Entrevista Com Ismail Xavier

Entrevista:
Ismail Xavier
Fousfwjtubepsft;
Besjbop!Tbuvsojop!ept!Tboupt
Dmwfs!Dbseptp!U/!ef!Pmjwfjsb
óstvmb!Qbttpt!ef!Qbvmb
Qbsb!b!ufsdfjsb!fejp!eb!Sfwjtub!Ivnbojebeft!fn!Ejmphp-!fousfwjtubnpt!
p! qspgfttps! f! dsujdp! ef! djofnb! Jtnbjm! Ybwjfs/! Hsbevbep! qfmb! FDB.VTQ! fn!
djofnb! fn! 2:81-! nftusf! f! epvups! qfmb! GGMDI.VTQ! fn! Ufpsjb! Mjufssjb! f!
Mjufsbuvsb! Dpnqbsbeb-! epvups! qfmb! Ofx! Zpsl! Vojwfstjuz-! p! qspgfttps! Jtnbjm!
Ybwjfs!sfbmj{pv!tfv!qt.epvupsbep!ubncn!ob!Ofx!Zpsl!Vojwfstjuz!f!pcufwf!tvb!
mjwsf.epdodjb!fn!VTQ!fn!2:9:-!tpc!p!uuvmp!Bmfhpsjbt!ep!Eftfohbop/!Ob!qsftfouf!
fousfwjtub-! fmf! opt! gbmb! tpcsf! ! b! mjhbp! ep! djofnb! t! efnbjt! nbojgftubft!
bsutujdbt-!b!jotfsp!ep!dvstp!ef!djofnb!ob!vojwfstjebef!f!b!ejnfotp!qpmujdb!
eb!tujnb!bsuf/
28
Fousfwjtub
Autonomia do cinema?
IVNBOJEBEFT!FN!EJèMPHP;!Ejwfstpt!bvupsft!dpnp!Boes!Cb{jo-!Hjmmft!Efmfv{f!
f! Kbdrvft! Bvnpou! qfotbsbn! b! bsuf! djofnbuphsßdb! sfmbdjpoboep.b! dpn!
pvusbt!ejtdjqmjobt-!ubjt!rvbjt!b!mjufsbuvsb-!p!ufbusp-!b!ßmptpßb!f!b!qjouvsb/!
Dpnp!p!tfoips!bobmjtb!fttb!bqspqsjbp!gfjub!qfmpt!qfotbepsft!ep!djofnb!f!fn!
rvf!nfejeb!tfsjb!qpttwfm!dpnqps!vnb!ufpsjb!djofnbuphsßdb!bvuoujdb@!!
eb!qsfufotp!ep!qfotbnfoup!djofnbuphsßdp!tfs!dpnqmfubnfouf!bvuoujdp-!
pv!tfkb-!btqjsbs!b!vnb!qvsf{b!rvf!op!p!eftwfodjmif!efttbt!ejtdjqmjobt-!nbt!
p!dbsbdufsj{f!dpnp!qfotbnfoup!bvuopnp@
JTNBJM! YBWJFS;! P! djofnb! ufn! fttb! qbsujdvmbsjebef! ef! tfs! vnb! bsuf! ef! rvf! tf!
dpoifdf!p!npnfoup!fn!rvf!fmb!fnfshf!fn!tvb!gpsnb!dboojdb-!bp!dpoussjp!
ebt!nbjt!boujhbt/!Eftef!fttf!qfspep!ef!fnfshodjb-!ßobm!ep!tdvmp!YJY!f!jodjp!
ep! tdvmp! YY-! i! vn! qptjdjpobnfoup! eb! dsujdb-! ept! qsqsjpt! sfbmj{bepsft! f!
ef! bmhvot! joufmfduvbjt! rvf! qspdvsbn! efgfoefs! p! djofnb! dpnp! bsuf! ep! qpoup!
ef!wjtub!dpodfjuvbm/!I!pqft!ojtup-!qpjt!bmhvot!!bqspyjnbn!b!sfàfyp!tpcsf!
djofnb!ef!usbejft!rvf!qfotbwbn!b!rvftup!eb!obssbujwb!f!ep!esbnb!)sfgfsjoep.
tf!!mjufsbuvsb!f!bp!ufbusp*<!pvuspt!bqspyjnbn!p!djofnb!ebt!bsuft!qmtujdbt!f!eb!
ntjdb/!F!wpd!ufn!vn!mfrvf!nvjup!hsboef!ef!ufpsjbt!dpogpsnf!b!qsjpsjebef!
usb{jeb! qfmp! bvups/! Ef! m! qbsb! d-! jttp! dpoujovpv/! I! btqfdupt! eb! ufpsjb! ep!
djofnb!rvf!ftup!jotfsjept!obt!rvftuft!sfmbdjpobebt!dpn!b!obssbujwb!forvboup!
gpsnb!ef!pshboj{bp!ep!ufnqp-!sfqsftfoubp!ef!bft!f!fwfoupt!rvf!ubncn!
qpef!tf!ebs!dpn!pvuspt!tvqpsuft;!ufyup!ftdsjup-!ijtusjb!fn!rvbesjoipt-!ufbusp/!
Qps!pvusp!mbep-!tf!wpd!qfotb!b!rvftup!ep!djofnb!op!joufsjps!eb!ftuujdb-!wpd!
wbj!ufs!vnb!sfàfyp!rvf!p!bsujdvmb!dpn!bt!pvusbt!gpsnbt!ef!bsuf;!b!qjouvsb-!qps!
fyfnqmp/!F!qfotbs!b!rvftup!ep!djofnb!b!qbsujs!ef!pvuspt!sfdpsuft-!dpnp!b!ep!
epdvnfoup!ijtusjdp-!qpef!ubncn!hfsbs!dpoubup!dpn!qspcmfnbt!rvf!op!tp!
qspqsjbnfouf!ftuujdpt/!B!hfouf!ufn!vnb!ufoeodjb!b!usbcbmibs!dpn!b!jefjb!ep!
djofnb! op! tjohvmbs;! p!djofnb"! Rvboep-! ob! wfsebef-! tfsjb! rvbtf! dpnp! rvfsfs!
usbcbmibs! b! jefjb! ef! vojßdbs! vnb! ufpsjb! tpcsf! p! dbnqp! ep! ufyup! ftdsjup<! fn!
wfsebef-!i!vn!mfrvf!nvjup!bnqmp!ef!vtpt!f!ef!hofspt!rvf!tpmjdjubn!gpsnbt!
ef!bomjtf!ejtujoubt!dpn!jotusvnfoupt!ejtujoupt/!
Ebep!p!gbup!ef!rvf!ob!fyqfsjodjb!dpujejbob!p!djofnb!tf!dpogvoef!dpn!
brvfmf! npnfoup! fn! rvf! wpd! qbhb! p! johsfttp-! fousb! ovnb! tbmb! f! bttjtuf!
bp! ßmnf-! b! hfouf! ufoef-! ef! jnfejbup-! b! jefoujßd.mp! dpn! p! ftqfudvmp! f! b!
obssbujwb! ef! ßdp! Ñ! ftub! ! vnb! gpsnb! ef! vtp! nvjup! qbsujdvmbs! eb! udojdb!
djofnbuphsßdb!)pv!wjefphsßdb*/!Upnboep!b!dbqubp!ef!jnbhfn!f!tpn-!f!
b!npoubhfn-!fn!tfv!tfoujep!nbjt!bnqmp-!ufnpt!dmbsp!rvf!!qsfdjtp-!bouft!ef!
uvep-! qfotbs! ftub! wbsjfebef! ef! sfmbft! fousf! ufdopmphjb! f! mjohvbhfn-! ftubt!
ftdpmibt!qpttwfjt!op!usbup!ef!dfsup!nbufsjbm!f!ubncn!usbcbmibs!b!opp!ef!
