FITOPATOLOGIA Estudo das doenas das plantas

Causas das doenas

- Perodo mstico
- Perodo da predisposio - Perodo etiolgico - Perodo fisiolgico - Perodo atual

- Cincia relativamente nova

- Doena - problema antigo Bblia (Ams 4:9) Eu vos feri com um vento abrasador e com ferrugem a multido de vossas hortas e das vossas vinhas. Aos vossos olivais e aos vossos figueirais, comeu a lagarta; e vs no voltaste para mim, diz o Senhor. Outras referncias: Deuteronmio 28:22 Gnesis 41:22-23 Ageu 2:17-18 Crnicas II, 6:28

Incio do sculo XIX

A partir de 1845
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doena da batata (requeima) - graves conseqncias econmicas e sociais

De Bary (1853) - provas cientficas do agente causal da requeima - Phytophthora infestans

3. Perodo etiolgico
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Fitopatologia marca grandes progressos Grandes avanos na microbiologia - Pasteur (1860) - prova a origem bacteriana de vrias doenas - Koch (1881) - estabelece os Postulados de Koch - Darwin - contraposio teoria de Lineu - Burril (1876) - primeira bactria fitopatognica - Millardet (1882) - descoberta da calda bordalesa - Mayer (1886) - prova o carter infeccioso dos vrus - Beijerinck (1896) - contagium vivum fluidum

5. Perodo atual (Biotecnologia)

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a partir 1980 - grande nmero de publicaes em biologia molecular

a partir de 1995 - grandes avanos na pesquisa acerca da transformao de plantas

a partir de 2000 - obteno de grande nmero de plantas transgnicas (sem domnio pblico e sob

condies controladas)

Importncia das doenas de plantas

Estimated 1993 Crop Production a and Preharvest Losses (in Millions of Tons) and Percentage b Lost to Diseases and Other Pest in Developed and Developing Countries.

Developed countries (populations 1,312 million, 8.8% in agriculture; arable land 617 million ha)
Crop Actual productionc 1,016 214 215 244 87 14 192 155 0 101 14 2 0 Estimated loss to diseases, insects, and weeds 220 62 67 75 45 2.9 57 36 35 5 0.8 Crop loss to diseases, insects, and weeds (%) 17.8 22.4 23.8 23.5 34.0 17.2 23 19 26 26 29 Crop loss to diseases 59 42 26 32 16 0.9 21 19 9 11 1.7 0.3 -

Cereals Potatoes Other root crops Sugar beets Sugarcane Legumes (dry) Vegetables Fruits Coffee-cocoa-tea Oil crops Fiber crops Tobacco Natural rubber
aProduction bPercentages

data from 1993 FAO Production Yearbook (Food and Agriculture Organization, 1993). of losses taken from Cramer (1967). See also Oerke et al. (1994). c In millions of tons. Production available for consumption after losses to insects, diseases, and weeds are subtracted from "potential production".

Estimated 1993 Crop Production a and Preharvest Losses (in Millions of Tons) and Percentage b Lost to Diseases and Other Pest in Developed and Developing Countries.

Developing countries (populations 4,260 million, 56.8% in agriculture; arable land 729 million ha)
Crop Actual productionc 878 62 388 38 953 43 273 216 9 144 28 6 5 Estimated loss to diseases, insects, and weeds 753 29 394 20 1,178 25 120 79 6.6 72 14 3.3 1,6 Crop loss to diseases, insects, and weeds (%) 46.1 32 50.4 34.5 56.4 37.1 30.5 26.8 42.4 33.5 33.2 35.5 25 Crop loss to diseases 200 27 153 8.5 411 8 44 42 2.8 23 5 1.3 0.8

Cereals Potatoes Other root crops Sugar beets Sugarcane Legumes (dry) Vegetables Fruits Coffee-cocoa-tea Oil crops Fiber crops Tobacco Natural rubber
aProduction bPercentages

data from 1993 FAO Production Yearbook (Food and Agriculture Organization, 1993). of losses taken from Cramer (1967). See also Oerke et al. (1994). c In millions of tons. Production available for consumption after losses to insects, diseases, and weeds are subtracted from "potential production".

