NMUTJXMEFKBOTB, F HXFOVRMTRDB dbsbovjivbu kítjdjs db kfoutboàåj dj qub sbrmf pjimtmefkbotb

ejrrbtj bk rbifàåj á pfutf rfemfi b á rbsbrvf db bspfàj pfrf j ’ob`rj óomej‛, j qub í ebrtfkbotb
ukf db sufs bstrftí`mfs kfms eiæssmefs. Fr`ukbotf-sb df sb`umotb ljrkf3 ’\bcf sõ, oåj sjkjs
rfemstfs, tbkjs j Luifoj, qub í ob`rj, trfhfinfodj bk tfi dbpfrtfkbotj b, moeiusmvb, bib fdjrf
trfhfinfr fqum, oåj í kbskj, Luifoj:‛. B j Luifoj, tfivbz pfrf kfotbr sbu bkprb`j, tfivbz pjr
qub fprbodbu
fprbodbu f rbprjduzmr j dmseursj df bkprbsf, ejoejrdf.
ejoejrdf.
Oj botfotj, pbssjfs ob`rfs oåj såj tjdfs m`ufms, b Luifoj, pjr kbinjr qub sbcf, oåj pjdb
rbprbsbotfr tjdjs js ob`rjs. Dbssf ljrkf, í prbemsj rjkpbr ejk f bstrftí`mf dj ’ob`rj óomej‛3 oåj
hfstf tbr ukf pbssjf ob`rf pfrf ejosmdbrfr qub dbtbrkmofdj bspfàj db pjdbr ljm ’dbdbtmzfdj
ejotrf j rfemskj‛. F nbrfoàf bserfvmstf lfz ejk qub j kuodj dj trfhfinj sbcf pfrtmeuifrkbotb
rfemstf— j qub tfkhík j tjrof uk djs bspfàjs bk qub f iutf fotmrrfemstf pjdb sbr kfms
trfosljrkfdjrf. F prmkbmrf btfpf pfrf mssj í sbkprb qubstmjofr j stftu quj3 bssf í f kbinjr
kfobmrf db oåj rbprjduzmr fs vfrmfdfs ljrkfs db rfemskj ojs fkhmbotbs db trfhfinj.
Ub vjeã tbk ju trfhfinf oukf bkprbsf, fi`ukfs qubstòbs qub vjeã dbvb ejijefr såj3 Vufi f
prjpjràåj db pbssjfs ob`rfs b hrfoefs bk suf bkprbsf: B ejkj lmef bssf prjpjràåj oj efsj djs
efr`js kfms fitjs: Ejkj f qubståj rfemfi í trftfdf durfotb f ejotrftfàåj db pbssjfi: Ju bif
smkpibskbotb oåj í trftfdf, pjrqub bssb prjebssj dbvb sbr ’dfitôomej‛: Næ, of suf bkprbsf,
fi`uk ejkmtã db dmvbrsmdfdb ju uk prjcbtj pfrf kbinjrfr bssbs oókbrjs: Næ bspfàj pfrf uk
nukjr njstmi f `rupjs vuiobrævbms: Qbr`uotfs dbssb tmpj pjdbk sbrvmr db `umf pfrf ukf
rbfvfimfàåj dj rfemskj ojs fkhmbotbs db trfhfinj. Ejkj dmz f pbsqumsfdjrf Cjmeb Hbrtn, f
qubståj, pfrf fiík db rbprbsbotftmvmdfdb
rbprbsbotftmvm dfdb,, í db prjpjremjofimdfdb.
prjpjremjofimdfdb.
Qfrf ejkbàfr, pbosbkjs ojs prjebssjs db ejotrftfàåj.
ejotrftf àåj. Ub ukf bkprbsf bstæ
bst æ ljefdf bk qubk
eursju uomvbrsmdfdbs db bimtb ju tbk mo`iãs liubotb, mssj pjdb sm`omlmefr qub fpbofs pbssjfs
prmvmib`mfdfs pjdbråj bovmfr sbus eurrëeuijs, pjms sfhbkjs qub, oj Hrfsmi, bstudfr jutrj mdmjkf ju
lfzbr uk motbreèkhmj oåj í febssëvbi pfrf tjdj kuodj. Ujkbotb ukf pfrebif prmvmib`mfdf df
sjembdfdb tbk febssj f mssj. Fiík dj kfms, j pfetj ofreësmej df hrfoqumtudb—bxprbssåj
dbsbovjivmdf pjr Emdf Hbotj bk suf tbsb db djutjrfdj, usfdf pfrf dblmomr ejkj pbssjfs hrfoefs
foubk botrb sm pfrf f kfoutboàåj db prmvmií`mjs—ejifhjrf ejk f bxeiusåj db jutrjs `rupjs ofs
modmefàòbs db trfhfinj.
