Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Hems-vgjbms me Iugm Xípgbe bf E T XTI! Jfstms píigjms ve`ï vmg
fj`ejtrmr
fj`ejtrmr uk rfsuke bms rfirms be oeie, `ek tebe e kmtfrgma
kmtfrgma jf`fssírge pmrm `u
`ukprgr
kprgr
m Kgssàe E F M F.
Jmturmakfjtf, e oeie `ekpafte trmrí kugte kmgs epéöfs! Maçk bgsse, ç gkpertmjtf bgzfr quf ms rfirms mgjbm
fstàe sfjbe bfsfjveavgbms, f maiukms pebfk jàe fstmr `ekpaftmkfjtf hmamj`fmbms. Smkes `mr mtfjtes mes
`ekfjtírges bf ve`ïs jms rfbfs se`gmgs pmrm jmaa bf E T
pm rm bfgxmr m vfrsàe jm T XTI m
XTI m kfaler pessëvfa!
RFXKEP GKTEXRMJRFP
G T. Vk sfr `të`ge gjtfrprftmbe per uk
T. G T S (TS). Bftfrkgjmk m smÿbf cësg`m
oeimber.
oeimber. Pf cer
cer gjtfrprftmbe
gjtfrprftmbe pfae Kfstrf, ç ``lmkmbe
lmkmbe be pfrsejmifk. Mrkms, Xgtumgs f pfrgies pebfk
bf JT@. ]umaqufr pebfr eu lmhgagbmbf quf mcftf `musmr
`mus mr bmje, quf ç sfkprf suhtrmëbe bes TS.
TS. ]umj-
pfrsejmifjs
pfrsejm ifjs mcftmk magmbes eu gjgkgies.
gjgk gies. be uk pfrsejmifk `lfim m 4 TS, `ekfém m kerrfr.
G @ . Vk tgpe fspf`ë`e bf pfrsejmifk, G T F (TF). Vkm rfsfrvm quf e
sfkprf gjtfrprftmbe pfae Kfstrf. Pfrfs `rgmbes m pfrsejmifk pebf usmr pmrm cmzfr cmémjlms
cm émjlms gkprfs-
pmrtgr bf kmjgcfstméöfs
Ambe ifrmakfjtf mpmrf`fkbmsjmFjtgbmbfs be Eutre
cerkm bf kejstres sgejmjtfs bf m`erbe `ek sum @amssf eu Ergifk.
G P (PMJ). Kfbf
Kfbf m rfsgagïj`g
rfsgagïj`gmm kfjtma bf uk
tfrrëvfgs. Tebfrfs f lmhgagbmbfs quf mcftmk mpfjms
@rgmturms jàe mcftmk
mcft mk eutres tgpes bf pfrsejmifjs. pfrsejmifk me agbmr `ek E Eutre Ambe. Fcfgtes
quf `musmk bmje kfjtma rfbuzfk sum PMJ. Ä
G K, F, @, X R. E kfbgbm quf pfrbf PMJ, sfu pfrsejmifk `ekfém
oeie utgagzm ms sfiugjtfs kfbgbms bf tfkpe `të`gms. m fjaeuquf`fr.
. @. @mbm pmrtf eu kekfjte je oeioeie.
e. @fjms G M. Trgj`gpmgs `mrm`tfrëstg`ms be pfr-
pebfk sfr bf M, G eu G- sejmifk, quf kfbfk
kfbfk sums `m
`mpm`gbmbfs
pm`gbmbfs cësg`ms f
, f `mbm ukm pessug kf`èjg`m
kf`èjg`mss fspf`ë`ms. kfjtmgs.
kfjtmgs. Pàe fams?
fa ms?
Sírgms `fjms oujtms `rgmk uk Fpgsðbge.
. M. @eerbfjméàe
@eerbfjmé àe keterm, fqugaëhrge,
fqugaëhrge,
. F. @ekfém tebm vfz quf ve`ïs sf rfujg-
rfk pmrm oeimr, f jmagzm qumjbe ve`ïs pmrmrfk rffxe f prf`gsàe.
bf oeimr eu qumjbe jmagzmrfk m Kgssàe (e . C. Cerém cësg`m f `mpm`gbmbf
`mpm `gbmbf kus`uamr.
quf vgfr prgkfgre).
. G. @mpm`gbmbf bf rm`ge`ëjge f kf-
. K. ]umjbe sf rfujgrfk pmrm oeimr pfam kðrgm.
prgkfgrm vfz, e Kfstrf vmg bgzfr quma ç m Kgssàe
quf prf`gsmk seau`gejmr. . T. Xfsgagïj`gm kfjtma f lmhgagbmbfs
se`gmgs.
. R. Sírgms Kgssöfs sf trmjscerkmk
fk ukm Rfkpermbm. Teu`es pebfrfs f lmhgag- . S. Pmÿbf cësg`m f `mpm`gbmbf bf rfsgstgr
bmbfs cmzfk rfcfrïj`gm m fssm kfbgbm bf tfkpe. m bmje.
. R X. Kfbgbms bf tfkpe fspf- G T. @mrm`tfrëstg`ms
@mrm`tfrëst g`ms be pfrsejmifk quf bf-
`ë`ms pmrm @fjms
@ fjms bf Méàe, quf prf`gsmk sfr tfrkgjmk e quàe hfk faf smhf cmzfr bftfrkgjmbms
kmgs erimjgzmbms
erimjg zmbms pmrm smhfr qumjbe `mbm pfr- mtgvgbmbfs. @mse uk pfrsejmifk sfom R,
sejmifk fstí migjbe. Fssms `fjms sàe bgvgbgbms
fk rebmbms. Fk `mbm rebmbm, `mbm pfrsejmifk rf`fhf uk hòjus bf +6 je use bm pfrë`gm f pebf
tfk sfu turje, sum vfz bf migr. ]umjbe tebes rfmagzmr `frtms
trfgjmkfjte méöfs
fstàe fspf`gmgs.
bgspejëvfgs jeKmgs
oeie jëvfgs bf
`ekpafte
es pfrsejmifjs tgvfrfk migbe, m rebmbm m`mhm
f ukm jevm sf gjg`gm. E T
T XTIX TI.
=
MIFJRFP BM EXBFK
Burmjtf m mvfjturm, `mbm oeimber mssukgrí e pmpfa Gjtfaf`te
bf uk Mifjtf bm Erbfk. Fssf pfrsejmifk cuj`gejm
`eke e "mvmtmr" be oeimber, mtrmvçs be quma faf gjtfrmif Xmpgbfz bf rm`ge`ëjge, kfkðrgm, `mpm`gbmbf bf rf-
`ek e kujbe be oeie f pmrtg`gpm bms Kgssöfs. seauéàe bf prehafkms f `ejlf`gkfjte ifrma bf uk
pfrsejmifk. E Gjtfaf`te bftfrkgjm m qumjtgbmbf
bf pfrë`gms fk quf e pfrsejmifk ç Rrfgjmbe (vfom
MRXGHVREP
Pfu pfrsejmifk ç bfjgbe kf`mjg`mkfjtf per sfus
‑@‛ ä crfjtf).
crfjtf). Rmkhçk mcftm sum `ekprffjsàe
be Eutre Ambe f sum `mpm`gbmbf bf rm`gejmagzmr e
mtrghutes. Gsse bgz e quàe certf, gjtfagifjtf, pfrspg`mz
pmrmjerkma,a, bfjgjbe e jÿkfre bf Xgtum
pmrmjerkm Xgtumgs
gs quf ve`ï
f `mrgskítg`e faf ç. Es mtrghutes
mtr ghutes sfrvfk pmrm bftfrkg-
jmr m qumjtgbmbf bf bmbes quf ve`ï vmg reamr qumjbe pebf mprfjbfr. Vkm pfssem `ek Gjtfaf`te fafvmbe
zfr uk tfstf, f sàe cujbmkfj
c ujbmkfjtmgstmgs pmrm kfbgr e quàe tfk rm`ge`ëjge rípgbe f mmbe, `ejlf`gkfjte mkpae
hfk sfu pfrsejmifk smhf cmzfr bftfrkgjmbm tmrfcm. tm rfcm. sehrf bgvfrses mssujtes f lmhgagbmbfs quf fjveavfk
Es tfstfs sàe fxpag`mbes fk bftmalfs jm píigjm 0. fstube, `eke `ejlf`gkfjte `gfjtë`e.
@mbm mtrghute ç rfprfsfjtmbe per uk jÿkfre. Fssf
jÿkfre ç m qumjtgbmbf mbg`gejma bf bmbes bf vgjtf
Trfsfjém
cm`fs (b84) quf ve`ï bfvf reamr qumjbe zfr uk tfstf Lmhgagbmbfs se`gmgs f rfsgagïj`gm kfjtma-fke`gejma.
fjveavfjbe mqufaf mtrghute. Vk pfrsejmifk `ek Vk pfrsejmifk `ek vmaer mate bf Trfsfjém smhf
Cerém +8
+8 grí reamr 0 bmbes, per fxfkpae. ]umjte kmgs `eke usmr hfk ms pmamvrms pmrm `ejbuzgr m `ejvfrsm
mate e vmaer be mtrghute, kfaler sfu pfrsejmifk ç m sfu cmver usmjbe bf ukm fx`fafjtf aíhgm, f tmkhçk ç
jmqufaf mspf`te, rf`fhfjbe vmjtmifk jms reamifjs. pfrspg`mz f bgcë`ga
bgc ë`ga bf fjimjmr. Tebf sfr kmgs bfs`eambe
bfs`eambe
Mhmgxe agstmkes `mbm uk bes mtrghutes, `eke fafs f hrgj`malàe, eu sçrge f rfseaute.
moubmk m bfs`rfvfr sfu pfrsejmifk f `eke sàe usmbes us mbes
Trfsfjém tmkhçk mcftm sum Sejtmbf, quf bftfrkgjm
fk tfstfs. Afkhrf-sf quf me `rgmr sfu pfrsejmifk ve`ï
sum rfsgagïj`gm kfjtma pmrm agbmr `ek strfss f e Tmrm-
gjg`gm `ek tebes es mtrghutes fk 4 f tfk begs pejtes
pmrm bgstrghugr
bgst rghugr fjtrf fafs, sfjbe +8+8 e vmaer kíxgke
kíx gke quf jerkma, maçk bf `ej`fbfr Tejtes bf Fscerée mbg`gejmgs
ve`ï pebf tfr fk uk mtrghut
mtrghutee (f
(f ppebf
ebf fs`ealfr `eae`mr per Jëvfa bf Fxpesgéàe (JF\).
-= fk uk mtrghute pmrm rf`fhfr uk pejte mbg`gejma).
Sgier
Migagbmbf Xfsgagïj`gm cësg`m, mcftmjbe sfus Tejtes bf Sgbm (TS)
f tmkhçk sfus tfstfs bf Certgtubf. ]umjte kmgs mate
Fqugaëhrge, prf`gsàe,
bf rfméàe. Fk `ekhmt
`ekhmtf,`eerbfjméàe
sfu sketerm
f, mcftm sfus mtmqufsf`ek
vfae`gbmbf
mrkms sfu Sgier, kmgs rfsgstfjtf f bure ve`ï sfrí, sfjbe
ä bgstèj`gm, sum Gjg`gmtgvm
Gj g`gmtgvm (quf bftf
bftfrkgjm
rkgjm m erbfk fk `mpmz bf miufjtmr kmgs cfrgkfjtes
cfrgkfjtes mjtfs bf `mgr -
quf es pfrsejmifjs bes oeimberfs mifk) f tmkhçk .
sfus tfstfs bf Xffxes, gkpertmjtf pmrm sgtuméöfs
fk quf prf`gsm sf bfsvgmr bf maiuk
`ek uk vmaer mate fk Migagbmbf
m aiuk pfrgie. Maiuçk
Mig agbmbf tfk rffxes rípgbes
TFXË@GMP
f prf`gsàe miuémbm. Tfrë`gms sàe ms lmhgagbmbfs kmgs `ekujs be pfrse-
jmifk, gkpertmjtfs pmrm seau`gejmr bfsmes cësg`es,
Cerém kfjtmgs f se`gmgs.
Tetïj`gm kus`uamr f lmhgagbmbf mtaçtg`m ifrma. Fssf mtrg-
mtr g- Me fs`ealfr sum `amssf, ve`ï rf`fhf uk jÿkfre bf
hute vmg gjufj`gmr tfstfs rfam`gejmbes `ek sum prefzm pfrë`gms trfgjmbms bf sum agstm bf `amssf f pfrë`gms
cësg`m, maçk bf mcftmr
m cftmr sfus mtmqufs `erpe-m-`erpe. Vk mbg`gejmgs (quf
(quf jàe prf`gsmk sfr bm sum agstm bf `am
`ams-
s-
pfrsejmifk `ek Cerém matm tfk irmjbf `mpm`gbmbf sf). Ç gkpertmjtf fjtfjbfr e quf `mbm pfrë`gm cmz
cësg`m, sfom per trfgjmkfjte `ejstmjtf, kebg`méàe mjtfs bf fs`ealfr sum `amssf f cmzfr ms fs`ealms bf
kíig`m eu prfbgspesgéàe
prfbgspesgéàe ifjçtg`m. lmhgagbmbfs f pebfrfs.
