpRQRPHGDGRDRUHVtGXRGRSURFHVVRGHPRDJHPGRV
colmos. E basicamente coPSRVWR GH FDUERQR H R[LJrQLR apresentando, em
geral, DFRPSRVLomRTXtPLFDREVHUYDGDQD7DEHOD3.
Tabela 3: &RPSRVLomRTXtPLFDGREDJDoRGHFDQD.
Componente )UDomR>@
Celulose 40,5
Hemiceluloses 29,3
Lignina 26,5
Cinzas 1,61
Fonte: Adaptado de SANTOS et al., (2013).
17
2EDJDoRFXMRSRWHQFLDOHQHUJpWLFRSRGHVHUDSURYHLWDGRQDJHUDomRGH
HWDQROGHVHJXQGDJHUDomR pXPDIRQWHHQHUJpWLFDHVVHQFLDOSara as usinas,
RQGHpXWLOL]DGRprincipalmente parDDJHUDomRGHHQHUJLDHOpWULFD.
3.1.2 Eucalipto
2ULJLQiULR GD Oceania e sudeste DVLiWLFR R JrQHUR Eucalyptus p

composto por mais de 700 esSpFLHVHVWDQGRGHQWUHDVPHOKRUHVRSo}HVSDUD
D IRUPDomR GH IORUHVWDV HQHUJpWLFDV YLVWR TXH SRGH VHU FXOWLYDGR HP YiULDV
UHJL}HVFRPGLIHUHQWHVFRQGLo}HVHGDIRFOLPiWLFDV (SANTOS, 2013; AGEFLOR,
2016).
$ JUDQGH YDULHGDGH GH HVSpFLHV SRVVLELOLWD R VHX XVR SDUD DV PDLV
diversas finalidades FRPR D IDEULFDomR GH ODPLQDGRV PDGHLUD VHUUDGD H
HVFRUDV SDUD D FRQVWUXomR FLYLO SRVWHV EHP FRPR VHX XVR QD LQG~VWULD GH
papel e celulose e DJHUDomRGHHQHUJLDDWUDYpVGDTXHLPDGLUHWDHSURGXomR
GHFDUYmRYHJHWDO (SANTIAGO e REZENDE, 2014; AGEFLOR, 2016).
'HQWUHDVGLIHUHQWHVELRPDVVDVFXOWLYDGDVQR%UDVLORJrQHUREucalyptus
se destaca, com PDLV GH GD iUHD GH SODQWLR IORUHVWDO EUDVLOHLUD sendo
GHGLFDGDDHVVDHVSpFLH)$5,$6et al., 2016)
6HJXQGR D DVVRFLDomR JD~FKD GH empresas florestais (AGEFLOR) em
VHXUHODWyULRDQXDOGH7 (com dados de 2016) o estado do rio grande do sul
responde por 8 GDV IORUHVWDV GH HXFDOLSWR QR %UDVLO FRP XPD DPSOLDomR GH
184,2 mil hectares em 2006 para 426,7 mil hectares em 2016 (AGEFLOR,
2017).
2VSODQWLRVGHHXFDOLSWRHVWmRSUHVHQWHVHPPDLVGHPXQLFtSLRV no
Rio Grande do Sul, sendo que as maiores florestas se encontram no centro-sul
do estado, conforme indicado na figura seguinte (AGEFLOR, 2017).
18
Figura 4 'LVWULEXLomR HVSDFLDO SRU PXQLFtSLR GDV IORUHVWDV SODQWDGDV FRP
eucalipto.
Fonte: AGEFLOR (2017).
2 HXFDOLSWR WHP XPD FRPSRVLomR LPHGLDWD FRP EDL[R WHRU GH FLQ]DV H
DOWR WHRU GH FDUERQR IL[R DOpP GH XP SRGHU FDORUtILFR GH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
NFDONJ TXH PRVWUDP TXH D XWLOL]DomR GHVVD OHQKRVD SDUD SURFHVVRV
WHUPRTXtPLFRV p LQWHUHVVDQWH GR SRQWR GH YLVWD HFRQ{PLFR )$5,$6 et al.,
2016)
'R SRQWR GH YLVWD LQGXVWULDO R HXFDOLSWR p PXLWR YHUViWLO SRGHQGR VHU
XVDGRDOpPGDSURGXomRGHHQHUJLDSDUDDSURGXomRGHFHOXORVHHSDSHORX
DLQGDSDUDSURGXomRGHOLJQLQDHKHPLFHOXORVHVTXHSRGHPVHUH[WUDtGRV para
DSURGXomRGHTXtPLFRVHOLJDVSROLPpULFDV)$5,$6et al., 2016)
3.2. &$5920,1(5$/
2 FDUYmR mineral p XPD URFKD VHGLPHQWDUFRPEXVWtYHO de cor preta ou

marrom SURYHQLHQWH GH GHSyVLWRV GH UHVWRV GH SODQWDV H iUYRUHV TXH VH
DFXPXODUDP HP SkQWDQRV VRE XPD OkPLQD G¶iJXD LQLFLDGR QR 3HUtRGR
&DUERQtIHUR formando extratos conhecidos como FDPDGDV GH FDUYmR Esse
SURFHVVR GH FRQYHUVmR GD PDWpULD RUJkQLFD HP FDUYmR VH Gi HP IXQomR GD
DomR GH PLFURUJDQLVPRV GD SUHVVmR GD WHPSHUDWXUD H GR WHPSR que
19
SURSRUFLRQDUDP D H[SXOVmR GR R[LJrQLR H GR KLGURJrQLR FRQFHQWUDQGR R
FDUERQR GD PDWpULD RUJkQLFD SURFHVVR GH FDUERQLILFDomR 2V HVWiJLRV GH
IRUPDomR GR FDUYmR SRGHP VHU GLYLGidos em: turfa, linhito (baixo grau de
carbonificDomRFDUYmRKXOKDHDQWUDFLWRVHJXLQGRRDXPHQWRGRSHUFHQWXDOGH
carbono contido no mineral (BRASIL 2011; LINHARES, 2016; WORLD COAL
ASSOCIATION, 2017). 2VFDUY}HVWDPEpPVmRFODVVLILFDGRVVHJXQGRDQRUPa
ASTMD QDV FODVVHV OLQKtWLFR VXE-EHWXPLQRVR EHWXPLQRVR H DQWUDFtWLFR
(BRASIL, 2011; LINHARES, 2016).
No %UDVLORPLQHUDOHQFRQWUDGRpFRQVLGHUDGRGHEDL[DTXDOLGDGHFRP
FDUY}HV FRQWHQGR DOWR WHRU GH FLQ]DV H EDL[R FRQWH~GR GH FDUERQR VHQGR
conheFLGRV FRPR FDUY}HV GR WLSR OLQKtWLFR H FDUY}HV sub-betuminosos, sendo
HQFRQWUDGRVQD5HJLmR6XOQRVHVWDGRVGR5LR*UDQGHGR6XO6DQWD&DWDULQD
H 3DUDQi $SUR[LPDGDPHQWH 9 GHVVHV UHFXUVRV HVWmR ORFDOL]DGRV QR 5LR
Grande do Sul. Os locais mais importantes, HVWmRlistados geograficamente de
sudoeste para nordeste do estado como mostrado na Figura 5, assim como os
GHSyVLWRV ORFDOL]DGRV QR HVWDGR GH 6DQWD Catarina. A principal reserva deste
PLQHUDO p D PLQD GH &DQGLRWD ORFDOL]DGD QD PHWDGH VXO GR HVWDGR GR 5LR
*UDQGH GR 6XO TXH p WDPEpP D PDLRU UHVHUYD EUDVLOHLUD FRQKHFLGD RQGH D
FDPDGDGHFDUYmRSRVVXLJUDQGHFRQWLQXLGDGHHFREHUWXUDSHTXHQD%5$6,/
2008; BRASIL 2011).
ApeVDU GD UHVLVWrQFLD GH DPELHQWDOLVWDV H GD FRPXQLGDGH FLHQWLILFD
TXDQWR DR XVR GR FDUYmR 0217(,52 et al., HVWH PLQHUDO p R
FRPEXVWtYHO IyVVLO FRP D PDLRU GLVSRQLELOLGDGH FRP UHVHUYDV GLVWULEXtGDV em
todos os FRQWLQHQWHV WHP XPD LQG~VWULD HVWDEHOHcida gerando renda e
HPSUHJRV p XP FRPEXVWtYHO GH FXVWR UHODWLYDPHQWH EDL[R FRP LQWHQVD
SDUWLFLSDomR QD JHUDomR HQHUJpWLFD PXQGLDO FRQVWLWXLQGR XP IDWRU HVWUDWpJLFR
SDUDDVHJXUDQoDHQHUJpWLFD%5$6,/2(&',($
20
Figura 5 /RFDOL]DomR GRV SULQFLSDLV GHSyVLWRV PLQHUDLV GH FDUYmR QR HVWDGR
do Rio Grande do Sul.
Fonte: GOMES (2011).
No Brasil, R FDUYmR PLQHUDO SDUWLFLSD FRP XP SRXFR PDLV GH QD
PDWUL] (QHUJpWLFD H FRP DSHQDV QD PDWUL] HOpWULFD %5$6,/
HQTXDQWR TXH D QtYHO PXQGLDO este mineral corresponde a 29% na matriz
HQHUJpWLFD H PDLV GH QD JHUDomR GH HOHWULFLGDGH 2(&',($ 2
SULQFLSDOXVRGRFDUYmREUDVLOHLURRFRUUHQDLQG~VWULDVLGHU~UJLFDFRPPDLVGH
98% sendo importado (BRASIL, 2011)2LQYHVWLPHQWRQDH[WUDomR GRFDUYmRp
cerca de 5 vezes PHQRUGRTXHRQHFHVViULRSDUDDH[WUDomRGHJiVQatural e
cerca de 4 vezes menor GRTXHSDUDDH[WUDomRGHSHWUyOHR%5$6,/
&219(562(1(5*eTICA
(SRVVtYHOFRQYHUWHUDbiomassa em formas de energia WpUPLFDHOpWULFD

RX PHFkQLFD levando em FRQVLGHUDomR diversos fatores. A quantidade de
ELRPDVVD GLVSRQtYHO D YLDELOLGDGH WpFQLFD H HFRQ{PLFD GDV LQVWDODo}HV H
HVSHFLILFDo}HVWpFQLFDVHUHJXODGRUDVTXHSRGHPLQIOXHQFLDURXFRQGLFLRQDUD
21
tecnologia a ser escolhida VmR RV IDWRUHV PDLV UHOHYDQWHV. Os processos em
XVR LQWHJUDP SULPRUGLDOPHQWH DV URWDV GH FRQYHUVmR DVVRFLDGDV DRV
IHQ{PHQRV WHUPRTXtPLFRV (principalmente) H ELRTXtPLFRV SRGHQGR DLQGD
UHFRUUHUDSURFHVVRVItVLFRV (MCKENDRY, 2002). Na figura 6 esWmRUHVXPLGDV
as WHFQRORJLDVGHFRQYHUVmRTXHXWLOL]DPELRPDVVD
Figura 6: 7HFQRORJLDVGHFRQYHUVmRHQHUJpWLFDGHELRPDVVD.
Fonte: LINHARES (2016).
)HQ{PHQRVFRPSOH[RVHQYROYHQGRUHDo}HVTXtPLFDVFRPWUDQVIHUrQFLD
GH FDORU H PDVVD LQWLPDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGD FRP D IOXLGRGLQkPLFD GR PHLR
UHDFLRQDO HVWmR HQYROYLGRV QRV SURFHVVRV WHUPRTXtPLFRV GH SLUyOLVH
JDVHLILFDomRHFRPEXVWmR
A pirolise e uma combustmR FRPSOHWD HP DWPRVIHUD FRQWURODGD VHP D
SUHVHQoD GH R[LJrQLR RX FRP XPD TXDQWLGDGH PXLWR OLPLWDGD GH DJHQWHV
o
oxidantes a temperaturas entre 450-550 C, resultando em compostos
JDVRVRVOtTXLGRVSLUROtWLFRVHVyOLGRV FDUERQL]DGRVRXHQWmRDSHQDVYROiWHLV
HVyOLGRVFDUERQL]DGRV'(0,5%$6
A JDVHLILFDomRGDELRPDVVDRFRUUHFRPDR[LGDomRFRPEXVWmRSDUFLDO
da biomassa na faixa de temperaturas entre 800- & e com quantidades
22
OLPLWDGDVGHR[LJrQLRUHVXOWDQGR em XPDPLVWXUDGHJiVFRPEXVWtYHO+2, CH4
entre outros), cinzas e o material carbonizado (DEMIRBAS, 2004, 2009).
O processo de FRPEXVWmR e considerado XP SURFHVVR GH R[LGDomR
FRPSOHWD GRV FRPSRVWRV FRPEXVWtYHLV FRP JHUDomR GH gases (CO2 e H2O),
cinzas e energia consistindo QD UHDomR GRV FRPSRQHQWHV do material com o
R[LJrQLR GR DU FRP XPD PDQXWHQomR GH H[FHVVR GH R[LJrQLR SDUD JDUDQWLU D
FRQYHUVmR FRPSOHWD GRV FRQVWLWXLQWHV FRPEXVWtYHLV (LINHARES, 2016;
MARTINS, 2012; MCKENDRY, 2002). Segundo Linhares (2016), a UHDomR
JOREDO GH FRPEXVWmR GD ELRPDVVD FRP R DU DSUHVHQWDGD SRU %U\DQ -HQNLQV
WHPDIRUPDH[SUHVVDSHOD(TXDomR
۱‫ ܆‬૚ ۶‫ ܆‬૛ ‫܆۽‬૜ ‫ ܆ۼ‬૝ ‫ ܆܁‬૞ ۱‫ ܆ܔ‬૟ ‫ ܆ܑ܁‬ૠ ۹ ‫ ܆‬ૡ ۱‫܆ ܏ۻ ૢ ܆܉‬૚૙ ‫ ܆܉ۼ‬૚૚ ‫܆۾‬૚૛ ۴‫ ܆܍‬૚૜ ‫܆ܔۯ‬૚૝ ‫ ܆ܑ܂‬૚૞ ൅ ‫ܖ‬૚ ۶૛ ‫۽‬
൅ ‫ܖ‬૛ ሺ૚ െ ‫܍‬ሻሺ‫۽‬૛ ൅ ૜ǡ ૠ૟‫ۼ‬૛ ሻ
ൌ ‫ܖ‬૜ ۱‫۽‬૛ ൅ ‫ܖ‬૝ ۶૛ ‫ ۽‬൅ ‫ܖ‬૞ ‫۽‬૛ ൅ ‫ܖ‬૟ ‫ۼ‬૛ ൅ ‫ܖ‬ૠ ۱‫ ۽‬൅ ‫ܖ‬ૡ ۱۶૝ ൅ ‫۽ۼ ૢܖ‬
൅ ‫ܖ‬૚૙ ‫۽ۼ‬૛ ൅ ‫ܖ‬૚૚ ‫۽܁‬૛ ൅ ‫ܖ‬૚૛ ۶۱‫ ܔ‬൅ ‫ܖ‬૚૜ ۹۱‫ ܔ‬൅ ‫ܖ‬૚૝ ۹ ૛ ‫۽܁‬૝ ൅ ‫ܖ‬૚૞ ۱ ൅ ‫ڮ‬
1DIyUPXODTXtPLFDGDELRPDVVDSULPHLURWHUPRGD(TXDomR 1), foram
LQFOXtGRVTXLQ]HHOHPHQWRVexistindo no entanto outros igualmente importantes
QDFRPEXVWmRGDELRPDVVD2VHJXQGRWHUPRGDHTXDomRTXtPLFDGL]UHVSHLWR
j XPLGDGH TXH SRGH YDULDU PXLWR QD ELRPDVVD GLVSRQtYHO 2 ~OWLPR WHUPR GD
H[SUHVVmRGRODGo dos reagentes, refere-VHDRDUGHFRPEXVWmRUHSUHVHQWDGR
SHORV VHXV FRQVWLWXLQWHV SULQFLSDLV QLWURJrQLR H R[LJrQLR $ SDUWH
FRUUHVSRQGHQWH DRV SURGXWRV GD UHDomR GH FRPEXVWmR p PDLV FRPSOH[D H
FRQVWLWXtGD GH XPD JUDQGH YDULHGDGH GH HVSpFLHV TXH RFRUUHP em maior ou
menor quantidades (JENKINS et al., 1998; LINHARES, 2016; MILES et al.,
1995)
'HQWUR GDV WHFQRORJLDV GH FRQYHUVmR GHVWLQDGDV j SURGXomR WpUPLFD H
HOpWULFD D FRPEXVWmR p D DWXDOPHQWH PDLV XWLOL]DGD GDGD D VXD ILDELOLGDGH H
disponibilidade. A coPEXVWmR p WLGD FRPo processo conhecido, direto e com
viabilidade comercial (ARAUJO, 2008).
3.3.1 Co-FRPEXVWmR
A co-FRPEXVWmR p D TXHLPD VLPXOWkQHD HP XP PHVPR VLVWHPD

reacional, de diversos tipos de PDWHULDLV FRPEXVWtYHLV SDUD D SURGXomR GH
23
energia. (LINHARES, 2016). Essa SUiWLFD SURS}H D VXEVWLWXLomR GH SDUWH GR
FDUYmRPLQHUDOXWLOL]DGRHPXVLQDVWHUPRHOptricas por biomassa. Dessa forma,
reduz-VHVLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHDHPLVVmRGHSROXHQWHV DVVRFLDGRVjFRPSRVLomR
GRFDUYmRFRPRRVy[LGRVGHHQ[RIUHH metais pesados (FAE GOMES et al.,
2013).
$XWLOL]DomRGDELRPDVVDHGRFDUYmRPLQHUDOFRPRFRPEXVWtYHLVQDco-
FRPEXVWmR HVWi FRQGLFLRQDGD jV SURSULHGDGHV H FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SHFXOLDUHV DR
SURFHVVR DV TXDLV GHYHP VHU EHP FRPSUHHQGLGDV SDUD D XWLOL]DomR GHVWDs
PDWpULDV SULPDV HP VLVWHPDV GH JHUDomR HP OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR /,1+$5(6
2016). A faixa de desempenho da biomassa encontra-se entre 30 e 37%,
VHQGRSRULVVRXPDHVFROKDEHPDWUDWLYDHHFRQyPLFDDWXDOPHQWH
$ XWLOL]DomR GH ELRPDVVD TXDQGR HP SDUFHULD RX HP VXEVWLWXLomR GH
FRPEXVWtYHLV IyVVHLV VH UHIHUH j GLPLQXLomR GDV HPLVV}HV GRV JDVHV
FDXVDGRUHVGRHIHLWRHVWXID&RQVLGHUDQGRVRPHQWHDFRQYHUVmRGDELRPDVVD
R EDODQoR GH FDUERQR p PXLWR IDYRUiYHO SRLV DV HPLVV}HV GH &2 2 durante a
FRPEXVWmRGDELRPDVVDVHHTXLYDOHPjVTXHIRUDPDEVRUYLGDVSHODSODQWDomR
durante o seu desenvolvimento, resultando em um EDODQoRQXORQDVHPLVV}HV
de CO2, pois o carbono liberado para a atmosfera GXUDQWH D VXD FRPEXVWmR
FRUUHVSRQGHUH[DWDPHQWHjTXDQWLGDGHTXHIRLDEVRUYLGDGa atmosfera, durante
RSURFHVVRGHIRWRVVtQWHVHSHODYHJHWDomRTXHGHXPPRGRRXGHRXWUROKHV
deu origem. No entanto, somente se validara esta linha de pensamento se ela
HVWLYHUEDVHDGDQXPDSROtWLFDGHVXVWHQWDELOLGDGHTXHSHUPLWD DUHSRVLomRGD
vegetDomR GH PRGR HTXLOLEUDGR SDUD TXH HVWD SRVVD GHVHPSHQKDU
eficientemente o papel como fonte fornecedora de carbono (ABELHA et al.,
2013). O baixo WHRU HP QLWURJrQLR H HQ[RIUH na FRQVWLWXLomR da biomassa,
comparado a FRPEXVWtYHLV IyVVHLV e outra vantagem doV FRPEXVWtYHLV
derivados desses materiais. Adicionalmente, o uso de biomassas residuais
PLQLPL]D RV GHVSHUGtFLRV H UHGX]HP RV QtYHLV GH SROXLomR GR VROR H iJXD
RFDVLRQDGRVSHODGHVWLQDomRGHVWHVHPDWHUURV/,1+$5(6
$SHVDU GRV EHQHItFLRV GD XWLOL]DomR GH ELRPDVVD HP SURFHVVRV GH
FRPEXVWmR HP OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR DOJXQV FXidados devem ser observados com o
XVRGHPDWHULDLVRUJkQLFRVTXHDSUHVHQWHPXPHOHYDGRWHRUHPFLQ]DVEDL[D
GHQVLGDGH H HOHYDGD XPLGDGH (P PXLWDV VLWXDo}HV HVVHV WLSRV GH
24
FRPEXVWtYHLV DSUHVHQWDP FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXH LQIOXHQFLDP QHJDWLYDPHQWH QDV
temperaturas de funcionamento do equipamento, podendo acarretar problemas
GHVHJUHJDomRHGLILFXOWDUDIOXLGL]DomRGROHLWR/,1+$5(6
'HILQLo}HVHUHDo}HVGHFRPEXVWmR
A PDLRULD GRV FRPEXVWtYHLV HPSUHJDGRV LQGXVWULDOPHQWH p FRPSRVWD