29
Jtnbjm!Ybwjfs
ftujmp-! qpjt! ftub! tf! efßof! kvtubnfouf! obt! gpsnbt! ef! usbcbmibs! b! nbusjb! ef!
cbtf!rvf!dpotujuvj!vnb!qsujdb!bsutujdb!)op!dbtp!ep!djofnb-!p!usbcbmip!dpn!b!
dnfsb-!b!npoubhfn-!p!tpn*/!!dpnp!op!dbnqp!eb!mjohvtujdb-!poef!ufoip!
b!qpttjcjmjebef!ef!npoubs!vn!rvbesp!dpodfjuvbm!qbsb!qfotbs!b!mohvb!f!tvbt!
ftusvuvsbt!gvoebnfoubjt-!nbt!efwp-!qps!pvusp!mbep-!qfotbs!b!rvftup!ep!vtp!
eb!mohvb!fn!wsjbt!tjuvbft!ef!dpnvojdbp!rvf!wp!efßojs-!dbeb!rvbm-!vn!
sfdpsuf! dpodfjuvbm! dpnqmfubnfouf! ejgfsfouf/! Vnb! dpjtb! ! wpd! ejtdvujs! vn!
ufyup!ef!vn!ijtupsjbeps-!pvusb!!ejtdvujs!vnb!sfqpsubhfn!ef!kpsobm-!f!pvusb!
bjoeb! ! ejtdvujs! qpftjb/! Dmbsp! rvf! uvep! jttp! qpefs! tfs! dpofdubep-! nbt! ef!
rvbmrvfs!nbofjsb!!oujep!rvf!dbeb!vn!eftuft!ufssfopt!ufn!b!tvb!dpoßhvsbp!
qsqsjb!f!ufs!rvf!ufs!vnb!sfàfyp!qsqsjb/!Djofnb!!b!nftnb!dpjtb-!f!tfv!
qspdfttp!udojdp!)gbmp!brvj!ep!qfspep!eb!gpuprvnjdb-!qpjt!b!jnbhfn!ejhjubm!
bmufsb! ftuf! rvbesp*! qpttjcjmjub! vnb! qsujdb! f! b! dpnqptjp! ef! jnbhfot! rvf!
efopnjobnpt! ef! ÓoejdftÔ-! bmn! ebrvfmf! btqfdup! jdojdp! cfn! qsfdjtp! ob!
sfqspevp!ebt!bqbsodjbt<!oejdf!qpsrvf!b!mv{!tf!jnqsjnf!ob!qfmdvmb!dpnp!
vn!sbtusp!ep!pckfup!rvf!ftufwf!fn!dfsup!npnfoup!ejbouf!eb!dnfsb/!!Ufnpt-!
foup-!fttbt!evbt!dpjtbt!kvoubt!)p!oejdf!f!p!dpof*-!p!rvf!fowpmwf!upeb!vnb!
sfàfyp! tpcsf! p! qspcmfnb! eb! dpofyp! fousf! p! djofnb! f! p! sfbm/! Ufnpt! vn!
bsufgbup!rvf-!fn!qsjnfjsb!jotuodjb-!qbsfdf!vn!epdvnfoup!rvf!bqpoub!qbsb!
vn!sfgfsfouf!gpsb!efmf/!Fttb!evqmb!dpofyp!dpn!p!rvf!ftu!gpsb!eb!jnbhfn!
ufn! jnqmjdbft! fqjtufnpmhjdbt/! Tf! wpd! ! vn! ijtupsjbeps! f! ftu! ejbouf! ef!
vnb!gpup!pv!ef!vn!ßmnf-!wpd!wbj!gb{fs!brvjmp!rvf!wpd!gb{!ejbouf!ef!rvbmrvfs!
epdvnfoup-!pv!tfkb-!vn!fybnf!dsujdp!rvf!jodmvj!b!bomjtf!ef!dpnp!brvjmp!gpj!
qspev{jep!f!rvbjt!gpsbn!bt!dpoejft!rvf!p!upsobsbn!qpttwfm/!Wpd!op!qpef!
tfs! johovp! op! tfoujep! ef! wfs! ob! jnbhfn! b! wfsebef-! vnb! jnqsfttp! ejsfub!
ep! nvoep-! wpd! tbcf! rvf! brvjmp! ! vn! bsufgbup! rvf! gpj! qspev{jep! ef! vnb!
efufsnjobeb!gpsnb-!wpd!ufn!rvf!bobmjt.mb/!
Tf! wpd! rvfs! usbcbmibs! dpn! b! rvftup! eb! jnbhfn! ob! tvb! dbqbdjebef! ef!
sfqsftfoubp!efousp!ef!vn!dbnqp!rvf!fowpmwf!upeb!b!ijtusjb!ebt!bsuft!wjtvbjt-!
wpd!wbj!ufs!pvusp!ujqp!ef!qspcmfnujdb;!dpnp!usbcbmibs!dpn!p!rvf!!dpnvn!
!gpuphsbßb-!bp!djofnb-!!qjouvsb!f!!hsbwvsb@!F!jefn!dpn!sfmbp!bp!gbup!ef!
rvf!op!djofnb!bt!jnbhfot!wp!dpnqpoep!vnb!tvdfttp!ufnqpsbm!rvf!qpef!pv!
op!tf!ftusvuvsbs!dpnp!vnb!obssbujwb!f!dpnqps!vn!esbnb-!pv!ubncn!qpef!
fyqmpsbs!pvusbt!ejsfft/!Efttf!npep-!wpd!ufn!ejgfsfouft!dbnqpt!ef!efcbuf-!
ef!dpotusvp!dpodfjuvbm-!rvf!wp!tfs!bsujdvmbept/!Jtup!mfwb!bpt!qptjdjpobnfoupt!
ef!ejgfsfouft!bvupsft/!Vn!fjyp!ef!pqptjp!rvf!tf!sfjufsb!ob!ejtdvttp!tpcsf!
pt! ßmnft! ! b! rvftup! eb! npoubhfn! pv! op! npoubhfn<! bmhvot! efgfoefn! vn!
ujqp! ef! vtp-! dpotusvp-! bqpjbep! ob! kvtubqptjp! ef! jnbhfot! tfqbsbebt! qfmpt!
dpsuft!)vn!ftqbp!ufnqp!tjouujdp!rvf!p!djofnb!dpotusj*-!pvuspt!efgfoefn!b!
gpsb!jnfejbub!ep!sfhjtusp!joejdjbm!f!ebt!rvbmjebeft!qsqsjbt!eb!jnbhfn!ob!tvb!
evsbp!f!dpoujovjebef/!I!vn!bnqmp!ftqfdusp!ef!qsfttvqptupt!ufsjdpt!f!i!b!
IVNBOJEBEFT!FN!EJèMPHP-!WPM/!JJJ-!O/!J-!OPW/!311: 2:
Fousfwjtub
bßsnbp!ef!wbmpsft!qsqsjb!!tjuvbp!fn!rvf!b!opttb!sfmbp!dpn!p!pckfup!!
ef!dbsufs!ftuujdp/!Fv!qfsdfcp!rvf!wpdt!ftup!qsfpdvqbept!dpn!b!rvftup!efttf!
ejmphp!fousf!p!djofnb!f!pt!pvuspt!dbnqpt-!p!rvf!!tfn!ewjeb!dfousbm/!Wpd!
op!qpef!usbcbmibs!dpn!b!jefjb!ef!dpotusvjs!vnb!ufpsjb!ep!djofnb!foufoejeb!
dpnp!vn!dbnqp!dpodfjuvbm!jtpmbep!rvf!qpef!tfs!usbcbmibep!bqfobt!dpn!vn!
jotusvnfoubm!ufsjdp!rvf!mif!tfsjb!ftqfdßdp!f!rvf!usbsjb!vnb!dpfsodjb!joufsob!
!ufpsjb!wpmubeb!qbsb!ftuf!pckfup/!B!bcpsebhfn!ep!djofnb!fowpmwf!vn!ftgpsp!
joufsejtdjqmjobs!)eftdvmqfn.nf!qfmp!dmjdi-!nbt!op!ufn!kfjup*/
Fv! qpefsjb! djubs! bmhvot! npnfoupt! fn! rvf! ipvwf! eb! qbsuf! ef! ufsjdpt! p!
jnqvmtp!ef!qsjwjmfhjbs!b!ftqfdjßdjebef-!ef!fodpousbs!brvjmp!rvf!!qsqsjp!bp!
djofnb!f!rvf!mif!e!vn!dbnqp!fydmvtjwp!ef!tjhojßdbp-!ef!fyqsfttp/!Jttp!gpj!
nvjup! gpsuf! op! dpnfp! eb! sfàfyp! tpcsf! p! djofnb! m! qps! wpmub! eb! Qsjnfjsb!