8
RMHFAM =. TFXË@GMP
TFXË@GMP 2. E oeimber bfvf reamr uk jÿkfre bf b84 gium
giumaa
Pekfjtf Tfjmagbmbf bf m = + e mtrghute usmbe je tfstf. Jfssf kekfj-
Tfrë`gm Rrfgjmbm5 `mrim5 te, bfvf mjuj`gmr sf pessug bmbes fxtrms per
Mtaftgske ‒ Pgk pebfrfs eu lmhgagbmbfs.
Mtumagbmbfs ‒ ‒ 6. E oeimber mjuj`gm quma sfu kebg`mber bm
pfrë`gm usmbm je tfstf. Ç mqug quf faf bfvf
@gïj`gm ‒ ‒ mjuj`gmr qumaqufr mukfjte eu rfbuéàe fk
Bgpaekm`gm ‒ ‒ sfu kebg`mber.
Fjimjméàe 3. E oeimber ream es b84 f mjuj`gm e vmaer kmgs
Certgtubf ‒ ‒ mate sf e sfu mtrghute cer pesgtgve, eu e kmgs
Curtgvgbmbf ‒ Pgk hmgxe sf cer jfimtgve.
Gjtgkgbméàe ‒ ‒ 9. E Kfstrf `ekpmrm e rfsuatmbe
rfsu atmbe mjuj`gmbe `ek
m BR kebg`mbm pfam pfrë`gm be oeimber.
Gjtugéàe ‒ ‒
Gjvfstgiméàe ‒ ‒ R ; +
Autm ‒ ‒ . BR
Kfbg`gjm Pgk ‒ Fxfkpae. es Mifjtfs prf`gsmk pmssmr per uk pertàe
E`uatgske Pgk ‒ bf trïs kftres bf maturm quf haequfgm e `mkgjle
`m kgjle
pmrm m kmjsàe mkmabgéembm. Kmure bf`gbf fs`mamr
Tfr`fpéàe ‒ ‒ sfiurmjbe ms hmrrms be pertàe f pmssmr per `gkm.
Tgaetmifk Pgk ‒ E Kfstrf bftfrkgjm quf e bfsme ç friufr e prð-
prð -
Tejtmrgm ‒ ‒ prge pfse, fjtàe Kmure prf`gsm fs`mamr usmjbe m
Trfstgbgigtméàe Pgk pfrë`gm bf Mtaftgske
Mtaftgske `ek e mtrghute Cerém. @eke
‒ e pertàe ç rfamtgvmkfjtf mate, e Kfstrf bftfrkgjm
Tressàe Pgk ‒ m BR `eke 84, sfk mjuj`gmr pmrm es oeimberfs.
Xffxes ‒ Pgk Ter tfr Cerém +8, Kmure
K mure mbg`gejm begs bmbes ä sum
Xfagigàe ‒ ‒ reamifk, oeimjbe uk tetma bf 0b84.
Rítg`m Pgk ‒ E b84 kmgs mate `mgu fk =3,
=3 , kms Kmure ç trfgjmbe
fk Mtaftgske, fjtàe mbg`gejm +6, sekmjbe uk tetma
Rf`jeaeigm Pgk ‒ bf 8=, uatrmpmssmjbe m BR f ehtfjbe uk su`fsse.
Sejtmbf ‒ ‒ E Kfstrf jmrrm e su`fsse f `eke Kmure `ejsfiuf
fs`mamr e pertàe f `lfimr me eutre ambe.
0
Tfjmagbmbf
bmbf bf @m
@mrim
rim Bgpaekm`gm
Maiukms pfrë`gms fxgifk aghfrbmbf bf kevgkfjte. Se`ï usm aíhgm f mriukfjtméàe pmrm `ejvfj`fr eu-
]umjbe m pmamvrm
pmamv rm ‑@‛
‑@‛ mpmrf`f mpðs e jekf bm pf-p f- trms pfssems.
rë`gm, ve`ï mpag`m sum Tfjmagbmbf bf @mrim tetma
tetm a me tfstf K M. Se`ï pebf kubmr m mtgtubf bf
bm pfrë`gm. @ejsuatf m píigjm =4 pmrm kmgs bftmalfs. maiuçk fk rfaméàe m ve`ï eu m eutrm pfssem ukm vfz
per bgm (vfom @ M, m sfiugr).
BFP@XGÉÀE BMP TFXË@GMP Pfu tfstf ç epeste pfae tfstf bf Sejtmbf be mave. Pf
pmssmr, ve`ï kubm m mtgtubf be mave fk ukm `mtfiergm,
Mtaftgske @MXIM pmrm kfaler eu pger. Pf pmssmr
pmssm r per =4 eu kmgs, kubm
Fstm pfrë`gm ç utgagzmbm pmrm rfmagzmr
rfmagzm r cmémjlms mtaçtg`ms, m mtgtubf fk mtç bums `mtfiergms. Pf cmalmr per 6 eu
`eke fs`mamr uk kure, smatmr ehstí`uaes eu `errfr kmgs, m mtgtubf be mave kubm ukm `mtfiergm jm bgrféàe
irmjbfs bgstèj`gms. `ejtrírgm. E tfstf afvm
af vm uk kgjute. Se`ï pebf cmzï-ae
R `eke ukm méàe `ekpaftm (pmrm fvgtmrfvgtm r ukm hrgim, per
A- X (BR ). Pf fstgvfr fxfkpae), kms secrf ukm pfjmagbmbf bf ‐=4.
, ve`ï pebf cmzfr uk tfstf bf Mtaftgske `eke T C. Se`ï pebf pfbgr uk cmver m uk mave
ukm méàe agvrf pmrm `mr bf pç. Se`ï sð pebf tfjtmr bf mtgtubf gjbgcfrfjtf eu kfaler. M BR ç 84 pmrm
gsse ukm vfz per rebmbm. uk mave , =6 pmrm f =4 pmrm
. Tfbgbes sgkpafs (‑Ejbf `m m aeom kmgs
Mtumagbmbfs 5 ‛)
prðxgkm5
prðxgkm ‛) jàe fxgifk
fx gifk tfstf. Tfbgbes `usteses (`ek
(`ekee
Se`ï ç uk fstubgese bf mssujtes
mssu jtes ifrmgs, `eke peaëtg`m, cerjf`fr uk vfë`uae) tïk BR +6. Tfbgbes pfrgieses
mrtfs, agtfrmturm f fjtrftfjgkfjte. (`eke moubmr fk ukm autm) tïk BR +=4 eu cmalmk
mutekmtg`mkfjtf. Tfbgr uk cmver afvm pfae kfjes
@ I. Se`ï pebf rfspejbfr ukm méàe `ekpaftm, kms pebf afvmr kmgs tfkpe, bf
bÿvgbms rfamtgvms m mssujtes ifrmgs. M BR ç =4 pmrm m`erbe `ek e Kfstrf.
qufstöfs sgkpafs, `eke afkhrmr e jekf bf uk muter
R
bf uk agvre, 84 pmrm qufstöfs `ekpafxms, `eke smhfr
M (BR ). Se`ï pebf, `eke ukm méàe pm-
m lgstðrgm bf cujbméàe bf ukm `ekpmjlgm, f 04 pmrm
gjcerkméöfs kmgs fspf`ë`ms, `eke afkhrmr m afg bràe, tfjtmr fstmhgagzmr uk pfrsejmifk mbom`fjtf
fspf`ë`m bf uk pmës. quf fstfom F, cmzfjbe `ek quf faf
veatf ä = Tejte bf Pmjgbmbf. M B
BR
R mukfj
mukfjtm
tm fk 6 pmrm
`mbm tfstf rfmagzmbe je kfske pfrsejmifk burmjtf
@gïj`gm RXFGJMBM m kfskm `fjm.
Se`ï tfk `ejlf`gkfjte fk ukm írfm bm `gïj`gm,
`eke hgeaeigm, quëkg`m, agjiuëstg`m eu lgstðrgm. @mbm @ M
@
G T. Fstí bgspeste m moubmr,
moubmr, kfske `er-
`er-
vfz quf
q uf mpr
mprfjbf
fjbf ffssm
ssm pfrë`g
pfrë`gm,
m, fs`ea
fs`ealf
lf ukm írfm bf
rfjbe pfrgie. Tebf m`ekpmjlmr e pfrsejmifk f
`ejlf`gkfjte bgcfrfjtf.
autmr me ambe bfaf.
M. S Se`ï
e`ï pebf mjma
mjmagsmr
gsmr uk ehofte eu pfrse-
G M. Bfsfom hfk me pfrsejmifk, kms jàe
jmifk quf sfom rfam`gejmbe m uk `mkpe `gfjtë`e quf
sf mrrgs`mrí pmrm moubí-ae. Tebf bmr `ejsfales f
`ejlfém. M BR ç =4 pmrm gjcerkméöfs
g jcerkméöfs bf `ejlf`gkfjte
cerjf`fr moubm agkgtmbm.
pÿhag`e (m `ekpesgéàe
`ekpesgéàe quëkg`m bf uukm km suhstèj`gm
`ejlf`gbm), 84 pmrm gjcerkméöfs kugte prf`gsms (bftm- G G. Jàe sf gkpertm `ek e pfrsejmifk,
G. S Se`ï
e`ï pebf rfspejbfr bÿvgbms rfamtgvm
rfamtgvmss G L. ]ufr prfoubg`mr e pfrsejmifk, kfske
m mssujtes ifrmgs. M BR ç =4 pmrm qufstöfs sgkpafs, 84 quf prf`gsf sf mrrgs`mr pmrm gsse. Tebf mtm`mr eu
pmrm qufstöfs `ekpafxms f 04 pmrm kgstçrges f fjgikms. smhetmr e pfrsejmifk.
2
Certgtubf Gjtgkgbméàe
Pfu vgier f rfsgstïj`gm cësg`m mbqugrgbes.
Se`ï pebf mssustmr eu `emigr eutrms pfssems.
X. Se`ï usm Certgtubf pmrm rfsgstgr
rfsgstg r m fcfgtes
M. @eke ukm méàe pmbràe, cmém uk tfstf
quf mcftmk sum smÿbf eu vgtmagbmbf, `eke vfjfjes f
bf Gjtgkgbméàe epeste pfae tfstf bf Sejtmbf bf uk
befjéms. M BR ç bftfrkgjmbm pfae fcfgte.
pfrsejmifk fk ma`mj`f `urte. Pf ve`ï pmssmr, fam
C (BR + X). Se`ï `m pfae rfste bm `fjm (jàe `ukuamtgve).
usm Certgtubf pmrm kmjtfr sfu còafie qumjbe fstí Pf ve`ï pmssmr per =4 eu kmgs, fam `m
`errfjbe eu sfk rfspgrmr. per ukm rebmbm f fjtàe pfae rfste bm `fjm.