EDVLFDPHQWH GH FDUERQR KLGURJrQLR H HQ[RIUH SRGHQGR FRQWHU WDPEpP
R[LJrQLR H QLWURJrQLR $V SULQFLSDLV UHDo}HV TXH RFRUUHP FRP HVVDV
VXEVWkQFLDVQR SURFHVVRGHFRPEXVWmRHVWmRH[SUHVVDV nas (TXDo}HV2 a 5:
C(s) + O2(g) ՜CO2(g) ¨+F -339,5 kJ/mol (2)
2H2(g) + O2(g) ՜2H2O(g) ¨+F -242,0 kJ/mol (3)
2H2(g) + O2(g) ՜2H2O(l) ¨+F -285,8 kJ/mo (4)
S(g) + O2(g)՜SO2(g) ¨+F -297,0 kJ/mol (5)
4XDQGRDTXDQWLGDGHGHR[LJrQLRIRUVXILFLHQWHSDUDDWRWDOR[LGDomRGH
FDGDHOHPHQWRFRPEXVWtYHOFRQVLGHUD-VHDFRPEXVWmRFRPSOHWD&RPDUHDomR
total FRPRR[LJrQLRGHWRGRVRVHOHPHQWRVTXtPLFRVSUHVHQWHVQRFRPEXVWtYHO
RFRUUHDPi[LPDOLEHUDomRGHFDORr (LINHARES, 2016).
3RU RXWUR ODGR RFRUUH XPD FRPEXVWmR LQFRPSOHWD FRP HPLVVmR GH
PRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRHFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHXPDPHQRUTXDQWLGDGHGHHQHUJLD
OLEHUDGD UHGX]LQGR D HILFLrQFLD GR SURFHVVR GH FRPEXVWmR TXDQGR KRXYHU
LQVXILFLrQFLDGHR[LJrQLRdemonstrado na (TXDomR6.
C(s) ò22(g) ՜CO(g) ¨+F -110,5 kJ/mol (6)
Necessita-VH PDQWHU D FRQFHQWUDomR GRV UHDJHQWHV SDUD PDQWHU D
velocidade de queima. $WUDYpV GDDOLPHQWDomR FRQWtQXDGRFRPEXVWtYHOHGRDU
GH FRPEXVWmR REWpP-VH D PDQXWHQomR GHVWD YHORFLGDGH $ TXDQWLGDGH GH
IXOLJHP QR IOX[R GH JDVHV SDUD D FKDPLQp GHSHQGHUi GDV FRQGLo}HV
operacionais do sistema, ocorrendo independentemente do material
FRPEXVWtYHOXWLOL]DGR/,1+$5(6
3RGHP RFRUUHU UHDo}HV H[RWpUPLFDV RQGH Ki OLEHUDomR GH FDORU H
HQGRWpUPLFDV RQGH VH WHP DEVRUomR GH FDORU QRV FRPEXVWRUHV FRQIRUPH
exemplificado nas HTXDo}HVD
([RWpUPLFDV&22 ՜CO2+ Calor (7)
25
2H2+ O2 ՜2H2O + Calor (8)
S+ O2 ՜SO2 + Calor (9)
(QGRWpUPLFDV12+ O2 ՜2NO- Calor (10)
$UHDomRGRQLWURJrQLRFRPR[LJrQLR(TXDomR10RFRUUHQRQ~FOHRGD
FKDPD TXH p XPD UHJLmR GH DOWD WHPSHUDWXUD H Ki D DEVRUomR GH FDORU
(LAGEMANN, 2016)
$UGHFRPEXVWmR e excesso de ar
(PYLUWXGHGDVXDGLVSRQLELOLGDGHRDUDWPRVIpULFRpDIRQWHPDLVXVDGD
SDUD REWHQomR GR R[LJrQLR QHFHVViULR SDUD D FRPEXVWmR (VWH p FRPSRVWR,
principalmente, por 76,8% de N2 e 23,2% de O2 VHQGR TXH D UHODomR HQWUH
HVWHV FRPSRQHQWHV p de 3,76 mols de N2 para 1 mol de O2. Gases nobres
DUJ{QLRFULSW{QLR[HQ{QLRHKpOLRR]{QLRGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRHYDSRUG¶iJXD
WDPEpP HVWmRSUHVHQWHVHPtQILPDVTXDQWLGDGHV (LINHARES 2016).
Industrialmente utiliza-VHXPH[FHVVRGHDUHPUHODomRjHVWHquiometria
GD UHDomR SDUD REWHU D FRPSOHWD R[LGDomR GR FDUERQR 2V FRPEXVWtYHLV
gasosos se GHFRPS}HP FRP menor excesso de ar, enquanto que para os
FRPEXVWtYHLV OtTXLGRV RX VyOLGRV RQGH DV GLIHUHQWHV HWDSDV GH FRPEXVWmR
DFRQWHFHP QD VXSHUItFLH GH JRWDV RX SDUWtFXODV D TXDQWLGDGH GH DU HP
H[FHVVR UHTXHULGD p PDLRU No entanto, quanto maior for o excesso de ar,
PDLRU VHUi D SHUGD GH FDORU VHQVtYHO SHOD FKDPLQp /25$ 1$6&,0(172
2004).
O SURFHVVR GH FRPEXVWmR GHYH DWHQGHU D SULQFtSLRV TXH DVVHJXUHP
economia RXHILFLrQFLDQDTXHLPDGHFRPEXVWtYHO No entantoQDSUiWLFDHP
FRQGLo}HV QRUPDLV GH RSHUDomR p PXLWR GLItFLO R DSURYHLWDPHQWR LQWHJUDO GD
HQHUJLD GLVSRQtYHO QR FRPEXVWtYHO UD]mR SHOD TXDO necessita-se elaborar um
WUDEDOKR GH RWLPL]DomR FRP YLVWDV j PLQLPL]DomR GDV SHUGDV GH HQHUJLD
HQYROYLGDV QR SURFHVVR GH FRPEXVWmR 3DUD uma FRPEXVWmR eficiente, com
PHQRUHV FRQGLo}HV GH FRPEXVWmR LQFRPSOHWD VmR LPSUHVFLQGtYHLV algumas
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
a) temperatura elevada o suficiente para iniciar e manter a queima do
FRPEXVWtYHO
26
EPLVWXUDDGHTXDGDGRDUFRPRFRPEXVWtYHOH
FWHPSRVXILFLHQWHSDUDDRFRUUrQFLDGDUHDomRGHFRPEXVWmR
$ LQVXILFLrQFLD GH DU QR SURFHVVR LPSOLFDQGR HP GHVSHUGtFLR GH
FRPEXVWtYHO SRGH FDXVDU XPD FRPEXVWmR LQFRPSOHWD VHQGR WLGRV como
LQGLFDGRUHV D SUHVHQoD GH &2 +2 e CH4 QRV JDVHV GH FRPEXVWmR H D
SUHVHQoD GH SDUWtFXODV FRP IUDomR FRQVLGHUiYHO GH FDUERQR QmR TXHLPDGR
(fuligens) (LAGEMANN, 2016).
4XDQWLGDGH WHyULFD RX HVWHTXLRPpWULFD GH DU H D GHQRPLQDomR GDGD D
TXDQWLGDGH PtQLPD GH DU TXH IRUQHFH R[LJrQLR VXILFLHQWH SDUD D FRPEXVWmR
FRPSOHWDGHWRGRRFDUERQRRKLGURJrQLRHRHQ[RIUHSUHVHQWHQRFRPEXVWtYHO
1HQKXP R[LJrQLR OLYUH DSDUHFHULD QRV SURGXWRV SDUD D FRPEXVWmR FRPSOHWD
FRP D TXDQWLGDGH WHyULFD GH DU FRQVLVWLQGR RV SURGXWRV HP GLy[LGR GH
FDUERQR iJXD GLy[LGR GH HQ[RIUH R QLWURJrQLR GR DU H TXDOTXHU QLWURJrQLR
FRQWLGRQRFRPEXVWtYHO/,1+$5(6
De acordo com Linhares (2016), a quantidade de ar normalmente
fornecida HP SURFHVVRV GH FRPEXVWmR QmR REHGHFH jV FRQGLo}HV
HVWHTXLRPpWULFDV VHQGR HVWD quantidade comumente expressa em termos da
percentagem de ar em excesso. Exemplificando, 150% de ar em excesso
VLJQLILFD TXH R DU TXH IRL GH IDWR IRUQHFLGR p YH]HV D TXDQWLGDGH
HVWHTXLRPpWULFDGHDU 'H RXWUDIRUPD D Tuantidade de ar pode ser expressa
FRPRFRHILFLHQWHGHH[FHVVRGHDUTXHUHSUHVHQWDDUHODomRHQWUHRQGHPROV
UHDOPHQWH XWLOL]DGR QD FRPEXVWmR H R Q GH PROV HVWHTXLRPHWULFDPHQWH
QHFHVViULR Dessa forma XP FRPEXVWtYHO TXH IRVVH TXHLPDGR FRP
excesso GHDUVmRHTXLYDOHQWHVjSURSRUomRGHWUDEDOKRGHDUFRPEXVWtYHOGH
YH]HV D SURSRUomR HVWHTXLRPpWULFD $ 7DEHOD DSUHVHQWD YDORUHV
usualmente utilizados dos coeficientes de excesso de ar para variados tipos de
caldeiras.
De acordo com Pinheiro & Valle (1995), citado por Linhares (2016), o
IDWRUGHWHUPLQDQWHGDHILFLrQFLDGDFRPEXVWmRpRH[FHVVRGHDUSRLVFRQWUROD
R YROXPH D WHPSHUDWXUD H D HQWDOSLD GRV SURGXWRV GD FRPEXVWmR 1mR VH
deseja um elevado excesso de ar em caldeiras pois diminui a temperatura da
FKDPDUHWDUGDQGRDUHDomRGHFRPEXVWmRDXPHQWDDVSHUGDVGHFDORUGHYLGR
j HQWDOSLD GRV JDVHV HIOXHQWHV UHGX]LQGR D HILFLrQFLD JOREDO GR VLVWHPD GH
27
FRPEXVWmR1RHQWDQWRDUHPTXDQWLGDGHLQIHULRUDRDUWHyULFRQHFHVViULRGHYH
ser evitado, pois SURSLFLD D FRPEXVWmR LQFRPSOHWD - uma parte do carbono se
XQHDRR[LJrQLRSDUDIRUPDURPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQR&2HQmRRGLy[LGRGH
carbono (CO2HXPPDLRUDSDUHFLPHQWRGHIXOLJHPQRVJDVHVGHFRPEXVWmR
Tabela 4: Valores usuais do coeficiente de excesso de ar.
Tipo de Fornalha ou Coeficiente de
&RPEXVWtYHO
caldeira excesso de ar
Aquatubular completa 1,15 - 1,20
&DUYmRSXOYHUL]DGR Aquatubular parcial
1,15 - 1,40
fundo seco
Grelha Fixa 1,30 - 1,60
&DUYmR *UHOKD9LEUDWyULD 1,30 - 1,60
Grelha Rotativa 1,15 - 1,50
4XHLPDGRUHVGHyOHR
1,05 - 1,15
tipo registro
ÏOHR&RPEXVWtYHO
Queimadores
1,05 - 1,20
0XOWLFRPEXVWtYHO
Queimadores chama
5HVtGXRÈFLGR 1,10 - 1,15
plana a vapor
Queimadores tipo
*iV1DWXUDO 1,05 - 1,10
registro
Queimadores
*iV&RTXHULD 1,07 - 1,12
PXOWLFRPEXVWtYHO
Queimadores de bocal
*iV$OWR)RUQR 1,15 - 1,18
intertubos
Madeira Grelha 1,20 - 1,25
%DJDoR Todas as fornalhas 1,25 - 1,35
)RUQDOKDV5HFXSHUDomR
Licor Negro 1,05 - 1,07
Kraft e Soda
Fonte: LINHARES (2016), Adaptado de PINHEIRO & VALLE (1995).
4XDQGR DV GXDV LQIOXrQFLDV DFLPD HVWmR HP HTXLOtEULR VXILFLHQWHPHQWH
baixo para minimizar a perda de calor pelos gases efluentes, sem produzir
FRPEXVWmR LQFRPSOHWD REWpP-VH R YDORU yWLPR GR H[FHVVR GH DU (VWH YDORU
yWLPRGHSHQGHGDHILFLrQFLDGHFRPEXVWmRDFHLWiYHOHGRVOLPLWHVGHSROXLomR
impostos para SO2, NOx H &2 VHQGR REWLGR H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH SHOD DQiOLVH
GRVSURGXWRVGDFRPEXVWmRGXUDQWHRDMXVWHGRHTXLSDPHQWRGHFRPEXVWmR
De acordo com Lora & Nascimento ( D FRPEXVWmR GH XP
FRPEXVWtYHOJHQpULFR³&´VyOLGRRXOtTXLGRFRPDUSRGHVHUUHSUHVHQWDGDSHOD
HTXDomR11.
28
2QGHFDGDJUXSRQXPHUDGRQDHTXDomR11, corresponde-se com:
JUXSRSURGXWRVGDR[LGDomRFRPSOHWD
JUXSRDUHPH[FHVVRHDXPLGDGHGRFRPEXVWtYHOHGRDU
JUXSRSURGXWRVJDVRVRVHVyOLGRVIXOLJHPGHFRPEXVWmRLQFRPSOHWD
JUXSRIUDomRPLQHUDOGRFRPEXVWtYHOFLQ]DV
JUXSRHQHUJLDOLEHUDGDGXUDQWHDFRPEXVWmR
$QiOLVHHQHUJpWLFDGHVLVWHPDVGHFRPEXVWmR
$HQHUJLDDVVRFLDGDDRVIOX[RVGHFRPEXVWtYHOHRDUMXQWDPHQWHFRPD
UHDomRTXtPLFDGDFRPEXVWmRVmRFRQVLGHUDGRVSHODDQiOLVHHQHUJpWLFDGHXP
VLVWHPD GH FRPEXVWmR 7DPEpP H SRVVtYHO DQDOLVDU DWUDYpV GR EDODQoR
HQHUJpWLFR D UHODomR H[LVWHQWH HQWUH D HQHUJLD GLVSRQtYHO EDVHDGD QR SRGHU
FDORUtILFRGRFRPEXVWtYHODHQHUJLDDEVRUYLGDSRUXPIOXLGRGHWUDEDOKRHDV
³SHUGDV GH FDORU´ FRP RV JDVHV GH H[DXVWmR FRPEXVWmR LQFRPSOHWD DOWD
WHPSHUDWXUDSUHVHQoDGHFDUERQRQDVFLQ]DVHIOX[RGHFDORUSHODVIURnteiras
do equipamento (RIBEIRO, 2002, LORA & NASCIMENTO, 2004; LINHARES,
2017).
Pode-VHDSURYHLWDURFDORUOLEHUDGRQDFRPEXVWmRGHXPFRPEXVWtYHOQR
DTXHFLPHQWRGHXPIOXLGRFRPRDiJXDHPXPJHUDGRUGHYDSRUSor exemplo.
Com embasamento na Figura 8, de acordo com Linhares (2016), Lora &
1DVFLPHQWRDSUHVHQWDPREDODQoRWpUPLFRGHXPDFDOGHLUDDenomina-
VH ³FDORU GLVSRQtYHO´ D HQHUJLD TXH HQWUD QR YROXPH GH FRQWUROH FRQILJXUDGR
pela caldeira, sendo este HTXLYDOHQWHDRSRGHUFDORUtILFRGR FRPEXVWtYHO3&,
Segundo Linhares (2016), oVSURGXWRVGHFRPEXVWmRDDOWDWHPSHUDWXUD
FHGHUmRSDUWHGHVXDHQHUJLDjVGLIHUHQWHVVXSHUItFLHVGHDTXHFLPHQWRVHQGR
Qe - HQHUJLD DEVRUYLGD SHODV VXSHUItFLHV HYDSRUDWLYDV 4 aq.a ± energia
absorvida no aquecedor de ar, Qec - energia absorvida no economizador e Qsa -
energia absorvida no superaquecedor. A soma Q e + Qec + Qsa FRQVWLWXLDIUDomR
GRFDORUGLVSRQtYHODSURYHLWDGDGHXPDPDQHLUD³~WLO´TXHpFKDPDGDGH³FDORU
29
~WLO´ H DV SHUGDV GHFRUUHQWHV GR SURFHVVR VmR LOXVWUDGDV QD )LJXUD 7 e
exemplificadas na Figura 8
Figura 7 - (VTXHPDGDDQiOLVHHQHUJpWLFDGRSURFHVVRGHFRPEXVWmR.
Fonte: Adaptado de LORA & NASCIMENTO (2004) por LINHARES (2016).
Figura 8 - Perdas de calor em caldeiras.

