10.

1 SEQUENCES

1. a1 1 1 0, a2 1 2 1, a3 1 3 2, a4 1 4 3
12 22 4 32 9 42 16

2. a1 1 1, a2 1 1, a3 1 1, a4 1 1
1! 2! 2 3! 6 4! 24

( 1)2 ( 1)3 1, ( 1) 4 1, ( 1)5 1

3. a1 2 1
1, a2 4 1 3
a3 6 1 5
a4 8 1 7

4. a1 2 ( 1)1 1, a2 2 ( 1) 2 3, a3 2 ( 1)3 1, a4 2 ( 1) 4 3

5. a1 2 1, a2 22 1, a3 23 1, a4 24 1
22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2

6. a1 2 1 1, a2 22 1 3, a3 23 1 7, a4 24 1 15
2 2 22 4 23 8 24 16

7. a1 1, a2 1 12 3, a3 3 1 7, a4 7 1 15 , a5 15 1 31 , a6 63 , a7 127 , a8 255 ,
2 2 22 4 4 23 8 8 24 16 32 64 128

a9 511 , a10 1023

256 512

1 1 1
8. a1 1, a2 1, a3 2 1, a4 6 1 , a5 24 1 , a6 1 , a7 1 , a8 1 ,
2 3 6 4 24 5 120 720 5040 40,320

a9 1 , a10 1
362,880 3,628,800

( 1)2 (2) ( 1)3 (1) ( 1)4 1 ( 1)5 1

9. a1 2, a2 1, a3 1, a4 2 1, a5 4 1, a6 1 , a7 1 ,
2 2 2 2 4 2 8 16 32
a8 1 , a9 128 1 , a10 1
64 256

3 2 4 1
1 ( 2) 2 ( 1) 2, 3 1, 2 2, 1, 2,
10. a1 2, a2 2
1, a3 3 3
a4 4 2
a5 5 5
a6 3
a7 7
a8 1, a9 2, a10 1
4 9 5

11. a1 1, a2 1, a3 1 1 2, a4 2 1 3, a5 3 2 5, a6 8, a7 13, a8 21, a9 34, a10 55

1 1
12. a1 2, a2 1, a3 1, a4 2 1, a5 2
1, a6 2, a7 2, a8 1, a9 1, a10 1
2 1 2 1 2 2
2

13. an ( 1)n 1 , n 1, 2, 14. an ( 1)n , n 1, 2,

15. an ( 1)n 1 n 2 , n 1, 2, ( 1)n 1

16. an 2
, n 1, 2,
n

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17. an 2n 1 , n 1, 2, 18. an 2n 5 , n 1, 2,
3( n 2) n ( n 1)

19. an n 2 1, n 1, 2, 20. an n 4, n 1, 2,

21. an 4n 3, n 1, 2, 22. an 4n 2, n 1, 2,

23. an 3n 2 , n 1, 2, 24. an n3 , n 1, 2,
n!
5n 1

1 ( 1)n 1
n 1 ( 1)n 1
25. an 2
, n 1, 2, 26. an 2 2 n , n 1, 2,
2 2

27. lim 2 (0.1)n 2 converges (Theorem 5, #4)

n

n ( 1)n ( 1)n
28. lim n
lim 1 n
1 converges
n n

1 2
29. lim 11 22nn lim n
1
lim 22 1 converges
n n n
2 n

1
2 n
30. lim 2n 1 lim n
diverges
n 1 3 n n 1
3
n

1 5
31. lim 1 5n 4 lim n4
5 converges
n n 4 8 n3 n 1 8
n

32. lim n 3 n 3
lim ( n 3)( lim n 1 2 0 converges
n n 2 5n 6 n n 2) n

2 ( n 1)( n 1)
33. lim n n 21n 1 lim n 1
lim (n 1) diverges
n n n

1
n
34. lim 1 n3 lim n2
diverges
n 70 4 n 2 n 70 4
n2

35. lim 1 ( 1)n does not exist diverges 36. lim ( 1) n 1 1n does not exist diverges
n n