6
pertm sf`rftm kugte hfk fs`ejbgbm (BR 04). Se`ï eu mkmabgéembe f gbfjtg`mr sfus pebfrfs, gj`augjbe
tmkhçk pebf fj`ejtrmr mrkmbgalms> m BR vmrgm bf `eke mtgví-ae f qumjtes TF rfstmk
rfstm k (sf cer e `mse), eu
m`erbe `ek m mrkmbgalm. quma Xgtuma e ehofte `ejtçk. M BR ç 84 pmrm gtfjs
3
kfjerfs, 86 pmrm kçbges f 04 pmrm gtfjs kmgerfs. tfrrfstrfs> `agkm trmjqugae, pmrm vfë`uaes mquítg`es eu
Se`ï pebf secrfr ukm
u km pfjmagbmbf bf ‐=4
‐=4 je tfstf pmrm
pmr m mçrfes), =6 pmrm `ejbgéöfs rugjs (tfrrfje agse, `luvm
bgkgjugr e tfkpe pmrm ukm méàe `ekpaftm. eu vfjtmjgm) f 84 pmrm `ejbgéöfs tfrrëvfgs (tfrrfje
G
G X (BR + @ - `ek ehstí`uaes, tfkpfstmbf), pebfjbe mukfjtmr m
¿). ]umjbe maiuçk cmz uk Xgtuma, ve`ï pebf bg`uabmbf fk `mses fxtrfkes.
fx trfkes.
mbgvgjlmr quma ç mtrmvçs bf sfus ifstes, pmamvrms f
`ekpejfjtfs. Fstf use ç ukm rfméàe. Trfstgbgigtméàe @MXIM|RXFGJMBM
gjtfj`gejmakfjtf, kms mgjbm mssgk fxgif uk tfstf cerjf`fk +6 je tfstf> ehoftes bfsmofgtmbes eu irmjbfs
i rmjbfs
bf Tfr`fpéàe pmrm sfr jetmbe. Jfssfs `mses, m bg- gkpöfk ‐6. Pf ukm pfssem rfvgstmr ve`ï, rf`fhf +=4
`uabmbf vmrgm bf 6 (ukm pfssem fk ukm prmém `ek je tfstf bf Tfr`fpéàe.
peu`e kevgkfjte) mtç 84 (uk seabmbe fspf`ë`e fk
C. Se`ï
Se`ï pebf surrupgm
surrupgmrr ehoftes bf eutrms pfs-
kfge m uk hmtmalàe ujgcerkgzmbe). Se`ï tmkhçk
sems (eu pamjtmr ehoftes jms pessfs
pess fs bfams). @eke ukm
pebf pfr`fhfr bgscmr`fs f cmasg`méöfs (vfom m pfrë`gm
méàe pmbràe, cmém uk tfstf bf Trfstgbgigtméàe. Pf pms-
Fjimjméàe) f afr aíhges (BR 84).
smr, ve`ï pfim (eu `eae`m) e quf qufrgm. M vëtgkm
vëtgk m tfk
E. Se`ï pebf fs`utmr hmruales sutgs. Vkm `ej- bgrfgte m uk tfstf bf Tfr`fpéàe epeste. Pf pmssmr,
pmss mr, fam
vfrsm `msuma prðxgkm
prðxgkm tfk
tfk BR 4 ‒ eu sfom, m kfjes
kfjes quf pfr`fhf sum tfjtmtgvm, tfjlm ve`ï `ejsfiugbe
`ejsfiu gbe eu jàe.
fxgstm maiukm
m aiukm pfjmagbmb
pfjma gbmbf,
f, ve`ï pmssm
pm ssm mutekmtg`mkfj-
mutekmtg`mkfj-
tf. Euvgr pfssems sussurrmjbe tfk BR =6. Euvgr be
eutre ambe bf ukm pertm mukfjtm m BR fk +6. Se`ï
Trecgssàe RXFGJMBM
pebf cmzfr tfstfs bf Tfr`fpéàe pmrm euvgr kfske quf Se`ï smhf uk ecë`ge tç`jg`e, sfom per cerkméàe eu
fstfom berkgjbe, kms secrf ukm pfjmagbmbf bf ‐=4> fxpfrgïj`gm, `eke kf`èjg`e, faftrg`gstm eu mtç mrkfgre.
uk su`fsse cmz ve`ï m`erbmr. Tfr`fhfr pfrsejmifjs @. Xfpmrmr uk u k gtfk qufhrmbe rfam`gejmbe
quf jàe pessmk sfr vgstms
vg stms tfk BR 84, eu +=
+=44 je tfstf me sfu ecë`ge tfk m kfskm BR pmrm cmhrg`í-ae. @mbm
bf Curtgvgbmbf
Curtgv gbmbf be pfrsejmifk, e quf cer kmger. Kfs- tfjtmtgvm `ejsekf ukm lerm bf trmhmale f uk sfxte
ke quf ve`ï pmssf je tfstf, mgjbm secrf pfjmagbmbfs be prfée ergigjma be gtfk. Fk `mse bf cmalm, e tfk-
jerkmgs per autmr sfk vfr e gjgkgie. pe f e bgjlfgre sàe pfrbgbes (kms ve`ï pebf tfjtmr
jevmkfjtf). Gtfjs sgkpafs (`eke uk pjfu bf `mrre
Tgaetmifk RXFGJMBM eu uk kmrtfae) tïk BR =6. Gtfjs `ekpafxes (`eke
Se`ï smhf epfrmr
epfrm r vfë`uaes `ekujs, `eke kete`g`aftms, uk cuzga) tïk BR 84.
`mrres, amj`lms f mtç `mvmaes. G. Se`ï pebf gbfjtg`mr uk gtfk agimbe
@. @ejbuzgr uk vfë`uae fxgif ukm méàe bf m sfu Ecë`ge. M BR ç =4 pmrm gtfjs `ekujs f 84 pmrm
kevgkfjte f uk tfstf bf Tgaetmifk per turje.
tu rje. M BR gtfjs rmres eu fxðtg`es. Pf pmssmr, ve`ï bfs`ehrf ms
ç =4 pmrm `ejbgéöfs hems (ukm fstrmbm, pmrm vfë`uaes preprgfbmbfs be gtfk f sfu prfée.
9
Tejtmrgm Rf`jeaeigm
Pum `mpm`gbmbf bf kgrmr f mtgrmr `ek mrkms bf mrrf- Se`ï smhf epfrmr f gjvmbgr ehoftes f sgstfkms tf`je-
kfsse eu mrkms bf ceie. aðig`es. Pf ve`ï jàe tgvfr m`fsse cësg`e ä gjtfrcm`f bf
usuírge bf uk sgstfkm
sgstf km bf `ekputmber
`ekputmber,, bfvf usmr uk
M . Tmrm cmzfr uk mtmquf ä bgs-
ngt bf lm`ngji pmrm
pmrm m`fssmr f kmjgpuamr
km jgpuamr e sgstfkm.
tèj`gm ve`ï cmz uk
u k tfstf bf Tejtmrgm. M BR ç m Bfcfsm
be mave. Pf ve`ï m`frtmr,
m`frt mr, `musm bmje bf m`erbe `ek m Es `ekputmberfs sàe `ejiurmbes pmrm bmr ‑m`fs-
mrkm utgagzmbm.
utga gzmbm. Sfom e @
@
. O pmrm es se‛ m uk eu kmgs usuírges mutergzmbes, pfrkgtgjbe
kebg`mberfs mpag`ívfgs m tfstfs bf mtmquf. quf fafs m`fssfk qumaqufr gjcerkméàe eu cujéàe be
`ekputmber `eke ukm méàe pmbràe, sfk m jf`fssg-
R
bmbf bf ukm vfrg`méàe
vfrg`mé àe be `ekputmber.
`ekputmber. Es rfwmaas
K. Se`ï usm ukm méàe bf kevgkfjte pmrm kgrmr
K. kgrm r
pebfk haequfmr sféöfs fspf`ë`ms bf uk `ekputmber
fk uk mave quf pessm vfr, bfjtre be ma`mj`f bf sum
f `ej`fbfr m`fsse m bgcfrfjtfs usuírges m fssms sféöfs.
sf éöfs.
mrkm. Me cmzfr fssm méàe, ve`ï `mj`fam m pfjmagbmbf
bf -6 fk tfstfs bf Tejtmrgm `ejtrm mqufaf mave `mse M BR bf hmsf pmrm kugtms bms tmrfcms bf tf`jeaeigm ç
faf fstfom fjimombe fk `ekhmtf `erpe m `erpe. Kgrmr
Kgrm r =6. Fssm BR pebf sfr bgkgjuëbm eu mukfjtmbm pfae
jàe tfk fcfgte fk mtmqufs `erpe m `erpe. Kfstrf bfpfjbfjbe
bfpfjbfjbe bm bg
bg`uabmbf
`uabmbf bf m`fsse eu `ek-
pafxgbmbf bm tmrfcm.
Xfcafxes M -. Se`ï pebf
Pum `mpm`gbmbf bf fvgtmr mkfméms
mkfmém s quf fxgifk rfméàe tfjtmr m`fssmr ms cujéöfs kmgs hísg`ms bf uk sgstfkm
rípgbm. Se`ï
f bf írfm. usmçXffxes
M BR pmrm rfsgstgr
bftfrkgjmbm m fcfgtes
pfae fcfgte sÿhgtes
me quma ve`ï bf `ekputmber
gjcerkméöfs jàe sfiure.
eu cujéöfs bf ukM `ekputmber
BR pmrm m`fssmr ms
pÿhag`e
fstí rfsgstgjbe. sfk bfcfsms eu rfwmaas ç =4. Me `ejtrírge bf eutres
uses bf Rf`jeaeigm, ve`ï pebf tfjtmr m`fssmr uk sgs-
R
tfkm pÿhag`e sfk trfgjmkfjte sf afvmr me kfjes =4
F. ]umjbe cer mave bf uk mtmquf cësg`e ve`ï
kgjutes. Pgstfkms bf `ekputmber pretfigbes f sf-
pebf usmr sum rfméàe pmrm Fsqugvmr, sekmjbe sfu
éöfs pretfigbms bf uk sgstfkm jàe sfiure
sfiu re pebfk sfr
hòjus bf Xffxes fk sum Bfcfsm sekfjtf pmrm mqufaf
m`fssmbes cmzfjbe uk tfstf bf lm`nfmr (vfom mhmgxe).
mtmquf. Se`ï
Se`ï prf`gsm mjuj`gm
mjuj`gmrr ukm Fsqugvm mjtfs be
mtm`mjtf reamr sfu tfstf bf mtmquf. Sfom ‑@‛ R
jm píigjm 80 pmrm kmgs bftmalfs. B . Se`ï pebf
usmr Rf`jeaeigm pmrm bmjg`mr uk sgstfkm bf `ek-
Xfagigàe RXFGJMBM putmber eu rfpmrmr uk sgstfkm eu bgspesgtgve quf
ceg bmjg`mbe. M BR ç =4 + 6 per Trfstëige be gtfk,
Se`ï pessug `ejlf`gkfjte sehrf ms rfagigöfs be kujbe. f e pre`fsse afvm =4 kgjutes per Trfstëige be gtfk.
M (BR ). Sfom e use ‑M‛
‑M‛ bm pf-
rë`gm Bgpaekm`gm. L. Se`ï
Se`ï pebf gjvmbgr uk sgstfk
sgstfkmm sfiure pmrm
reuhmr gjcerkméöfs eu usmr ms cujéöfs
c ujéöfs be sgstfkm `eke
`eke
G.
G. Se`ï pebf rfspejbfr bÿvgbms rfamtgvms sf cessf uk usuírge
usuí rge mutergzmbe. M BR ppmrm
mrm lm`nfmr uk
m bfusfs, precf`gms, pamjes bf fxgstïj`gm ft`. M BR ç sgstfkm eu bgspesgtgve ç =4 + 6 per Trfstëige be gtfk.
=4 pmrm qufstöfs sgkpafs, 84 pmrm qufstöfs `ekpafxms Pfrvf tmkhçk pmrm lmnfmr
lm nfmr cf`lmburms faftròjg`ms.
f 04 pmrm kgstçrges f fjgikms.
Sejtmbf
Rítg`m RXFGJMBM Fstm pfrë`gm fjveavf sum `ej`fjtrméàe f cerém bf vejtmbf.
Se`ï ceg fbu`mbe fk títg`m, fstrmtçigm f aeiëstg`m.
]umjbe secrf bmje fjqumjte fxf`utm ukm méàe quf
M R (BR ). @eke ukm méàe bf rfqufr `ej`fjtrméàe, ve`ï prf`gsm cmzfr uk tfstf bf
kevgkfjte, ve`ï pebf ehsfrvmr e `mkpe bf hmtmalm.
hmtmalm . Sejtmbf. Se`ï
Se`ï tmkhçk
tm khçk usm Sejtmbf pmrm rfsgstgr m fcfg-
Pf pmssmr, bfs`ehrf ukm vmjtmifk, `eke `ehfrturm, tes kfjtmgs, bfsbf fxpesgéàe pmrmjerkma mtç Xgtumgs
X gtumgs
`mkumifk eu tfrrfje fafvmbe, sf leuvfr. quf mtm`mk m kfjtf. M BR ç bftfrkgjmbm
bftfrk gjmbm pfae fcfgte.
<
7
=4
==
u
i
X. Xf`çk rf`rutmbe pfam erbfk, mgj- Fk tfrkes bf oeie, e sgstfkm bf @rçbgte
bm sfk fxpfrgïj`gm fk Kgssöfs. pfrkgtf quf es oeimberfs jàe sf prfe`upfk
M. Oí pessug maiukm fxpfrgïj`gm
fxpfrgïj`gm f rf- fk ifrfj`gmr bgjlfgre, kefbm eu rf`urses
hísg`es fk bftmalfs, ce`mjbe m sfssàe bf
j
seavfu maiujs `mses pmrmjerkmgs. Tmtfjtf bm
kmgergm bes kfkhres bm Erbfk. oeie jm Kgs
Kgssàe.
sàe. E KKfstrf
fstrf sfkprf tfk m
pmamvrm jma sehrf ejbf uk hfk eu sfr-
E
E.Mifjtf
.Mifjtf fxpfrgfjtf `lmkmbe pmrm
vgée sf fjqumbrm fk rfaméàe mes agkgtfs
agkgtf s bf
rfseavfr `mses kmgs bgcë`fgs
bgc ë`fgs f `ekpafxes, quf
jerkmakfjtf fxgifk irmjbf `ejlf`gkfjte `ekprm per Tmtfjtf bf Trfstëige.
m
f `mpm`gbmbf. H. SSe`ï
e`ï tfk mprevméàe pmrm `ekprmr
kmjtgkfjtes hísg`es `eke magkfjtes, vfs-
P
S. @ek bfzfjms bf `mses rfseavgbes,
tgkfjtms f rfkçbges `mse sfom jf`fssírge
fssfs Mifjtfs sàe m`gejmbes pmrm Kgssöfs bf
burmjtf m Kgssàe.