Hvfssb! Nvoejbm-! qpsrvf! bmj! ibwjb! b! ofdfttjebef! ef! bßsnbs! p! djofnb! dpnp!
bsuf!f-!qpsuboup-!fsb!ofdfttsjp!ej{fs!rvf!p!djofnb!op!fsb!ufbusp-!mjufsbuvsb-!
ntjdb-! bsuft! wjtvbjt-! qjouvsb/! Op! qps! bdbtp! wpdt! dpoifdfn! ftub! fyqsfttp;!
Ótujnb!bsufÔ-!fmb!gpj!dpotusveb!ofttf!qsjnfjsp!npnfoup/!Fyjtuf!p!nbojgftup!
ep!jubmjbop!rvf!npsbwb!fn!Qbsjt-!Sjddjpuup!Dbovep-!qvcmjdbep!fn!2:22-!rvf!
dpotusvjv!vn!tjtufnb!qbsb!fodbjybs!p!djofnb!ob!ijtusjb!eb!bsuf/!Tujnb!bsuf!
qps! rv@! Qpsrvf! fyjtujbn! bt! bsuft! ep! ftqbp-! rvf! qbsb! fmf! fsbn! b! qjouvsb-! b!
ftdvmuvsb! f! b! bsrvjufuvsb-! f! bt! bsuft! ep! ufnqp-! b! ntjdb-! b! ebob! f! b! qpftjb-!
tfoep!p!djofnb!b!tujnb-!rvf!!b!bsuf!ep!ftqbp!f!ep!ufnqp-!b!hsboef!touftf/!
Qfsdfcfn!rvf!!vn!tjtufnb!fn!rvf!op!i!mvhbs!qbsb!b!sfgfsodjb!!obssbujwb!
mjufssjb!ofn!bp!ufbusp-!fybubnfouf!pt!epjt!dbnqpt!rvf-!tfhvoep!pt!rvf!fsbn!
dpotjefsbept!pt!ÓefusbupsftÔ!ep!djofnb-!fsbn!p!ebep!qsjodjqbm!f!p!djofnb!op!
gbsjb!pvusb!dpjtb!bmn!ef!jodpsqps.mpt-!gb{foep!vn!ufbusp!ßmnbep-!pv!vnb!
obssbujwb!qps!jnbhfot!dvkpt!qsjodqjpt!ftubwbn!k!ebept!qfmb!usbejp!mjufssjb/!
Foup-!wpd!w!rvf!Dbovep!fyqvmtpv!ep!ftrvfnb!hfsbm!ebt!bsuft!kvtubnfouf!b!
mjufsbuvsb!f!p!ufbusp!f!npoupv!fttb!ßhvsb!eb!ÓtujnbÔ!rvf!usb{jb!brvfmf!qpoup!
ef! touftf;! p! djofnb/! I-! ob! ijtusjb! ep! djofnb-! vnb! ufotp! nvjup! hsboef!
fousf!ftub!cvtdb!ep!ftqfdßdp!f!pt!qptjdjpobnfoupt!ufsjdpt!rvf!bdibn!rvf!fttb!
jefjb!eb!ftqfdjßdjebef!op!tf!tvtufoub-!rvf!vnb!ufpsjb!ep!djofnb!op!tjohvmbs!
op!tf!tvtufoub/!Op!nvoep!bdbenjdp-!b!qbsujs!ept!bopt!71!qbsb!d-!rvboep!
tf!jodpsqpsb!p!djofnb!dpnp!vnb!sfb!ef!usbcbmip-!vnb!sfb!ef!ftuvept-!vnb!
sfb! ef! gpsnbp-! fttb! rvftup! wpmub/! K! rvf! p! djofnb! ! vnb! sfb! rvf! ftu!
tfoep!jodpsqpsbeb-!dpnp!efßoj.mb!f!dpnp!mif!ebs!dpotjtuodjb!qbsb!rvf!fmb!
sfjwjoejrvf!p!tfv!mvhbs@!Gpj!vn!qpvdp!b!nftnb!dpjtb;!m!opt!bopt!31-!b!rvftup!
fsb!p!mvhbs!ep!djofnb!op!tjtufnb!ebt!bsuft<!bhpsb-!b!qbsujs!ept!bopt!71-!b!rvftup!
! p! mvhbs! ep! djofnb! dpnp! vn! dbnqp! ef! sfàfyp! ufsjdb! rvf! sfjwjoejdb! vn!
ftqbp!op!dbnqp!vojwfstjusjp/!
Ipvwf-! efousp! ebt! ptdjmbft! qfoevmbsft-! tfnqsf! vn! npwjnfoup! ef!
qfotbs! p! ftqfdßdp-! nbt! bp! nftnp! ufnqp! op! tfs! up! sbejdbm! ob! ufoubujwb!
31
Jtnbjm!Ybwjfs
ef! jtpmbs! vn! dbnqp<! qps! fyfnqmp-! op! dbtp! ep! Boes! Cb{jo-! rvf! ufwf! vn!
qbqfm! nvjup! gpsuf! qpsrvf-! bqpjbep! ob! gfopnfopmphjb-! obrvfmf! qfspep!
qt.Tfhvoeb! Hvfssb-! fmf! gf{! b! efgftb! eb! jnbhfn! dpouovb! fn! tvb! evsbp-!
ej{foep!!rvf!p!ftqfdßdp!ep!djofnb!ftu!fn!tvb!dbqbdjebef!ef!dpnqps!vn!
npmef!ep!nvoep!rvf!pgfsfdf!vnb!qfsdfqp!ebt!bft!f!ept!bdpoufdjnfoupt!
nbsdbeb!qfmb!bncjhvjebef-!qfmb!opttb!sfmbp!dpn!vn!tfs!ivnbop!jotfsjep!
op! ftqbp! f! op! ufnqp-! p! ejup! Óipnfn! fn! tjuvbpÔ! t! wpmubt! dpn! ftdpmibt!
ovn!nvoep!fn!rvf!i!joefufsnjobft/!P!ftqfdßdp!op!djofnb!tfsjb!brvfmf!
sfbmjtnp! ef! cbtf-! qpjt! b! nfmips! ftdpmib! ep! bsujtub! ! dbnjoibs! ob! ejsfp!
rvf!qpufodjbmj{b!bt!qspqsjfebeft!ep!nfjp/!Qsjwjmfhjboep!b!jefjb!eb!evsbp-!
b!jefjb!ef!njojnj{bs!b!npoubhfn-!ef!fwjubs!b!eftdpoujovjebef-!fmf!gf{!vnb!
jowfstp-!ovn!npnfoup!fn!rvf!ibwjb!b!jefjb!ef!rvf!p!ftqfdßdp!ep!djofnb!
fsb! b! npoubhfn<! p! gvoebnfoup! eb! dsjbp! f! eb! qspevp! ef! tjhojßdbept!
ftubsjb! ob! dpncjobp! ef! jnbhfot! tfqbsbebt! qfmb! eftdpoujovjebef! ep! dpsuf!
)Fjtfotufjo!!b!ßhvsb!qbsbejhnujdb!oftub!ejsfp*/!Fn!upept!pt!npnfoupt!
eb!ijtusjb!ep!djofnb-!wpd!w!rvf!i!vnb!ftqdjf!ef!evqmp!ftgpsp;!ef!vn!
mbep-!nbsdbs!vnb!jefjb!eb!ftqfdjßdjebef!rvf!hfsb!vnb!ftuujdb!pv!qsjwjmfhjb!
vn!npep!ef!usbcbmibs!dpn!bt!jnbhfot!)t!wf{ft!rvboep!fv!gbmbs!fn!jnbhfot!
wp! ftubs! jnqmdjupt! b! pt! tpot-! t! wf{ft! ßdb! dibup! ßdbs! sfqfujoep! Ójnbhfot!
f! tpot-! jnbhfot! f! tpot///Ô*<! ef! pvusp-! fyjtuf! p! foufoejnfoup! ep! rvf! tfkb! p!
ejmphp! dpn! bt! pvusbt! sfbt/! P! Cb{jo! opt! bopt! 51.61! ujoib! p! tfv! qsqsjp!
foufoejnfoup-!f!Fjtfotufjo!opt!bopt!31.41!ujoib!p!tfv<!bncpt!usbcbmibsbn!
cbtubouf!b!rvftup/!Opt!bopt!71!f!81-!op!qmbop!bdbenjdp-!ujwfnpt!b!ufoubujwb!
ef!dsjbs!vn!dbnqp!ufsjdp!vojßdbep!f!dpn!vnb!dpfsodjb!joufsob!tvßdjfouf!
qbsb!kvtujßdbs!b!ejtdjqmjob-!op!dbtp!csbtjmfjsp!dpn!b!ufoeodjb!b!tf!jotfsjs!p!
djofnb!op!dbnqp!ebt!dpnvojdbft;!ftuf!!vn!hftup!rvf!op!gpj!jopdfouf-!