37. lim n2n1 1 1n lim 12 1

2n
1 n1 1
2
converges
n n

1 1 ( 1) n 1
38. lim 2 3 6 converges 39. lim 2 n 1 0 converges
n 2n 2n n

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 Section 10.1 Sequences 703

40. lim 1 n lim

( 1)n
0 converges
n 2 n 2n

41. lim 2n lim n2 n1 lim 2 2 converges

n 1 1 1
n n n n

n
42. lim 1 lim 10 diverges
n (0.9)n n 9

43. lim sin 2 1 sin lim 2 1 sin 2 1 converges

n n n n

44. lim n cos (n ) lim ( n )( 1)n does not exist diverges

n n

45. lim sinn n 0 because 1

n
sin n
n
1
n
converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences
n

2
46. lim sin n n 0 because 0 sin 2 n 1 converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences
n 2 2n 2n

47. lim nn lim 1 0 converges (using l'Hopital's rule)

n 2 n 2n ln 2

n 3n ln 3 3n (ln 3)2 3n (ln 3)3

48. lim 33 lim 2
lim 6n
lim 6
diverges (using l'Hopital's rule)
n n n 3n n n

1 2
ln ( n 1)
49. lim lim n 1
lim 2n n1 lim n
1
0 converges
n n n 1 n n 1
2 n n

1
ln n n
50. lim ln 2n lim 2
1 converges
n n 2n

51. lim 81 n 1 converges (Theorem 5, #3)

n

52. lim (0.03)1 n 1 converges (Theorem 5, #3)

n

n
53. lim 1 7n e7 converges (Theorem 5, #5)
n

n ( 1) n
54. lim 1 1n lim 1 n
e 1 converges (Theorem 5, #5)
n n

55. lim n 10n lim 101 n n1 n 11 1 converges (Theorem 5, #3 and #2)

n n

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 n 2 2
56. lim n lim n n 12 1 converges (Theorem 5, #2)
n n

1n lim 31 n
57. lim n3 n 1 1 converges (Theorem 5, #3 and #2)
n lim n1 n 1
n

58. lim (n 4)1 (n 4) lim x1 x 1 converges; (let x n 4, then use Theorem 5, #2)
n x

lim ln n
ln n n
59. lim 1n
diverges (Theorem 5, #2)
n n lim n1 n 1
n

60. lim ln n ln ( n 1) lim ln nn 1 ln lim nn 1 ln 1 0 converges

n n n

61. lim n 4n n lim 4 n n 41 4 converges (Theorem 5, #2)

n n

n 2n 1
62. lim 3 lim 32 (1 n) lim 32 31 n 91 9 converges (Theorem 5, #3)
n n n

1 2 3 ( n 1)(n )
63. lim nn! lim nnn nn
lim 1n 0 and nn! 0 lim nn! 0 converges
n n n n n n n

( 4) n
64. lim n!
0 converges (Theorem 5, #6)
n

65. lim n! lim 1 diverges (Theorem 5, #6)

n 106 n n 106
n

n!

66. lim n! lim 1 diverges (Theorem 5, #6)

n 2n3n n 6n
n!

1 (ln n ) ln 1 ln n
67. lim 1n lim exp ln1n ln 1n lim exp ln n
e 1 converges
n n n

n n
68. lim ln 1 1n ln lim 1 1n ln e 1 converges (Theorem 5, #5)
n n

n 3 3
ln (3n 1) ln (3n 1)
69. lim 33nn 11 lim exp n ln 33nn 11 lim exp 1
lim exp 3n 1 3 n 1
n n n n n 1
n2

n2
lim exp (3n 61)(3 exp 69 e2 3 converges
n n 1)