Kg ssàe. Rmkhçk
Rmkhçk pebf `ekprmr
matm gkpertèj`gm f pfrgie.
pmssmifjs bf trmjspertf pÿhag`e,
pÿhag`e, `eke òjg-
e
F. Ms irmjbfs
irm jbfs afjbms bm Erbfk, es rmres hus, kftrò eu trfk, mauimr vfë`uaes `ekujs
Mifjtfs quf sehrfvgvfrmk ä iufrrm `ejtrm e f usmr sfrvgées
sfrv gées pmrtg`uamrfs bf trmjspertf,
a
Eutre Ambe per kugtes mjes. Es kfalerfs `eke tíxg. Tebf sf lespfbmr fk m`eke-
fjtrf es kfalerfs, `lmkmbes pfam Erbfk
bméöfs sgkpafs (bfs`mjse jerkma), `eke
f
pmrm rfseavfr `mses quf fjveavfk pfrgies bf
pfjsöfs f letçgs `ek trïs fstrfams
fst rfams eu kfjes.
fs`mam iaehma.
Ter k, pebf utgagzmr sfrvgées fkfrifj`gmgs
Agkgtf bf @rç
@rçb
bgte `eke kf`èjg`e eu se`erre kçbg`e.
p
Kfkhres bm Erbfk jàe prf`gsmk sf prfe- K. Se`ï tfk m`fsse m pmssmifjs mçrfms,
`upmr `ek bgjlfgre pmrm suprgr sums jf`fssg- m`ekebméöfs bf hem qumagbmbf (bfs`mjse
bmbfs hísg`ms, `eke kermbgm, vfstgkfjtm eu `ejcertívfa) f pebf pmimr per qumaqufr
m
rfcfgéöfs. Kugtes gj`ausgvf prfcfrfk jfk sf prebute eu sfrvgée `ekuk quf prf`gsmr.
prfe`upmr `ek fssf tgpe bf `egsm, f cmzfk bm
M. Fssf agkgtf
agk gtf pebf `ehrgr qumaqufr bfs-
prðprgm sfbf bm Erbfk sfu amr pfrkmjfjtf.
pfsm jf`fssírgm,
jf`fssí rgm, `ejtmjte quf jàe sfom mhsur-
`
Je fjtmjte, kugtms vfzfs ç jf`fssírge cmzfr bm eu auxuesm bfkmgs, m `rgtçrge be Kfstrf.
`ekprms bf suprgkfjtes eu `ejtrmtméàe bf
G. Rgkfs bf Fagtf tïk m`fsse prm-
G.
f
sfrvgées burmjtf ukm Kgssàe. Tmrm gsse, m
Erbfk prevï uk sgstfkm bf @rçbgte, quf pebf
pe bf tg`mkfjtf gagkgtmbe mes rf`urses bm Erbfk,
sfr usmbe per qumaqufr kfkhre pmrm cmzfr pegs `estukmk sfr fjvgmbes fk Kgssöfs bf
k
auimr be kujbe. @eke fssf sgstfkm cuj`ge- fstàe agkgtmbes m bgspejghgagbmbf pre-
e
jm ç uk sfirfbe hfk iumrbmbe bm erbfk, bbutess f ssfrvgées
bbute frvgées jf`fssírges, f jàe pebfk
bgspejëvfa mpfjms pmrm es peu`es Mifjtfs `ekprmr jmbm gafima usmjbe @rçbgte.
quf `ekpöfk m ‑Mbkgjgstrméàe‛, e kfske
irupe rfspejsívfa per mvmagmr es Mifjtfs bf
`
`mkpe f `ejtreamr ms mtrghugéöfs bf Trfstëige.
TXFPRËIGE M@GKM BF GS
E tgpe f prfée bes hfjs f sfrvgées quf uk
Mifjtf pebf tfr m`fsse fk Kgssàe vmrgmk Maiujs pebfrfs f lmhgagbmbfs pe-
e
bfk bgkgjugr e Trfstëige fcftgve
`ek sfu Trfstëige, f qumaqufr tfjtmtgvm bf bf uk fqugpmkfjte. Gsse sgijg`m
uatrmpmssmr fssf agkgtf
agk gtf ç haequfmbm gkfbgm- quf uk pfrsejmifk `ek fssms
tmkfjtf. M erbfk tmkhçk tfk `ejtreaf tetma lmhgagbmbfs pebf fcftgvmkfjtf
sehrf tube quf fstí sfjbe mbqugrgbe mtrmvçs `rgmr uk gtfk bf prfstëige m`gkm
be @rçbgte, f cmz es Mifjtfs prfstmrfk `ejtms bf GS fkfjes.
rfbuzgr sfu vmaer jma pmrm
b
GS eu
per tfjtmr mbqugrgr prebutes eu fqugpmkfjtes
jàe mutergzmbes.
=8
u
Mrk
Mrkms Pgkpafs
F]VGTMKFJRE Fssf irupe fjiaehm tebes es ehoftes quf pebfk sfr
GJG@GMA usmbes `eke mrkms, sfom `erpe m `erpe eu ä bgstèj`gm,
bgvgbgbes per sum ]umagbmbf (gkprevgsmbm, `ekuk
Rebe pfrsejmifk gjg`gm sum
sumss Kgssöfs jm Erbfk `ek eu fspf`gma) f sum cerkm bf use (afvf, ukm kàe eu
m`fsse m tebes es gtfjs bf sum Tmtfjtf, f pebf kejtmr bums kàes). M pre`gïj`gm
pre`gïj`gm bm mrkm f e bmje
bm je `musmbe
sfu prgkfgre Gjvfjtírge pmrm m Kgssàe sfiugjbe es ç bftfrkgjmbe pfam `ekhgjméàe bms bums `mtfiergms,
agkgtfs bf @mrim.
Tebf pmrf`fr tfjtmber fj`lfr sfu Gjvfjtírge mjtfs bf `ejcerkf m tmhfam mhmgxe.
MXKMP PGKTAFP.
smgr pmrm ukm Kgssàe, kms afkhrf-sf
afkhrf-sf quf mbg`gejmr
qumaqufr gtfk fj`ejtrmbe burmjtf m Kgssàe cmrí
cm rí ve`ï @EXTE M @EXTE EV BGPRÈJ@GM
`mr sehrf`mrrfimbe! Afvf / Vkm kàe / Bums Kàes
Mrrfkfsse Mrrfkfsse / Bgspmre
MXKMP Gkprevgsmbm b2
@ekuk b3
b3
b<
b<
b =4
Mrkms sàe `amssg`mbms fk begs irmjbfs irupes. F sp f ` g m a b< b =4 b=8
Mrkms Pgkpafs f Mrkms bf Ceie, mkhes `ek sums
prðprgms suhbgvgsöfs. Rebes es pfrsejmifjs smhfk usmr mrkms sg sgkpafs.
kpafs. Gk-
T T
T.. Pf ve`ï mtm`mr `ek prevgsmbm. ]umaqufr ehofte quf pebf sfr usmbe `eke
ukm mrkm `ek m quma jàe sfom pre`gfjtf,
pre `gfjtf, secrf -=
-=bb mrkm pmrm mtm`mr maiuçk,
m aiuçk, kms jàe ceg fspf`gmakfjtf
jes tfstfs bf mtmquf. preoftmbe pmrm gsse. Vk pfbmée bf `mje eu kmbfgrm,
M.
M. Mrkms `ek ma`mj`f pebfk sfr usmbms pmrm ukm cm`m `uagjírgm, uk fstgagjiuf f m kmgergm bes gtfjs
mtmqufs ä bgstèj`gm. Ms `mtfiergms bf ma`mj`f
ma`mj`f sàe @urte fspertgves ‒ `eke uk tm`e bf hfgsfhea eu mr`e bf
(7k, eu 3 qumbrmbes fk uk kmpm), Kçbge (04k eu `ekpftgéàe ‒ sf fjqumbrmk jfssm `mtfiergm.
84 qumbrmbes) f Aejie (74k eu 34 qumbrmbes).
q umbrmbes). Se`ï
Se`ï
@. Ehoftes `ejstruëbes `ek m cujéàe prgj`gpma
pebf mtm`mr bfjtre be ma`mj`f sfk secrfr pfjmagbmbfs.
Se`ï pebf mtm`mr mtç e behre be ma`mj`f, kms secrf bf sfrfk usmbes `eke mrkms, kms km s jàe rfqufrfk jf-
-6 je tfstf bf mtmquf. jluk trfgjmkfjte fspf`gma.
fspf`gm a. Gj`aug cm`ms bf `ekhmtf,
mrkms bf mrtfs kmr`gmgs
km r`gmgs f m kmgergm bes mr`es f hfstms
@. ]umjbe ve`ï m`frtm uk mtmquf reamjbe uk cfgtes pmrm bf `mém.
84 jmturma
jmturm a (eu
(eu sfom, e bmbe
bmbe be tfstf bf mtmquf kestrm
uk 84), cmz uk m`frte `rëtg`e. Jfstf `mse, mukfjtf e F. Mrkms bf cmhrg`méàe fspf`gma, cfgtms per
bmje fk uk bmbe be kfske tgpe. Hòjus jukçrg`es uk pressgejma rfjekmbe, `ejstruëbms `ek maiuk
f bmbes fxtrms (`ek
(`ekee pfam lmhgagbmbf Mtmquf Cur
Curtgve)
tgve) kmtfrgma bf matëssgkm qumagbmbf, pretðtgpes ÿjg`es
jàe sàe kuatgpag`mbes.
kuatgpa g`mbes. Ter fxfkpae, uk bmje bf =b<+0
=b<+0 bf tf`jeaeigm mvmjémbm eu fqugpmkfjte quf rfqufr
mterjm-sf
kfjes8b<+0
8b<+
quf 0gjufj`gmbms
`ek uk m`frte `rëtg`e.
per maiukm Bf Lmhgagbmbf,
kebe ifrma, trfgjmkfjte fspf`ë`e pmrm sfr utgagzmbe.
utgag zmbe. Rebms ms
Mrkms Fspf`gmgs sàe gtfjs bf Trfstëige G.
tebms ms Mrkms Pgkpafs sfiufk fssm rfirm.
@ . Mrkms bf `ekhmtf `erpe m `erpe
Maiukms Mrkms
M rkms bf Ceie cmzfk `rëtg`es fk kmrifk
pebfk sfr usmbms pmrm mtm`mr maves mbom`fjtfs f sàe
kmger quf 84 eu mukfjtmk e bmje fk kmgs bf uk
bmbe. Fcfgtes quf mukfjtmk m kmrifk bf mkfmém suhbgvgbgbms fk afvfs, bf ukm kàe f bf bums kàes.
bgkgjufk
bgkg jufk e jÿkfre jf`fssírge pmrm `ejsfiugr uk Tmrm mtm`mr `ek ukm mrkm
m rkm bf `ekhmtf `erpe m `erpe,
`rëtg`e. Oí es fcfgtes quf mukfjtmk e bmje `rëtg`e
`r ëtg`e sàe cmém uk tfstf bf Autm. ]umjbe ve`ï mtm`m `ek ukm
m`rfs`fjtmbes me jÿkfre bf Bmbes mbg`gejmgs. mrkm `erpe
`erp e m `erpe, sekm sum Cerém äs reamifjs bf bmje.
=7. M mrkm cmz uk m`frte `rëtg`e reamjbe =7 eu 84.
A. Fstm mrkm ç usmbm `ek ukm kàe f pfrkgtf
=<. M mrkm cmz
c mz uk m`frte `r
`rëtg`e
ëtg`e reamjbe ==<,
<, =7 eu 84. usmr Migagbmbf me gjvçs bf Cerém fk tfstfs bf Autm.
8b. Me cmzfr uk m`frte `rëtg`e, ream begs bmbes bf Mtmqufs bfsmrkmbes
bfsmrkmbes f mrkms jmturmgs sfkprf sàe
Mrkms Afvfs.
bmje mbg`gejmgs.
0b. Me cmzfr uk m`frte `rëtg`e, ream trïs bmbes bf . Fstm mrkm ç usmbm
V . u smbm `ek ukm kàe, bfgxmjbe
bmje mbg`gejmgs. m eutrm kàe agvrf pmrm eutres js.