Rkf pbsqumsf dj Ebotrj db Bstudjs dfs Xbifàòbs db Trfhfinj b Dbsm`ufidfdbs (Ebbrt)—
jr`fomzfàåj modmspbosævbi pfrf f iutf fotmrrfemstf, ermfdf pjr Emdf Hbotj, bk 6==1—, bk pfrebrmf
ejk f Fimfoàf Curëdmef pbif Bqumdfdb Xfemfi, fpjotju qub pbssjfs ob`rfs oåj sjkfk 6% botrb
fdvj`fdjs b sõemjs db bsermtõrmjs db fdvjefemf. Botrb bstf`mærmjs, oåj enb`f f 61%. J bstudj, db
816=, juvmu 5<84 pbssjfs bk ojvb dfs kfmjrbs hfoefs db Uåj Qfuij b dbkjostrf ejkj js
oókbrjs rblibtbk f obebssmdfdb db dmseutmr dbsm`ufidfdbs, jpjrtuomdfdbs b dmvbrsmdfdb oj
kbrefdj db trfhfinj.
Ub qumsbrkjs pbosfr bssf qubståj pbij vmís bejoôkmej, vfib ibkhrfr qub ukf bqumpb
dmvbrsmlmefdf fukbotf sbu pjtboemfi prjdutmvj3 sb`uodj bstudmjsjs dj tbkf, ejkj Xbmofidj
Hui`frbiim, uk fkhmbotb dmvbrsj bstmkuif f ermftmvmdfdb.
F hfmxf prbsboàf db pbssjfs ob`rfs oj fkhmbotb db trfhfinj, ju kbskj dmstfotbs db efr`js db
`brãoemf, pjdb dbmxfr j bspfàj fitfkbotb susebtëvbi f vmjiãoemfs rfemstfs. Bk uk efsj rbebotb, pjr
bxbkpij, f lmimfi hrfsmibmrf db ukf bkprbsf ojrtb-fkbrmefof db sjltwfrb prjkjvbu uk hfmib á
lfotfsmf ejkj ebibhrfàåj db lmofi db foj, jlbrbebodj ukf prbkmfàåj pfrf f kbinjr lfotfsmf, oj
vfijr db 5 kmi rbfms. Rk luoemjoærmj, ebrtj db qub sbrmf bo`rfàfdj, jptju pbif rbprbsbotfàåj
rfemstf db uk njkbk ob`rj sbxufimzfdj, ejk uk õr`åj `bomtfi `rfodb, ukf mkf`bk qub
emreuifvf of ípjef botrb `rupjs db PnftsFpp. F ljtj db suf lfotfsmf, qub lmeju bk qufrtj iu`fr oj
ejoeursj, enb`ju á sbdb ojrtb-fkbrmefof, qub dbkmtmu j bkprb`fdj. J `brbotb df ærbf bk qub
bib trfhfinfvf dmssb qub f dbkmssåj nfvmf smdj bxf`brfdf, j qub j lbz sbr dbkmtmdj tfkhík. Botåj,
j prbsmdbotb df lmimfi hrfsmibmrf dblbodbu js djms, dmzbodj sb trftfr db ukf ’`rfodb hrmoefdbmrf‛.
Xbsuitfdj3 tfkhík ljm dbkmtmdj. J qub í ojtævbi obssb bpmsõdmj í ejkj j efsj ljm ejoduzmdj b f
`rfodb rbpbreussåj, kfs f f`rbssåj prjprmfkbotb dmtf í, molbimzkbotb, fpbofs ukf vfrmfotb dfs
kumtfs ljrkfs db vmjiãoemf f qub pbssjfs ob`rfs såj bxpjstfs fmodf njcb ojs fkhmbotbs db
trfhfinj.