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 Section 10.1 Sequences 705

n 1 1
ln n ln ( n 1)
70. lim nn 1 lim exp n ln nn 1 lim exp 1
lim exp n n 1
n n n n n 1
n2

lim exp n2 e 1 converges

n n ( n 1)

n 1/ n 1/ n 2
ln(2 n 1)
71. lim 2 xn 1 lim x 2 n1 1 x lim exp 1n ln 2 n1 1 x lim exp n
x lim exp
n n n n n 2n 1
xe0 x, x 0 converges

ln 1 1 2 1 1
n
1 1 n2 n3 n2 2n
72. lim 1 lim exp n ln 1 lim exp lim exp lim exp
n n2 n n2 n 1
n n 1 n n2 1
n2

e0 1 converges

n n n
73. lim 3 n6 lim 36n ! 0 converges (Theorem 5, #6)
n 2 n! n

n n n n
10 12 10 120
11 11 11 121
74. lim lim lim 0 converges (Theorem 5, #4)
n 9 n 11 n n 12 n 9 n 12 n 11 n n 108 n 1
10 12 11 10 11 12 110

n n 2n 2n
75. lim tanh n lim en e n
lim e2 n 1 lim 2e 2 n lim 1 1 converges
n n e e n e 1 n 2e n

n 1
ln n ln n
76. lim sinh (ln n) lim e 2e lim 2
n
diverges
n n n

1 1
n 2 sin 1
sin 1 cos n cos 1
n n n2 n 1
77. lim 2n 1
lim lim lim 2 2
converges
n n 2 1 n 2 2 n 2 n
n n2 n2 n3

1 1
1 cos 1n sin n
1 n2
78. lim n 1 cos n
lim 1
lim lim sin 1n 0 converges
n n n n 1 n
n2

1 cos 1 1
sin n 2 n3 2
79. lim n sin 1 lim 1
n
lim 1
lim cos 1 cos 0 1 converges
n n n n n n
n 2 n3 2

3n ln 3 5n ln 5
n 1n n 1n ln 3n 5n
n n 3n 5n
80. lim 3 5 lim exp ln 3 5 lim exp n
lim exp 1
n n n n

3n n
ln 3 ln 5 3
ln 3 ln 5
5n 5
lim exp lim exp exp(ln 5) 5
n 3n n 3 n
1 5
1
5n

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81. lim tan 1 n 2
converges 82. lim 1 tan 1 n 0 2 0 converges
n n n

n n n
83. lim 1 1 lim 1 1 0 converges (Theorem 5, #4)
n 3 2 n
n 3 2

n 2 ln n 2 n
84. lim n n lim exp n
lim exp 22n 1 e0 1 converges
n n n n n

(ln n)200 200 (ln n )199 200 199 (ln n )198

85. lim n
lim n
lim n
lim 200!
n
0 converges
n n n n

5 ln n 4
5 n 4 3
ln n 10 ln n 80 ln n
86. lim lim lim lim lim 3840 0 converges
n n n 1 n n n n n n
2 n

n2 n
87. lim n n2 n lim n n2 n n
lim n lim 1 1
2
converges
n n n n2 n n n n2 n n 1 1 1
n

1 1 1 1
1 1 n2 1 n2 n n2 1 n2 n n2 n
88. lim lim lim 1 n
lim 1
2
n n2 1 n2 n n n2 1 n2 n n2 1 n2 n n n n
1

converges

n ln n
89. lim 1n 1x dx lim n lim 1n 0 converges (Theorem 5, #1)
n 1 n n

n 1 n
90. lim dx lim 1 1 p p1 1 lim 1 1p p1 1 1 1 if p 1 converges
n 1 xp n x 1 n n p 1

91. Since an converges lim an L lim an 1 lim 1 72a L 72

1 L
L(1 L) 72
n n n n

L2 L 72 0 L 9 or L 8; since an 0 for n 1 L 8

a 6 L 6
92. Since an converges lim an L lim an 1 lim an 2 L L 2
L( L 2) L 6
n n n n