=0
=2
MXKMP BF CEIE
Rgpe Trfstëige Fspmées Ma`mj`f Xf`mrim @rëtg`e F s p f `g ma
Mrkms @urtms
Tgsteam = @urte 6 / K ev =7 Bgs`rftm
Xfvðavfr = @urte 8 / @ekpaftm 8 4 / 8b Bgs`rftm
Puhkftrmalmberm G 8 Kçbge 6 / K ev 8 4 / 8b X mo mb m
Mrkms Aejims
=,8k f =,6k. Bgcfrfjtf bm `mrmhgjm, mprfsfjtm `mpm- rfpftgéàe gjvfjtmbm f rfveau`gejeu m lgstðrgm hçag`m,
`gbmbf sfkgmutekítg`m eu tetmakfjtf mutekítg`m bf sfjbe mgjbm ukm bms mrkms
mrkm s bf ceie kmgs `ejívfgs f
tgre. Trf`gsm sfr fkpujlmbe `ek ms bums kàes. vfrsítfgs. Tebf sfr fkpujlmbm `ek ukm ÿjg`m kàe,
C T. Kmgs aejie f petfjtf quf uk
kms fssf use jàe pfrkgtf m méàe Kgrmr.
cuzga bf mssmate,
mssm ate, fssf tgpe bf mrkm tfk uk `mje kmgs
aejie f mrkméàe hmamj`fmbm
hmam j`fmbm `ek m gjtfjéàe bf m`frtmr
m`frtm r ]uma
]umagbm
bmb
bfs Fspf`g
Fspf`gmgs
maves prgergtírges m irmjbfs bgstèj`gms `ek kujgéàe bf Mrkms bf Ceie
bf mate `maghrf. Ifrmakfjtf betmbe bf `erejlm aejim
@mbm uk bes tgpes bf mrkms bf ceie tfk ukm qumagbmbf
qum agbmbf
f kgrm tfafs`ðpg`m. Trf`gsm sfr fkpujlmbe `ek ms fspf`gma, f pebf imjlmr eutrms mtrmvçs bf kebg`méöfs.
bums kàes.
Í. M mrkm mtgjif tebes es pfrsejmifjs bfjtre bf
K T. Vkm bms prgkfgrms mrkms uk `frte ma`mj`f,
ma`m j`f, bfjgbe fk sum bfs`rgéàe, cmzfjbe
mutekítg`ms bfsfjveavgbms, m kftrmalmberm tfk ukm uk ÿjg`e tfstf
tfs tf bf mtmquf `ejtrm e vmaer bf Bfcfsm bf
tmxm bf bgspmres quf uatrmpmssm cm`gakfjtf m kmr`m tebes es maves.
bf `fjtfjms bf
bf preoçtfgs per kgjute. Pfu cuj`gejm- B. M mrkm ç pfqufjm f cí`ga
c í`ga bf fs`ejbfr seh
kfjte ç kmgs sgkgamr
sgk gamr me be rfvðavfr be quf be rgf bf reupms pfsmbms, mukfjtmjbe
mukfjtm jbe fk =4 m BR bf tfstfs bf
mssmate, sfjbe magkfjtmbm per uk `gjte bf kujgéàe, Tfr`fpéàe pmrm smhfr sf ve`ï fstí mrkmbe.
quf `ejsgstf fk vírges preoçtfgs prfses fjafgrmbes. K A. M mrkm pessug maiuk sgstfkm bf kgrm
Trf`gsm sfr fkpujlmbm `ek ms bums kàes. quf cm`gagtm m mqugsgéàe bf maves, cmzfjbe `ek quf m
T. M kmgs pepuamr bms mrkms `urtms, bfsfj- méàe Kgrmr `ek m mrkm sfom ukm méàe agvrf.
veavgbm pmrm use pfsse
pfssema.
ma. Rfk uukm
km ttf`jeaeigm
f`jeaeigm quf X
X.. M mrkm tfk `mpm`gbmbf bf bgspmre
bgspmr e tetmakfj-
cm`gagtm e bgspmre f rf`mrim, maçk bf pfrkgtgr mkpam tf mutekítg`m. Se`ï pebf cmzfr ukm méàe `ekpaftm
`mpm`gbmbf bf kujgéàe, terjmjbe-m m cmvergtm bms pmrm rf`fhfr uk mtmquf mbg`gejma qumjbe mtm`m `ek
ceréms peag`gmgs. Tebf sfr fkpujlmbm `ek ukm ÿjg`m fssm mrkm.
kàe, kms fssf use jàe pfrkgtf m méàe Kgrmr.
Kujgéàe
P.
P . Rmkhçk `ejlf`gbm `eke kf- E tgpe bf kujgéàe bfjf e bmje `musmbe pfam mrkm.
trmalmberm afvf, fssm vfrsàe pertítga bms kftrmalmberms
kftrma lmberms Kujgéöfs sàe bgvgbgbms fjtrf `maghrf Tfqufje (@T),
kgagtmrfs, ifrmakfjtf bf kfjer `maghrf, prgergzm m Kçbge (@K) f Iresse (@I), sfjbe ukm kujgéàe bf `mbm
` mbm
kehgagbmbf me gjvçs bm prf`gsàe, kmjtfjbe m matm `maghrf `ejsgbfrmbm uk gtfk sfpmrmbe je gjvfjtírge.
`mbïj`gm bf bgspmres mutekítg`es. Trf`gsm
Trf`g sm sfr fkpu- E tgpe bm mrkm bfjf quma tgpe bf kujgéàe fam pebf
jlmbm `ek ms bums kàes. `ekpertmr, sfiujbe m tmhfam mhmgxe. E `maghrf bf
kujgéàe bm mrkm
mrk m ç bfjgbe je kekfjte fk quf fam
X. E pmg bms mrkms `urtms, bfsfjveavgbe ç fj`ejtrmbm eu fs`ealgbm pmrm m Kgssàe, f jàe pebf
per Pmkufa @eat fk =<03. Ceg m prgkfgrm mrkm bf sfr matfrmbe.
=6
@MAGHXFP BF KVJGÉÀE
Puhkftrm- Cuzga bf Cuzga bf Kftrmalmberm
@maghrf Bm
Bmje
je Trfstë
Trfstëige
ige Tgs
Tgste
team
am Xf
Xfvð
vðav
avfr
fr @mrmh
@mrmhgj
gjmm Fspg
Fspgji
jimrb
mrbmm almberm Mssmate Trf`gsàe Tfsmbm
Tfqufje 8B2
Kçbge 8B 3 G
Iresse 8B < GG
Ter fxfkpae, uk rfvðavfr pebf sfr bf `maghrf Tfqufje, quf sum kujgéàe m`mhf qumjbe ve`ï kmgs prf`gsm!
Kçbge eu Iresse. Pf e pfrsejmifk fs`ealf uk Xf- Pfkprf quf ve`ï ream uk Bfsmstrf (rfsuatmbe = je
vðavfr bf `maghrf Iresse `eke gtfk bbff Kgssàe, mqufaf b84) qumjbe cmz uk mtmquf ä bgstèj`gm `ek ukm mrkm
rfvðavfr pmssm m sfr uk Xfvðavfr (@I), f sð pebf sfr bf ceie, ve`ï pfrbf ukm kujgéàe be tgpe bmqufam
rf`mrrfimbe `ek kujgéàe bf `maghrf Iresse. mrkm. Mifjtfs fxpfrgfjtfs mprfjbfk m afvmr kujgéàe
B. E bmje `musmbe pfam kujgéàe qumjbe ve`ï fxtrm eu mrkms `ek bgcfrfjtfs `maghrfs pmrm jàe `mr
m`frtm uk bgspmre `ek m mrkm. ä kfr`ï bm sertf.
T. @mbm `maghrf
`ma ghrf bf kujgéàe `ejtm `eke uk
gtfk sfpmrmbe fk sfu Gjvfjtírge. Kujgéàe bf @maghrf
@ maghrf
Kçbge ç uk gtfk bf Trfstëige G, fjqumjte kujgéàe bf
F]VGTM
]VGTMKFJR
KFJRE
E BF
@maghrf Iresse ç uk gtfk bf Trfstëige GG. @EKHMRF
T . ]umjbe uk fcfgte Maçk bf mrkms, m Erbfk bgspöf bf uk mrsfjma bf
matfrm es pmsses bf bmje bf ukm mrkm bf ceie, fam fqugpmkfjte bf `ekhmtf, bgvgbgbes fk fqugpmkfjte
`musm bmje `eke sf cessf
cess f bf uk `m
`maghrf
aghrf supfrger. Ter
fxfkpae, ukm Tgsteam (@T) `ek e bmje mukfjtmbe títg`e f fxpaesgves.
fk begs pmsses
pmsses pmssm m `musmr 8b< bf bmje. Pfiugjbe J ek f Trfstëige Fspmées
m rfirm ergigjma, ukm Kftrmalmberm Tfsmbm `ek e Fqugpmkfjte Rítg`e
bmje mukfjtmbe fk uk pmsse rf`fhf +=b, pmssmjbe Bmrbe trmjqugagzmjtf G =
m `musmr 0b< bf bmje. A mj é m - `l mk m s K 7 G 8
K. Fk E T
C K. A mj é m - i r mj m b m s G *
XTI hmstm ve`ï tfr kujgéàe fk sfu gjvfjtírge pmrm Rmsfr =
pebfr utgagzmr sum mrkm bf ceie. Je fjtmjte, pmrm Pprmy bf pgkfjtm =
mbg`gejmr kmgs brmkm äs @fjms bf Méàe, ç pessëvfa Fxpaesgves
Irmjmbm bf mterbemkfjte =
Irmjbm bf crmikfjtméàe =
MXKMP BF CEIE F M AFG Irmjmbm bf cukmém =
Fk kugtes pmësfs, gj`augjbe
gj`augjbe e Hrmsga, m pessf, Irmjmbm gj`fjbgírgm =
pertf f vfjbm bf mrkms bf ceie f kujgéàe ç
Kgjm mjtgpfssema =
fxtrfkmkfjtf rfstrgtm f `ejtreambm, `lfimjbe
m sfr gafima jm kmgergm bms `gjs`ujstèj`gms
`gjs`ujstèj`gms..
Gsse sgijgcg`m quf pfrsejmifjs pertmjbe F R. Gtfjs f kujgéöfs fspf`gmgs if-
mrkms bf cerkm estfjsgvm ifrmakfjtf sfràe rmakfjtf usmbes pmrm ehtfr vmjtmifk títg`m fk `ekhmtf.
`ejcrejtmbes pfam peaë`gm f `musmràe `frte
F. Irmjmbms bf vírges tgpes f mrtfcmtes
fstrmjlmkfjte pmrm m pepuaméàe. Rmkhçk
fxpaesgves mjtgpfssemgs.
bg`uatm hmstmjtf e m`fsse m mrkms bf ceie
f kujgéàe burmjtf ukm Kgssàe, pegs jàe ç R.. Treoçtfgs `mrrfimbes `ek
B R
pessëvfa sgkpafskfjtf ‑`ekprí-ams fk ukm uk petfjtf aëqugbe sejëcfre `ek uk bmrbe
bm rbe mmbe, quf
aeom‛ `eke m`ejtf`f fk kugtes oeies. Kugtes pebf sfr usmbe `eke Kujgéàe fk mrkms bf `maghrf
Mifjtfs gj`ausgvf usmk be`ukfjtes cmasg- Tfqufje, sfiugjbe ms rfirms jerkmgs bf rf`mrim. Me
`mbes pmrm oustg`mr e pertf bf sums mrkms f gjvçs bf secrfr bmje, uk mave mtgjigbe pfae bmrbe bfvf
ffvgtmr
`ekprehafkms
m afg. `ek es ðriàes bf sfiurmjém cmzfr uk tfstf bf Certgtubf (SGI) BR =4. Pf cmalmr,
`m mtç e jma bm `fjm.
`fj m. Pf pmssmr,
pmssm r, `m
`m
f per uk turje.
=3
I
.. M írfm (3k°) ç prffj`lgbm per
ukm cukmém
cuk mém fspfssm. Tfrsejmifjs bfjtre bm írfm sàe F]VGTM
]VGTMKFJR
KFJRE
E BF
`ejsgbfrmbms , kms fstàe seh @mkumifk Retma.
Retma. TXERFÉÀE
I . Tfrsejmifjs jm írfm se- Fxgstfk begs tgpes bf pretféàe. afvf f pfsmbm. M
crfk 0b3 bf bmje f `mk . Vk tfstf bf kmgergm bes `gvgs f pfrsejmifjs sfk trfgjmkfjte bf
Xffxes rfbuz e bmje pfam kftmbf f fvgtm
fv gtm m `ejbgéàe. `ekhmtf vfstfk reupms `ekujs, quf jàe ecfrf`fk
A- K. Fqugpmkfjte bf use kgagtmr quf jfjluk tgpe bf pretféàe `ejtrm mrkms eu m`gbfjtfs.
fsiug`lm aëqugbe gjmkívfa gj`mjbfs`fjtf prfssurg- Ms fstmtëstg`ms bf pretféàe fstàe jm tmhfam m sfiugr.
zmbe, `ek matm prf`gsàe f `ejtreaf.