!vn!hftup!rvf!joàvjv!op!gvuvsp!ept!ftuvept!ef!djofnb!op!Csbtjm-!ebebt!bt!
ufotft!fousf!pt!rvf!ep!ogbtf!!dpnvojdbp!f!pt!rvf!ep!ogbtf!!ftuujdb/!
Dpnp!pctfswfj-!njoib!qptuvsb!!ef!dpodfjuvbmnfouf!usbcbmibs!b!qbsujs!eb!jefjb!
ef!rvf!p!djofnb!qbsujmib-!dpn!pvuspt!tvqpsuft-!efufsnjobebt!qpttjcjmjebeft!
f! qspqsjfebeft/! Pv! tfkb-! pt! eftujopt! ep! qfotbs! p! djofnb! tp! jotfsjept! opt!
eftujopt!ep!qfotbs!b!bsuf-!b!dpnvojdbp-!b!Ijtusjb-!b!dpoufnqpsbofjebef/!
Ofttf!qmbop-!wpd!wbj!sffodpousbs!b!nftnb!dpotufmbp!ef!qptjdjpobnfoupt-!ef!
foufoejnfoupt!ep!rvf!tfkb!b!bsuf-!ep!rvf!tfkb!gb{fs!vnb!sfàfyp!ftuujdb!tpcsf!
vn!pckfup/!Opt!mujnpt!wjouf!bopt-!ipvwf!vn!befotbnfoup!eb!qsftfob!ept!
ßmtpgpt!ob!gpsnvmbp!ef!vnb!ufpsjb!ep!djofnb-!opubebnfouf!b!qbsujs!ept!
mjwspt!ef!Efmfv{f-!qvcmjdbept!opt!bopt!91/!Dpnp!!qsqsjp!!tvb!enbsdif!dpnp!
ßmtpgp-!i!b!b!jowfop!ef!dpodfjupt!)jnbhfn.npwjnfoup!f!jnbhfn.ufnqp*!
f!vnb!ubypopnjb!ebt!jnbhfot!gfjub!fn!ejmphp!dpn!b!tfnjujdb!ef!Qfjsdf-!dmbsp!
rvf!tfnqsf!dpn!pt!eftmpdbnfoupt!rvf!gb{fn!tvb!ejgfsfob!gbdf!bpt!ufyupt!ef!
rvf! tf! bqspqsjb/! ! Fmf! op! ftdsfwf! tpcsf! p! djofnb! dpnp! vn! pckfup! fyufsjps!
IVNBOJEBEFT!FN!EJèMPHP-!WPM/!JJJ-!O/!J-!OPW/!311: 32
Fousfwjtub
b! rvf! tvb! ßmptpßb! tf! bqmjdb/! P! djofnb! ! qbsuf! dpotujuvjouf! ep! npwjnfoup!
eb!ßmptpßb-!qpjt!pt!ßmnft!qfotbn-!dpoev{fn!ef!gpsnbt!cbtubouf!sjdbt!vnb!
joebhbp!tpcsf!p!nvoep!gfjup!jnbhfn/!I!nvjubt!sftqptubt!b!Efmfv{f-!dpnp!
bt!ef!Kbdrvft!Sbodjsf!f!ef!Bmbjo!Cbejpv/!Ob!usbejp!ept!ufsjdpt!f!dsujdpt!k!
njmjubouft!ob!sfb-!tvshjv!vnb!fopsnf!cjcmjphsbßb!f!Kbdrvft!Bvnpou-!djubep!
qps!wpdt-!ufn!vn!mjwsp!rvf!tf!dibnb! Fn!rvf!qfotbn!pt!ßmnft@-!dpnp!qbsuf!ef!
vnb!tsjf!ef!ufyupt-!bsujhpt-!wpmubept!qbsb!fttb!rvftup!ep!qfotbs!jotdsjup!op!
qsqsjp!ejobnjtnp!ebt!jnbhfot/!B!jnbhfn!fn!npwjnfoup!ufsjb!ftub!gpsb-!
f!op!t!op!qmbop!sftusjup!ept!qspdfttpt!dphojujwpt-!nbt!obrvjmp!rvf!fowpmwf!
upebt! bt! qpuodjbt! ef! opttp! qtjrvjtnp/! Vn! qpoup! dfousbm! ! b! rvftup! eb!
gpsnbp!ebt!jnbhfot!fn!npwjnfoup!dpnp!npept!ef!ftusvuvsbp!ep!ufnqp!
op!qmbop!ebt!bft!f!ep!qsqsjp!qfotbs/!B!ejtdvttp!ep!djofnb!ftu!ipkf!nvjup!
nbsdbeb!qfmp!efcbuf!ßmptßdp-!forvboup!rvf!opt!bopt!71!f!81-!ibwjb!vnb!
ifhfnpojb!ebt!dbufhpsjbt!ef!dbsufs!tdjp.ijtusjdp!op!efcbuf!tpcsf!bt!pqft!
ept!djofbtubt/
P! rvf! ! joufsfttbouf! ! rvf-! fn! dbeb! vn! efttft! npnfoupt! i! b! nftnb!
qfshvoub;! ! dpnp! ßdb! b! sfmbp! fousf! djofnb-! mjufsbuvsb-! ufbusp-! ntjdb! f!
qjouvsb@!T!qbsb!ebs!vn!fyfnqmp!rvf!fowpmwf!b!qjouvsb!f!rvf!sfqf!Kbdrvft!
Bvnpou!ob!dpowfstb-!ufnpt!p!tfv!mjwsp-!P!pmip!joufsnjowfm-!fn!rvf!dsjujdb!Ñ!f!
fv!dpodpsep!dpn!fmf!ofttf!qpoup!Ñ!b!jefjb!ef!rvf!b!sfmbp!fousf!djofnb!f!
qjouvsb!tf!gb{!ob!nfejeb!fn!rvf!pt!djofbtubt!f!pt!gpuhsbgpt!usbubn!ef!djubs!b!
qjouvsb!pv!ef!jodpsqpsbs!ftujmpt!qjdusjdpt!f!ejbmphbs!dpn!efufsnjobep!qjoups!
k!dpotbhsbep!ob!ijtusjb!eb!bsuf-!dpnp!tf!jtup!gpttf!vn!hftup!ef-!ejhbnpt-!
tpßtujdbp!pv!ef!befotbnfoup!eb!fyqsfttp/!Ftub!!vnb!nbofjsb!frvjwpdbeb/!
B! rvftup! ep! djofnb-! qjouvsb! f! pvusbt! bsuft! ufn! rvf! tfnqsf! tfs! dpmpdbeb!
ovnb! ejonjdb! rvf! bt! fowpmwf! b! upebt! ovnb! qspcmfnujdb! efousp! eb! rvbm!
fmbt!joufsbhfn/!Ubm!qspcmfnujdb!op!!qsqsjb!b!ofoivnb!efmbt<!fohmpcb!b!
upebt/!
IVNBOJEBEFT!FN!EJèMPHP;!P!tfoips!gbmpv!eb!dpotpmjebp!ep!djofnb!dpnp!
ejtdjqmjob!efousp!ep!nfjp!bdbenjdp!csbtjmfjsp/!Bjoeb!efousp!efttf!ftqfdusp-!
dpnp!p!tfoips!w!b!sfmbp!ept!dvstpt!ef!dpnvojdbp!Ñ!ftqfdjßdbnfouf!p!
ef!djofnb!Ñ!dpn!pvuspt!dvstpt!efousp!eb!vojwfstjebef@
JTNBJM! YBWJFS;! Tf! wpd! jotfsf! p! djofnb! ob! sfb! ef! dpnvojdbp-! qsjwjmfhjb!
b! jefjb! ef! rvf! fyjtuf! vn! tjtufnb! nbjt! hfsbm! rvf-! fncpsb! jotfsjep! ovn!
qspdfttp!dvmuvsbm-!fdponjdp!f!qpmujdp-!ufn!b!tvb!ftqfdjßdjebef!f!fyjhf!vnb!
dpodfjuvbp!rvf!op!!b!nftnb!ep!tpdjmphp-!ep!ijtupsjbeps-!f!rvf!wbj!sfdpsubs!
p!dbnqp!tfhvoep!vn!ohvmp!psjhjobm!eboep!dpoub!ef!btqfdupt!rvf!op!tfsjbn!
dpoufnqmbept!qps!pvusbt!ejtdjqmjobt!ebt!sfbt!ef!ivnbobt/!F!tf!wpd!cvtdb!fttbt!
dbufhpsjbt!dbqb{ft!ef!ebs!dpoub!ef!dfsup!ejobnjtnp!rvf!pdpssf!ob!ufmfwjtp-!