Estimated 1993 World Crop Productiona and Preharvest Losses (in Millions of Tons) and Percentage b of World Productions Lost to Diseases, Insects, and Weeds. Production and losses (millions of tons)
Crop Actual production Estimated loss to diseases, insects, and weeds Potential production Estimated loss to diseases

Cereals Potatoes Other root crops Sugar beets Sugarcane Legumes Vegetables Fruits Coffee-cocoa-tea Oil crops equiv.) Fiber crops Tobacco Natural rubber Average (oil

1,894 288 603 282 1,040 57 465 371 11 245 42 8 5 -

906 137 454 91 1,271 28 178 113 8 109 19 3 2

-

2,800 425 1,057 373 2,311 85 643 484 19 354 61 11 7 -

257 93 176 39 444 9 65 61 3 35 7 1 1 -

Estimated 1993 World Crop Production a and Preharvest Losses (in Millions of Tons) and Percentage b of World Productions Lost to Diseases, Insects, and Weeds. Crop 5% lost to Crop Disease Insects Weeds Total of crop lost (%)

Cereals Potatoes Other root crops Sugar beets Sugarcane Legumes Vegetables Fruits Coffee-cocoa-tea Oil crops (oil equiv.) Fiber crops Tobacco Natural rubber Average
aProduction bPercentages

9.2 21.8 16.7 10.4 19.2 11.3 10.1 12.6 17.7 9.8 11.0 12.3 15.0 11.8

13.9 6.5 13.6 8.3 20.1 13.3 8.7 7.8 12.1 10.5 12.9 10.4 5.0 12.2

11.4 4.0 12.7 5.8 15.7 8.7 8.9 3.0 13.2 10.4 6.9 8.1 5.0 9.7

34.5 32.3 43.0 24.5 55.0 33.3 27.7 23.4 42.4 30.7 30.8 30.8 25.0 33.7

data from 1993 FAO Production Yearbook (Food and Agriculture Organization, 1993). of losses taken from Cramer (1967). See also Oerke et al. (1994).

Soja Soja Ferrugem asitica (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) Ferrugem asitica (Phakopsora pachyrhizi)
Reduo de Rendimento (perdas) Tailndia: 10 40 % ndia: 10 90 % China: 10 50 % Japo: 40 % Paraguai: at 50 % (2001) BRASIL Safra 2001/2002 Rio G. Sul: at 48% MS e GO: 30 75 % Safra 2002/2003 RS, GO e MG: at 64 % MT e BA: at 90% - 3,1 milhes de toneladas (USD 677 milhes)

Soja Soja Ferrugem asitica (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) Ferrugem asitica (Phakopsora pachyrhizi)
Perdas por doenas em soja Fonte da perda

Mnimo % 6 10 3 5

Mximo % 20 80 10 30

DFC e Odio Ferrugem Podr.radiculares

ndice Operacional (aplicaes)
Balardin, 2003

Importncia das doenas de plantas

-340 milhes de habitantes no dispem de quantidade mnima de calorias que prevenissem srios riscos de sade e raquitismo entre as crianas -730 milhes se considerado que esse mnimo de calorias fosse aumentado para uma vida ativa de trabalho
Banco Mundial (1986)

Importncia das doenas de plantas

Produo Pases desenvolvidos Pases em desenvolvimento elevado crescimento populacional

Voc sabia que?

-h

790 milhes de pessoas desnutridas nos pases em desenvolvimento e outros 34 milhes de pessoas nos pases ricos.

- a cada ano, 7 milhes de crianas com menos de 5 anos morrem devido fome e desnutrio. - a cada 3,6 segundos algum morre de fome no mundo.
Fonte: WRI, Ibama, IBGE, Future Harvest, FAO, Pnuma

Voc sabia que?

- a deficincia de iodo, a principal causa de retardo mental, ameaa 1,5 bilho de pessoas no mundo. - um, em cada 5 bebs no mundo nasce com peso abaixo do normal. - a cada ano, meio milho de crianas ficam cegas ou parcialmente cegas. - a fome crnica mata 24 mil pessoas por dia.
Fonte: WRI, Ibama, IBGE, Future Harvest, FAO, Pnuma

Importncia das doenas de plantas

Produo Pases desenvolvidos Pases em desenvolvimento elevado crescimento populacional

Importncia das doenas de plantas

Solues

- Controle da natalidade - Melhoria do poder pobres aquisitivo das naes

- Aumento global da produo de alimentos

Como promover o aumento na produo?

1. Aumento da superfcie explorada 2. Aumento no uso de fertilizantes 3.Emprego de mtodos de cultivos mais eficientes 4. Uso de variedades melhoradas 5. Proteo vegetal mais eficiente