Fonte: Adaptado de LORA & NASCIMENTO (2004) por LINHARES (2016).
3.4 PROPRIEDADES DOS COM%867Ë9(,6
OV FRPEXVWtYHLV possuem algumas propriedades comuns a todos eles,

FRPR R SRGHU FDORUtILFR DV FRPSRVLo}HV TXtPLFDV HOHPHQWDUHV H LPHGLDWDV
enquanto outras FRPRDGHQVLGDGHUHODWLYDRtQGLFHGH:REEHHDYHORFLGDGH
GDFKDPDVmRHVSHFtILFDVSDUDFRPEXVWtYHLVJDVRVRV. A viscosidade, o ponto
de fulgor, a densidade relativa, e o ponto de fluidez devem ser conhecidos para
FRPEXVWtYHLVOtTXLGRVFRPRRVyOHRVFRPEXVWtYHLV/,1+$5(6
30
3.4.1 &RPSRVLomRTXtPLFDHOHPHQWDU
$ FRPSRVLomR TXtPLFD HOHPHQWDU GH XPD DPRVWUD GH FRPEXVWtYHO p D

quantidade relativa, expressa em massa ou volume, dos elementos
FRQVWLWXLQWHV GR FRPEXVWtYHO SmR RV WHRUHV GH FDUERQR & KLGURJrQLR +
HQ[RIUH 6 R[LJrQLR 2 QLWURJrQLR 1 FLQ]DV H XPLGDGH H[SUHVVRV HP
porcentagem da amostra. Apesar de nem sempre ser determinada
experimentalmente, considera-se esta como uma GDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV WpFQLFDV
PDLV LPSRUWDQWHV GR FRPEXVWtYHO, constituindo D EDVH SDUD D DQiOLVH GRV
SURFHVVRV GH FRPEXVWmR FRPR YROXPH GH DU QHFHVViULR SDUD FRPEXVWmR H
quantidade de gases gerados.
3.4.2 &RPSRVLomRTXtPLFDLPHGLDWD
2FRQWH~GRHPSHUFHQWDJHPGHPDVVDRXYROXPHGHFDUERQRIL[R&
IL[R PDWpULD YROiWLO 09 FLQ]DV H XPLGDGH FRQVWLWXHP FRPSRVLomR TXtmica
LPHGLDWDGHXPFRPEXVWtYHO
3.4.3 3RGHUFDORUtILFR
A quantidade de energia liberada, por unidade de massa ou volume,

GXUDQWHDFRPEXVWmRFRPSOHWDGHXPFRPEXVWtYHO UHFHEHDGHQRPLQDomRGH
SRGHUFDORUtILFR VHQGR R VHX YDORU geralmente expresso em kJ/kg ou kJ/Nm3.
Deve-VHFRQVLGHUDUGXDVVLWXDo}HVOLPLWHVSara um melhor entendimento.
x A iJXD SUHVHQWH QRV SURGXWRV GD FRPEXVWmR VH HQFRQWUD FRPSOHWDPHQWH QR
estado gasoso, sem ter fornecido seu calor latente.
x TRGDDiJXDHVWiFRQGHQVDGDOLEHUDQGRFDORUjYL]LQKDQoD
De maneira resumida, refere-VH DR SRGHU FDORUtILFR VXSHULRU 3&6
qXDQGRVHFRQVLGHUDRFDORUODWHQWHGHYDSRUL]DomRGRYDSRUGHiJXDJHUDGR
SHODUHDomRGHFRPEXVWmRGXUDQWHDTXHLPDGHFRPEXVWtYHOFRPDUVHFRHao
SRGHUFDORUtILFRLQIHULRU3&,TXDQGRQmRVHFRQVLGHUDHVWHFDORUODWHQWH
31
2 3&, j SUHVVmR FRQVWDQWH p GHILQLGR FRPR R FDORU HQWUHJXH j
YL]LQKDQoDTXDQGRKRXYHUDTXHLPDFRPSOHWDHPUHJLPHSHUPDnente de uma
XQLGDGH GH FRPEXVWtYHO REWHQGR-VH WDPEpP SURGXWRV HP FRQGLo}HV GH
UHIHUrQFLD H D DJXD H R KLGURJrQLR SURGX]LGRV SHOD FRPEXVWmR HVWDUmR
WRWDOPHQWH QR HVWDGR GH YDSRU 2 3&, p PDLV XVDGR SDUD FiOFXORV GH
UHQGLPHQWR H YLDELOLGDGH HQHUJpWLFD devido ao fato da temperatura dos gases
GH VDtGD VHU PDLRU TXH D WHPSHUDWXUD GH FRQGHQVDomR QDV LQVWDODo}HV
industriais. (LORA & NASCIMENTO, 2004).
Pode-VH GHWHUPLQDURSRGHUFDORUtILFRGRV FRPEXVWtYHLV HP ODERUDWyULR
PHGLDQWH R XVR GH FDORUtPHWURV RX ERPEDV FDORULPpWULFDVHWDPEpP DSDUWLU
GH PRGHORV TXH UHODFLRQDP D FRPSRVLomR TXtPLFD HOHPHQWDU H R SRGHU
FDORUtILFRGRFRPEXVWtYHOFRPRDSUHVHQWDGDVHP/$*(0$11$QRUPD
EUDVLOHLUDSDUDVHGHWHUPLQDURSRGHUFDORUtILFRGHJDVHVFRPEXVWtYHLVpD0%
13HSDUDRFDUYmo mineral, a NBR 8628 e MB 2063 (LINHARES, 2016)
2SRGHUFDORULILFRWDPEpPSRGHVHUGHWHUPLQDGRDWUDYpVGDHQWDOSLDGH
IRUPDomR PRVWUDGD QDV (TXDo}HV H UHODFLRQDndo as entalpias de
IRUPDomR GDV VXEVWkQFLDV VLPSOHV +2, O2, N2, etc) a partir de elementos no
HVWDGRGHUHIHUrQFLD.HDWPHUHODFLRQDndo DVVXEVWkQFLDVFRPSRVWDV
como CO2, e CH4 DWUDYpV GD HQWDOSLD GH IRUPDomR SDGUmR GHVWHV SURGXWRV
(LAGEMANN, 2016).
۶‫ ܗ۾‬െ ۶‫ ܗ܀‬ൌ ‫ܚ܍܌ܗ۾‬۱‫ܗ܋ܑ܎ܑܚܗܔ܉‬ሺ૚૛ሻ
۶‫ ܗ۾‬െ ۶‫ ܗ܀‬ൌ ‫ ۾܎ܗܐ כ ۾ܖ‬െ ‫ ܀܎ܗܐ כ ܀ܖ‬ሺ૚૜ሻ
Onde, h0 pDHQWDOSLDGHIRUPDomRSDGUmRGRVFRPSRVWRVHRVXEVFULWR5VH
UHIHUHDRVFRPSRVWRVUHDJHQWHVH3DRVSURGXWRVGDUHDomR
3. 5 )/8,',=$d2
2SURFHVVRQRTXDODIRUoDGHarrasto causada por um fluido ascendente

VREDVSDUWtFXODVVyOLGDVGHXPPDWHULDOHPXPOHLWRpVXILFLHQWHSDUD vencer a
TXHGDGHSUHVVmRRIHUHFLGDSHORPHLRDVGHL[DQGRHPVXVSHQVmRSDVVDQGR
este sistema a se comportar como um fluido, recebe o nome de fOXLGL]DomR
(NASCIMENTO, 2001; GENHER, 2015; LINHARES 2016; GOMES 2017).
32
O comportamento do sistema como fluido proporciona as SDUWtFXODV
VROLGDV XP DXPHQWR GD VXD VXSHUItFLH GH FRQWDWR RFDVLRQDQGR XPD PHOKRU
WURFDGHFDORUHPDVVDRTXHKRPRJHQHt]DDWHPperatura no interior do reator
(NASCIMENTO, 2001).
1RTXHVHUHIHUHDRUHJLPHGHIOXLGL]DomRGHXPOHLWRDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
GDV SDUWtFXODV H D YHORFLGDGH GH HVFRDPHQWR GR IOXLGR SRGHP DOWHUDU DV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV QR OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR R TXDO SRGH DVVXPLU FRPportamentos
HVSHFtILFRVFRPRRVPRVWUDGRVQDfigura 9.
Figura 9: Tipos de escoamentos em leito fluidizado.

%XVFDQGRLGHQWLILFDUIHQ{PHQRVTXHSRVVDPYLUDRFRUUHUGHQWURGHXP
VLVWHPDGHIOXLGL]DomRFRPRDGHIOXLGL]DomRHDVHJUHJDomR faz-VHQHFHVViULR
um estudo mais detalhado dos regimes existentes em um leito fluidizado, que
podem ser classificados em diferentes tipos de regimes de escoamento
(SANTOS, 2015).
Na Figura 9a XP IOXLGR DVFHQGHQWH SDVVD DWUDYpV GH XP OHLWR GH
SDUWtFXODV &RP EDL[D YHORFLGDGH R IOXLGR DSHQDV DWUDYHVVD RV HVSDoRV
existentes HQWUH DV SDUWtFXODV HVWDFLRQiULDV H QmR Ki PRYLPHQWR GR PHLR.
'HYLGR D HVWD EDL[D YHORFLGDGH D IRUoD GH DUUDVWR SURGX]LGD SHOR IOXLGR p
PHQRU TXH R SHVR DSDUHQWH GDV SDUWtFXODV R TXH ID] FRP TXH HVWDV
SHUPDQHoDPLPyYHLV1mRKiH[SDQVmRGROHLWRHKiXPDSHUGDGHFDUJD¨S
JUDQGHSRUSDUWHGRIOXLGR(VWHUHJLPHGHIOXLGL]DomRpGHQRPLQDGROHLWRIL[R
(KUNII e LEVENSPIEL, 1991; SANTOS, 2015).
33
Segundo Kunii e Levenspiel (1991) aumentando a velocidade do fluido,
WDPEpP DXPHQWD-se D TXHGD GH SUHVVmR DWp R PRPHQWR RQGH D IRUoD GH
DUUDVWR p GH PyGXOR DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH LJXDO DR SHVR DSDUHQWH GDV SDUWtFXODV
Neste ponto, as SDUWtFXODV FRPHoDP D VH PRYLPHQWDU DXPHQWDQGR D
porosidade do leito, fazendo com que a taxa de crescimento da queda de
SUHVVmR GLPLQXD DWp R SRQWR RQGH D YHORFLGDGH p DXPHQWDGD H D IRUoD GH
DUUDVWRVHLJXDODHPPyGXORDRSHVRDSDUHQWHID]HQGRFRPTXHDVSDUWtFXODV
ILTXHP VXVSHQVDV SHOR IOXLGR DVFHQGHQWH FDXVDQGR XPD OHYH H[SDQVmR GR
OHLWR DXPHQWDQGR D SRURVLGDGH H GLPLQXLQGR D TXHGD GH SUHVVmR GR IOXLGR
(Figura 9b) 1HVWH SRQWR D YHORFLGDGH GR IOXLGR DVFHQGHQWH p GHQRPLQDGD
YHORFLGDGH PtQLPD GH IOXLGL]DomR (Umf H HVWH UHJLPH GH IOXLGL]DomR p
GHQRPLQDGRIOXLGL]DomRKRPRJrQHD
Aumentando a velocidade do fluido LUi ocorrer XPD H[SDQVmR PDLV
acentuada do leito, possibilitando observar o aparecimento de bolhas que
indicam o regime borbulhante (Figura 9c), onde a perda de carga do fluido
DVFHQGHQWH VH PDQWpP DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH D PHVPD GR UHJLPH KRPRJrQHR
(KUNII e LEVENSPIEL 1991; SANTOS, 2015).
Com o continuo aumento da YHORFLGDGH GR IOXLGR DWUDYpV GR OHLWR
RFRUUHUi D WUDQVLomR GR UHJLPH ERUEXOKDQWH SDUD R UHJLPH GH IOXLGL]DomR
turbulenta (Figura 9d). Neste estado, o tamanho das bolhas que surgiam no
UHJLPH DQWHULRU VH WRUQD SRXFR YLVtYHO RQGH EROKDV JUDQGHV FRPHoDP D VH
romper e se dividir em bolhas menores e com diferentes formatos. Observa-se
um movimento PDLVLQWHQVRGDVSDUWtFXODVRQGHDVXSHUItFLHGROHLWRQmRHVWi
PDLVWmRGHILQLGDSRUpPDSHUGDGHFDUJDSHUPDQHFHSUDWLFDPHQWHLQDOWHUDGD.
-i HP RSHUDo}HV TXH XWLOL]DP HOHYDGDV YHORFLGDGHV do fluido e no momento
em que se excede a velocidade terminal daV SDUWtFXODV GR leito se tem o
processo de arraste dos materiaLV H R UHJLPH p FRQVLGHUDGR GH IOXLGL]DomR
UiSLGD RX GH DUUDVWe (Figura 9e) (KUNII e LEVENSPIEL, 1991; SILVA, 2011;
SANTOS, 2015).
4XDQGR HVWDV EROKDV RFXSDP WRGR R GLkPHWUR GR OHLWR RQGH RFRUUe a
IOXLGL]DomR ocasionando o aparecimento de camadas intercaladas de bolhas e
GH VyOLGRV QDV PHVPDV GLPHQV}HV GR UHDWRU FRPR QD Figura 9f, temos o
regime pistonado, ou slug (OKA, 2004).
34
2VUHJLPHVGHIOXLGL]DomRSRGHPVHUYLVWRVQD7DEHOD5.
$ SDUWLU GH FHUWD YHORFLGDGH D IRUoD GH DUUDVWR SURGX]LGD SHOR IOXLGR p
PDLRUTXHRSHVRDSDUHQWHGDVSDUWtFXODVRTXHID]FRPTXHDOJXPDVGHVWDV
sejam arrastadas junto com o fluido. Neste ponto a perda de carga do fluido
FRPHoD D FDLU FRP R DXPHQWR GD Yelocidade. No instante em que todas as
SDUWtFXODV VmR DUUDVWDGDV MXQWR FRP R IOXLGR WHPRV R WUDQVSRUWH SQHXPiWLFR
(KUNII e LEVENSPIEL, 1991, SANTOS, 2015).
$ 7DEHOD WUD] FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH IOXLGL]DomR H D YDULDomR GH
velocidades para os diferentes HVWiJLRVGDIOXLGL]DomR
Tabela 5: 5HJLPHVGHIOXLGL]DomR.
Regime de 9DULDomRGH
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGH)OXLGL]DomR
)OXLGL]DomR Velocidade
3DUWtFXODVHPUHSRXVRHRIOXLGR
Leito Fixo 88mf SDVVDDWUDYpVGRHVSDoRYD]LR
H[LVWHQWHHQWUHDVSDUWtFXODV
)OXLGL]DomR
Umf88mb O leito se expande
+RPRJrQHD
)OXLGL]DomR Bolhas promovem a mistura do
Umb88mp
Borbulhante VyOLGR
Bolhas se propagam em todo a
)OXLGL]DomR3LVWRQDGD Ump88mt
iUHDGDVHomRWUDQVYHUVDOGROHLWR
6XSHUItFLHGROHLWRGLIXVDHGLItFLOGH
)OXLGL]DomR7XUEXOHQWD Umt88mr
distinguir
Fluido carrega consigo algumas
)OXLGL]DomR5iSLGD Umr88tp
SDUWtFXODVGRPDWHULDOGROHLWR
7RGRRPDWHULDOGROHLWRp
7UDQVSRUWH3QHXPiWLFR Utp8
carregado pelo fluido
Fonte: GOMES (2017).
2FRPSRUWDPHQWRIOXLGRGLQkPLFRGHXPOHLWRGHSDUWtFXODVHPHVWDGRGH
IOXLGL]DomR SRGH VHU DQDOLVDGR UHODFLRQDQGR D TXHGD GH SUHVVmR QR OHLWR ¨3
HPIXQomRGDVUHVSHFWLYDVYHORFLGDGHVGRIOXLGRFRPRGHPRQVWUDGRQD)LJXUD
10.
35
Figura 10 - Comportamento fOXLGRGLQkPLFRGRVHVFRDPHQWRVHPOHLWR
fluidizado.
Fonte: Adaptado de LINHARES (2016); GOMES (2017).
Na Figura 10 podem ser REVHUYDGDV WUrV UHJL}HV GLVWLQWDV RQGH FDGD
XPD GHODV UHSUHVHQWD GLIHUHQWHV HWDSDV GR SURFHVVR GH IOXLGL]DomR $
GHOLPLWDomR H GDGD SHODV YHORFLGDGHV GH PtQLPD IOXLGL]DomR 8 mf) e a
velocidade de arraste (Utr) que pode ser chamada WDPEpP de velocidade
terminal (FAN & ZHU, 1998; SILVA, 2011).
x Inicialmente, o leito HVWi IL[R DWpR SRQWR HP TXH D SUHVVmR WRWDOLJXDOD-se ao
SHVR SRU XQLGDGH GH iUHD GD FROXQD GH VyOLGRV aonde, GH IRUPD JHQpULFD p
considerado o ponto do valor dDYHORFLGDGHPtQLPDIOXLGL]DomR.
x $PHGLGDTXHKiRaumento da YHORFLGDGHGHLQMHomRGRIOXLGRRVLVWHPDHQWUD
QRHVWDGRGHOHLWRIOXLGL]DGRFRQVWLWXLQGRDHWDSD.
x Com um aumento ainda maior na velocidade do fluido, na 3a etapa, as bolhas e
RV YD]LRV GHVDSDUHFHP H DV SDUWtFXODV SDVVDP D VHU DUUDVWDGDV SHOR IOXLGR
FDUDFWHUL]DQGRRWUDQVSRUWHUiSLGRRXGHDUUDVWHUHSUHVHQWDndo o momento em
TXHRVVyOLGRVSDVVDPDVHUFDUUHJDGRVSDUDIRUDGRUHDWRUHPIXQomRGDIRUoD
exercida pelo fluido.
3.59HORFLGDGHPtQLPDGHIOXLGL]DomR
O PRPHQWR HP TXH VH Gi LQtFLR D IOXLGL]DomR FRQKHFLGR FRPR

YHORFLGDGHPtQLPDGHIOXLGL]DomRGROHLWR (Umf)pXPDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDLPSRUWDQWH
de leitos fluidizado, influenciando diretamente seu comportamento. Abaixo
GHVWDYHORFLGDGHROHLWRQmRIOXLGL]DOHLWRIL[RHPXLWRDFLPDGHODRVVyOLGRV
VmR FDUUHJDGRV SDUD IRUD GR OHLWR WUDQVSRUWH SQHXPiWLFR RX GH DUUDVWH 2
LQtFLRGHXPHVWDGRGHIOXLGL]DomRRFRUUHTXDQGRKiHTXLOtEULRHQWUHDIRUoDGH
arraste prRPRYLGD SHOR IOX[R DVFHQGHQWH GR JiV HP PRYLPHQWR H R SHVR GDV
36
SDUWtFXODV GR OHLWR (VWD DILUPDomR GHULYD GR EDODQoR GH IRUoDV UHVXOWDQWHV QR
OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR TXH REHGHFH D VHJXLQWH UHODomR (LINHARES, 2016; GOMES
2017):
(P FRQGLo}HV GH PtQLPD IOXLGL]DomR D HTXDomR 14) que representa a