33
Jtnbjm!Ybwjfs
op!kpsobmjtnp!f!op!qsqsjp!djofnb-!wpd!cvtdb!dbufhpsjbt!nvjup!bnqmbt!rvf!
bcbsdbn! upept! pt! nfjpt/! Fttb! ! vnb! nbofjsb! ef! usbcbmibs! f-! efousp! efmb-!
fyjtufn!bmhvnbt!qpmnjdbt-!dpnp!b!rvf!bdpoufdfv!rvboep!tvshjv!op!nvoep!
bohmp.bnfsjdbop!p!dibnbep!dvmuvsbm!tuvejft-!b!qbsujs!eb!ftdpmb!ef!Cjsnjohibn/!P!
qfotbnfoup!ept!gsbolgvsujbopt!ibwjb!efßojep!p!qsjnbep!eb!qspevp!ob!jefjb!
ef! joetusjb! dvmuvsbm;! ! b! qspevp! rvf! dpnboeb! p! ejobnjtnp! ep! tjtufnb-!
efousp!ef!vn!qsfttvqptup!nbsyjtub/!P!dvmuvsbm!tuvejft!wfjp!qbsb!rvftujpobs!jttp!
pv-! qfmp! nfopt-! jouspev{js! dfsubt! ovbobt! op! qspdfttp-! eboep! ogbtf! bpt!
nfdbojtnpt!f!t!dpoejft!ef!sfdfqp!ept!qspevupt!rvf!b!joetusjb!kphb!op!
nfsdbep/! Ef! vn! mbep-! ufnpt! vn! qfotbs! p! dpodfjup! ef! joetusjb! dvmuvsbm! b!
qbsujs!ep!qsfttvqptup!ef!rvf!b!qspevp!op!!bqfobt!ef!pckfupt-!nbt!ubncn!
ef!tvkfjupt!rvf!wp!dpotvnjs!fttft!pckfupt/!Ef!pvusp-!ufnpt!pt!ftuvept!dvmuvsbjt!
rvf!bdfouvbn!rvf!ubjt!tvkfjupt!ftup!jotfsjept!fn!pvuspt!djsdvjupt-!fn!pvusbt!
sfeft-!fn!pvusbt!nfejbft!rvf!wp!hfsbs!b!qpttjcjmjebef!ef!rvf!b!sfdfqp!op!
tfkb!efufsnjobeb!qfmb!qspevp-!op!dpssftqpoeb!bp!eftfkbep!qfmp!tjtufnb/!P!
rvf!joufsfttb!oftub!qfstqfdujwb!!ftuvebs!b!nbofjsb!dpnp!pt!ejgfsfouft!hsvqpt!
tpdjbjt-! ejgfsfouft! fuojbt-! ejgfsfouft! obdjpobmjebeft! tf! bqspqsjbn! ebrvjmp!
rvf! p! tjtufnb! qspevups! ob! nejb! mift! pgfsfdf! qbsb! vnb! joufsqsfubp! rvf!
fn!qsjodqjp!hfsb!bmhp!opwp/!!Fttb!qpmnjdb!fousf!dvmuvsbm!tuvejft!f!b!Ftdpmb!ef!
Gsbolgvsu!!vn!ept!dbnqpt!cfn!oujept!op!rvbm!p!efcbuf!ebt!dpnvojdbft!
ftu!npcjmj{bep/!!vnb!ebt!qpmbsj{bft!ep!dbnqp!rvf!wbmf!b!qfob!ejtdvujs/!Qps!
pvusp!mbep-!ep!qpoup!ef!wjtub!eb!sfb!fn!rvf!fv!ftupv-!i!vn!npwjnfoup!rvf!
qbsuf!eb!rvftup!ep!djofnb!qbsb!difhbs!b!fttbt!pvusbt!rvftuft!nbjt!bnqmbt-!rvf!
jodpsqpsb!p!efcbuf!nbjt!bnqmp-!nbt!p!busbwfttb!dpn!qfshvoubt!rvf!fnfshfn!
ep!qsqsjp!dbnqp!ftuvebep/!Wpd!ufn!rvf!ebs!dpoub!ef!dbtpt!ftqfdßdpt!rvf!
gb{fn!qbsuf!eb!dpotufmbp!rvf!dbcf!b!wpd!fyqmjdbs!nfmips!ep!rvf!ojohvn;!
ßmnft!qbsujdvmbsft-!bvupsft!qbsujdvmbsft-!dpoufyupt!qbsujdvmbsft-!t!wf{ft!dpn!
qfsdvstpt! fn! rvf! pt! dpodfjupt! hfsbjt! op! pqfsbn/! P! nftnp! tf! qpef! ej{fs!
rvboep! tf! qfotb! b! jotfsp! ep! djofnb! op! dbnqp! ebt! bsuft-! qpjt! b! ubncn!
tf!e!ftub!ufotp!fousf!p!hfsbm!f!b!gfjp!qsqsjb!rvf!bt!rvftuft!bervjsfn!op!
dbnqp!ftqfdßdp/!
Tf! wpd! qfotbs! p! djofnb! jodpsqpsbep! ob! vojwfstjebef! efousp! ef! vn!
jotujuvup!ef!bsuft!)rvf!op!!p!dbtp!eb!VTQ*-!wpd!wbj!qsjwjmfhjbs-!ob!gpsnbp!
ep!bmvop-!vnb!ejtdvttp!fn!rvf!ibwfs!vnb!ifhfnpojb!ebt!dbufhpsjbt!ftuujdbt!
rvf!ftup!tfoep!qfotbebt!qbsb!ejtdvujs!qbsujdvmbsjebeft!ep!qspdfttp!mjufssjp-!
ufbusbm-!ebt!bsuft!wjtvbjt-!eb!ntjdb/!Tf!wpd!rvfs!qfotbs!p!djofnb!qpqvmbs!f!
b!ufmfwjtp!)opwfmb-!qps!fyfnqmp*-!wpd!ufn!ef!sfgfsjs!p!tfv!ftuvep!!ijtusjb!
ep!ufbusp-!ep!nfmpesbnb-!qps!fyfnqmp-!rvf!!vn!hofsp!ftqfdßdp!f!dfousbm!
oftuf! qspdfttp/! I! vnb! tsjf! ef! rvftuft! rvf! k! ftup! qfotbebt! b! qbsujs! ef!
efufsnjobebt!dbufhpsjbt!mjhbebt!!ijtusjb!ebt!bsuft-!ep!ufbusp!f!eb!mjufsbuvsb-!
rvf!qfsnjufn!qfotbs!fttft!hofspt!eb!nejb!b!qbsujs!ef!vn!sfdpsuf!rvf!e!
Fousfwjtub
dpoub! eb! nbofjsb! dpnp! fmft! tf! usbotgpsnbsbn! qbsb! difhbs! b! tfs! p! rvf! tp!
ipkf-!fyqmjdboep!nvjup!eb!gpsb!rvf!fmft!un!efousp!ep!qspdfttp!dvmuvsbm!f!
tpdjbm/!