F bxpbrmãoemf motbrofemjofi í rmef bk bxbkpijs qub pjdbk pjdbk sbrvmr
sbrvm r db mospmrfàåj. Of
Ojrub`f, tjdfs fs bkprbsfs ofemjofms dbstmofk 41% djs fssbotjs bk ejosbinjs db fdkmomstrfàåj
pfrf kuinbrbs. F prjpjstf vbmj db uk pfrifkbotfr dj Qfrtmdj Ejosbrvfdjr, ejk j fr`ukbotj3
’Ub f `botb oåj pbosfssb bk pjiëtmefs db rbpfrfàåj b bqumdfdb, sõ ejotrftfrmf js njkbos ejk js
qufms f `botb cj`f `jilb oj djkmo`j‛. Db lftj, sb sõ ejovmvbkjs ejk pbssjfs db uk dbtbrkmofdj
`rupj ju eifssb sjemfi, ferbdmtfkjs qub sõ fqubifs pbssjfs pjssubk efpfemdfdb pfrf dbtbrkmofdjs
efr`js, rbib`fodj jutrjs `rupjs f iu`frbs prbdbtbrkmofdjs, ejkj sb oåj ljssbk sucbmtjs efpfzbs.
J qub bssb pjiëtmej
pjiëtm ej ojrub`uãs
ojrub`uãs ejijef í f mkpjrtèoemf db qubstmjofrbk
qubstmjofrbk dbsm`ufidfdbs.
dbsm`ufidfdbs.
Dbvbkjs ojs pbr`uotfr3 qufotjs tfibotjs j Hrfsmi pbrdb tjdjs js dmfs pjr efusf dj rfemskj:
F smtufàåj
smt ufàåj í fmodf kfms `rfvb pfrf kuinbrbs ob`rfs, qub såj kumtfs kumtf s vbzbs dbstmofdfs fj
suhbkprb`j3 qufotfs lësmefs, hmõij`fs, cuëzfs, sjemõij`fs bte. bstfkjs pbrdbodj: Qjiëtmefs qub
jhrm`fk fs bkprbsfs f pbosfr b ermfr fàòbs fotmrrfemstfs pjdbrmfk rbvbrtbr bssb qufdrj.
Oj Hrfsmi, f Ibm db Ejtfs pfrf j Ubrvmàj Qóhimej Lbdbrfi vmsf dmkmoumr dbsm`ufidfdbs.
Dbeifrfdf ejostmtuemjofi
ejostm tuemjofi pbij Uuprbkj Trmhuofi Lbdbrfi bk 8160, lmeju
lm eju bstmpuifdj qub
f dbsbqumpfrfàåj prjkjvmdf pbif pjiëtmef db fàåj flmrkftmvf bk qubståj bstæ bk ejosjoèoemf ejk j prmoeëpmj df msjojkmf. Bif sb
luodf of obebssmdfdb db supbrfr j rfemskj bstruturfi b mostmtuemjofi fmodf bxmstbotb of sjembdfdb hrfsmibmrf, b `frfotmr f m`ufidfdb
kftbrmfi botrb js emdfdåjs, pjr kbmj df dmstrmhumàåj kfms bqumtftmvf db hbos sjemfms b df prjkjàåj dj rbejonbemkbotj df pjpuifàåj
flrjdbsebodbotb.6

J rfemskj fssukb dmvbrsfs dmkbosòbs ouk fkhmbotb db trfhfinj, j qub dbkfodf foæimsb
ejostfotb dfs prætmefs ejrpjrftmvfs. Qjr efusf dmssj, dmvbrsfs bkprbsfs tãk husefdj ejosuitjrmfs
bspbemfimzfdfs pfrf rbvbr suf pjiëtmef db dmvbrsmdfdb, prbjeupfdfs bk sb ftufimzfr bk rbifàåj fjs
ojvjs kfrejs emvmimzftõrmjs. Mssj í rbsuitfdj dj trfhfinj db jr`fomzfàòbs ob`rfs ejkj j Ebbrt, qub
iutfk næ díefdfs pfrf motrjduzmrbk bssfs qubstòbs ur`botbs oj kbrefdj db trfhfinj. Næ dbzbofs
db ejosuitjrmfs db dmvbrsmdfdb ftufodj ofs værmfs rb`mòbs dj Hrfsmi. Qrjeurb ejonbebr kfms sjhrb
bifs, moljrkb-sb sjhrb j trfhfinj dj Ebbrt, motrjduzf j tbkf of bkprbsf bk qub trfhfinf—fssmk
vjeã ejotrmhum ejk uk fkhmbotb kfms dmvbrsj, dbkjerætmej b prjdutmvj.