UHODomRDFLPDWHPDIRUPD
ο‫ ۯ כ ۾‬ൌ ‫ כ ۯ‬۶‫ ܎ܕ‬ൣ܏ ‫ כ‬ሺ૚ െ ઽ‫ ܎ܕ‬ሻ ‫ כ‬ሺૉ‫ ܘ‬െ ૉ܎ ൧ሺ૚૝ሻ
Onde:
ο‫ ۾‬՜ Representa DTXHGDGHSUHVVmR
۶‫ ܎ܕ‬՜ Representa D DOWXUD GH HOHYDomR GR OHLWR SDUD RFRUUHU D PtQLPD
IOXLGL]DomR
ઽ‫ ܎ܕ‬՜ Representa a porosidade do leito;
ૉ‫ ܘ‬՜ Representa DPDVVDHVSHFtILFDGRVVyOLGRV
ૉ܎ ՜ Representa DPDVVDHVSHFtILFDGRIOXLGR
‫ ۯ‬՜ Representa DiUHDVXSHUILFLDOGROHLWR
Inicialmente, a porosidade do leito fluidizado p XP SRXFR PDLRU GR TXH
em um leito IL[RFRUUHVSRQGHQGRDRHVWDGRH[SDQGLGRGROHLWRGHVyOLGRVSDUD
TXDOTXHUFDUJDHYHORFLGDGHVXSHUILFLDOGDVSDUWtFXODV 2EWpP-se a velocidade
PtQLPD GH IOXLGL]DomR 8mf, SHOD FRPELQDomR GD (TXDomR FRP D
H[WUDSRODomRGDH[SUHVVmRGHOHLWRIL[RHVWDEHOHFLGDSRU(UJXQ(TXDomR
sendo este o modelo PDWHPiWLFR PDLV XWLOL]DGR SDUD D SUHYLVmR GD Tueda de
SUHVVmR HP OHLWRV IL[RV QmR SRVVXLQGR UHVWULo}HV DR Q~PHUR GH 5H\QROGV
WDQWR SDUD OHLWRV GH SDUWtFXODV XQLIRUPHV TXDQWR QmR XQLIRUPHV H DWp PHVPR
SDUDPLVWXUDVGHGLYHUVRVWDPDQKRVGHSDUWtFXODV0277$
ο‫۾‬ ሺ૚ െ ઽሻ૛ ૄ‫܃כ‬ ሺ૚ െ ઽሻ ૉ܎ ‫܃‬૛
ൌ ૚૞૙ ‫כ‬ ൅ ૚ǡ ૠ૞ ‫כ‬ ሺ૚૞ሻ
۶ ઽ૜
൫૖ ‫܌‬ҧ ൯
૛
‫ܘ ܛ‬
ઽ૜ ૖‫ܘ܌ ܛ‬ҧ
Onde:
‫ ܃‬՜ Representa a velocidade superficial do fluido;
ૄ ՜ e DYLVFRVLGDGHGLQkPLFDGRIOuido;
૖‫ ܛ‬՜ e RIDWRUGHHVIHULFLGDGHGRVVyOLGRV
‫ܘ܌‬ҧ ՜ e RGLkPHWURPpGLRGDVSDUWtFXODV
37
( QHFHVViULR FRQVLGHUDU TXH QD PDLRULD GRV FDVRV DV SDUWtFXODV
SRVVXHPIRUPDLUUHJXODUVHQGRFRQYHQLHQWHXVDURIDWRUGHIRUPDHVIpULFR‫ ܛ׎‬ሻ
nas HTXDo}HV TXH p D UD]mR GD iUHD VXSHUILFLDO GH XPD HVIHUD TXH SRVVXL R
PHVPR YROXPH GD SDUWtFXOD H VXD iUHD VXSHUILFLDO STRUMILLO e KUDRA,
1986).
‫܉ܚ܍܎ܛ܍܉܌܍ܑ܋ܑ܎ܚ܍ܘܝܛ‬
‫ ܛ׎‬ൌ ൬ ൰ ૙ ൏ ‫ ܛ׎‬൏ ͳ
‫܍ܕܝܔܗܞܗܕܛ܍ܕ܍܌ ܉ܔܝ܋ܑܜܚ܉ܘ܉܌܍ܑ܋ܑ܎ܚ܍ܘܝܛ‬
De acordo com Linhares (2016), existem diversos PRGHORV DQDOtWLFRV
SDUD R FiOFXOR GH YHORFLGDGH GH PtQLPD IOXLGL]DomR SURSRVWDV SHOD OLWHUDWXUD
(GAUTHIER et al., 1999; GREWAL & SAXENA, 1980; LIN et al., 2002; OKA,
2004; SUBRAMANI et al., &RQWXGR D PDLRULD GDV HTXDo}HV p
simplificada baseando-VH QR Q~PHUR GH $UTXLPHGHV $U H Q~PHUR GH
5H\QROGV H QD FRQGLomR GH PtQLPD IOXLGL]DomR 5Hmf). Dessa forma,
UHDUUDQMDQGRD(TXDomRREWpP-VHD(TXDomR
૚ǡ ૠ૞ ሺ૚ െ ઽ‫ ܎ܕ‬ሻ
‫ ܚۯ‬ൌ ‫܍܀ כ‬૛‫ ܎ܕ‬൅ ૚૞૙ ‫ ܎ܕ܍܀ כ‬ሺ૚ૠሻ
ઽ૜‫ ܎ܕ‬૖‫ܛ‬ ઽ૜‫ ܎ܕ‬૖૛‫ܛ‬
O Q~PHURDGLPHQVLRQDOGH$UTXLPHGHV $UpGHILQLGRSHOD(TXDomR
‫܌‬૜‫ܘ‬ҧ ૉ܎ ൫ૉ‫ ܘ‬െ ૉ܎ ൯ ‫܏ כ‬
‫ ܚۯ‬ൌ ሺ૚ૡሻ
ૄ૛
$V HTXDo}HV H SRGHP VHU UHDUUDQMDGas para diferentes
tamanhos de SDUWtFXODV 3DUD SDUWtFXODV PXLWR SHTXHQDV H 5Hmf < 20 as
HTXDo}HVSRGHPVHUVLPSOLILFDGDVQDIRUPD
‫܌‬૛‫ܘ‬ҧ ൫ૉ‫ ܘ‬െ ૉ܎ ൯ ‫ ܏ כ‬ઽ૜‫ ܎ܕ‬૖૛‫ܛ‬
‫ ܎ܕ܃‬ൌ ‫כ‬ ሺ૚ૢሻ
૚૞૙ૄ ૚ െ ઽ‫܎ܕ‬
3DUDSDUWtFXODVPXLWRJUDQGHVH5Hmf !VHXWLOL]DD(TXDomR
‫܌‬૛‫ܘ‬ҧ ൫ૉ‫ ܘ‬െ ૉ܎ ൯ ‫ ܏ כ‬૜

‫ ܎ܕ܃‬ൌ ඨ ‫ כ‬ઽ‫ ܎ܕ‬૖‫ ܛ‬ሺ૛૙ሻ
૚ǡ ૠ૞ૉ܎
'H DFRUGR FRP .XQLL H /HYHQVSLHO D YHORFLGDGH PtQLPD GH

IOXLGL]DomRSRGHVHUGHWHUPLQDGDSHORSRQWRRQGHDSHUGDGHFDUJDDWLQJHXP
vDORUPi[LPRQDFXUYDYHORFLGDGHGRIOXLGRYVSHUGDGHFDUJDVHQGRHVWH um
GRV PpWRGRV H[SHULPHQWDLV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GD YHORFLGDGH
PtQLPD GH IOXLGL]DomR 1HVWH PpWRGR FRQVWUyL-VH XP JUiILFR XWLOL]DQGR GDGRV
GD GLIHUHQoD GH SUHVVmR ¨3 HP IXQomR GD YHORFLGDGH GR JiV GH IOXLGL]DomR
38
(U), sendo DYHORFLGDGHPtQLPDGHIOXLGL]DomR8mfWDPEpPGHQRPLQDGD como
YHORFLGDGHDSDUHQWHGHIOXLGL]DomRXaf), GHWHUPLQDGDSHODLQWHUVHFomRGDSDUWH
OLQHDU FUHVFHQWH GD FXUYD FRP R SRQWR GH PXGDQoD GD OLQKD GH TXHGD GH
SUHVVmRGROHLWRRQGHVHLQLFLDDVFRQGLo}HVPtQLPDVGHIOXLGL]DomR&/$5.(
et al., 2005; KUNII & LEVENSPIEL, 1991). Na Figura 11 HVWi UHSUHVHQWDGD
HVWDUHODomR, sendo que o SRQWR$LQGLFDHVVDFRQGLomR
Figura 11 - &RPSRUWDPHQWRGDFXUYD¨SYHUVXV8SDUDXPOHLWRFRPSDUWtFXODV
PpGLDV e de tamanho uniforme.
3.5.2 3URSULHGDGHVGDV3DUWtFXODV
Para entender o processo e RV UHJLPHV GH IOXLGL]DomR torna-se

QHFHVViULR XP FRQKHFLPHQWR GHWDOKDGR VREUH DV propriedades ItVLFDV GDV
SDUWtFXODV SUHVHQWHV QR OHLWR XPD YH] TXH HVVDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV WHUmR
LQWHUIHUrQFLDGLUHWDQRVSURFHVVRVGHWURFDGHFDORUHPDVVDHQWUHDVSDUWtFXODs
VyOLGDVHRIOXLGRQDPRYLPHQWDomRGDVSDUWtFXODVGROHLWRHQDIOXLGRGLQkPLFD
do processo (SILVA, 2011).
Devido a suas formas e tamanhos irregulares, as SDUWtFXODV VyOLGDV
SURYHQLHQWHV GH ELRPDVVD VmR H[WUHPDPHQWH GLItFHLV GH VH FODVVLILFDU,
enquanto o material WHP D VXD FODVVLILFDomR facilitada devido a sua
homogeneidade (GENEHR, 2015; HODAP, 2012; PEREIRA, 2017).
Geldart (1973) foi o pioneiro em subdividir os particulados em 4 grupos
principais GHWHUPLQDGRV GH DFRUGR FRP D GLIHUHQoD GD PDVVD HVSHFtILFD GR
39
PDWHULDO SDUWLFXODGR H GR PDWHULDO IOXLGL]DQWH SHOR WDPDQKR GDV SDUWtFXODV,
conforme vistos na Figura 12.
Figura 12 - 'LDJUDPDGHFODVVLILFDomRGHSDUWLFXODGRVGH*HOGDUW.
Fonte: G21d$/9(6, (2016).
Sendo que QR HL[R GDV DEFLVVDV HP HVFDOD ORJDUtWPLFD HVWi
UHSUHVHQWDGR R GLkPHWUR GDV SDUWtFXODV G P HQTXDQWR QR HL[R GDV
RUGHQDGDVWDPEpPHPHVFDODORJDUtWPLFDHVWiUHSUHVHQWDGRDGLIHUHQoDHQWUH
DPDVVDHVSHFtILFDGDVSDUWtFXODV ȡs) e do fluido ȡf.), comRYLVWRQDUHODomRD
VHJXLUȡs - ȡf. JFPñ(LUCENA, 2015; GELDART, 1973).
Segundo Knowlton (2005) e Hodapp (2012), os 4 grupos, representados
QRGLDJUDPDSHODVOHWUDV$%&H'QRGLDJUDPDGHFODVVLILFDomRGH*HOGDUW
SRVVXHPFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHVSHFtILFDVFRQIRUPHYLVWRDVHJXLU
x Grupo A ± )OXLGL]DomR FRP $HUDomR: notam-VH D IRUPDomR GH EROKDV PXLWR
pequenas ao atingir a vHORFLGDGH PtQLPD GH IOXLGL]DomR. Tem-se nestes
materiais GLkPHWURs variando na faixa de 30-100 Pcom PDVVDHVSHFtILFDGH
DWp NJPñ $ H[SDQVmR GR OHLWR H SURYRFDGD GH IRUPD KRPRJrQHD QD
IOXLGL]DomRGHVWDVSDUWtFXODV (HODAPP, 2012; GENEHR, 2015; SILVA, 2011).
x Grupo B ± )OXLGL]DomRGRWLSR$UHLDBorbulhamento do leito p provocado pela
IOXLGL]DomR GHVWH WLSR GH PDWHULDO encontrando-se neste grupo os materiais
mais comumente usados em fluidizadores industriais. O tamanho das
SDUWtFXODV GDV PDWpULDV deste grupo fica na faixa de 100-1000 P (HODAPP,
2012; GENEHR, 2015; SILVA, 2011).
x Grupo C ± )OXLGL]DomR &RHVLYD 3DUWLFXODGR PXLWR ILQR QRUPDOPHQWH FRP
GLkPHWUR inferior a P VHPHOKDQWHV D IDULQKD Este material p GH GLItFLO
40
IOXLGL]DomR GHYLGR DR WDPDQKR H D WHQGrQFLD GH PDLRU XPLGDGH QHVWH WLSR GH
FRPEXVWtYHO, tornando-se QHFHVViULRDDGLomRGHXPPDWHULDOLQHUWHSDUDhaver
IOXLGL]DomRAinda DVVLPKiWHQGrQFLDGHIRUPDomRGHFDPLQKRVSUHIHUHQFLDLV
com menor perda de carga do fluido no decorrer do processo (HODAPP, 2012;
GENEHR, 2015; SILVA, 2011).
x Grupo D - )OXLGL]DomR tipo Jorro: Composto por um particulado de alta
densidade e de maior tamanho DFLPD GH P, como a soja, o milho,
IHLMmR DUPD]HQDGRV geralmente em silos. 3DUD KDYHU D IOXLGL]DomR VmR
QHFHVViULDV altaVYD]}HV de JiVVHQGRTXHDVEROKDVTXHVHIRUPDPdurante
o processo tendem a subir lentamente devido a maior componente GD IRUoD
SHVRGDVSDUWtFXODV(HODAPP, 2012; GENEHR, 2015; SILVA, 2011).
3.5.3 Reatores de leito fluidizado
$VWHFQRORJLDVGHFRPEXVWmRHPOHLWRIOXLGL]DGRIRUDPDGDSWDGDVSDUDV
OHLWRV GH UHDWRUHV LQGXVWULDLV H GRLV GRV VHXV SULQFLSDLV WLSRV VmR GHVFULWRV
neste trabalho: reatores de leito fluidizado borbulhante (RLFB) e reatores de
leito fluidizado circulante (RLFC).
(P DOJXQV UHDWRUHV GH OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR R DU VHFXQGiULR p injetado na
DOWXUD GR OHLWR SDUD D JDUDQWLD GH FRPEXVWmR FRPSOHWD QR LQWHULRU GR UHDWRU H
controle da temperatura no leito. A Figura 13 apresenta, de maneira
VLPSOLILFDGDRGHVHQKRHVTXHPiWLFRGRUHDWRUGHOHLWRIL[R5/)%H5/)&
.
41
Figura 13 - Tipos de UHDWRUHV SDUD FRPEXVWmR HP D /HLWR )L[R E 5/)% H
RLFC.
1RVSURFHVVRVGHFRPEXVWmRHPOHLWRIOXLGL]DGRRFRUUHXPDERDPLVWXUD
HQWUHRFRPEXVWtYHOHRR[LJrQLRHFRPLVWRDXPHQWDDYHORFLGDGHGHUHDomR$
intensa mistura de SDUWtFXODVSURSLFLDTXHHPWRGRRHVSDoRRFXSDGRSHOROHLWR
IOXLGL]DGR RFRUUD D FRPEXVWmR VRE DV PHVPDV FRQGLo}HV GH WHPSHUDWXUD
QRUPDOPHQWHHQWUHH&9$1/22 .233(-$1
3.5.3.1 Leito fluidizado borbulhante
2 JiV p LQWURGX]LGR QR OHLWR fluidizado borbulhante com velocidades

superficiais maiores que no leito fixo, em forma de bolhas que modificam
FRPSOHWDPHQWHRUHJLPHGHFRQWDWRJiV-VyOLGRHPUHODomRDROHLWRIL[RQROHLWR
IOXLGL]DGR ERUEXOKDQWH D YHORFLGDGH GR JiV DLQGD QmR p DOWD R Vuficiente para
TXHDSUHVHQoDGHVyOLGRVDFLPDGDVXSHUItFLHGROHLWRVHMDDSUHFLiYHO
Basicamente duas zonas distintas (FLJXUDEFRPS}HPXPUHDWRUGH
leito fluidizado borbulhante. $VHomRGROHLWRIOXLGL]DGRHDUHJLmRGRIUHHERDUG
O funcionamento destes UHDWRUHV p EDVHDGR QD DOLPHQWDomR GH XP
FRPEXVWtYHOVyOLGRRXXPDPLVWXUDGHFRPEXVWtYHLVVyOLGRVVREUHXPOHLWRGH
SDUWtFXODVLQHUWHVgeralmente areia) que funciona como leLWRGHVXVWHQWDomR2
agente de IOXLGL]DomR utilizado geralmente p R DU DWPRVIpULFR TXH HQWUD SHOD
EDVH GR UHDWRU SDVVDQGR DWUDYpV do leito, em fluxo uniforme ascendente, de
maneira a fluidizar o mesmo por meio da IRUPDomR GDV EROKDV GH DU
(LINHARES, 2016)
$SyV a passagem pela zona livre (freeboard), os gases de combusWmR
gerados deixam o leito pela parte superior do leito particulado. $ SURMHomR GR
freeboard objetiva obter XPDPDLRUiUHDSDUDGLPLQXLUDYHORFLGade dos gases
QHVWD VHomR SDUD KDYHU R UHWRUQR SHOD DomR GD JUDYLGDGH GDV SDUWtFXODV GH
FRPEXVWtYHO QmR queimadas ao OHLWR YLVDQGR j VXD FRPEXVWmR FRPSOHWD. No
entanto, as SDUWtFXODVGHPHQRUHVGLkPHWURVHPDVVDVHVSHFtIicas, produzidas
SHOD FRPEXVWmR H DEUDVmR GR OHLWR SRGHP VHU FDUUHJDGDV SDUD IRUD GR
combustor (WU et al., 2003).
42
Nos reatores de leito fluidizado borbulhante, as velocidades de
IOXLGL]DomR GHYHP VHU LQIHULRUHV j YHORFLGDGH WHUPLQDO GDV SDUWtFXODV do leito,
SDUDTXHQmRRFRUUDRarraste das paUWtFXODVGRLQWHULRUGRUHDWRU%$68
KUNII & LEVENSPIEL, 1991).
3.5.3.2 Leito Fluidizado Circulante
Em Reatores de Leito Fluidizado Circulante (RLFC), esquematizado na