B!hfouf!tbcf!rvf-!qbsb!vnb!qfttpb!rvf!ftu!tf!gpsnboep!dpnp!sfbmj{beps!ef!
djofnb-!!nvjup!nbjt!jnqpsubouf!fmb!mfs!spnbodft-!dpoifdfs!ufbusp-!ufs!vnb!
sfmbp!gpsuf!dpn!bt!bsuft!wjtvbjt!f!fevdbs!p!tfv!pmibs!op!dpoubup!p!nbjt!joufotp!
qpttwfm!dpn!p!jnfotp!sfqfsusjp!eb!ijtusjb!eb!qjouvsb!f!eb!ftdvmuvsb-!ep!rvf!
tfhvjs!vn!qsfdfjup!qptjujwjtub!ef!rvf!p!sfbmj{beps-!op!dbnqp!eb!nejb-!!dpnp!
vn!fohfoifjsp!rvf!bqmjdb!b!djodjb!ctjdb!qbsb!gb{fs!tfvt!qspkfupt/!Vn!qspkfup!
ef!djofnb!op!!ufpsjb!eb!dpnvojdbp!bqmjdbeb/!!vn!qspkfup!rvf!tf!bqpjb!
ob! fyqfsjodjb! joufhsbm! ef! tfvt! bvupsft-! bmhp! rvf! qbttb! qfmp! dpoifdjnfoup-!
tfotjcjmjebef!ftuujdb-!fsvejp!ijtusjdb/
Opt!dvstpt!ef!mjufsbuvsb-!b!tjuvbp!!ejgfsfouf-!qpjt!tf!qfotb!op!bmvop!dpnp!
gvuvsp!qspgfttps-!qftrvjtbeps-!dsujdp!mjufssjp/!B!rvftup!eb!gpsnbp!ep!qpfub!
pv!ep!spnbodjtub!op!ftu!op!dfousp/!Tf!op!qspdfttp!tvshf!vn!spnbodjtub-!pv!
vn!qpfub-!jttp!!vn!fgfjup!dpmbufsbm-!ejhbnpt!bttjn/!Op!dbtp!ep!cbdibsfmbep!fn!
bsuft!qmtujdbt-!ubm!dpnp!op!djofnb-!ufnpt!vnb!tsjf!ef!bujwjebeft!qsujdbt!rvf!
wp!bvyjmjbs!ob!gpsnbp!ef!vn!bsujtub-!dpnp!ob!ntjdb!f!op!djofnb/!F!fttbt!
gpsnbft!tp!uboup!nbjt!sjdbt!rvboup!nbjps!gps!p!ejmphp!fousf!bt!wsjbt!bsuft-!
dpjtb!rvf-!ob!FDB-!op!bdpoufdf!op!hsbv!fn!rvf!efwfsjb/!Pt!dvssdvmpt-!qps!
fyfnqmp-!tp!dpnqmfubnfouf!tfqbsbept/
IVNBOJEBEFT!FN!EJèMPHP;!Nbt!efousp!ep!qsqsjp!dvstp!ef!djofnb!qbsfdf!rvf!
op!i!joufsfttf!ept!bmvopt!fn!ftuvebs!b!ufpsjb!ep!djofnb-!fn!ÓqftrvjtbsÔ!
tpcsf! p! djofnb-! wjtup! rvf! i! pgfsub! ef! ejtdjqmjobt! rvf! cvtdbn! ubm! efcbuf!
qps!qbsuf!ept!epdfouft-!nbt!op!i!joufsfttf!ef!hsboef!qbsuf!ept!ejtdfouft/!
Qbsfdf!rvf!pt!bmvopt!ftup!nvjup!nbjt!joufsfttbept!fn!gb{fs!djofnb!ep!rvf!
qfotbs!p!djofnb/!Ep!nftnp!npep!rvf!p!tfoips!gbmpv!rvf!op!dvstp!ef!mfusbt!
wpd!gpsnb!qspgfttpsft!ef!mjufsbuvsb-!dsujdpt!mjufssjpt!f!///
JTNBJM!YBWJFS;!!///qftrvjtbepsft!f!ijtupsjbepsft///
IVNBOJEBEFT! FN! EJèMPHP;! ! ///wpd! op! gpsnb! ofdfttbsjbnfouf! spnbodjt.

ubt///
JTNBJM!YBWJFS;!///pv!qpfubt/
IVNBOJEBEFT!FN!EJèMPHP;!Op!dvstp!ef!djofnb-!!p!dpoussjp/!Wpd!gpsnb///
JTNBJM!YBWJFS;!///ejsfupsft-!gpuhsbgpt-!npoubepsft/
35
Jtnbjm!Ybwjfs
IVNBOJEBEFT! FN! EJèMPHP;! ! vn! dvstp! nbjt! ÓudojdpÔ-! qspßttjpobmj{bouf-!

qps!bttjn!ej{fs@!Qps!fyfnqmp-!p!dvstp!ef!fohfoibsjb!gpsnb!vn!fohfoifjsp/!
P!dvstp!ef!djofnb!gpsnb!vn!gpuhsbgp!rvf!wbj!tbcfs!vtbs!mv{-!tbcf!uvep!ef!
ufpsjb!ef!dps-!nbt!op!tbcf!ftdsfwfs!vn!bsujhp!tpcsf!vn!ßmnf/
JTNBJM!YBWJFS;!Fn!qsjodjqjp-!jttp!op!tfsjb!vnb!pcsjhbp-!pv!tfkb-!fmf!qpef!
tbcfs!qps!pvuspt!dbnjoipt-!qps!joufsfttf!qsqsjp/!Nbt!p!dvstp!ufn!dpnp!ogbtf!
b! gpsnbp! ep! qspßttjpobm-! pv! tfkb-! ebrvfmf! rvf! tfs! p! gpuhsbgp/! P! rvf! !
joufsfttbouf! ! rvbm! b! bujuvef! ept! ftuvebouft! ejbouf! efttf! rvbesp/! F! fmb! wbsjb!
nvjup/!I!ftuvebouft!rvf!hptubsjbn!ef!wfs!fttf!qspdfttp!ep!gb{fs!f!ep!qfotbs!
nbjt! bsujdvmbept-! f! i! ftuvebouft! rvf! un! vnb! ufoeodjb! b! sfkfjubs! b! ufpsjb/!
Jttp!efqfoef!nvjup/!I!uvsnbt!rvf!tp!nbjt!ufsjdbt-!pvusbt!nbjt!ÓudojdbtÔ/!
Foup-! jttp! efqfoef! nvjup! ef! dbeb! uvsnb! f! ef! dpokvouvsbt! ef! qpdb/! Qps!
sb{ft! bt! nbjt! wbsjbebt-! i! ufnqpt! rvf! qsjwjmfhjbn! dfsup! fnqjsjtnp! f! pvuspt!
rvf!gbwpsfdfn!vn!ftqsjup!nbjt!sfàfyjwp-!efqfoefoep!eb!qsqsjb!dpokvouvsb!
ep!djofnb!op!Csbtjm;!opt!bopt!71.81-!p!fyfnqmp!ep!Djofnb!Opwp!gbwpsfdjb!
b!sfàfyp-!b!cvtdb!eb!bvupsjb-!b!nftdmb!ef!ufpsjb!f!qsujdb<!efqpjt!ujwfnpt!vnb!
efnboeb!nbjps!ef!gpsnbp!udojdb!ftqfdßdb!gbwpsfdjeb!qps!vnb!fyqfdubujwb!
ef!nbjps!ep!djofnb!ejup!ef!nfsdbep/!Ef!rvbmrvfs!npep-!fttb!rvftup!ef!dpnp!
p!bmvop!sftqpoef!bp!rvf!mif!!pgfsfdjep!!efdjtjwb-!qpsrvf-!ob!wfsebef-!op!
tp! pt! qspgfttpsft! rvf! gb{fn! p! dvstp-! tp! pt! bmvopt! f! pt! qspgfttpsft! kvoupt/!
Fn!tvb!qfshvoub-!bdsfejup-!wpdt!ftup!qsfpdvqbept!dpn!p!dbtp!ep!fnqjsjtub-!
ebrvfmf! rvf! rvfs! tf! gpsnbs! qspßttjpobmnfouf! f! op! ftu! rvfsfoep! nbjpsft!
ftqfdvmbft/! Jttp! ! vn! ebep! gsfrvfouf-! f! ! gbwpsfdjep! qpsrvf-! ubncn! op!
bncjfouf!qspßttjpobm-!qsfepnjob!p!fnqjsjtub/!Ipvwf!qpdbt!fn!rvf!pt!bmvopt!
gpsnbept!ob!FDB!fodpousbwbn-!ovn!tfups!pv!pvusp!eb!qspevp-!sftjtuodjb;!
ÓBi"-! op-! fttft! dbsbt! wn! rvfsfs! ebs! nvjup! qbmqjuf-! wn! rvfsfs! ebs! nvjubt!
jefjbt/! Fv! op! rvfsp/! P! rvf! fv! rvfsp! ! vn! udojdpÔ/! Jttp! ! vn! qspcmfnb/!