`ejtreaf. Bgspmrmr uuk
k amjém
RMHFAM 0-8. F]VGTMKFJREP BF TXERFÉÀE
`lmkms fk uk mave rfqufr uk mtmquf m bgstèj`gm `ek
Bfcfsm Trfstëige Fspmées
ma`mj`f @urte. Pf m`frtmr, e mave m`frtmbe secrf =b3
pejtes bf bmje f `m . E amjém-`lmkms Afvf +6 G 8
K7 jàe usm kujgéàe, kms `m sfk `ekhustëvfa fk Tfs m b m +=4 GG 8
`mse bf Bfsmstrf juk tfstf bf mtmquf. Xf`mrrfimr ukuk
amjém-`lmkmss vmzge rfqufr ukm méàe bf kmjutfjéàe
amjém-`lmkm T A. @eaftfs hmaëstg`es afvfs, jerkma-
burmjtf uk Gjtfraÿbge. Ç prf`gse usmr ms bums kàes kfjtf utgagzmbes per
per sfiurmjéms pmr
pmrtg`uamrfs
tg`uamrfs f ceréms
pmrm epfrmr e amjém-`lmkms. peag`gmgs, `estukmk
aëkfre fxëvfa sfr rfvfstgbes
kmgs rfsgstfjtf bf nfvamr,
be quf e mée. uk pe-
A-. M`fssðrge quf pebf sfr m`epambe
T T. Fqugpmkfjte títg`e eu kgagtmr
fk ukm mrkm bf ceie aejim pmrm amjémr ukm irmjmbm
i rmjmbm bf use rfstrgte pmrm ceréms fspf`gmgs bm peaë`gm f be
`ek kmger cerém f prf`gsàe, mukfjtmjbe e ma`mj`f bf fxçr`gte. @estukm m`ekpmjlmr `mpm`ftf, ekhrfgrms,
irmjmbms pmrm Kçbge. Bgspmrmr ukm irmjmbm usmjbe oefalfgrms f `mjfafgrms, maçk bf uk `eaftf pfsmbe `ek
uk amjémber sfiuf ms rfirms jerkmgs bf irmjmbms. Mu- vírgmss `mkmbms
vírgm `mkmbm s bf nfvamr f rfcerémbms `ek pam`ms bf
kfjtm e fspmée bf gjvfjtírge e`upmbe pfam mrkm fk =. mée f `frèkg`m fk sfu gjtfrger. Maçk be hòjus jm
K M. Bgcfrfjtfkfjtf
Bgcfrfjtfkfjtf bf kgjms
kgjm s tfrrfs- Bfcfsm, m pretféàe pfsmbm cerjf`f Xfsgstïj`gm Hmaës-
trfs `ejvfj`gejmgs, `ek bftejmberfs bf pprfssàe,
rfssàe, fssf tg`m f Cësg`m 8.
tgpe bf kgjm ç mtgvmbm per `ejtreaf rfkete, usmjbe B. E vmaer mbg`gejma bf Bfcfsm cerjf`gbe pfae
ukm rfméàe. ]umjbe fxpaebf, bgspmrm 944 heams bf tgpe bf pretféàe.
mée juk `ejf bf 3k, quf `musm 3b3 bf bmje hmaës- T. Jëvfa bf prfstëige be tgpe bm mrkm eu
tg`e fk tebes es pfrsejmifjs jm írfm mcftmbm (uk `maghrf bf kujgéàe pmrm fcfgtes bf agkgtfs bf gtfk
tfstf bf Xffxes BR =6 rfbuz e bmje pfam kftmbf). je gjvfjtírge.
E usuírge bfjf m bgrféàe
b grféàe be `ejf qumjbe pesg`gejm F. E tetma bf fspmées e`upmbes pfam mrkm
m kgjm je `làe. je gjvfjtírge.
=9
=<
=7
`ekpmrmjbe-es `ek pfrsejmifjs. Ter fxfkpae, ukm K B. M kertf bf uk `ejourmber
` ejourmber jàe
mbmim ç uk ehofte Kgjÿs`uae, uk `mrre ç uk ehofte tfk fcfgte fk sfus Xgtumgs (fx`fte sustfjtmbes) ‒ fafs
Fjerkf f uk jmvge bf iufrrm ç uk ehofte @eaessma. pfrkmjf`fk mtç quf sum burméàe tfrkgjf.
84
8=
Me mprfjbfr fssf Xgtuma, fs`ealm rf`fhfjbe +=b fk tfstfs bf Gjvfs- Se`ï fjvgm pmamvrms bf `ekmjbe
uk fafkfjte. Se`ï te`m ukm mrkm tgiméàe, Autm, Tfr`fpéàe f Tejtmrgm. pmrm m kfjtf be mave, quf bfvf
quf `musf bmje cësg`e pmrm mkmabg- rfmagzmr ukm méàe m sum fs`ealm.
éeí-am `ek e fafkfjte fs`ealgbe.
fs`ealgbe. Gkmi
kmifk
fk Treoft
oftmbm
mbm Se`ï bí ukm erbfk grrfsgstëvfa,
Mtç jma bm `fjm, fam `musm +=b3 FJFXIGM @EJLF@GKFJRE quf e mave bfvf sfr `mpmz bf eu-
bf bmje be fafkfjte fs`ealgbe. vgr (kms jàe prf`gsm fjtfjbfr). Pf
@ër`uae? =¿
@ër`uae? =¿ cmalmr jm rfsgstïj`gm, faf bfvf ehf-
@uste? =
@uste? = TF
@g`mtrgzméàe
KEXRF zméàe Kmtfrgmgs? fspfale
@ekpejfjtfs Kmtfrgmgs?
bf`fr me `ekmjbe
turje bm fk sfupessëvfa.
kfaler kmjfgrm
Fs`ealm uk bes fcfgtes.
prðprge
@ër`uae? =¿
@ër`uae? =¿ qufhrmbe5
@uste? =
@uste? = TF Ma`mj`f? Tfssema
Ma`mj`f? Tfssema Cuom . E mave imstm sfu turje sf
@ekpejfjtfs Kmtfrgmgs? 5
Kmtfrgmgs? 5
Mave? Se`ï
Mave? Se`ï mcmstmjbe bf ve`ï (usmjbe tebms
Fxf`uéàe? méàe
Fxf`uéàe? méàe pmbràe ms sums méöfs).
Ma`mj`f?
Ma`mj`f? tequf
tequf Burméàe?
Burméàe? @fjm
@fjm
Mave? uk
Mave? uk pfrsejmifk Se`ï `rgm 8 `ðpgms gausðrgms bf ve`ï Amriuf . E mave seatm qumgsqufr
Burméàe? gjstmjtèjfe
Burméàe? gjstmjtèjfe kfske. Ms `ðpgms `mk me sfu rf- gtfjs quf fstfom sfiurmjbe f jàe
ber,, `epgmjbe sums méöfs f terjmj-
ber pebf pfií-aes jevmkfjtf mtç e
Se`ï te`m uk pfrsejmifk, cf`lmj- gjë`ge bf sfu prðxgke turje. @eke
be sums cfrgbms bf cerkm m`fafrmbm. be bgcë`ga bftfrkgjmr qufk ç ve`ï.
fstm ç ukm méàe agvrf, faf mgjbm
E mave rf`upfrm 8b<+8 TS.
T S. Se`ï rf`fhf +=4 bf Bfcfsm. @mbm
pebf fxf`utmr eutrms méöfs (fx`f-
vfz quf uk mtmquf `ejtrm ve`ï te pfimr mqugae quf amrieu).
Bf`mbïj`gm frrm, ukm bms `ðpgms bfsmpmrf`f
KEXRF f sfu hòjus bf bfcfsm bgkgjug fk Tmrf. E mave `m TMPKE (jàe pebf
@ër`uae? =¿
@ër`uae? =¿ 6. Pf ve`ï
mtm`mjtf fstgvfr
cf`lmr gjvgsëvfa,
es eales, ve`ïeu e
jàe cmzfr méöfs, fx`fte rfméöfs).
@uste?
@uste? =
= TF Pfjtm. @ek ukm méàe agvrf, e mave
rf`fhf e hòjus (kms e mtm`mjtf
Fafkfjte? Kertf
Fafkfjte? Kertf (Pmjiuf) sfjtm je `làe (sf fstmvm pfjburm-
mgjbm secrf pfjmagbmbfs jerkmgs be eu vemjbe, bfs`f mtç e `làe).
@ekpejfjtfs Kmtfrgmgs?
Kmtfrgmgs? `gjzms
`gjzms bf
uk mjgkma eu uk ðriàe lukmje.
per jàe fjxfrimr). Faf pebf cmzfr eutrms méöfs, kms
Fxf`uéàe? méàe pmbràe
Fxf`uéàe? méàe jàe sf afvmjtmr mtç e gjë`ge bf sfu
Ma`mj`f? `urte
Ma`mj`f? `urte prðxgke turje.
Mave? uk
Mave? uk pfrsejmifk
Sfjlm . E mave imstm sfu turje sf
Burméàe? gjstmjtèjfm
Burméàe? gjstmjtèjfm
mprexgkmjbe bf ve`ï (usmjbe
Xfsgstïj`gm?
Xfsgstïj`gm? Certgtubf
Certgtubf (kftmbf)
tebms ms sums méöfs).
Se`ï te`m e pfrsejmifk f m`fafrm
sfu `erpe je tfkpe, `musmjbe se-
crf 8b<+8 bf bmje bf Kertf. Vk
tfstf bf Certgtubf hfk su`fbgbe
rfbuz e bmje pfam kftmbf.
88
@FJMP
Vkm `fjm ç ukm kfbgbm be tfkpe jmrrmtgve bfjtre bf T . ]umjbe tebes es pfrsejmifjs tgvfrfk sfu
E T
T XTI,
XTI, ukm fspç`gf bf ujgbmbf turje, m rebmbm tfrkgjm.
tfrkgjm . Vkm eutrm rebmbm sf gjg`gm,
bf tfkpe gjcerkma quf bgvgbf m lgstðrgm fk pfbmées `ek tebes es pfrsejmifjs migjbe jevmkfjtf, jm
bgstgjtes. Vk `ekhmtf ç ukm `fjm. Vkm sfssàe bf kfskm erbfk. Kfske mqufafs quf fstmvmk -
gjtfrreimtðrge quf vmrf m kmbruimbm ç ukm `fjm. mierm pebfk migr.
Vkm pfrsfiugéàe bf `mrre pfams rums bf ukm irmjbf
`gbmbf ç ukm `fjm. Pfkprf quf pfrsejmifjs
pfrsejmifjs zfrfk uk tfstf bf Gj
Gjg`gmtg-
g`gmtg-
vm, bftfrkgjm-sf quf `ekféeu ukm jevm
jevm `fjm. M `fjm
`fjm
E Kfstrf bf`gbf qumjbe ukm `fjm `ekfém f tfrkgjm. m`mhm qumjbe e `ekhmtf jmagzm, quf jerkmakfjtf
Fk ifrma, ukm `fjm `ekfém qumjbe uk jeve auimr
m`ejtf`f qumjbe uk bes ambes ç bfrretmbe. Fssm fstru-
eu sgtuméàe ç gjtrebuzgbe f tfrkgjm qumjbe es pfrse-
jmifjs smfk bfstf auimr eu `lfimk m ukm rfseauéàe turm bf `ekhmtf juj`m ç matfrmbm fjtàe ç gkpertmjtf
pmrm m sgtuméàe. Vkm `fjm pebf sfr gjtfrrekp
gjtfrrekpgbm
gbm pmrm quf maiujs tfrkes f `ejbgéöfs qufk hfk `amres.
bmr auimr m eutrm `fjm sfk quf jmbm bgsse m`ejtfém.
Ter fxfkpae, sf es pfrsejmifjs fstàe gjtfrreimjbe GJG@GMRGSM
uk suspfgte f bf rfpfjtf sàe mtm`mbes, m `fjm bm bgs-
bgs -
`ussàe m`mhm f ukm jevm `fjm `ekfém‒ uk `ekhmtf. Rebe pfrsejmifk fjveavgbe fk uk `ekhmtf prf`gsm
cmzfr uk tfstf bf Gjg`gmtgvm pmrm bftfrkgjmr qumjbe
Fxgstfk trïs tgpes bgcfrfjtfs bf `fjm? M, G- grí migr jm rebmbm. Maiukms
Maiukm s lmhgagbmbfs pebfk pfrkg-
eu G.
G . tgr quf e pfrsejmifk cmém uk tfstf `ek eutrm pfrë`gm,
kms mjtfs be `ekhmtf `ekfémr tebes es fjveavgbes
@FJMP BF MÉÀE tfràe uk vmaer bf gjg`gmtgvm.