figura 14c, RV FRPEXVWtYHLV VyOLGRV VmR DOLPHQWDGRV QR OHLWR H IOXLGL]DGRV
DWUDYpVGHIOX[RDVFHQGHQWHGHIOXLGRFRPYHORFLGDGHVVXSHULRUHVDYHORFLGDGH
PtQLPDGHIOXLGL]DomR encontrando-se, sucessivamente, os regimes turbulento,
GHIOXLGL]DomRUiSLGDHGHWUDQVSRUWHSQHXPiWLFR AssimRVJDVHVGHH[DXVWmR
H RV VyOLGRV HOXWULDGRV DUUDVWDGRV VmR VHSDUDGRV SRU XP FLFORQH GH DOWD
HILFLrQFLD H R PDWHULDO SDUWLFXODGR retorna ao OHLWR SDUD FRPEXVWmR
(LEVENSPIEL, 2000; MELO, 2012).
4XDQGR R OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR RSHUD HP UHJLPH WXUEXOHQWR QmR Ki EROKDV
GLVWLQWDV HP YLUWXGH GD LQWHQVD DJLWDomR H LQWHQVR PRYLPHQWR GRV VyOLGRV +i
um enfraquecimento do leito denso e um aumento crescente de VyOLGRV QD
UHJLmRGLOXtGD
&RP YHORFLGDGHV GH JiV VXSHULRUHV R OHLWR HQWUD QR UHJLPH GH
IOXLGL]DomRUiSLGD Essa WUDQVLomRWUD]FRPRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDRDXPHQWRGUiVWLFR
a partir desse ponto, GRDUUDVWHGHVyOLGRV'HDFRUGRFRP/HYHQVSLHO
no regime GH IOXLGL]DomR UiSLGD R PRYLPHQWR GH VyOLGRV QD UHJLmR LQIHULRU GR
YDVRVHWRUQDPHQRVFDyWLFRHSDUHFHDSUHVHQWDUXPQ~FOHRGLOXtGRHPVyOLGR
URGHDGR SRU XPD ]RQD DQXODU ]RQD SUy[LPD D SDUHGH PDLV GHQVD $ UHJLmR
VXSHULRU UHWpP VHX FRPSRUWDPHQWR FRP Gecaimento exponencial
(LEVENSPIEL, 2000).
Quando as velocidades do JiV VmR mais elevadas, excede-se a
YHORFLGDGH GH FKRTXH FRORFDQGR R OHLWR HP WUDQVSRUWH SQHXPiWLFR Segundo
Levenspiel (2000), neste UHJLPHDVSDUWtFXODVHVWmREHPGLVWULEXtGDVno reator,
VHP]RQDSUy[LPDjSDUHGHRX]RQDFRPHVFRDPHQWRGHVFHQGHQWHPDVFRP
XPDOHYHGLPLQXLomRQDIUDomRGHVyOLGRVFRPDDOWXUD Dessa forma, pode-se
VXSRU HVFRDPHQWR SLVWRQDGR GH VyOLGRV H GH JiV QD GLUHomR DVFHQGente do
vaso.
43
6HJXQGR 6DQW¶$QQD QD OLWHUDWXUD VmR HQFRQWUDGRV GLYHUVRV
modelos para descrever o leito fluidizado circulante, dentre eles os modelos
SDUD UHDWRUHV SLVWmR PLVWXUD WDQTXHV HP VpULH SLVWmR FRP GLVSHUVmR D[LDO H
os baseados na teoria das duas fases. A escolha de um modelo mais
DGHTXDGRHOLPLWDGDGHYLGRjGLILFXOGDGHGHDYDOLDomRH[SHULPHQWDOGHDOJXQV
SDUkPHWURV 3RU HVWD UD]mR GH DFRUGR FRP 5RVDO os trabalhos
publicados costumam apenas se ajustar a algum conjunto de dados
experimentais, sendo geralmente ineficientes para exWUDSRODomR RX PXGDQoD
de escala.
3.5.4 )OXLGL]DomRGHPLVWXUDVKHWHURJrQHDV
Algumas ELRPDVVDV SRGHP VH WRUQDU GLItFHLV GH IOXLGL]DU HP UD]mR GH
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFDV FRPR R tamanho irregular, a sua baixa esfericidade e a
VXDPDVVDHVSHFtILFD, tornando-VHQHFHVViULDDDGLomRGHPDWHULDOLQHUWHSDUD
formar XPD PLVWXUD KRPRJrQea, um leito polidisperso. Os materiais mais
comumente utilizados como material inerte VmR D DOXPLQD H a areia(RAO &
BHEEMARESATTI, 2001; GENEHR, 2015)HPUD]mRGRFXVWR
De acordo com Rowe & Nienow (1976), em leitos polidispersos cada
PDWHULDO FRPSRQHQWH GR OHLWR SRVVXL XPD YHORFLGDGH GH PtQLPD IOXLGL]DomR
prySULD VHQGR GHWHUPLQDGD HQWmR XPD YHORFLGDGH PtQLPD GH IOXLGL]DomR
aparente, ufa, para descrever o comportamento do leito como um todo. Os
mesmos autores ainda afirmam que quando os componentes do leito
SROLGLVSHUVR SRVVXHP XPD GLIHUHQoD PXLWR JUDQGH GH Wamanho e densidade,
RFRUUHRHIHLWRGHVHJUHJDomRGDPLVWXUDVHQGRROHLWRHQWmRGLYLGLGRHPGRLV
componentes diferentes:
x Componentes HPHUJHQWHVFXMDVSDUWtFXODVWHQGHPDIOXWXDUQROHLWR
x Componentes LPHUJHQWHV FXMDV SDUWtFXODV WHQGHP D ILFDU SRVLFLRnadas no
fundo do leito.
Dessa forma pode se concluir que em um leito polidisperso, formado por
XPDPLVWXUDELQiULDRVFRPSRQHQWHVSRGHPVHUFODVVLILFDGRVGHDFRUGRFRPD
VXDGHQVLGDGHHPSHVDGRVHOHYHVRXDLQGDHPIXQomRGDVXDYHORFLGDGHGH
44
PtQLPD IOXLGL]DomR HP DOWD RX EDL[D (RAO & BHEEMARESATTI, 2001;
GENEHR, 2015).
(P YLUWXGH GD FODVVLILFDomR FLWDGD SRGH-se classificar os componentes
leves como emergentes e os componentes pesados como imergentes. Quando
D GHQVLGDGH PpGLD GRV GRLVFRPSRQHQWHVGD PLVWXUDGR OHLWR SRVVXtUHP uma
GHQVLGDGHPXLWR SUy[LPD o de maior tamanho VHUi o componente imergente,
HQTXDQWR R GH PHQRUWDPDQKR VHUi RHPHUJHQWH (RAO e BHEEMARESATTI,
2001; GENEHR, 2015; ROWE e NIENOW, 1976).
Dessa maneira, no decorrer do SURFHVVR GH IOXLGL]DomR D PLVWXUD SRGH
IRUPDUHVWDGRVGHVHJUHJDomRVHQGRHOHV
x Completamente misturado;
x Misturado segregado;
x Completamente segregado.
8PDUHSUHVHQWDomRGRVHVWDGRVGHIOXLGL]DomRde um sistema polidisperso
pode ser observada na Figura 14.
Figura 14 ± )RUPDVGHVHJUHJDomRGHXPDPLVWXUDELQiULD.
Fonte: Adaptado de CHIBA et al., (1979).
a) (VWDGR FRPSOHWDPHQWH PLVWXUDGR 2 VLVWHPD p FRQVWLWXtGR SRU SDUWtFXODV FRP

tamanhos semelhantes. Neste caso, define-VH XPD ~QLFD YHORFLGDGH GH
PtQLPD IOXLGL]DomR (Umf ) SDUD R VLVWHPD WDPEpP possibilitando definir as
YHORFLGDGHVGHIOXLGL]DomRSDUDFDGDXm dos componentes do leito.
b) (VWDGRFRPSOHWDPHQWHVHJUHJDGR2VLVWHPDpFRQVWLWXtGRSRUSDUWtFXODVFRP
tamanho e massa espectILFD FRPSOHWDPHQWH GLIHUHQWHV Dessa forma, a curva
GHIOXLGL]DomRVHUiDUHVXOWDQWHGDVFXUYDVGRVFRPSRQHQWHVLQGHSHQGHQWHV
c) (VWDGRSDUFLDOPHQWHPLVWXUDGR2VLVWHPDpFRQVWLWXtGRSRUFDPDGDVVHQGR
a camada do componente imergente, na parte inferior, uma mistura entre as
componentes imergentes e emergentes na parte central e, na parte superior
45
uma camada do componente emergenWH$YHORFLGDGHGHPtQLPDIOXLGL]DomRp
definida como Umf..
Figura 15± 'HWHUPLQDomRGDYHORFLGDGHGHPtQLPDIOXLGL]DomRGHDFRUGo com

Chiba.
Fonte: Adaptado de CHIBA et al., (1979).
Os pontos GHIOXLGL]DomRSRGHP ser obtidos conforme a Figura 15, Umf.I e

Umf.eE VmR DV YHORFLGDGHV GH PtQLPD IOXLGL]DomR GD FRPSRQHQWH LPHUJHQWe e
emergente respectivamente, Umf.M, Umf.S,e Umf.MS p D YHORFLGDGH GH PtQLPD
IOXLGL]DomRSDUDROHLWRFRPSOHWDPHQWHPLVWXUDGRFRPSOHWDPHQWHVHJUHJDGRH
parcialmente misturado. 6HQGRDVVLPDYHORFLGDGHPtQLPDGHIOXLGL]DomRSRGH
VHU REWLGD FRPELQDQGR DV YHORFLGDGHV PtQLPDV GH IOXLGL]DomR GH FDGD
componente presente no leito, de forma isolada (CHIBA et al., 1979; GOMES,
2016).
3.5.5 Vantagens e desvantagens dos leitos fluidizados
&RPR TXDOTXHU WpFQLFD RV VLVWHPDV GH OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR DSUHVHQWDP

YDQWDJHQVHGHVYDQWDJHQVTXHGHYHUmRVHUHTXDFLRQDGDV(QWUHDVSULQFLSDLV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH RSHUDomR GRV VLVWHPDV GH OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR DSUHVHQWDGDV QD
literatura (ABELHA, 2005; GRACE et al., 1997; KUNII & LEVENSPIEL, 1991;
RADOVANOVIC, 1986), destacam-se:
x Os OHLWRVIOXLGL]DGRVSRGHPXWLOL]DUGLIHUHQWHVFRPEXVWtYHLVLQGLYLGXDOPHQWHRX
misturas, no mesmo reator e queimar de forma efetiva misturas de biomassas,
UHVtGXRVGRPpVWLFRV e industriais;
46
x A PLVWXUD IiFLO GRV VyOLGRV FRP R DU DR ORQJR GR UHDWRU GH OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR
SURSLFLD D HVWDELOLGDGH GDV FRQGLo}HV WpUPLFDV 'HVVD maneira D RSHUDomR
SRGH VHU FRQWURODGD GH IRUPD VLPSOHV H VHP QHFHVVLGDGH GD LQVWDODomR GH
equipamentos adicionais;
x A EDL[DWHPSHUDWXUDGHRSHUDomRD&GRVUHDWRUHVGHOHLWRIOXLGL]DGR
SHUPLWH RSHUDU HP WHPSHUDWXUDV LQIHULRUHV D GH IRUPDomR GH y[LGRV GH
QLWURJrQLR UHGX]LQGR DV HPLVV}HV GH 12[ SHUPLWLQGR WDPEpP TXH VH RSHUH
em temperaturas inferiores DR SRQWR GH IXVmR GDV FLQ]DV GLPLQXLQGR
SUREOHPDVRSHUDFLRQDLVUHODFLRQDGRVjVGHSRVLo}HVHLQFUXVWDo}HV
x O UHJLPH WXUEXOHQWR QRV UHDWRUHV GH OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR SURSLFLD D REWHQomR GH
HOHYDGRV FRHILFLHQWHV GH WUDQVIHUrQFLD GH calor e de massa permitindo uma
FRPEXVWmR FRPSOHWD GR FRPEXVWtYHO HP PHQRUHV WHPSHUDWXUDV PDQWHQGR D
HILFLrQFLDWpUPLFDGDFRPEXVWmR
x A DOWD FDSDFLGDGH GH WURFD WpUPLFD H JUDQGH iUHD VXSHUILFLDO HVSHFtILFD GR
PDWHULDO GR OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR SRVVLELOLWDP D TXHLPD GH FDUY}HV GH EDL[D
qualidade, com alto grau de umidade, cinzas e enxofre, de forma mais efetiva;
x Possibilita D DGLomR GH FDOFiULR DR PDWHULDO FRPEXVWtYHO SDUD D FDSWXUD GR
enxofre
x Com R UHFLFOR GRV ILQRV HP 5/)& REWpP-VH XPD FRQVLGHUiYHO HFRQRPLD GR
PDWHULDOGROHLWR$OpPGLVVRSDUWtFXODVGRFRPEXVWtYHOQmRUHDJLGDVUHWRUQDP
DRUHDWRUWHQGRFKDQFHGHTXHLPDUHPQRYDPHQWHDXPHQWDQGRDHILFLrQFLDGH
FRQYHUVmR
No entanto, as principDLV OLPLWDo}HV RX GHVYDQWDJHQV DVVRFLDGDV j
XWLOL]DomRGDWHFQRORJLDGHOHLWRIOXLGL]DGRVmR
x Desgaste GDV VXSHUItFLHV GH VXSRUWH H GH WUDQVIHUrQFLD GH FDORU SRU DEUDVmR
GHFRUUHQWHGDSUHVHQoDHPRYLPHQWDomRGHJUDQGHVTXDQWLGDGHVGHVyOLGRV
x ([DXVWmR de SDUWtFXODV VyOLGDV SURYHQLHQWHV GR HIHLWR GR DWULWR VREUH RV
FRPEXVWtYHLV PDLV IULiYHLV 2 DWULWR VHYHUR RFDVLRQD SURGXomR GH PDWHULDO
SDUWLFXODGRWRUQDQGRQHFHVViULDDUHFRPSRVLomRGDFDUJDHHTXLSDPHQWRVGH
OLPSH]DGHJiVQDVDtGD
x Necessidade GHPDLRUSRWrQFLDLQVWDODGDQRTXHVHUHIHUHDRVYHQWLODGRUHV ou
VRSUDGRUHVGHDUGHPRGRDID]HUIDFHjVTXHGDVGHSUHVVmRQROHLWRH placa
GLVWULEXLGRUDGHDU'HVVDIRUPDRVHTXLSDPHQWRVVmRPDLRUHVTXHQR leito fixo
47
GHYLGRjH[SDQVmRGROHLWR6Lstemas de leito fluidizado circulante apresentam
PDLRUHVFXVWRVGHLQVWDODomRHRSHUDomR
x Dificuldades QDPRGHODJHPPDWHPiWLFDGHIOX[RVHGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRGR leito.
3.6 $3/,&$d®(6 '2 352&(6SO DE CO-&20%8672 (0 /(,72

FLUIDIZADO
O processo de Winkler parDDJDVHLILFDomRGHFDUYmRPLQHUDOHP

originou a FRQYHUVmRWHUPRTXtPLFDGHFRPEXVWtYHLVVyOLGRVHPOHLWRIOXLGL]DGR
VHQGR TXH D SDUWLU GH VXDV DSOLFDo}HV VH GLYHUVLILFDUDP FRPR SRU
H[HPSOR QR ³FUDFNLQJ´ FDWDOtWLFR HP SURFHVVRV GH VHFDJHP QD VtQWHVH GH
SROLHWLOHQR HQWUH RXWUDV DSOLFDo}HV *(/'$57 &RQWXGR R XVR GH
UHDWRUHV GH OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR VH WRUQRX YLiYHO SDUD D XWLOL]DomR GH IRUPD
HFRQ{PLFD H DPELHQWDOPHQWH DFHLWiYHO HP SURFHVVRV GH
FRPEXVWmRJDVHLILFDomR FRP FDUYmR DSHQDV D SDUWLU GDV GpFDGDV GH H
(SCALA & CHIRONE, 2004).
Os processos que utilizam lHLWR IOXLGL]DGR SDUD JHUDomR HQHUJpWLFD VmR
conhecidos e usados nos 5 continentes. Em SDtVHVFRPR$OHPDQKD+RODQGDH
-DSmR H[LVWHP SODQWDV WHUPHOpWULFDV GH OHLWo fluidizado em RSHUDomR FRP
FDSDFLGDGH GH 0:H 3DtVHV HP GHVHQYROYLPHQWR FRPR ËQGLD 7XUTXLD H
China Ki SODQWDV VHPHOKDQWHV H QRYRV SURMHWRV HP DQdamento. Os Estados
Unidos lideram o investimento neste tipo de tecnologia apresentando o maior
Q~PHUR de patentes UHJLVWUDGDV DWp R DQR GH TXDndo comparado aos
GHPDLVSDtVHVcitados (ABREU, 2015; ATAKUL et al., 1993).
Destacam-se QD XWLOL]DomR GH OHLWRV IOXLGL]DGRV RV processos de
FRPEXVWmRHJDVHLILFDomRSDUDJHUDomRGHHQHUJLDHOpWULFDRXSDUDDSURGXomR
de calor. HP *DUGDQQH QD )UDQoD HVWD ORFDOL]DGD XPD GDV PDLRUHV FHQWUDLV
WHUPHOpWULFDVGRPXQGRTXHXWLOL]DDWHFQRORJLDGHOHLWRIOXLGL]DGRFRPSRWrQFLD
LQVWDODGDQHVWDXQLGDGHGH0:HFXMRFRPEXVWtYHOXWLOL]DGRHROLQKLWRULFR
HPFLQ]DVH[WUDtGRGHUHJL}HVSUy[LPDV1D Figura 16 HVWmRUHSUHVHQWDGRVRV
SULQFLSDLVFRPSRQHQWHVGHJUDQGHVFHQWUDLVWpUPLFDVTXHutilizam a tecnologia
de leito fluidizado.
48
O leito fluidizado tem se mostrado uma das melhores tecnologias na
FRPEXVWmR GH ELRPDVVDV H FRPEXVWtYHLV convencionais em virtude da
IOH[LELOLGDGH HVWDELOLGDGH H ERD HILFLrQFLD GH FRPEXVWmR .+$1 HW DO
6HJXQGR'DLHWDOFLWDGRSRU/LQKDUHVHVWHWLSRGHSURFHVVRp
DSURSULDGR SDUD D FRQYHUVmR HQHUJpWLFD GH UHVtGXRV DJUtFRODV H GH PDGeira,
EHPFRPRDXWLOL]DomRGHVWHVHPFR-FRPEXVWmRFRPFRPEXVWtYHLVIyVVHLV
Figura 16 ± 'LDJUDPDGHSURFHVVRGHFRPEXVWmRHPOHLWRIOXLGL]DGR.
Nos estudos das cinzas da co-FRPEXVWmR GH FDUYmR OLQKLWR FRP