L2 L 6 0 L 3 or L 2; since an 0 for n 2 L 2

93. Since an converges lim an L lim an 1 lim 8 2an L 8 2L L2 2L 8 0

n n n
L 2 or L 4; since an 0 for n 3 L 4

94. Since an converges lim an L lim an 1 lim 8 2an L 8 2L L2 2L 8 0

n n n
L 2 or L 4; since an 0 for n 2 L 4

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 Section 10.1 Sequences 707

95. Since an converges lim an L lim an 1 lim 5an L 5L L2 5 L 0 L 0 or L 5;

n n n
since an 0 for n 1 L 5

96. Since an converges lim an L lim an 1 lim 12 an L 12 L L2 25 L 144 0

n n n
L 9 or L 16; since 12 an 12 for n 1 L 9

97. an 1 2 a1 , n 1, a1 2. Since an converges lim an L lim an 1 lim 2 a1 L 2 L1

n n n n n

L2 2 L 1 0 L 1 2; since an 0 for n 1 L 1 2

98. an 1 1 an , n 1, a1 1. Since an converges lim an L lim an 1 lim 1 an L 1 L

n n n

L2 L 1 0 L 1
2
5
; since an 0 for n 1 L 1
2
5

99. 1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 1, 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , x1 1 and xn 2n 2 for n 2

2 2
100. (a) 12 2(1)2 1, 32 2(2)2 1; f ( a, b) a 2b 2 a b a2 4ab 4b 2 2a 2 4ab 2b 2
2b 2 a 2 ; a 2 2b 2 1 f ( a, b) 2b2 a2 1; a 2 2b 2 1 f ( a, b) 2b 2 a 2 1
a 2 2b 2 2
(b) rn2 2 a 2b 2 2 a 2 4 ab 4b2 2a 2 4ab 2b2 1 rn 2 1
2 2
a b a b a b yn2 yn

In the first and second fractions, yn n. Let a represent the (n 1) th fraction where a 1 and b n 1
b b
for n a positive integer 3. Now the nth fraction is a 2b and a b 2b 2n 2 n yn n.
a b
Thus, lim rn 2.
n

101. (a) f ( x) x2 2; the sequence converges to 1.414213562 2

(b) f ( x) tan ( x) 1; the sequence converges to 0.7853981635 4
x
(c) f ( x) e ; the sequence 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, diverges

1 f x f 0 x f (0) 1
lim n f n
lim x
lim x
f (0), x n
n x 0 x 0
1 1 1 1
(b) lim n tan f (0) 1, f ( x) tan x
n n 1 02

(c) lim n e1/ n 1 f (0) e0 1, f ( x) ex 1

n
(d) lim n ln 1 2 f (0) 2 2, f ( x) ln (1 2 x)
n n 1 2(0)

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103. (a) If a 2n 1, then b a2 4 n2 4n 1 2n 2 2n 1 2n 2 2 n, c a2 2n 2 2n 1
2 2 2 2 2

2 2
2n 2 2n 1 and a 2 b 2 2n 1 2n 2 2n 4n 2 4n 1 4n 4 8n3 4n 2
2
4n 4 8n3 8n 2 4n 1 2n 2 2n 1 c2 .
a2 a2

(b) lim
2
lim 2n 2 2n 1 or lim
2
lim sin lim sin 1
a a2 a 2 n2 2 n 1 a a2 a
2 2 2

2
1 (2 n) ln 2n
104. (a) lim 2n lim exp 2n
lim exp 2n
2
lim exp 1
2n
e0 1; n ! n n
e
2n ,
n n n n

n n 1 (2 n ) n
Stirling s approximation n! e
2n e
for large values of n

n n n
(b) n! e
40 15.76852702 14.71517765
50 19.48325423 18.39397206
60 23.19189561 22.07276647

1
ln n n 1
105. (a) lim lim lim 0
n nc n
c 1
cn n cnc
ln
(b) For all 0, there exists an N e (ln ) c such that n e (ln ) c ln n c
ln n c ln 1

nc 1 1 1 0 lim 1 0
nc nc n nc

106. Let {an } and {bn } be sequences both converging to L. Define {cn } by c2n
bn and c2 n 1 an , where
n 1, 2, 3, . For all 0 there exists N1 such that when n N1 then an L and there exists N 2
such that when n N 2 then bn L . If n 1 2 max{N1 , N 2 }, then cn L , so {cn } converges to L.