Fxgstfk kekfjtes fk quf e `ekhmtf bgrfte ç m ÿjg`m E Kfstrf bfvf reamr gjg`gmtgvm pmrm `mbm gjgkgie fj-
cerkm bf rfseavfr ukm sgtuméàe. Jfssfs kekfjtes, ç veavgbe jm hmtmalm
hmtma lm eu fk irupes
i rupes (es e`uatgstm
e`uat gstmss f es
jf`fssírge suspfjbfr e uxe bf oeie f fjtrmr fk uk seabmbes, per fxfkpae).
fxfkpae).
fstmbe kmgs títg`e. Maiukms rfirms bf `ejtmifk bf Fk sfiugbm, e Kfstrf bftfrkgjm m erbfk bm Gjg`gm-
tfkpe tmkhçk prf`gsmk sfr rfspfgtmbms, bf kebe tgvm, `eae`mjbe mqufafs `ek vmaerfs kmgs mates je
quf `mbm oeimber tfjlm sum vfz bf bf`amrmr ms méöfs `ekfée f mqufafs
mqufafs `ek es vmaerfs kmgs hmgxe je jm
jmaa
bf sfus pfrsejmifjs. (erbfk bf`rfs`fjtf).
Jàe ç prf`gse cmzfr tfstf bf Gjg`gmtgvm m `mbm rebmbm.
FPRXVRVXM BF VK Vk pfrsejmifk quf fjtrf je `ekhmtf je kfge bf ukm
T . Rebes es pfrsejmifjs tïk sfu turje jm Maiujs fcfgtes pebfk `ekfémr eu jmagzmr je `e-
erbfk bm Gjg`gmtgvm (fx`fte mqufafs
,, kfée eu jma bf ukm rebmbm. Pf uk fcfgte m`ejtf`f
quf jàe mifk jm prgkfgrm rebmbm). je `ekfée bm rebmbm, faf m`ejtf`f mjtfs be prgkfgre
80
82
Méöfs bf Kevgkfjte
G M. Maiukms
Maiukm s méöfs `eke bf mrkmburms, lmhgagbmbfs eu Xgtumgs.
]umjbe secrf uk mtmquf, `mse
`m se sfom Rrfgjmbe fk Au
Autm
tm
mhrgr ukm pertm, bfrruhmr ukm kfsm eu pre`urmr uk
eu Xffxes, ve`ï pebf eptmr per sf bfcfjbfr `eke
ehofte fspf`ë`e fk sum heasm
heasm sàe rfmagzmbms
rfmagz mbms `eke
ukm méàe bf kevgkfjte. Fjtrftmjte, maiukms
maiu kms gjtf-
rméöfs kmgs `ekpafxms, `eke lm`nfmr ukm `èkfrm
burmjtf uk `ekhmtf, pebfk pfbgr kmgs méöfs be KESGKFJRMJBE FK RMHVAFGXE
pfrsejmifk (vfr m sfiugr fk ‑M @‛). Mpfsmr bf jàe sfr jf`fssírge, maiujs irupes
prfcfrfk usmr uk tmhuafgre (eu irgb) f kgjgm-
A. Se`ï sf afvmjtm be `làe. turms pmrm vgsumagzmr kfaler e `ekhmtf. @mse
fssm sfom m epéàe,
epé àe, `ejsgbfrf quf `mbm fspmée
K. Se`ï kevf sfu bfsae`mkfjte (ifrmakfjtf,
eu qumbrmbe rfprfsfjtm
rfprfsfjtm =,6k bf bgstèj`gm.
0k). Maiukms `ejbgéöfs pebfk rfbuzgr sfu bfsae`m-
bfsae` m-
kfjte, fjtàe ç gkpertmjtf fstmr mtfjte. Kevgkfjtméöfs jm bgmiejma `ustmk e behre bf
kevgkfjte (`errfr begs qumbrmbes jm bgmiejma
G @.. @mse jmagzf
@ jmagzf e kevgkfjte mbom`fjtf
mbom`fjtf sfrgm e fqugvmafjtf m `ehrgr ukm bgstèj`gm bf
m uk fspmée quf cerjfém `ehfrturm, ve`ï pebf 3k, per fxfkpae).
fjtrmr eu smgr bm `ehfrturm. Fjqumjte fstgvfr seh
86
83
89
M `ejbgéàe ç pfrgiesm, pegs e pfr- gjoeiívfa. E oeimber bfvf fjtrfimr m `lm bf sfu
sejmifk bfvf sfr fstmhgagzmbe fk trïs rebmbms eu pfrsejmifk pmrm e Kfstrf, quf pebfrí usmr e pfr-
`mrí . Vk pfrsejmifk quf `m sejmifk `eke hfk fjtfjbfr. Bf `frtm cerkm, `mr
tfk m kfjtf `ekpaftmkfjtf bftfrgermbm f sf terjm ç e fqugvmafjtf
fqu gvmafjtf bf kerrfr.
RMHFAM 8. FCFGREP BF GJPMJGBMBF
GJ PMJGBMBF
=b8
b84
4 Fc
Fcfg
fgte
te bf
bf Gjsm
Gjsmjg
jgbm
bmbf
bf
= Se`ï
e`ï hu
hus`
s`mm b
be
er. Pfo
Pfomm ssfj
fjtg
tgrr b
ber
er eu ``mu
musm
smrr b
be
er.
8 ]umjbe
]umjbe ve`ï ealm
ealm e reste
reste bf eutrm
eutrm pfssem
pfssem ve`ï
ve`ï vï
vï m gkmifk
gkmifk bgs
bgster
ter`gbm,
`gbm, `ek pfbmées
pfbmées bf mjgk
mjgkmgs
mgs
eu kejstres jms pfssems.
0 Rebms
ebms ms ve
vezf
zfss
`mk
`mk bgst
bgster
er`gb
`gbms,
ms, `eke
`eke ssff cces
essfk
sfk cma
cmambm
mbmss p
per
er uk kejst
kejstre.
re.
2 Se`ï `m fs`utmjbe ukm vez jm sum `mhfém,
`m hfém, quf rfpftf
rfp ftf `ejstmjtfkfjtf quf ve`ï fstí
fst í kfjtgjbe.
6 E sfu
sfu smji
smjiuf
uf pmrf
pmrf`f
`f fstm
fstmrr qufj
qufjtf,
tf, `e
`eke
ke sf
sf qugsf
qugsfssf
ssf smg
smgrr bf bf
bfjt
jtre
re be
be sfu
sfu `erpe
`erpe..
3 Se`ï vï rest
restes
es luk
lukmje
mjess f kejs
kejstru
trues
eses
es jms
jms sekh
sekhrms
rms,, `ek
`eke
e sf fstg
fstgvf
vfssf
ssfk
k tf eal
ealmjb
mjbe.
e.
9 Vkm
Vkm cekf
cekf `ejstm
`ejstmjt
jtff bek
bekgj
gjmm sfu
sfu ``erp
erpe,
e, `eke
`eke sf ve`ï
ve`ï jàe pu
pubfs
bfssf
sf sfr
sfr sm`gmb
sm`gmbe.
e.
< Vk iest
ieste
e pfrkmj
pfrkmjfjt
fjtff bf cfrre
cfrre bekg
bekgjm
jm sfu
sfu pmambmr
pmambmr.. ]umsf
]umsf `eke
`eke sf sum
sum he`m
he`m fstgv
fstgvfss
fssff tekmbm
tekmbm
per smjiuf…
7 M auz gj`ekebm sfus eales m pejte bf ve`ï prf`gsmr fs`ejbï-aes e tfkpe tebe. Ç `eke sf sfus
eales qufgkmssfk.
=4 Cmamr
Cmamr ç prmtg`mk
prmtg`mkfjt
fjtff gkpess
gkpessëvf
ëvfa.a. Ç `eke
`eke sf maie
maie fxtfrje
fxtfrje fstgvfss
fstgvfssff `ejtre
`ejtreamjb
amjbe
e e quf ve`ï cmam.
== Pfus eales
eales `eémk
`eémk vgeaf
vgeafjtmkf
jtmkfjtf,
jtf, f sð pmrf`f
pmrf`f quf
quf vàe pmrmr qumjbe
qumjbe cerfk
cerfk mrrmj`mb
mrrmj`mbes
es bf
bf sum
sum `mhfém.
`mhfém.
=8 Pum kfkðrgm `ekfém m cmalmr, afjtmkfjtf. ]umaqufr `egsm quf tfjlm sf pmssmbe m kmgs be quf =
lerm mtrís `ekfém m `mr jfhuaesm.
=0 Ms fkeéöfs `ekfémk m sf terjmrfk `ejcusms. Maie cfagz bfspfrtm rmgvm f maie beaergbe bfspfrtm
cfag`gbmbf.
=2 Se`ï
Se`ï sfjtf
sfjtf m jf`fss
jf`fssgbmb
gbmbff `ejstmj
`ejstmjtf
tf bf
bf bfs`rfv
bfs`rfvfr
fr tebms
tebms ms méöfs
méöfs bm
bm kmjfgrm
kmjfgrm kmgs iretfs`m
iretfs`m pessëvfa.
pessëvfa.
=6 Fxgstfk
Fxgstfk vfrkf
vfrkfss bfjtre
bfjtre bm sum
sum `mhfém,
`mhfém, `errfj
`errfjbe
be pfae
pfae sfu
sfu `erpe.
`erpe. Se`ï
Se`ï tfk
tfk `frtfzm
`frtfzm bgsse
bgsse.. S
Se`ï
e`ï sfjt
sfjtff
bfhmgxe bf sum pfaf.
=3 Se`ï m`lm
m`lm quf
quf fstí
fstí seh
seh fcfgt
fcfgte
e `e
`ejst
jstmjt
mjtff bf uk
uk Xgtuma
Xgtuma quf
quf tf bfgx
bfgxmm kmgs
kmgs pebf
pebfres
rese.
e.
=9 Pums
Pums kàe
kàess fstà
fstàe
e cur
curmb
mbms
ms f ms `e
`egs
gsms
ms `mf
`mfk
k bf
bf ssfu
fuss hea
hease
ses.
s.
8<
f ç pessëvfa bf gjtfrméàe. E Kfstrf bfvf fj`ermomr @mbm pfrsejmifk sð pebf utgagzmr ukm pfrë`gm ukm
hems gbfgms, `eke per fxfkpae usmr e `fauamr pmrm vfz per `fjm
`fj m pmrm
pm rm Tre`urmr
Tre` urmr Tgstms,
Tgstm s, jàe pebfjbe rf-
ceteirmcmr fvgbïj`gms eu agimr pmrm maiuçk
m aiuçk quf pessm pftgr e tfstf bm kfskm pfrë`gm, kfske quf faf tfjlm
moubmr `ek ukm rfspestm. sgbe uk crm`msse.
C
C G
G . Fk vfz bf Tre`urmr Tgstms,
Tgstm s,
MIGJBE BVXMJRF VKM uk pfrsejmifk
pfrsejmifk pebf usmr ukm pfrë`gm pmrmpmrm rfmagzmr
@FJM BF GJSFPRGIMÉÀE ukm méàe quf kebg`m m `fjm f cm`gagtm m gjvfstgiméàe
g jvfstgiméàe
be irupe. E oeimber bf`amrm ukm méàe bf supertf
Es pfrsejmifjs jàe prf`gsmk cmzfr tfstfs bf gjg`gm- `eke, per fxfkpae, usmr Mtaftgske pmrm mhrgr ms om-
tgvm, pegs jàe fxgstf
fxg stf ukm erbfk fxmtm bf méàe, kms e jfams je mate be imapàe f gaukgjmr e ae`ma. M BR be
tfkpe bf oeie mgjbm ç kfbgbe fk rebmbms. tfstf ç =6 pmrm gbfgms quf zfrfk sfjtgbe, f 04 pmrm
M `mbm rebmbm, `mbm pfrsejmifk pebf cmzfr ukm bms
bm s gbfgms mhsurbms. Mssgk `eke fk Tre`urmr Tgstms,
méöfs mhmgxe. M `ejtmifk bf rebmbms ç gkpertmjtf gbfgms kugte mhsurbms rfsuatmk fk cmalm mutekítg`m
f pfrbm bm rebmbm.
pmrm quf `mbm oeimber tfjlm sum vfz bf migr. Mssgk
quf tebes es pfrsejmifjs jm `fjm rfmagzmrfk ukm Pf e pfrsejmifk pmssmr je tfstf, `mbm magmbe
ma gmbe rf`fhf uk
méàe `mbm uk, m rebmbm tfrkgjm. hòjus bf +6 pmrm sfu prðxgke
prðxgke tfstf bf Tre`urm
Tre`urmrr Tgstms.