diversos tipos de biomassas em unidade de leito fluidizado, em escala piloto
realizados por Gogebakan et al. (2009 IRUDP XWLOL]DGRV EDJDoR GH D]HLWRQD
FDVFDGHDYHOmHUHVtGXRGH DOJRGmR2Vresultados mostraram baixa IRUPDomR
H GHSyVLWR H HOHYDGDV FRQFHQWUDo}HV GH VLOtFLR FiOFLR HQ[RIUH IHUUR H
DOXPtQLRQRVFRQVWLWXintes das amostras de cinzas.
Nos trabalhos de Suksankraisorn et al. (2010), citado por Linhares
(2016), foram realizadas co-FRPEXVWmR GH FDUYmR H GH UHVtGXRV VyOLGRV
urbanos em escala de planta piloto com sistema de leito fluidizado borbulhante.
2V WHRUHV GH XPLGDGH FRQWLGRV QD DOLPHQWDomR H DV HPLVV}HV GXUDQWH D
FRPEXVWmR IRUDP HVWXGDGRV FRQFOXLQGR TXH R HIHLWR VLQpUJLFR GD FR-
49
FRPEXVWmR GH OLQKLWR FRP D ELRPDVVD PDLV VHFD UHGX]LX D HPLVVmR GH &2
DXPHQWDQGRDHILFLrQFLDGDFRPEXVWmR
$V HPLVV}HV GRV JDVHV JHUDGRV H D HILFLrQFLD GD FRPEXVWmR QD FR-
FRPEXVWmRGHEDJDoRGHD]HLWRQDHFDUYmRIRUDPSHVTXLVDGDVSRU$NSXODWHW
al. (2010) em reator de leito fluidizado borbulhante, sendo observado que, com
R DXPHQWR GR SHUFHQWXDO GR EDJDoR GH D]HLWRQD QD PLVWXUD FRPEXVWtYHO
DXPHQWDYDDVHPLVV}HVGH&2HGLPLQXtDDVHPLVV}HVGH62 2 e NOx.
Madhiyanon et al. (2011), citado por Linhares (2016), XWLOL]DUDPFDUYmR
e casca de arroz na co-FRPEXVWmRem escala piloto de leito fluidizado, sendo a
casca o principal FRPEXVWtYHOQD DOLPHQWDomR GR VLVWHPD )RUDP LQYHVWLJDGRV
RV HIHLWRV GR WDPDQKR GDV SDUWtFXODV GR FDUYmR PP H - 10 mm) e o
ponto da alimenWDomR QR OHLWR DFLPD RX DEDL[R GH DQHO GH UHFLUFXODomR QR
GHVHPSHQKRGDFRPEXVWmR
3pFRUD HW DO , citado por Linhares (2016), tentaram relacionar as
SURSULHGDGHVItVLFR-TXtPLFDVGHELRPDVVDDRFRPSRUWDPHQWRIOXLGRGLQkPLFRGH
borbulhamento em reator de leito IOXLGL]DGRGHEDQFDGD$VH[SHULrQFLDVIRUDP
FRQGX]LGDV FRP LQMHomR GH DU j temperatura ambiente em leito de areia e
SUHVVmR DWPRVIpULFD ORFDO 2V DXWRUHV QRWDUDP TXH DV GLIHUHQoDV QDV
propriedades de cinco tipos de biomassa afetaram fortemente o
FRPSRUWDPHQWRIOXLGRGLQkPLFRGHVXDVPLVWXUDVFRPDUHLDGROHLWR
Tokarski et al. (2015), citado por Linhares (2016) utilizaram
simultanHDPHQWH XQLGDGHV GH FRPEXVWmR H co-FRPEXVWmR GH ELRPDVVD
pulverizada em caldeiras de leito fluidizado. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma
DYDOLDomR FRPSDUDWLYD GDV SURSULHGDGHV GD FRQYHUVmR GH biomassa, como
cavacos de madeira e UHVtGXRs de girassol, em eletricidade, utilizando
indicadores que mostraram a quantidade da energia consumida pelos
SURFHVVRV GH FRQYHUVmR GH GLIHUHQWHV ELRPDVVDV QDV HPLVV}HV GH &2 2. Os
autores sugerem que os indicadores determinados neste trabalho podem ser
utilizados para SRVWHULRUHV DQiOLVHV HQHUJpWLFDV DPELHQWDLV H ILQDQFHLUDV HP
sistemas similares.
$OpPGRVSURFHVVRVTXHHQYROYHPFRPEXVWmRRXJDVHLILFDomRRVOHLWRV
IOXLGL]DGRVVmRDPSODPHQWHXWLOL]DGRVHPRSHUDo}HVHQYROYHQGRFDWDOLVDGRUes,
FRPR QDV UHDo}HV GH VtQWHVH FRPR D SURGXomR GH y[LGR GH HWLOHQR DQLGULGR
50
IWiOLFR FORUHWR GH DOTXLOD H UHDo}HV GH SROLPHUL]DomR $inda, encontra-se
XWLOL]DomR QD FDOFLQDomR SURGXomR GH FLPHQWR 3RUWODQG FUDTXHDPHQWR
FDWDOtWLFR RSHUDo}HV GH secagem de semeQWHV H QD LQG~VWULD DOLPHQWtFLD
(LINHARES, 2016).
51
0$7(5,$/(0e72'2S
O presente trabalho iniciou-VH FRP D FDUDFWHUL]DomR H YHULILFDomR GDV

SURSULHGDGHV ItVLFDV H TXtPLFDV GRV FRPEXVWtYHLV VHJXLGR SRU WHVWHV GH
bancada, nos quais se estudou o FRPSRUWDPHQWRIOXLGRGLQkPLFRGRVPDWHULDLV
e de suas misturas em sistema de leito fluidizado borbulhante de pequena
escala. 7RGRV RV H[SHULPHQWRV IRUDP UHDOL]DGRV QD )XQGDomR GH &LrQFLD H
Tecnologia ± &,(17(&QD3RQWLItFLD8QLYHUVLGDGH&DWyOLFDGR5LR*Uande do
Sul ± 38&56HQD8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGH9LoRVD± UFV.
4.1 MATERIAL UTILIZADO
3DUDDUHDOL]DomRGRs experimentos duas diferentes biomassas (cavacos

GH HXFDOLSWR H EDJDoR GD FDQD-de-Do~FDU), e FDUYmR PLQHUDO IRUDP XWLOL]DGDV.
Como material inerte foi utilizado areia devido ao seu baixo custo e facilidade
GHDTXLVLomR
2 FDUYmR PLQHUDO, fornecido pela Companhia Rio-grandense de
0LQHUDomR&50 SURYpPGDMD]LGDGH&DQGLRWDWDPEpPORFDOL]DGDQRestado
do Rio Grande do Sul.
2EDJDoRGHFDQD-de-Do~FDUIRLfornecido SHODFDFKDoDULD:HEHU Haus,
ORFDOL]DGDQRPXQLFtSLRGH,YRWL56
Os cavacos de eucalipto utilizados neste experimento, provenientes de
uma cultivar especifica de Eucalyptus spp, foram fornecidos pela empresa
CMPC ± Celulose Rio-grandenseORFDOL]DGDVQRPXQLFtSLRGH*XDtED56
A areia utilizada foi adquirida no centro comercial de Canoas.
&DUDFWHUL]DomRGRVFRPEXVWtYHLV
2 FRQKHFLPHQWR H DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GRV FRPEXVWtYHLV VmR IDWRUHV

LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD DYDOLDU R GHVHPSHQKR GD IOXLGL]DomR H D HILFLrQFLD GD
FRPEXVWmR GH XPD LQVWDODomR GH FRPEXVWmR HP OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR Baseado
nisso, o HVWXGR GDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFR-TXtPLFDV GD ELRPDVVD H GR FDUYmR
mineral utilizados nos experimentos torna-se essencial para se obter, de
52
maneira mais eficiente e adequada, os resultados no sistema instalado. Para o
SUHVHQWH WUDEDOKR IRL UHDOL]DGR R HVWXGR GD IOXLGL]DomR H FR-FRPEXVWmR do
carvmR PLQHUDO GD MD]LGD GH &DQGLRWD com EDJDoR GH FDQD GH Do~FDU e
cavacos de Eucalyptus spp. FRPRPDWHULDLVFRPEXVWtYHLV
3DUD FDUDFWHUL]DomR GRV FRPEXVWtYHLV IRUDP XWLOL]DGDV WpFQLFDV GH
DQiOLVHLPHGLDWDDQiOLVHHOHPHQWDUHDXWLOL]DomRGHERPEDFDORULPptrica para
GHWHUPLQDomRGRSRGHUFDORUtILFRLQIHULRU
$QiOLVHV GDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GD GHJUDGDomR WpUPLFD GDV DPRVWUDV GH
EDJDoR GH FDQD GH Do~FDU FDYDFRV GH Eucalyptus spp H FDUY}HV &DQGLRWD
IRUDP REWLGRV DWUDYpV GDV DQiOLVHV WHUPRJUDYLPpWULFDV 7*$ UHDOizadas em
WHUPREDODQoD3HUNLQ(OPHU7*$HPFRQGLo}HVGHIOX[RGHDUDP/PLQH
WD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRGH&PLQ
3URSULHGDGHVItVLFDVGRVPDWHULDLV
$ GHWHUPLQDomR GDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFDV GRV PDWHULDLV FRPEXVWtYHLV

FRPR WDPDQKR GH SDUWtFXODV GHQVLGDGHV UHDO H DSDUHQWH GLkPHWUR PpGLR GH
6DXWHU H WDPEpP D GLVWULEXLomR JUDQXORPpWULFD IRUDP UHDOL]DGDV HP
ODERUDWyULR
'LkPHWUR0pGLR
3DUD GHWHUPLQDU R GLkPHWUR PpGLR GRV FDYDFRV GH HXFDOLSWR FXMR

IRUPDWR OHPEUD XP SDUDOHOHStSHGR IRL feito o quarteamento da amostra, as
duas subamostras de lados opostos foram misturadas, refazendo-se o
SURFHGLPHQWR SRU PDLV YH]HV DR WRWDO $SyV R TXDUWHDPHQWR ILQDO RV
cavacos de eucalipto ali contidos foram individualmente medidos (comprimento,
ODUJXUDHGLkPHWURFRPXPSDTXtPHWURGLJLWDO',*,0(66, mostrado na Figura
17.
Multiplicando os valores encontradosREWpP-se o volume (V). 2EWpP-se
RGLkPHWURHTXLYDOHQWHDWUDYpVGDIyUPXOD
૜
۲‫ ܙ܍‬ൌ ට‫܄‬ൗૈ ሺ૛૚ሻ
Onde ۲‫ ܙ܍‬pRGLkPHWUo equivalente.

53
3DUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GD JUDQXORPHWULD PpGLD GDV SDUWtFXODV FDUYmR
mineral e da DUHLDXWLOL]DGDVIRLXWLOL]DGRRGLkPHWURPpGLRGH6DXWHU
$V SHQHLUDV IRUDP HVFROKLGDV SHOD VpULH 7\OHU GD PDUFD %HUWHO VHQGR
SRVVtYHOREVHUYDUQD7DEHODD sua abertura em mm e polegadas. Utilizou-se
XPDVHTXrQFLDGHSHQHLUDVFRPDEHUWXUDGHPDOKDDWpPHVKSDUDDUHLDH
GHDWpPHVKSDUDRFDUYmRPLQHUDO
Figura 17 3DTXtPHWUR 'LJLWDO DIGIMESS utilizado para determinar as

GLPHQV}HVGRVFDYDFRVGHHXFDOLpto.
3DUD D UHDOL]DomR GR H[SHULPHQWR D DPRVWUD HVFROKLGD IRL LQVHULGD QD

SHQHLUDVXSHULRUGRFRQMXQWRGHSHQHLUDVVHQGRUHDOL]DGDDDJLWDomRPHFkQLFD
GRFRQMXQWRGHSHQHLUDVSRUPLQXWRVQRDJLWDGRUPDJQpWLFR
5HDOL]DGR R SHQHLUDPHQWR DV PDVVDV GH FDUYmR mineral e de areia
foram pesadas, sendo determinadas DV IUDo}HV PiVVLFDV [i) de cada
componente. Calculou-VH RV GLkPHWURV PpGLRV HQWUH DV SHQHLUDV ത ୮୧ ) e o
GLkPHWURPpGLRGH6DXWHUത ୮ ) , GHILQLGRVSHODVVHJXLQWHVUHODo}HV
‫ ܑܘ܌‬൅ ‫ܑܘ܌‬ା૚
ҧ ൌ
‫ܑܘ܌‬ ሺ૛૛ሻ
૛
Onde ത pi pRGLkPHWURGDSHQHLUDHGp+1 pRGLkPHWURGDSHQHLUD
posterior.
૚
‫܁܌‬ҧ ൌ ሺ૛૜ሻ
‫ܠ‬
σቆ ҧܑ ቇ
‫ܑܘ܌‬
54
Onde ୧ FRUUHVSRQGH D IUDomR PiVVLFD GH ELRPDVsa retida entre as
peneiras dpi e dp+1, ത ୗ HRGLkPHWURGH6DXWHU
$ GHWHUPLQDomR JUDQXORPpWULFD GRV FDYDFRV GH HXFDOLSWR FXMR Iormato
lembra um SDUDOHOHStSHGRIRLUHDOL]DGD DWUDYpV GR TXDUWHDPHQWR da amostra,
WRPDQGRDVPHGLGDVGHFRPSULPHQWRODUJXUDHHVSHVVXUDFRPXPSDTXtPHWUR
digital DIGIMESS.
Tabela 6: 7DEHODGH(TXLYDOrQFLDGD$EHUWXUDGH0DOKDH7DPLV
ASTM TYLER ABERTURA EM ABERTURA EM
ABNT MESH 0,/Ë0(752 POLEGADAS
3.5 3.5 5.66 0.223
4 4 4.76 0.187
5 5 4.00 0.157
6 6 3.36 0.132
7 7 2.83 0.111
8 8 2.38 0.0937
10 10 2.00 0.0787
12 12 1.65 0.0661
14 14 1.41 0.0555
16 16 1.19 0.0469
18 18 1.00 0.0394
20 20 0.84 0.0331
25 25 0.71 0.0280
30 30 0.59 0.0232
35 35 0.50 0.0197
40 40 0.42 0.0165
45 45 0.35 0.0135
50 50 0.297 0.0117
60 60 0.250 0.0092
70 70 0.210 0.0083
80 80 0.177 0.0070
100 100 0.149 0.0059
120 120 0.125 0.0049
140 140 0.105 0.0041
170 170 0.088 0.0035
200 200 0.074 0.0029
230 230 0.062 0.0024
270 270 0.053 0.0021
325 325 0.044 0.0017
400 400 0.037 0.0015
500 500 0.025 0.0010
Fonte: Adaptado de ANVISA (2017).
A GHWHUPLQDomR JUDQXORPpWULFD GR EDJDoR GH FDQD GH Do~FDU QmR IRL
UHDOL]DGD SDUD D HWDSD GD IOXLGL]DomR 7UDWD-se de um material fibroso e com
55
JUDQGHYDULDomRGHWDPDQKRVGDVSDUWtFXODVHLUUHJXODULGDGHGRVIRUPDWRV$V
ELRPDVVDXWLOL]DGDVYDULDPEDVWDQWHQDIRUPDHWDPDQKRFRPSDUWtFXODVPXLWR
pequenas (da ordeP GH PLFURQV DWp YDORUHV GH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH FP GH
comprimento e largura. No presente trabalho, optou-VHSHORXVRGRUHVtGXRda
FDQDGHDo~FDU QDIRUPDFRPRHOHpGLVSRVWRSHODLQG~VWULDFDFKDFHLUDHSHOR
XVRGRVFDYDFRVFRQIRUPHDLQG~VWULDmadeireira os coloca no mercado.
A Figura 18 apresenta as fotografias dos materiais utilizados para o
trabalho.
Figura 18'DHVTXHUGDSDUDDGLUHLWD$UHLDGRODVWURGROHLWRIOXLGL]DGRFDUYmR
PLQHUDO&DYDFRVGHHXFDOLSWREDJDoRGHFDQDGHDo~FDU.
4.1.2.2. 0DVVD(VSHFtILFD
$VPDVVDVHVSHFtILFDVUHDLVȡHDVPDVVDVHVSHFtILFDVDSDUHQWHVȡ ap)

IRUDP GHWHUPLQDGDV SHOR PpWRGR GH SLFQRPHWULD $ GHWHUPLQDomR GD PDVVD
HVSHFtILFD GDV ELRPDVVDV GR FDUYmR PLQHUDO H GD DUHLD IRL UHDOL]DGD FRP R
intuito de determinDU D FODVVLILFDomR GRV SDUWLFXODGRV GH DFRUGR FRP R
diagrama de Geldart.
3DUD GHWHUPLQDU D PDVVD HVSHFtILFD GDV DPRVWUDV TXH LULDP FRPSRU R
leito do reator, foi realizada, conforme a norma NP EM 1097-6, a picnometria
FRPiJXD2EWHYH-VHDWUDYpVGHVWDDQDOLse DPDVVDHVSHFtILFDUHDOGDDUHLDH
GR FDUYmR PLQHUDO XWLOL]DGRV 1R HQWDQWR QmR VH REWHYH RV YDORUHV GH PDVVD
HVSHFtILFD UHDO GDV ELRPDVVDV GHYLGR D EDL[D GHQVLGDGH GDV VXDV SDUWtFXODV
utilizando-se para estas a pcnometria DJiVKpOLR2SLFQ{PHWURXWLOL]DGRIRLGD
marca Micromeritics, modelo AccuPcy II 13 do LCVMAT.
Na SFQRPHWULD D JiV KpOLR, uma quantidade conhecida de amostra foi
LQVHULGDHPXPFRPSDUWLPHQWRVHQGRHVWHHQWmRSUHVVXUL]DGRFRPJiVKpOLR
Esperou-VH HQWmR D HVWDELOL]DomR GH SUHVVmR QHVWH FRPSDUWLPHQWR $SyV R
JiVIRLOLEHUDGRDRVHJXQGRFRPSDUWLPHQWRGHYROXPHFRQKHFLGRDIHULQGR-se
56
D SUHVVmR QR neste FRPSDUWLPHQWR $PDVVD HVSHFtILFD GR PDWHULDODQDOLVDGR
no primeiro compartimento foi calculada levando-VH HP FRQVLGHUDomR D
YDULDomR GH SUHVVmR DIHULGD QRV GRLV FRPSDUWLPHQWRV DR YROXPH GR JiV
FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH RVGRLVFRPSDUWLPHQWRVHVWmR FDOLEUDGRV SDUDFRPSRUWDUR
PHVPRYROXPHGHJiVHDPDVVDGDDPRVWUD
2 IOXLGR XWLOL]DGR FRPR DJHQWH GH IOXLGL]DomR Ioi o ar o qual, possui
PDVVDHVSHFtILFDGH.JPñSDUDXPDWHPSHUDWXUDGH&DSUHVVmRGH
1atm.
4.1.2.3 Densidade Aparente
Para REWHQomR GD PDVVD HVSHFtILFD DSDUHQWH GR PDWHULDO pesou-se a