107. lim n1 n lim exp 1

n
ln n lim exp 1
n
e0 1
n n n

108. lim x1 n lim exp 1

n
ln x e0 1, because x remains fixed while n gets large
n n

109. Assume the hypotheses of the theorem and let be a positive number. For all there exists an N1 such that
when n N1 then an L an L L an , and there exists an N 2 such that when n N2
then cn L cn L cn L . If n max{N1 , N 2 }, then L an bn cn L
bn L lim bn L.
n

110. Let 0. We have f continuous at L there exists so that x L f ( x) f ( L) . Also,

an L there exists N so that for n N , an L . Thus for n N, f (an ) f ( L)
f (an ) f ( L ).

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 Section 10.1 Sequences 709

3( n 1) 1
111. an 1 an ( n 1) 1
3n 1
n 1
3n 4
n 2
3n 1
n 1
3n 2 3n 4n 4 3n2 6n n 2 4 2;

the steps are reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; 3n 1 3 3n 1 3n 3 1 3;

n 1
the steps are reversible so the sequence is bounded above by 3

2( n 1) 3 ! (2 n 3)! (2 n 5)! (2n 3)! (2 n 5)! ( n 2)!

112. an 1 an ( n 1)! ( n 2)! ( n 1)! (2n 3)! ( n 1)!
(2n 5)(2n 4) n 2;
( n 1) 1 !
the steps are reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; the sequence is not bounded since
(2 n 3)!
( n 1)!
(2n 3)(2n 2) (n 2) can become as large as we please

113. an an 2n 13n 1 2n 3n 2n 13n 1 ( n 1)!

2 3 n 1 which is true for n 5; the steps are reversible so
1 ( n 1)! n! 2n 3n n!
the sequence is decreasing after a5 , but it is not nondecreasing for all its terms; a1 6, a2 18, a3 36,
a4 54, a5 324 64.8 the sequence is bounded from above by 64.8
5

114. an an 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 ; the steps are reversible so the

1 n 1 2n 1 n 2n n n 1 2n 1 2n n ( n 1) 2n 1

sequence is nondecreasing; 2 2 1 2 the sequence is bounded from above

n 2n

115. an 1 1 converges because 1 0 by Example 1; also it is a nondecreasing sequence bounded above by 1

n n

116. an n 1n diverges because n and 1

n
0 by Example 1, so the sequence is unbounded

117. an 2n 1 1 1 and 0 1 1; since 1 0 (by Example 1) 1 0, the sequence converges; also it is

2n 2n 2n n n 2n
a nondecreasing sequence bounded above by 1

n
118. an 2n 1 2 1 ; the sequence converges to 0 by Theorem 5, #4
3n 3 3n

119. an ( 1)n 1 n 1
n
diverges because an 0 for n odd, while for n even an 21 1
n
converges to 2; it
diverges by definition of divergence

120. xn max {cos 1, cos 2, cos 3, , cos n} and xn 1 max {cos 1, cos 2, cos 3, , cos (n 1)} xn with xn 1
so the sequence is nondecreasing and bounded above by 1 the sequence converges.