V F L. Maiukms
Méöfs
Méöfs bf Gjvfs
jvfst
tgiméàe
iméàe lmhgagbmbfs, pebfrfs f fqugpmkfjtes pebfk sfr usmbes
T T. e oeimber fs`ealf ukm bms pf- fk @fjms bf Gjvfstgiméàe. Lmhgagbmbfs f fqugpmkfjtes
fqugpm kfjtes
rë`gms bgspejëvfgs pmrm sfu pfrsejmifk, f fjtàe bfs- quf gjtfrmifk bgrftmkfjtf `ek ms méöfs bf gjvfstg-
`rfvf bf quf cerkm sfu pfrsejmifk utgagzm m pfrë`gm iméàe sf rfseavfk jerkmakfjtf.
fs`ealgbm pmrm pre`urmr
pre`ur mr pgstms jm `fjm. Ter fxfkpae, Je fjtmjte, es oeimberfs pebfk fj`ejtrmr uses `rgmtg-
`rg mtg-
uk oeimber pebf fs`ealfr usmr m pfrë`gm Rf`jeaeigm ves pmrm lmhgagbmbfs
lmhgagbmbfs f fqugpmkfjte
fqugpmkfjtess quf jerkmakfjtf
jerkmakfjtf
pmrm vms`ualmr gjcerkméöfs fk uk `ekputmber, eu jàe gjtfrmifk `ek gjvfstgiméàe. Ter fxfkpae, uk
usmr Bgpaekm`gm pmrm `ejvfrsmr `ek ukm tfstfkujlm pfrsejmifk quf qufr Cm`gagtmr Gjvfstgiméàe usmjbe
quf fstí je ae`ma. Autm pmrm bfstrugr ms kmbfgrms quf tmpmk ms
m s omjfams
87
G M smam `m gjujbmbm per uk vmzmkfjte f jàe pebf kmgs sfr gjvfstgimbm.
G M @rgmturm m sfr fjcrfjtmbm jm `fjm jma rf`fhf Tejtes bf Sgbm mbg`gejmgs, pegs tfvf kmgs tfkpe pmrm
sfr gjve`mbm.
G Es gjgkgies quf `lfimk me ae`ma tgvfrmk tfkpe bf `lmkmr rfcerées M @fjm bf Méàe quf sf gjg`gm
tfk begs gjgkgies m kmgs.
G Es pfrsejmifjs pmssmrmk m jegtf tebm vms`ualmjbe e ae`ma, f jàe `ejsfiufk bfs`mjsmr.
04
0=
E KFPRXF
Maiuçk prf`gsm mssukgr fssm cujéàe
c ujéàe f rfspejsmhgag-
rfspejsmhgag- Kgssàe. Puspfgtes, tfstfkujlms f eutres pfrsejmifjs
bmbf, bf oeimr e oeie bf cerkm bgcfrfjtf bes bfkmgs. rfafvmjtfs. Ç sum cujéàe
c ujéàe gjtfrprftmr fssfs pfrsejmifjs
E Kfstrf ç qufk bfvf `rgmr es prehafkms f mprf- pmrm `rgmr kekfjtes gjtfrfssmjtfs bf gjtfrméàe fjtrf
sfjtí-aes pmrm sfrfk rfseavgbes pfaes oeimberfs fk es Mifjtfs bm Erbfk f m Kgssàe. @lmkmkes fssfs
sgtuméöfs brmkítg`ms `ek sfus pfrsejmifjs. Fssm ç
ukm cujéàe quf sf bgcfrf
bg cfrf bmqufam bes eutres oeimberfs,
oeimberfs, pfrsejmifjs bf ‑JT@‛
Se`ï jàe prf`gsm (pfrsejmifk
sf prfe`upmr jàe-oeiívfa).
fk terjmr tebes es
pegs fafs fstàe gjtfrfssmbes fk fjcrfjtmr ms mkfméms,
mkfméms , pfrsejmifjs gjtfrfssmjtfs f matmkfjtf
m atmkfjtf `ekpafxes,
bfsvfjbmr kgstçrges f rfseavfr es `mses, f ve`ï prf`gsm pegs fafs bfvfk sfr sekfjtf gsse. fafj`e bf mpege.
prfpmrmr gsse.
Afkhrf-sf quf es pfrsejmifjs bes oeimberfs sàe es
08
MTÏJBG@F? @EJBGÉÖFP
M kfjes quf fspf`g`mbe e @. Bfgtmbe je `làe. E B. Bfsprfpmrmbe
`ejtrírge, `ejbgéöfs tfrkgjmk pfrsejmifk secrf ‐8B fk pmrm rfmigr. E pfrsejmifk secrf
je k bm `fjm. mtmqufs `erpe m `erpe f sfu bfs- ‐6 jm Bfcfsm f -8B fk Xffxes.
ae`mkfjte ç rfbuzgbe m =,6k. Se`ï `m `ej-
M. E pfrsejmifk secrf Maçk bgsse, secrf ‐6 bf Bfcfsm trm gjgkgies quf jàe pessm vfr.
‐=B fk tfstfs. Pf `mr - `ejtrm mtmqufs `erpe m `erpe,
jevmkfjtf, fk vfz bgsse `m B. Peh fcfgte bf ukm
kms rf`fhf +6 bf Bfcfsm `ejtrm
. @ejbgéàe bf kfbe. befjém.
mtmqufs ä bgstèj`gm.
M. E pfrsejmifk F @. E pfrsejmifk
@. E pfrsejmifk `m -
`m f , fstí pfimjbe ceie. Je gjë`ge bf
f , jàe pebf
secrf ‐=B fk tfstfs bf mtmquf sfus turjes, secrf =b3 pejtes
cmzfr tfstfs bf Tfr`fpéàe pmrm
f sð pebf mtm`mr `ek mrkms bf bmje cësg`e. E pfrsejmifk
ehsfrvmr f secrf ‐8B fk tfstfs
pebf imstmr ukm méàe pmbràe
afvfs. Vk pfrsejmifk cmzfjbe bf pfrë`gms hmsfmbms fk Cerém
pmrm mpmimr e ceie `ek ms kàes.
uk mtmquf ä bgstèj`gm `ejtrm eu Migagbmbf. Rebes es maves bf
Gkfrsàe fk íium tmkhçk mpmim
uk mave fjveavgbe jm kmjehrm sfus mtmqufs rf`fhfk `mkum-
ms `lmkms.
mimrrmr tfk 64% bf `lmj`f bf ifk tetma. @ejbgéàe bf sfjtgbes.
m`frtmr e mave frrmbe. @ejbgéàe F. E pfrsejmifk sð
bf pmrmagsgm. @. E pfrsejmifk `ek-
pertm-sf bf kebe mafmtðrge. Xeaf pebf rfmagzmr ukm méàe pmbràe
eu bf kevgkfjte (jàe mkhms)
M. E `uste fk =b3 je gjë`ge bf sfus turjes. =)
per amjémrrebmbm.
pejtes bf fscerée bms lmhgagbm- Kevgkfjtm-sf fk ukm bgrféàe
bfs f Xgtumgs be pfrsejmifk mu- fs`ealgbm per ukm reamifk bf F. E pfrsejmifk `m
kfjtm fk +=. @ejbgéàe kfjtma. =b<> 8-0) Jàe pebf cmzfr méöfs, , f secrf
fx`fte rfméöfs, f `m hmahu`gmj- ‐=B fk tfstfs bf mtmquf. @ejbg-
M. E pfrsejmifk be gj`efrfjtfkfjtf> 2-6) Vsm m éàe bf pmrmagsgm.
secrf -8B fk tfstfs bf pfrë`gm f mrkm quf fstgvfr fkpujlmjbe F. E fcfgte bfstm
bfvf cuigr bm cejtf be kfbe bm pmrm mtm`mr e pfrsejmifk kmgs `ejbgéàe vmrgm bf m`erbe `ek e
kmjfgrm kmgs f`gfjtf pessëvfa. prðxgke, eu m sg kfske sf fstg- vfjfje. Tebf sfr eutrm `ejbgéàe
Pf jàe pubfr, pebfrí migr, kms vfr sezgjle (jfssf `mse,
`m se, mpfjms (per fxfkpae, eu -
jàe pebfrí sf mprexgkmr veauj- reaf e bmje)> 3) M `ejbgéàe
`ejb géàe tfr- ) eu bmje rf`errfjtf (per
tmrgmkfjtf bm cejtf be kfbe. kgjm f pebf migr jerkmakfjtf.
@ejbgéàe bf kfbe. @ejbgéàe kfjtma. fxfkpae, =b=8
per rebmbm). M pejtes bf be
bfs`rgéàe bmje
vf-
M. E pfrsejmifk B. E pfrsejmifk jfje bftfrkgjm m burméàe bfaf
`m f jàe pebf secrf ‐8B fk tfstfs bf mtrghu- (`mse jmbm sfom bgte, m `ejbgéàe
cmzfr méöfs. @ejbgéàe kfjtma. tes cësg`es (Migagbmbf, Cerém f burm pfam `fjm).
Sgier). Pf e pfrsejmifk `mr
jevmkfjtf, fk
vfz bgsse `m .
00
F. E pfrsejmifk C. E pfrsejmifk T. E pfrsejmifk
secrf ‐8B fk tfstfs bf mtrghutes secrf ‐=B fk tfstfs bf mtrghutes `m f f sð
kfjtmgs (Gjtfaf`te f Trfsfjém). kfjtmgs (Gjtfaf`te f Trfsfjém). pebf rfmagzmr méöfs purmkfjtf
@ejbgéàe kfjtma. Pf `mr jevmkfj- kfjtmgs. @ejbgéàe bf pmrmagsgm.
F. E pfrsejmifk `m tf, fk vfz bgsse `m - T. E pfrsejmifk jàe
. @ejbgéàe kfjtma.
, f - pebf cmzfr méöfs, fx`fte rfm-
. Pf `mr G. Rebms ms cerkms bf éöfs. @ejbgéàe kfjtma.
jevmkfjtf, fk vfz bgsse `m bfsae`mkfjte be pfrsejmifk
T. E pfrsejmifk
. @ejbgéàe bf sàe rfbuzgbms m 4k. @ejbgéàe
`m f rf`fhf Xf-
cmbgim. bf pmrmagsgm.
sgstïj`gm Cësg`e =4.
C. @ek m mtfjéàe G. E pfrsejmifk
P. @ek uk cfrg-
prfsm fk maiukm `egsm. E pfrse- `m f jàe pebf cmzfr
kfjte mhfrte. Je gjë`ge bf sfus
jmifk secrf ‐8B fk Tfr`fpéàe méöfs. @lm`emalmr uk pfrsejm-
turjes, e pfrsejmifk bfvf cmzfr
f jàe pebf cmzfr méöfs, fx`fte ifk pmrm m`erbí-ae imstm ukm
uk tfstf bf @ejstgtugéàe (BR
ehsfrvmr mqugae quf e cms`gjeu.
cm s`gjeu. méàe pmbràe.
=6). Pf pmssmr, fstmhgagzm f rfke-
]umaqufr méàe lestga `ejtrm e
G. E pfrsejmifk ç vf fssm `ejbgéàe. Pf cmalmr,
cm almr, secrf
pfrsejmifk mjuam
éàe. @lm`emalmr ukfstm `ejbg-
pfrsejm- `ejsgbfrmbe , =b3 pejtes bf bmje f `ejtgjum
kms secrf ‐=4 jm Bfcfsm, cmalm .
ifk pmrm tgrí-ae
mutekmtg`mkfjtf fk tfstfs bf
bfssf fstmbe imstm ukm méàe P. E pfrsejmifk jàe
Xffxes f pebf secrfr ieapfs bf
pmbràe. @ejbgéàe kfjtma. pebf cmzfr tfstfs bf Tfr`fpéàe
kgsfrg`ðrbgm.
pmrm euvgr f secrf ‐8B fk tfstfs
C. E pfrsejmifk `m
A. Rebms ms cerkms bf bfs- bf Migagbmbf pmrm bftfrkgjmr
f . Pf e
ae`mkfjte be pfrsejmifk sàe gjg`gmtgvm. Maçk bgsse, ç `ejsg-
pfrsejmifk `mr
rfbuzgbms ä kftmbf (mrrfbejbf bfrmbe fk `ejbgéàe rugk pmrm
jevmkfjtf, fk vfz bgsse `m
pmrm hmgxe pmrm e prgkfgre `ejourmr Xgtumgs. @ejbgéàe bf
. @ejbgéàe bf cmbgim.
gj`rfkfjte bf =,6k) f faf jàe sfjtgbes.
C. E pfrsejmifk secrf pebf `errfr eu cmzfr gjvfstgbms.
P. Jàe `gfjtf bf
‐=B fk tfstfs bf mtrghutes cësg- @ejbgéàee bf pmrmagsgm.
@ejbgéà pm rmagsgm.
sfus gjgkgies.
gjgk gies. E pfrsejmifk
pfrsejmifk
`es (Migagbmbf,
(Miga gbmbf, Cësg`e f Sgier).
Pf `mr jevmkfjtf, fk K. E pfrsejmifk
fstí mhmgxe bm kftmbf bes pej- cmzfr
`m f jàe pebf
méöfs, fx`fte rfméöfs.
vfz bgsse `m .
tes bf vgbm tetmgs.
S . E pfrsejmifk
K. E pfrsejmifk secrf ‐6 jm Bfcfsm.
fstí (vfr `mpëtuae
8).
E. E pfrsejmifk secrf
‐=B fk tfstfs bf mtmquf f bf
Tfr`fpéàe. @ejbgéàe bf sfjtgbes.
02