PDVVD GH PDWHULDO QHFHVViULD SDUD SUHHQFKHU um bequer de 1 litro. $ UD]mR
obtida entre a massa do material e o seu volume aparente determinou a massa
eVSHFtILFDDSDUHQWHGRPDWHULDO
4.2 0e72'26(;3(5,0(17$,S
2VH[SHULPHQWRVGRSUHVHQWHWUDEDOKRIRUDPUHDOL]DGRVQRVODERUDWyULRV
GD )XQGDomR GH &LrQFLD H Tecnologia (CIENTEC), na unidade localizada na
cidade de Cachoeirinha/RS.
4.2.1 Preparo da Biomassa
As biomassas utilizadas SDUD D HWDSD GH IOXLGL]DomR foram coletadas

conforme VmR dispostas pelas industrias no mercado (conforme demonstra a
figura 19) QmR UHFHEHQGR QHQKXPD SUHSDUDomR previa 3DUD DV DQiOLVHV
WHUPRJUDYLPpWULFDV 7*$ RV FRPEXVWtYHLV IRUDP SUHYLDPHQWH PRtGRV QXP
moinho de facas marca Marconi, modelo MA340, triturando o material de modo
que passasse pela malha 16 da VpULH Tyler.
57
Figura 19: Moinho de facas.
4.2.2 Preparo das misturas
Ao dispor da densidade aparente materiais FRPEXVWtYHLV H da areia,

efetuou-se as misturas de biomassas e areiaFDUYmRPLQHUDOHDUHLDmisturas
GH ELRPDVVDV FDUYmR H areia em GLIHUHQWHV SURSRUo}HV PiVVLFDV contendo
3%, 5% e 10% do material FRPEXVWtYHO FRPSOHPHQWDGDSHODDGLomRdo material
inerte (areia).
)RUDP XWLOL]DGDV PLVWXUDV FRP FDYDFRV GH HXFDOLSWR FDUYmR QD
SURSRUomR PiVVLFD GH &DUYmR %LRPDVVD Estas misturas foram
adicionadas ao OHLWR GH DUHLD REHGHFHQGR jV SURSRUo}HV H 10% em
UHODomRjPDVVDWRWDOGROHLWRGHDUHLD
$QiOLVHWHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD7*$
$QiOLVHV GDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GD GHJUDGDomR WpUPLFD GDV DPRVWUDV GH

FDYDFRVGH(XFDO\SWXVVSSEDJDoRGHFDQD-de-Do~FDUH FDUYmRPLQHUDO foram
REWLGRV DWUDYpV GDV DQiOLVHV WHUPRJUDYLPpWULFDV 7*$ UHDOL]DGDV HP
WHUPREDODQoD3HUNLQ(OPHU7*$HPFRQGLo}HVGHIOX[RGHDUDP/PLQH
WD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRGH&PLQ
4.2.4 Bancada de FOXLGL]DomR
$IOXLGL]DomR foi realizado na bancada da planta piloto do Departamento

de Engenharia de Processos da CIENTEC, apresentado na Figura 20.
58
Figura 206LVWHPDGHIOXLGL]DomRGHEDQFDGDDHLPDJHPGRIOXLGL]DGRUE.
O sistema de leito fluidizado, em escala de bancada (Figura 20 p

FRPSRVWR SHOR FRPSUHVVRU GH DU YiOYXOD UHJXODGRUD GH IOX[R
PDQ{PHWURGHWXERHP8FRQWURODGRUGHYD]mRGHDUHGLVWULEXLGRUGHDU
do leito (5). A coluna de leito fluidizaGR pIHLWD GHDFUtOLFR WUDQVSDUHQWHIRL
FRQVWUXtGDQRIRUPDWRGHWUDSp]LRSDUDPDQWHUDVPHVPDVSURSRUo}HVFRPDV
GLPHQV}HVGRUHDWRUGHOHLWRIOXLGL]DGRGDSODQWDSLORWR
O sistema da planta de bancada tem um distribuidor de ar no leito
composto por XPFRQMXQWRGHLQMHWRUHVGHDUFRQHFWDGRVjWXEXODomRORFDOL]DGD
na base do fluidizador. O compressor fornece ar para o sistema de bancada,
TXHDWUDYpVGDUHJXODJHPGDYiOYXODJDYHWDVHID]RDMXVWHGRIOX[RGHDUSDUD
D IOXLGL]DomR GRV PDWHULDLV $ Iigura 20a mostra esquematicamente o sistema
do leito fluidizado de bancada e a figura 20b apresenta uma fotografia do
fluidizador e o distribuidor do leito em seu interior.
$ DQiOLVH GRV SHUILV H D FRPSDUDomR GDV YHORFLGDGHV PtQLPDV GH
IOXLGL]DomR IRUDP DYDOLDGDV DWUDYpV GRV JUiILFRV JHUDGRV FRP RV GDGRV GH
SHUGDGHFDUJDQROHLWRǻ3HPIXQomRGDYHORFLGDGHVXSHUILFLDOGRDULQMHWDGR
no leito (Us)
4.2.5 )OXLGL]DomRGD0istura %LQiULDH7HUQiria
Inicialmente, com o leito vazio, tomou-se nota da queda GH SUHVVmR

provocada pelo distribuidor. Em seguida, a areia oi colocada para completar o
leito.
59
&RP R OHLWR SUHSDUDGR R IOX[R GH DU IRL DXPHQWDGR PDQXDOPHQWH DWp
DWLQJLU DSUHVVmRGH PP+2O. Observou-VHGXUDQWH R DXPHQWRGD YD]mR
GH DU D H[SDQVmR GR OHLWR VHQGR TXH DSyV DWLQJLU XP OLPLWH QRWD-se o
DSDUHFLPHQWRGHEROKDVGHDUQDVXSHUItFLHGROHLWR$SyVDWLQJLUDSUHVVmRGH
1500 mmH2O, iniciou-VH R DEDL[DPHQWR GD SUHVVmR DWp D ]HUDJHP FRPSOHWD
Realizou-VH HVWD RSHUDomR SDUD R OHLWR FRPSRVWR XQLcamente por areia em
duplicata.
$SyV LQLFLRX-VH D DGLomR GR PDWHULDO FRPEXVWtYHO ,QLFLDOPHQWH XPD
SURSRUomRPiVVLFDGHHPFRPSDUDomRDDUHLDIRLDGLFLRQDGDUma vez no
OHLWR D YD]mR GH DU IRL DXPHQWDGD SDUD HIHWXDU D PLVWXUD HQWUH o material
FRPEXVWtvel e a areia, bem FRPRHOLPLQDURVILQRVSUHVHQWHVQDPHVPD$SyV
LQWHUURPSLGR R IOX[R GH DU R OHLWR IRL FRORFDGR QRYDPHQWH HP VXD SRVLomR
inicial para quH R H[SHULPHQWR IRVVH UHDOL]DGR FRQIRUPH D RSHUDomR DQWHULRU
&RQFOXtGD HVWD HWDSD DGLFLRQRX-se maiV PDWHULDO FRPEXVWtYHO FKHJDQGR D
SURSRUomR GH 5HSHWLX-se o procedimento. Ao final, adicionou-se mais
PDWHULDOFRPEXVWtYHODWLQJLQGRXPDSURSRUomRPiVVLFDGHGHFRPEXVWtYHO
HPUHODomRDROHLWR$VHWDSDVDQWHULRUHVIRUDPUHSHWLGDV
O procedimento descrito foi realizado 2 vezes para cada mistura de
SUHSDUDGD JHUDQGR DVVLP SDUD FDGD PLVWXUD FXUYDV GH IOXLGL]DomR H
FXUYDVGHGHIOXLGL]DomR
2V YDORUHV GD YD]mR GH HQWUDGD GR DU QR OHLWR EHP FRPR GD SHUGD GH
carga foram registrados manualmente, JHUDQGR RV JUiILFRV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD
DQiOLVHGRVUHVXOWDGRV
4.2.6 Tratamento de Dados
2VGDGRVIRUDPFROHWDGRVHPIXQomRGDYD]mRGHHQWUDGDGRDUQROHLWR
[NL/m] pela perda de carga no leito [mmH2O@ $SyV WUDWDPHQWR GRV PHVPRV
IRUDP JHUDGRV JUiILFRV SDUD D DQiOLVH H D GHWHUPLQDomR H[SHULPHQWDO GRV
pontos correspondentes a velocLGDGH GH IOXLGL]DomR DSDUHQWH Xfa, e a
YHORFLGDGHGHPtQLPDIOXLGL]DomRumf.
1DV FXUYDV GH IOXLGL]DomR IRL GHWHUPLQDGD D YHORFLGDGH DSDUHQWH GH
IOXLGL]DomR uaf, de acordo com Kunii e Levenspiel (1991), devido ao
60
DSDUHFLPHQWRGRSLFRGHSHUGDGHFDUJDFRPRFRQVHTXrQFLDGDSDVVDJHPGR
estado do leito de fixo para fluidizado. 1DV FXUYDV GH GHIOXLGL]DomR IRUDP
determinadas a veORFLGDGH PtQLPD GH IOXLGL]DomR 8mf, referente ao ponto do
retorno do leito do estado fluidizado para o estado fixo.
61
5. RESULTADOS (',6&8662
$1È/,6(,0(',$7$$1È/,6((/(0(17$5(32'(5&$/25Ë),&2
(VWmR DSUHVHQWDGRV QD 7DEHOD 7 RV UHVXOWDGRV GDV DQiOLVHV LPHGLDWD
elementar e GHWHUPLQDomRGR3RGHU&DORUtILFR,QIHULRU
Tabela 7: $QiOLVHLPHGLDWDDQiOLVHHOHmentar e SRGHUFDORUtILFR.
MATERIAL COMBUSTIVEL
%DJDoRGH Cavaco de &DUYmR
cana eucalipto mineral
Carbono fixo a 13,05 9,30 22
$QiOLVH
Cinza a 3,56 0,30 55
Imediata
0DWpULDYROiWLO a 74,82 85,78 23
(% massa)
Umidade Total 8,58 4,62 17,1
Ca 43,35 54,24 33,8
$QiOLVH Ha 6,25 5,68 2,3
Elementar Sa 0,05 nd 1,9
PiVVLFD Na nd nd 0,6
Oa 45,79 40,16 6,4
Poder
Poder Calorifico
FDORUtILFR 18700 19150 10112,7
Inferior (PCI)b
(kJ/kg)
a
base seca, bEDVH~PLGDndQmRGHWHFWDGR.
Conforme se observa na Tabela 7 RV UHVXOWDGRV GD DQiOLVH LPHGLDWD

apresentaram valores semelhantes para o teor de carbono fixo nos
FRPEXVWtYHLV EDJDoR GH FDQD FDYDFRV GH HXFDOLSWR H FDUYmR PLQHUDO $
ELRPDVVDDSUHVHQWRXRPDLRUWHRUGHPDWHULDOYROiWLOHGHXPLGDGHHPUHODomR
DRFDUYmo de &DQGLRWD2HOHYDGRWHRUGHFLQ]DVQRFDUYmRVXSHUDRVHP
PDVVD HQTXDQWR TXH SDUD DV ELRPDVVDV QmR chega a 4%. Os resultados da
DQiOLVHHOHPHQWDUPRVWUDPTXHDs biomassas FDYDFRGHHXFDOLSWRHEDJDoRGH
FDQDGHDo~FDUapresentam um teor de carbono elementar SUy[LPRde 50% em
PDVVD EDVH VHFD VXJHULQGR TXH HVWHV UHVtGXRV SRGHP VHU DSURYHLWDGRV
energeticamente (SMOLINSKI et al., 2011; AL-SHEMMERI et al., 2015).
De acordo com Quirino et. al (2005), a FRPSRVLomR TXtPLFD de um
material influencia significativamente no poder cDORUtILFR2VWHRUHVGHXPLGDGH
H FLQ]DV VmR RV IDWRUHV TXH PDLV LQIOXHQFLDP R SRGHU FDORUtILFR VHQGR TXH
quanto maiores estes teores na biomassa PHQRUVHUiRSRGHUFDORUtILFR
&RQVLGHUDQGR TXH R SRGHU FDORUtILFR p definido como a quantidade de
HQHUJLD OLEHUDGD QD IRUPD GH FDORU GXUDQWH D FRPEXVWmR GH XPD TXDQWLGDGH
62
DV DPRVWUDV FRUUHVSRQGH D OLEHUDomR GR WHRU GH XPLGDGH GRV PDWHULDLV
utilizados. Os valores obtidos QD GHWHUPLQDomR GHXPLGDGH SDUDR EDJDoR GH
cana-de-Do~FDU FDYDFRV GH HXFDOLSWR H 8,5 GR FDUYmR
mineral coincidem com os vDORUHV REWLGRV DWUDYpV GD DQiOLVH
WHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD
Seguindo o aumento da temperatura para as biomassas, conforme
observado na Figura 21 XPD VHJXQGD UHJLmR GH SHUGD GH PDVVD SRGH VHU
identificada iniciando em 230& DWp & D TXDO HVWi UHODFLRQDGD j
deFRPSRVLomR GD FHOXORVH e da hemicelulose presentes na biomassa. Entre
230- & RFRUUH D GHJUDGDomR GH KHPLFHOXORVHV VHQGR TXH D FHOXORVH
degrada entre 275- & 6,/9$ Machado (2016), trabalhando com
EDJDoR de cana, obteve uma valor de 26,48% pDUD D GHJUDGDomR GDs
KHPLFHOXORVHVHGHSDUDGHJUDGDomRGDFHOXORVHGHVWHPDWHULDO
A terceira perda de massa, para as biomassas, ocorre DRV&SDUDR
EDJDoR GH FDQD GH Do~FDU H & SDUD RV FDYDFRV GH HXFDOLSWR estando
relacionada j GHJUDGDomR GD OLJQLQD SUHVHQWH QD ELRPDVVD ('5(,6 et al.,
3e&25$et al., 2014). $OYDUH] 9i]TXH], e Pereira et al. (2013)
DILUPDPTXHDEDL[RGH&FHUFDGHGDOLJQLQDVHGHFRPS}HHQTXDQWR
RUHVWDQWHpGHJUDGDGRHPWHPSHUDWXUDVPDLs altas.
4XDQWRDRFRPSRUWDPHQWRWpUPLFRGRFDUYmRPLQHUDOREVHUYD-se pouca
SHUGD GH PDVVD DWp & $ JUDQGH SHUGD GH PDVVD HQWUH & H &
DSUHVHQWDGD SHOD FXUYD 7*$ VH GHYH j GHJUDGDomR GRV JUXSRV FDUER[tOLFRV
SUHVHQWHVQRFDUYmR (REICHEL et al, 2013). $SyVultrapassar os 4&WHPRV
XPDHOHYDGDTXDQWLGDGHGHFLQ]DVPRWLYRHVWHUHVSRQViYHOSHODFRQVWkQFLDGR
SHUFHQWXDOPiVVLFRGRFDUYmRPHVPDDWHPSHUDWXUDVPDLVHOHYDGDV
2 UHVtGXR VyOLGRREWLGR DRILP GDDQiOLVHWHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD WUDWD-se de
carbono fixo e cinzas (SEYE et al., $ TXDQWLGDGH GH UHVtGXRV VyOLGRV
REWLGRV DR ILP GD DQiOLVH WHUPRJUDYLPpWULFD GR EDJDoR foi nula, se
assemelhando jV TXDQWLGDGHV GH FLQ]DV HQFRQWUDGDV DWUDYpV GD DQiOLVH
imediata (3,56%%), sendo que para os cavacos de eucalipto foram obtidos
YDORUHV QXORV SDUD UHVtGXRV VyOLGRV VHQGR TXH os teores de cinzas
encontrados foram 0,30 'H IRUPD VHPHOKDQWH WDPEpP REWpP-se o valor
64
'H DFRUGR FRP /LQKDUHV D KHWHURJHQHLGDGH FRP UHODomR jV
GLIHUHQoDV GH GHQVLGDGH HQWUH RV materiais FRPEXVWtYHLV SRGH UHVXOWDU HP
problemas dH VHJUHJDomR GHQWUR GH XP UHDWRU H ocasionar um diferencial na
temperatura no leito durante a co-FRPEXVWmR
$7DEHODDSUHVHQWDXPDFRPSDUDomRHQWUHDVSURSULHGDGHVItVLFDVGH
GLIHUHQWHV PDWHULDLV XWLOL]DGRV HP SURFHVVRV GH IOXLGL]DomR SRGH VHU YLVWD D
seguir.
Tabela 9: &DUDFWHUL]DomRItVLFDGHPDWHULDLVXWLOL]DGRVHPSURFHVVRVGH
IOXLGL]DomR
Densidade
Densidade 'LkPHWUR
real das
aparente PpGLR Fonte
3DUWtFXODV
>JFPñ@ [mm]
>JFPñ@
Cavacos de Eucalipto 0,53 0,282 5,03 Autor
%DJDoRGH&DQD-de-
0,130 0,081 N.I. Autor
Do~FDU
&DUYmRPLQHUDO 1,66 1,37 0,35 Autor
Casca de Nabo
0,723 0,214 1,11 Gomes (2017)
Forrageiro
5HVtGXRVGH(XFDOLSWR 1,386 0,093 0,54 Genehr (2015)
5HVtGXRVGH3LQXV 1,271 0,286 0,58 Genehr (2015)
Galhos de macieira 1,380 0,214 0,59 Silva (2017)
Tabaco 1,301 0,727 0,79 Oliveira (2012)
Paudel e Feng
Casca de Noz 1,200 0,630 0,86
(2013)
Paudel e Feng
Espiga de Milho 1,080 0,520 1,04
(2013)
Paudel e Feng
Vidro Particulado 2,500 1,400 0,38
(2013)
Paudel e Feng
Alumina 3,940 1,870 0,49
(2013)
Areia 2,610 1,554 0,33 Autor
Conforme os resultados obtidos e observados na Tabela 8, pode-se

REVHUYDU TXH D FODVVLILFDomR GRV PDWHULDLV FRPEXVWtYHLV UHIHUHQWH D
FODVVLILFDomRGH*HOGDUWpSHUWHQFHQWHDRJUXSR'IOXLGL]DomRWLSR-RUUR(VWH
grupo se caracteriza por ser composto por um particulado de alta densidade e
de maior tamanho, necessitandRXPD DOWD YD]mR GR JiVSDUD TXH R SURFHVVR
GHIOXLGL]DomRRFRUUDVHQGRTXHDVEROKDVTXHVHIRUPDPGXUDQWHRSURFHVVR
WHQGHP D VXELU OHQWDPHQWH GHYLGR D PDLRU FRPSRQHQWH GD IRUoD SHVR GRV
SDUWLFXODGRV$VSDUWtFXODVGHVWHWLSRGHIOXLGL]DomRVmRPDLRUHVTXHP
$VSDUWtFXODVGREDJDoRGHFDQD-de-Do~FDUSRVVXHPXPIRUPDWRORQJLWXGLQDO
67
RFRUUHULD HP PLVWXUDV FRQWHQGR XPD IUDomR PiVVLFD GH HXFDOLSWR VXSHULRU D
VHQGRHVWHXPSDUkPHWURDVHUHVWXGDGRIXWXUDPHQWH
Tabela 11: Estudo de fOXLGRGLQkPLFa.
MATERIAL % ESTUDO FLUIDODINÆMICO