1 2( n 1)
121. an an 1 1 2n
n 1 2n 2 2n n 2n 2 2n n 1 n and 1 2 n 2;
n n 1 n
thus the sequence is nonincreasing and bounded below by 2 it converges

( n 1) 1
122. an an 1 n 1
n n 1
n2 2n 1 n 2 2n 1 0 and n 1
n
1; thus the sequence is nonincreasing
and bounded below by 1 it converges

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123. 4n 1
3n 4 3 n so an an 1 4 3 n 4 3 n 1 3 n 3 n 1 1 3 and 4 3 n 4; thus the
4n 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
sequence is nonincreasing and bounded below by 4 it converges

124. a1 1, a2 2 3, a3 2(2 3) 3 22 22 1 3, a 4 2 22 22 1 3 3 23 23 1 3,

a5 2 23 23 1 3 3 24 24 1 3, , an 2n 1
2n 1
1 3 2n 1
3 2n 1
3

2n 1 (1 3) 3 2n 3; an an 1 2n 3 2n 1 3 2n 2n 1
1 2 so the sequence is
nonincreasing but not bounded below and therefore diverges

125. For a given , choose N to be any integer greater than 1 / . Then for n N,
sin n sin n 1 1
0 .
n n n N

1 1 1
126. For a given , choose N to be any integer greater than 1/ e . Then for n N, 1 2
1 2
.
n n N2

127. Let 0 M 1 and let N be an integer greater than M . Then n N n M n nM M

1 M 1 M
n M nM n M (n 1) n M.
n 1

128. Since M1 is a least upper bound and M 2 is an upper bound, M1 M 2 . Since M 2 is a least upper bound and
M1 is an upper bound, M 2 M1. We conclude that M1 M 2 so the least upper bound is unique.

( 1)n 1, 3, 1, 3, 3,
129. The sequence an 1 2
is the sequence 2 2 2 2
. This sequence is bounded above by 2
but it
clearly does not converge, by definition of convergence.

130. Let L be the limit of the convergent sequence {an }. Then by definition of convergence, for 2
there
corresponds an N such that for all m and n, m N am L 2
and n N an L 2
. Now
am an am L L an am L L an 2 2
whenever m N and n N.

131. Given an 0, by definition of convergence there corresponds an N such that for all n N , L1 an and
L2 an . Now L2 L1 L2 an an L1 L2 an an L1 2 . L2 L1 2 says that the
difference between two fixed values is smaller than any positive number 2 . The only nonnegative number
smaller than every positive number is 0, so L1 L2 0 or L1 L2 .

132. Let k (n) and i (n) be two order-preserving functions whose domains are the set of positive integers and whose
ranges are a subset of the positive integers. Consider the two subsequences ak ( n) and ai ( n) , where
ak ( n) L1 , ai ( n) L2 and L1 L2 . Thus ak ( n) ai (n ) L1 L2 0. So there does not exist N such that
for all m, n N am an . So by Exercise 128, the sequence {an } is not convergent and hence diverges.

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 Section 10.1 Sequences 711

133. a2k L given an 0 there corresponds an N1 such that 2k N1 a2 k L . Similarly,

a2 k 1 L 2k 1 N 2 a2 k 1 L . Let N max{N1 , N 2 }. Then n N an L whether n
is even or odd, and hence an L.

134. Assume an 0. This implies that given an 0 there corresponds an N such that n N an 0
an an an 0 an 0. On the other hand, assume an 0. This implies that given
an 0 there corresponds an N such that for n N , an 0 an an an 0
an 0.

a
xn2 a 2 xn2 xn2 a xn2 a xn xn
135. (a) f ( x) x2 a f ( x) 2x xn 1 xn 2 xn
xn 1 2 xn 2 xn 2
(b) x1 2, x2 1.75, x3 1.732142857, x4 1.73205081, x5 1.732050808; we are finding the positive
2 2
number where x 3 0; that is, where x 3, x 0, or where x 3.

136. x1 1, x2 1 cos (1) 1.540302306, x3 1.540302306 cos (1 cos (1)) 1.570791601,

x4 1.570791601 cos (1.570791601) 1.570796327 2
to 9 decimal places. After a few steps, the arc
xn 1 and line segment cos xn 1 are nearly the same as the quarter circle.