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ECONOMIA DO DESENVOLVIMENTO
variáveis macroeconômicas
Annual rate of growth, over ten years, of world GDP
measured in constant year 2000 dollars
1%
2%
2%
3%
3%
4%
4%
5%
5%
6%
1960-1970
1962-1972
1964-1974
1966-1976
1968-1978
1970-1980
1972-1982
1974-1984
1976-1986
1978-1988
1980-1990
1982-1992
1984-1994
1986-1996
1988-1998
1990-2000
1992-2002
94-04 (estimate)
Taxas anuais de crescimento do PIB
OBS.: por exemplo, se uma firma utilizar recursos próprios para comprar ações de outra empresa e
não emitir novas ações, produzirá financiamento líquido negativo de ações.
Mishkin (2013) - The economics of money, banking & financial markets (10th ed.)
Fontes externas de fundos das empresas não-
financeiras dos EUA – 1970/96
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
1917
1920
1923
1926
1929
1932
1935
1938
1941
1944
1947
1950
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
Decomposing the Top Decile US Income Share into 3 Groups, 1913-2007
25%
Share of total income accruing to each group
20%
15%
10%
5%
2003
2006
1913
1916
1919
1922
1925
1928
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
$155,400 and $398,900)
Top 10-5% (incomes between
$109,600 and $155,400)
Top 0.01% Income Share
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
1913 6%
1916
1919
1922
1925
1928
1931
1934
1937
1940
1943
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
Including capital gains
Excluding capital gains
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
The Top 0.01% Income Share, 1913-2007
1997
2000
2003
2006
Top Wealth Shares in the US based on Forbes 400 Wealthiest Americans
4,0%
(Top .00005%)
Wealth Share of the next 300
2,5% Wealthiest
(Top .0002%-.00005%)
2,0%
1,5%
1,0%
0,5%
0,0%
1988
1989
1993
1994
1995
1996
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1990
1991
1992
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Share (in %)
20,0%
22,5%
25,0%
27,5%
30,0%
32,5%
35,0%
37,5%
01/01/1927
01/01/1929
01/01/1931
01/01/1933
01/01/1935
01/01/1937
01/01/1939
01/01/1941
01/01/1943
01/01/1945
01/01/1947
01/01/1949
01/01/1951
01/01/1954
01/01/1958
01/01/1961
01/01/1964
01/01/1967
01/01/1969
01/01/1971
01/01/1973
01/01/1975
01/01/1977
01/01/1979
01/01/1981
01/01/1983
01/01/1985
01/01/1987
01/01/1989
01/01/1991
The Top Decile Wage Income Share, 1927-2007
01/01/1993
01/01/1995
01/01/1997
01/01/1999
01/01/2001
01/01/2003
Wage income includes bonuses, and profits from exercised stockoptions.
01/01/2005
01/01/2007
Share (in %)
10%
11%
12%
13%
14%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
01/01/1927
01/01/1930
01/01/1933
01/01/1936
01/01/1939
01/01/1942
01/01/1945
01/01/1948
01/01/1951
P95-99
P90-95
P99-100
01/01/1956
01/01/1961
01/01/1966
01/01/1969
01/01/1972
01/01/1975
01/01/1978
01/01/1981
01/01/1984
01/01/1987
01/01/1990
01/01/1993
01/01/1996
Wage Income Shares for P90-95, P95-99, and P99-100, 1927-2007
01/01/1999
01/01/2002
01/01/2005
CEO Pay versus Average Wage Income, 1970-2006
$100.000.000 $1.000.000
$10.000.000 $100.000
$1.000.000 $10.000
1974
1976
1978
1984
1986
1992
1994
2004
2006
1970
1972
1980
1982
1988
1990
1996
1998
2000
2002
share (in %)
10%
11%
12%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
1913
1916
1919
1922
1925
1928
1931
1934
1937
1940
France
1943
1946
United States
1949
United Kingdom
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
Top 0.1% Income Shares in the U.S., France, and the U.K.,1913-2007
1997
2000
2003
2006
Average Real Income of bottom 99% and top 1% in the United States, 1913-2007
$50.000 $1.000.000
$45.000 $900.000
Average Bottom 99% Income (2007 dollars)
$30.000 $600.000
$25.000 $500.000
$20.000 $400.000
$15.000 $300.000
$10.000 $200.000
$5.000 $100.000
$0 $0
1921
1913
1917
1925
1929
1933
1937
1941
1945
1949
1953
1957
1961
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
Mercado Financeiro