MASSA ufa [m/s] ¨SUHVVmR umf [m/s] ¨SUHVVmR
(Pa) (Pa)
Areia pura 100 0,043 1083, 95 0,05 1077,54
Eucalyptus 3 0,046 1109,69 0,05 1077,22
spp. 5 0,046 1098,67 0,049 1093,04
10 0,059 1153,78 0,066 1142,13
&DUYmRPLQHUDO 3 0,049 1035,57 0,049 1030,85
5 0,045 1063,33 0,049 1033,25
10 0,047 1085,56 0,052 1051,54
Mistura (70% 3 0,043 1063,52 0,05 1054,45
FDUYmR 5 0,046 1083,75 0,049 1074,71
eucalipto) 10 0,049 1086,56 0,059 1089,92
%DJDoRGH 3 0,072 1034 0,094 1027,06
cana-de-Do~FDU 5 0,094 1073,96 0,104 1014,35
10* 0,106 1090,75 0,144 1074,68
(QWUH DV PLVWXUDV GH FDUYmR e areia (Figuras 26 e 27) nas SURSRUo}HV
PiVVLFDV 3, 5, e 10% foram observadas pequenas GLIHUHQoDV QD Xfa, umf e
TXHGD GH SUHVVmR TXDQGR FRPSDUDUPRV FRP R OHLWR IRUPDGR H[FOXVLYDPHQWH
pela areia. 1RHQWDQWRWHPRVXPDGLPLQXLomRGDTXHGDGHSUHVVmR e maiores
YDORUHVUHIHUHQWHVDVYHORFLGDGHVGHIOXLGL]DomRquando e utilizada a biomassa
QD SURSRUomR GH QD PLVWXUD FRPEXVWtYHO SDUD FRPSRU FRPSRVLo}HV
WHUQiULDVDUHLDFDUYmRELRPDVVDFDYDFRVGHeucalipto), seguindo a mesma
SURSRUomRPiVVLFDGH3, 5 e 10% da PLVWXUDFRPEXVWtYHOno leito (Figuras 30 e
31),
$ IOXLGL]DomR GD FDQD-de-Do~FDU RFRUUHX DWUDYpV GH PLVWXUDV FRQWHQGR
GLIHUHQWHV SURSRUo}HV PiVVLFDV (3, 5 e 3DUD R EDJDoR GH FDQD-de-
Do~FDU SRUpP DSHVDU GH VH REWHU YDORUHV QXPpULFRV SDUD D IOXLGL]DomR D
mistura com 10% de biomassa com areia QmR ocorreu, permanecendo no
reator duas camadas distintas conforme pode ser visto na Figura 32.
Mantendo-se uma Pi[LPD YD]mR GH DU QR UHDWRU SRU XP ORQJR SHUtRGR GH
WHPSRRFRUUHDIRUPDomRGHFDPLQKRVSUHIHUHQFLDLVQHVWD mistura (Figura 34)
72
Apesar dR DXPHQWR GDV SURSRUo}HV GHVWDV ELRPDVVDV EDJDoR GH
cana-de-Do~FDU e cavacos de eucalipto) na mistura provocarem D GLPLQXLomR
GDSHUGDGHFDUJDHFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHRDXPHQWRGDYHORFLGDGHGHPtQLPD
IOXLGL]DomR IRL SRVVtYHO GHWHUPLQDU D YHORFLGDGH GH PtQLPD IOXLGL]DomR SDUD D
mistura contendo 10% de cavacos de eucalipto, enquanto que para a mistura
de 10% de EDJDoRGHFDQD-de-Do~FDUQmRIRLSRVVtYHOGHWHUPLQDUDYHORFLGDGH
GHPtQLPDIOXLGL]DomR devido a foUPDomRGHFDPLQKRVSUHIHUHQFLDLV ao manter
uma elevada velocidade do ar por muito tempo.
Genehr (2015) observou o aumHQWRGDYHORFLGDGHGHPtQLPDIOXLGL]DomR
QDIOXLGL]DomRGHXPOHLWRFRPSRVWRSRUXPDPLVWXUDGHUHVtGXRVGHHXFDOLSWRH
areia e de pinus e areia.
$ TXHGD GHSUHVVmR ¨3GLPLQXLX FRP RDXPHQWR GD FRQFHQWUDomRGH
biomassa no leito. (VWD UHGXomR SRGH VHU entendida de duas maneiras, a
SULPHLUDGHYLGRDGLIHUHQoDGHPDVVDHVSHFtILFDRTXHID]FRPTXHDIRUoDGH
DUUDVWHQHFHVViULDSDUDIOXLGL]DUDSDUWtFXODVHMDPHQRUSDUDTXHDIOXLGL]DomR
DFRQWHoDDIRUoDGHDUUDVWHH[HUFLGDSHOROHLWRGHYHUiVHULJXDOD IRUoDSHVRQD
SDUWtFXODDOpPGRIRUPDWRHGRGLkPHWURPpGLRGDSDUWtFXOD &RPUHODomRDR
IRUPDWRSDUWtFXODVHVIpULFDVQmRVRIUHPDOWHUDomRQDFRPSRQHQWHGDIRUoDGH
DUUDVWH FRQIRUPH YDULDP D VXD SRVLomR (P SDUWtFXODV SRXFR HVIpULFDV D
SRVLomR GD SDUWtFXOD ID] YDULDU R YDORU GR PyGXOR GD IRUoD GH DUUDVWH VHQGR
assim, HP SDUWtFXODV FRP XPD forma plana possuem diferentes valores da
IRUoDGHDUUDVWHFRQIRUPHDSRVLomRHPTXHVHHQFRQWUDP
2 VHJXQGRPRGR GHHQWHQGHU HVWD UHGXomR pDIRUPDomR GH FDPLQKRV
preferenciais. Os caminhos preferenciais que aparecem no leito podem ser
observados na Figura 34.
74
Figura 34 ± Caminhos preferenciais formados na IOXLGL]DomR GH EDJDoR de
cana-GHDo~FDU
Ao passar por caminhos preferenciais, o ar sofre pouca ou nenhuma

UHVLVWrQFLD GDV SDUWtFXODV GR OHLWR, o que faz com que a perda de carga seja
pequena ou nula. Para desfazer os caminhos preferenciais, faz-se necessiULRR
aumento da velocidade de entrada do fluxo de ar6HQGRDVVLPpREVHUYDGRR
DXPHQWRGDYHORFLGDGHPtQLPDGHIOXLGL]DomR Em contrapartida, esse aumento
p UHVSRQViYHO SRU SURYRFDU R DUUDVWH GH SDUWtFXODV FRP PHQRU PDVVD
HVSHFtILFD SDUD IRUD GR OHLWR FDXVDQGR XP HIHLWR LQGHVHMiYHO GH SHUGD GR
recheio do leito.
75
6. CONCLUS®(6
9 23RGHU&DORUtILFR,QIHULRUREWLGRSDUDFDYDFRVGHHXFDOLSWRHEDJDoRGHFDQD-
de-Do~FDU 5 MJ/kg) e (18,7 MJ/kg), respectivamente, foram superiores
DRVHQFRQWUDGRVFDUYmRPLQHUDOSURYHQLHQWHGH&DQGLRWD0-NJ.
9 MHQRUWHPSHUDWXUDGHLJQLomRGRFDYDFRGHHXFDOLSWRHGREDJDoRGHFDQD-de-
Do~FDUFRPSDUDGDVDRFDUYmRPLQHUDO
9 AV ELRPDVVDV XWLOL]DGDV SURGX]HP PHQRV FLQ]DV GR TXH R FDUYmR PLQHUDO
GLVSRQtYHOQDUHJLmRGH&DQGLRWD
9 2 EDJDoR GH FDQD-de-Do~FDU H RV FDYDFRV GH HXFDOLSWR WHP SRWHQFLDO SDUD
serem utilizados na co-FRPEXVWmRFRPRFDUYmRPLQHUDO
9 A DGLomR GH SHTXHQDV TXDQWLGDGHV GH ELRPDVVD WHP LQIOXrQFLD VREUH D

IOXLGRGLQkPLFDGROHLWR.
9 VHORFLGDGHVPtQLPDVGHIOXLGL]DomRGDVPLVWXUDVGRVFRPEXVWtYHLVRFRUUHUDP
HP YDORUHV PDLV HOHYDGRV FRP R DXPHQWR GD IUDomR Ge biomassa no
fluidizador.
As ELRPDVVDVHVWXGDGDVFDYDFRGHHXFDOLSWRHEDJDoRGHFDQD-de-Do~FDU
(especialmente), SRVVXHP XP GLkPHWUR PpGLR H IRUPDWR LUUHJXODU
GLILFXOWDQGR DVVLP R FRQWUROH GH YD]mR GH DU QHFHVViULR SDUD TXH D
IOXLGL]DomRRFRUUDVHPRDSDrecimento de caminhos preferenciais.
A baixa PDVVD HVSHFtILFD GDs biomassas ID] FRP TXH DV SDUWtculas
menores sejam arrastadas para fora do leito, ocorrendo a perda de
material.
A DGLomR Gas biomassas estudadas no leito favorece o aparecimento de
FDPLQKRV SUHIHUHQFLDLV GLILFXOWDQGR R SURFHVVR GH IOXLGL]DomR,
RFDVLRQDQGR D GLPLQXLomR GD SHUGD GH FDUJD H ID]HQGR QHFHVViULR R
DXPHQWRGDYHORFLGDGHGRIOXLGRQROHLWRSDUDTXHDIOXLGL]DomRRFRUUD
As curvas de fluLGL]DomRREVHUYDGDVDSUHVHQWDPRFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHQWUR
do esperado para todas as SURSRUo}HV de cavaco de eucalipto (3, 5 e 10%)
76
e areiaFDYDFRGHHXFDOLSWRFDUYmRPLQHUDO (3, 5 e 10%) HDUHLDFDUYmR
mineral (3, 5 e 10%) e areia. Para a mistura de EDJDoR de cana-de-Do~FDU
e areia, em misturas contendo 10 GDPDVVD GDPLVWXUDQmRIRLSRVVtYHO
REVHUYDUDIOXLGL]DomRHPUHJLPHERUEXOKDQWH
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Co-Combustão de Biomassa Com Carvão Mineral

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

A busca de substitutos para os FRPEXVWtYHLVIyVVHLV, finitos e altamente

2.1 OBJETIVO GERAL

O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi avaliar e caracterizar o potencial

2.2 OBJETIVOS (63(&Ë),&2S

x Caracterizar fisicamente a areia R FDUYmR PLQHUDO e as seguintes

x &DUDFWHUL]DU TXDQWR jV DQiOLVHV 7HUPRJUDYLPpWULFDV RV FDYDFRV GH

x Determinar as curvas dH IOXLGL]DomR H D YHORFLGDGH GH PtQLPD

x 'HWHUPLQDU DV FXUYDV GH IOXLGL]DomR H D YHORFLGDGH GH PtQLPD

x 'HWHUPLQDU DV FXUYDV GH IOXLGL]DomR H D YHORFLGDGH GH PtQLPD

x 'HWHUPLQDU DV FXUYDV GH IOXLGL]DomR H D YHORFLGDGH GH PtQLPD

x ,QYHVWLJDU R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GD IOXLGL]DomR GH XP OHLWR FRQWHQGR XPD

x Investigar R FRPSRUWDPHQWR GD IOXLGL]DomR GH XP OHLWR FRQWHQGR XPD

$ XWLOL]DomR GH ELRPDVVD SDUD ILQV HQHUJpWLFRV tem acompanhado os

Farelo de trigo 10-15 35-39 8,3-12,5 33,6-46,7

Palha de trigo 38,2 21,2 23,4 17,2

*UDPtQHDV 25-40 35-50 10-30 15-30

Madeira de lei 44,7 18,6 26,4

As propriedades da biomassa diferem, consideravelmente, de

Os UHVtGXRVDJUtFRODV e florestais VmRyWLPDVDOWHUQDWLYDVSDUDSURGXomR

2ULJLQiULR GD Oceania e sudeste DVLiWLFR R JrQHUR Eucalyptus p

2 FDUYmR mineral p XPD URFKD VHGLPHQWDUFRPEXVWtYHO de cor preta ou

(SRVVtYHOFRQYHUWHUDbiomassa em formas de energia WpUPLFDHOpWULFD

A co-FRPEXVWmR p D TXHLPD VLPXOWkQHD HP XP PHVPR VLVWHPD

A PDLRULD GRV FRPEXVWtYHLV HPSUHJDGRV LQGXVWULDOPHQWH p FRPSRVWD

Figura 8 - Perdas de calor em caldeiras.

3.4 PROPRIEDADES DOS COM%867Ë9(,6

OV FRPEXVWtYHLV possuem algumas propriedades comuns a todos eles,

$ FRPSRVLomR TXtPLFD HOHPHQWDU GH XPD DPRVWUD GH FRPEXVWtYHO p D

A quantidade de energia liberada, por unidade de massa ou volume,

2SURFHVVRQRTXDODIRUoDGHarrasto causada por um fluido ascendente

Figura 9: Tipos de escoamentos em leito fluidizado.

O PRPHQWR HP TXH VH Gi LQtFLR D IOXLGL]DomR FRQKHFLGR FRPR

(P FRQGLo}HV GH PtQLPD IOXLGL]DomR D HTXDomR 14) que representa a

‫܌‬૛‫ܘ‬ҧ ൫ૉ‫ ܘ‬െ ૉ܎ ൯ ‫ ܏ כ‬૜

'H DFRUGR FRP .XQLL H /HYHQVSLHO   D YHORFLGDGH PtQLPD GH

Para entender o processo e RV UHJLPHV GH IOXLGL]DomR torna-se

3.5.3 Reatores de leito fluidizado

3.5.3.1 Leito fluidizado borbulhante

2 JiV p LQWURGX]LGR QR OHLWR fluidizado borbulhante com velocidades

Em Reatores de Leito Fluidizado Circulante (RLFC), esquematizado na

a) (VWDGR FRPSOHWDPHQWH PLVWXUDGR 2 VLVWHPD p FRQVWLWXtGR SRU SDUWtFXODV FRP

Figura 15± 'HWHUPLQDomRGDYHORFLGDGHGHPtQLPDIOXLGL]DomRGHDFRUGo com

Os pontos GHIOXLGL]DomRSRGHP ser obtidos conforme a Figura 15, Umf.I e

3.5.5 Vantagens e desvantagens dos leitos fluidizados

&RPR TXDOTXHU WpFQLFD RV VLVWHPDV GH OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR DSUHVHQWDP

3.6 $3/,&$d®(6 '2 352&(6SO DE CO-&20%867­2 (0 /(,72

O processo de Winkler parDDJDVHLILFDomRGHFDUYmRPLQHUDOHP

Nos estudos das cinzas da co-FRPEXVWmR GH FDUYmR OLQKLWR FRP

O presente trabalho iniciou-VH FRP D FDUDFWHUL]DomR H YHULILFDomR GDV

4.1 MATERIAL UTILIZADO

3DUDDUHDOL]DomRGRs experimentos duas diferentes biomassas (cavacos

2 FRQKHFLPHQWR H DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GRV FRPEXVWtYHLV VmR IDWRUHV

$ GHWHUPLQDomR GDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFDV GRV PDWHULDLV FRPEXVWtYHLV

3DUD GHWHUPLQDU R GLkPHWUR PpGLR GRV FDYDFRV GH HXFDOLSWR FXMR

Onde ۲‫ ܙ܍‬pRGLkPHWUo equivalente.

Figura 17 3DTXtPHWUR 'LJLWDO DIGIMESS utilizado para determinar as

3DUD D UHDOL]DomR GR H[SHULPHQWR D DPRVWUD HVFROKLGD IRL LQVHULGD QD

$VPDVVDVHVSHFtILFDVUHDLV ȡ HDVPDVVDVHVSHFtILFDVDSDUHQWHV ȡ ap)

4.1.2.3 Densidade Aparente

Para REWHQomR GD PDVVD HVSHFtILFD DSDUHQWH GR PDWHULDO pesou-se a

4.2.1 Preparo da Biomassa

As biomassas utilizadas SDUD D HWDSD GH IOXLGL]DomR foram coletadas

x Caracterizar fisicamente a areia R FDUYmR PLQHUDO e as seguintes

$ XWLOL]DomR GH ELRPDVVD SDUD ILQV HQHUJpWLFRV tem acompanhado os

2ULJLQiULR GD Oceania e sudeste DVLiWLFR R JrQHUR Eucalyptus p

(SRVVtYHOFRQYHUWHUDbiomassa em formas de energia WpUPLFDHOpWULFD

A co-FRPEXVWmR p D TXHLPD VLPXOWkQHD HP XP PHVPR VLVWHPD

O PRPHQWR HP TXH VH Gi LQtFLR D IOXLGL]DomR FRQKHFLGR FRPR

(P FRQGLo}HV GH PtQLPD IOXLGL]DomR D HTXDomR 14) que representa a

'H DFRUGR FRP .XQLL H /HYHQVSLHO D YHORFLGDGH PtQLPD GH

a) (VWDGR FRPSOHWDPHQWH PLVWXUDGR 2 VLVWHPD p FRQVWLWXtGR SRU SDUWtFXODV FRP

&RPR TXDOTXHU WpFQLFD RV VLVWHPDV GH OHLWR IOXLGL]DGR DSUHVHQWDP

3.6 $3/,&$d®(6 '2 352&(6SO DE CO-&20%8672 (0 /(,72

O processo de Winkler parDDJDVHLILFDomRGHFDUYmRPLQHUDOHP

Nos estudos das cinzas da co-FRPEXVWmR GH FDUYmR OLQKLWR FRP

3DUD GHWHUPLQDU R GLkPHWUR PpGLR GRV FDYDFRV GH HXFDOLSWR FXMR

Figura 17 3DTXtPHWUR 'LJLWDO DIGIMESS utilizado para determinar as

3DUD D UHDOL]DomR GR H[SHULPHQWR D DPRVWUD HVFROKLGD IRL LQVHULGD QD

$VPDVVDVHVSHFtILFDVUHDLVȡHDVPDVVDVHVSHFtILFDVDSDUHQWHVȡ ap)

Para REWHQomR GD PDVVD HVSHFtILFD DSDUHQWH GR PDWHULDO pesou-se a

O sistema de leito fluidizado, em escala de bancada (Figura 20 p

Conforme se observa na Tabela 7 RV UHVXOWDGRV GD DQiOLVH LPHGLDWD

ANVISA. . Tabela de eTXLYDOrQFLDGDabertura de malha e tamis'LVSRQtYHO

BASU, P. Combustion and gasification in fluidized beds´ R edition.

BIOFUELS ACADEMY. Gasification of Wood Pallets. 'LVSRQtYHO HP

BRASIL. Ministerio de Minas e Energia. 0DWUL] (QHUJpWLFD 1DFLRQDO . p.

'130 'HSDUWDPHQWR 1DFLRQDO GH 3URGXomR 0LQHUDO $QXiULR 0LQHUDO

LORA, E.E.S. %LRFRPEXVWtYHO *DVHLILFDomR H 3LUyOLVH SDUD D &RQYHUVmR GD

LUCENA, S. 6$17¶$11$ M. C. S. 6LPXODomR hLGURGLQkPLFD GH XP

MICROMETRICS. &DWiORJR GD )DEULFDQWH 'LVSRQtYHO HP

MONTEIRO, Kathia Vasconcelos et al. &DUYmR R FRPEXVWtYHO GH RQWHP.

OLIVEIRA, P. A. de; CRUZ, S. F. da. *DVHLILFDomR SURFHVVR DOWHUQDWLYR

PINHEIRO, P. C. DA C.; VALLE, R. M. &RQWUROH GH FRPEXVWmR RWLPL]DomR