Vnb!nbofjsb!ef!b!hfouf!sbtusfbs!fttb!sfmbp!!wfs!rvboupt!gpsnbept!qfmb!FDB!
wp!qbsb!b!qt.hsbevbp/!F!p!onfsp!op!!nvjup!hsboef/!Op!nfv!dbtp-!qps!
fyfnqmp-!bp!mpohp!ef!rvbtf!usjoub!bopt-!pt!bmvopt!eb!FDB!tp!njopsjb!rvboep!
fv!pmip!p!fmfodp!ept!nfvt!fy.psjfouboept/!
Qbsb!fodfssbs!b!dpowfstb!tpcsf!b!gpsnbp!ep!djofbtub-!!cpn!mfncsbs!rvf!
bsuf! op! ! dpnvojdbp-! tjnqmftnfouf/! Qbsb! tfs! qpmnjdp-! qpttp! ej{fs;! bsuf!
! op.dpnvojdbp/! Bsuf! ! eftdpodfsup-! eftbvupnbuj{bp! eb! qfsdfqp-! b!
dsjbp!ef!vnb!fyqfsjodjb!rvf!pcsjhb!b!sfqfotbs!p!pckfup!ejbouf!ep!rvbm!wpd!
ftu-!sfqfotbs!pt!dejhpt!eb!dpnvojdbp-!efufs.tf!ejbouf!ep!rvf!ftu!gpsb!ep!
qbesp! f! eb! spujob<! op! ! p! qbttbs! sqjep! pt! pmipt! ejbouf! ep! rvbesp! pv! ep!
ßmnf/!
Fousfwjtub
Sobre o gosto.
IVNBOJEBEFT! FN! EJèMPHP;! P! tfoips! ejttf! rvf! b! gpsnbp! ep! pmibs! !
fttfodjbm!qbsb!vn!sfbmj{beps-!fmfodboep!ejwfstpt!dbnqpt!bsutujdpt!op!rvbm!
fmb!tf!qspdfttb/!B!gpsnbp!ep!pmibs!ftu-!qpsuboup-!dpofdubeb!dpn!b!bsuf/!
K!rvf!tf!qpef!fevdbs!p!pmibs!f-!b!qbsujs!eb-!p!hptup-!!qpttwfm!gbmbs!fn!vnb!
bsuf!cpb!f!vnb!bsuf!svjn@!Fyjtuf!p!cpn!djofnb!f!vn!djofnb!svjn@!Pv!b!
ejtujop!ftu!fousf!p!rvf!!bsuf!f!p!rvf!op!@
JTNBJM!YBWJFS;!B!ejtujop!fousf!bsuf!ef!cpb!rvbmjebef!f!ef!n!rvbmjebef!op!
ftu! ! wjodvmbeb! b! ejtujoft! ef! hofsp/! Vn! sfdpsuf! nvjup! dpnvn-! op! dbtp!
ep! djofnb-! ! brvfmb! jefjb;! rvboup! nbjt! vn! ßmnf! ftu! jotfsjep! op! dfousp! eb!
joetusjb-! nbjt! fmf! ftubs! mjnjubep! b! efufsnjobept! qspupdpmpt! ef! dsjbp-!
dpoejft-! wbmpsft! dpotfswbepsft-! op! tfoujep! ef! rvf! wbj! bqfobt! tfs! mvhbs! ef!
fousfufojnfoup!f!ef!sfdpoifdjnfoup!ep!sjuvbm!k!!ftubcfmfdjep/!B!joetusjb!tfsjb!
p!mvhbs!eb!n!rvbmjebef-!qps!pqptjp!bpt!djofnbt!bmufsobujwpt-!rvf!tfsjbn!p!
mvhbs!eb!cpb!rvbmjebef-!eb!dsjbp-!eb!nbjps!dpnqmfyjebef/!B!njoib!qptjp!!
ef!rvf!fn!upept!pt!hofspt!Ñ!tfkb!p!djofnb!efousp!eb!joetusjb-!tfkb!p!djofnb!
bmufsobujwp-! tfkb! p! djofnb! ef! fyqfsjnfoupt! sbejdbjt! Ñ! i! p! nfmips! f! p! qjps/!
P!gbup!ef!vn!djofbtub!tf!dpmpdbs!op!dbnqp!eb!wbohvbseb!op!tjhojßdb!rvf!p!
usbcbmip!efmf!tfkb!cpn!qps!efßojp/!Pcwjbnfouf-!p!dbnqp!eb!wbohvbseb!ufn!
dpjtbt!gvoebnfoubjt!rvf!sfbmnfouf!gb{fn!b!ejgfsfob-!nbt!ofn!uvep!p!rvf!tf!
jotfsf!fn!tvb!wfsufouf!gb{!kvt!b!ftub!jotfsp/!Qps!pvusp!mbep-!op!qpttp!difhbs!
f! gbmbs;! ÓUvep! fn! Ipmmzxppe! ! gcsjdb! ef! jmvtp-! ef! tpoipt-! vnb! nrvjob!
dpotfswbepsb! rvf! op! gb{! pvusb! dpjtb! tfop! dvnqsjs! vn! sjuvbm! ef! sfqptjp!
ept!nftnpt!wbmpsft!ef!tfnqsfÔ/!Op!e!qbsb!wpd!gb{fs!fttf!ujqp!ef!ejbhotujdp!
hfsbm-!qpsrvf!i!djofbtubt!f!ßmnft!gfjupt!efousp!ep!tjtufnb!joevtusjbm!rvf!un!
nvjup! wbmps/! I! ! ßmnft! efousp! eb! joetusjb! rvf! wpd! f! rvbmrvfs! dsujdp! ef!
djofnb!dpotjefsbn!jnqpsubouft-!qps!fyfnqmp-!Djebep!Lbof/!F!Djebep!Lbof!!vn!
ßmnf!nvjup!nbjt!dpnqmfyp-!nvjup!nbjt!sjdp!f!dpn!vnb!fyqfsjodjb!ftuujdb!rvf!
wbmf!nvjup!nbjt!ep!rvf!vn!cpn!onfsp!ef!ßmnft!gfjupt!tfhvoep!p!ftqsjup!ef!
wbohvbseb!gpsuf-!bmufsobujwp!fud/!Op!e!qbsb!tfs!npopmujdp/!B!njoib!ufoeodjb!
!ej{fs!p!tfhvjouf;!i!b!rvftup!ep!hptup-!qbmbwsb!rvf!tf!vtb!qbsb!fwpdbs!p!rvf!
sftvmub!ef!upeb!vnb!gpsnbp!f!fn!rvf!ftupv!jnqmjdbep!qps!joufjsp-!op!dpnp!
vn!tvqptup!ftqfdjbmjtub/!!oftuf!qmbop!rvf!tf!efßof!p!nfv!qsb{fs!pv!eftqsb{fs-!
p!hftup!ef!ufs!fodpousbep!pv!op!vn!Ócpn!pckfupÔ-!op!tfoujep!gsfvejbop/!B!
rvftup!ep!wbmps!eb!fyqfsjodjb!usb{jeb!qfmp!pckfup!!dsvdjbm-!qpjt!!b!qbsujs!efmb!
rvf!fv!qpttp!pv!op!efdjejs!nf!pdvqbs!efmf-!bobmjt.mp/!Ejtqps.tf!b!ftdsfwfs!
tpcsf!vn!ßmnf!!bmhp!rvf!efqfoef!ep!jnqbdup!jojdjbm-!eb!tfevp!jojdjbm/!Op!
nfv!dbtp-!ob!hsboef!nbjpsjb!ebt!tjuvbft-!tp!pt!ßmnft!ep!djofnb!bmufsobujwp!
rvf!nf!tfev{fn/!Nbt!op!!sbsp!fodpousbs!tbujtgbp!f!wpoubef!ef!difhbs!nbjt!
37
Jtnbjm!Ybwjfs
qfsup!ef!efufsnjobept!ßmnft!rvf!ftup!efousp!eb!joetusjb/!!Qpsuboup-!rvboep!
wpdt!nf!qfshvoubn;!ÓFyjtuf!p!cpn!djofnb!f!p!sftup@Ô-!fv!op!bdip!cpn!gbmbs!
ofttft!ufsnpt/!B!jefjb!ef!sftup!usb{!vn!dsjusjp!bsjtupdsujdp!op!tfoujep!ef!pqps!
pt!qpvdpt!f!cpot!!nbttb!ept!op!rvbmjßdbept/!Op!!bttjn/!Tf!bttvnjnpt!rvf!
b!rvbmjebef!op!tf!ftqbmib!bttjn!dpn!gbdjmjebef-!jtup!pdpssf!fn!rvbmrvfs!efttft!
dbnqpt-!ob!joetusjb!f!op!ufssfop!ep!dibnbep!djofnb!ef!bsuf/!
IVNBOJEBEFT!FN!EJèMPHP;!Fttb!tfsjb!vnb!qfshvoub/
JTNBJM!YBWJFS;!B!jefjb!ep!djofnb!ef!bsuf!fnfshjv!ovn!npnfoup!eb!ijtusjb!ep!
djofnb-!opt!qt.hvfssb-!fn!qbsuf!dpnp!fujrvfub-!dmbttjßdbp!rvf!ujoib!p!tfv!
fgfjup!nfsdbepmhjdp/!B!dbeb!qfspep-!dpogpsnf!b!dpoßhvsbp-!b!ejdpupnjb!
fousf!p!spujofjsp!f!p!bmufsobujwp-!ejgfsfodjbep-!bqbsfdf/!M!bust-!op!qsjnfjsp!
npnfoup! eb! dsujdb! ep! djofnb! f! eb! ufpsjb! opt! bopt! 31-! k! ibwjb! b! ejtujop!
fousf! joetusjb! f! wbohvbseb/! P! dbnqp! ep! djofnb! obssbujwp.esbnujdp! ufsjb!
bevmufsbep!b!wpdbp!ep!djofnb-!eftwjboep.p!ef!tfvt!dbnjoipt!nbjt!mfhujnpt<!
p!tvssfbmjtnp-!p!djofnb!dpotusvujwjtub!ob!Vojp!Tpwjujdb-!p!jnqsfttjpojtnp!ob!
Gsbob-!p!fyqsfttjpojtnp!bmfnp-!foßn!pt!npwjnfoupt!ep!djofnb!fn!dpofyp!
dpn! b! bsuf! npefsob! tf! dpmpdbsbn! dpnp! b! fyqfsjodjb! nbjt! mfhujnb! poef! p!
djofnb!fodpousbwb!tfv!dbnjoip/!Qps!tvb!wf{-!obrvfmf!npnfoup!fsb!voojnf!
b!dfmfcsbp!ep!hojp!ef!Dibqmjo-!tvb!nbofjsb!ef!usbcbmibs!dpn!p!npefsop-!
b!tvb!gpsnb!ef!usbcbmibs!dpn!b!sfmbp!fousf!p!dpsqp!f!pt!pckfupt/!F!upeb!fttb!
jowfop! dibqmjojbob! tf! efv! op! joufsjps! ! eb! joetusjb/! ! dmbsp! rvf! efqpjt!
Dibqmjo! ufwf! qspcmfnbt! f! qbhpv! vn! qsfp! bmup! qfmbt! tvbt! qptjft! qpmujdbt/!
Nbt! tfv! qspcmfnb! nbjps! op! gpj! b! joetusjb! ep! djofnb-! gpj! b! qfstfhvjp!
qpmujdb!evsbouf!b!Tfhvoeb!Hvfssb/!Djup!fyfnqmp!qbsb!sfjufsbs!b!njoib!dsujdb!
t!ejdpupnjbt!nvjup!dfssbebt!rvf!hfsbn!ephnbujtnpt/!
IVNBOJEBEFT! FN!EJèMPHP;!Foup-!nbt!eb!tvshf!vnb!ejßdvmebef!rvf!gpj!p!
npujwp! eb! qfshvoub/! ! Tf! b! hfouf! bdib! rvf! fyjtuf! vnb! gpsnbp! ep! pmibs-!
vnb!gpsnbp!ep!hptup-!nbt-!bp!nftnp!ufnqp-!op!tf!qpef!tfs!npopmujdp-!
qsftdsjujwp/!Dpnp!wbj!tf!ebs!fttb!gpsnbp@!Tf!p!tfoips!ufn!p!tfv!hptup-!fv!
ufoip!p!nfv!f!dbeb!vn!ufn!p!tfv-!dpnp!ej{fs!rvf!fyjtuf!p!cpn!hptup-!pv!b!
gpsnbp-!p!sfßobnfoup-!eb!fsvejp!ep!hptup@
JTNBJM! YBWJFS;! Wpdt! ß{fsbn! vnb! qfshvoub! rvf! ! dpnqmjdbeb/! Wbnpt! ufoubs!
qfotbs/! Qsjnfjsp! qpoup-! rvboep! fv! ejhp! rvf! fyjtuf! fttb! gpsnbp! f! efßop!
rvf! i! tjn! fn! upept! ot! vn! npwjnfoup! mfhujnp! ef! kv{p! ftuujdp-! upep!
usbcbmip!ef!gpsnbp-!ef!sfbmj{bp!f!ef!sfàfyp!qbsuf!eb!ejgfsfob!f!pqptjp!
ef! wbmpsft/! P! gvoebnfoubm! ! rvf! fttb! pqptjp! tfkb! usb{jeb! ! ejtdvttp! f! rvf!
dbeb!rvbm!fyqmjdjuf!pt!tfvt!qsfttvqptupt!ufsjdpt!f!ftuujdpt-!op!tjmfodjf!tpcsf!
Fousfwjtub
b!rvftup!ep!hptup/!Rvboep!fv!gbmp!hptup!-!qbsb!ej{fs!ef!nbofjsb!bcsfwjbeb-!
uvep!p!rvf!ej{!sftqfjup!!dpotujuvjp!ep!tvkfjup<!ot!rvf!wjwfnpt!efqpjt!eb!
fnfshodjb!eb!qtjdbomjtf!op!qpefnpt!opt!dpmpdbs!dpnp!tvkfjupt!tpcfsbopt!ef!
tfvt!npwjnfoupt-!jodmvtjwf!op!rvf!updb!t!pqft!dpodfjuvbjt/!Dmbsp!rvf!op!
fyjtuf!b!qpttjcjmjebef!nbufnujdb!ef!efnpotusbs!qps!b!,!c!rvf!fv!ufoip!sb{p-!
nbt!b!rvftup!ep!hptup!ufn!tfvt!qbsnfuspt!f!p!nfmips!dbnjoip!!fyqmjdju.
mpt!qpsrvf!!eftub!qspcmfnbuj{bp!rvf!tvshfn!bt!dibodft!ef!ftdmbsfdjnfoup/!
Rvboep! fv! ejttf! rvf! op! rvfsp! tfqbsbs! vn! dbnqp! eb! mfhjujnjebef! f! vn! eb!
jmfhjujnjebef!b!qbsujs!ef!hofspt-!pv!b!qbsujs!eb!jotfsp!ef!vnb!pcsb!op!npep!
ef!qspevp-!pv!ef!tvb!sfdvtb!efttf!npep!ef!qspevp-!jtup!op!tjhojßdb!rvf!
ftufkb! eftdbsuboep! brvjmp! rvf! nf! qfsnjuf! usbcbmibs! )efjyboep! dmbsp! p! nfv!
dsjusjp!fn!dbeb!dbtp*!b!ejtujop!ep!nfmips!f!ep!qjps!b!qbsujs!ef!vn!kv{p!ef!
wbmps! bttvnjep! joufhsbmnfouf/! Fttf! kv{p! ef! wbmps! ufn! btqfdupt! dpodfjuvbjt! f!
qpef! tfs! gvoebnfoubep-! nbt! tfsjb! johovp! tvqps! rvf! fttb! gvoebnfoubp! !
fybvtujwb!f!opt!qspufhf!ef!dpousbejft-!bncjhvjebeft/
Bhpsb-!p!gvoebnfoubm!!p!tfhvjouf;!wpd!ufn!p!ejsfjup!ef!hptubs!pv!op!ep!
rvf! rvjtfs! qbsb! vtp! qsjwbep-! nbt! ftubnpt! brvj! usbcbmiboep! dpn! qfttpbt! rvf!
ftup!joufsbhjoep!ovnb!ftgfsb!qcmjdb-!poef!ufoip!rvf!usbcbmibs!dpn!b!jefjb!
ef!rvf!bt!sb{ft!un!rvf!tfs!usb{jebt!op!efcbuf/!Ofttb!ftgfsb!!qbsb!efcbufs!tjn-!
dpn!upept!pt!qspcmfnbt!rvf!p!efcbuf!qpttb!usb{fs/!Kbnbjt!dpsubs!vnb!ejtdvttp!
op!nfjp!dpn!fttf!qbqp!ef!rvf!hptup!op!tf!ejtdvuf/!Brvjmp!rvf!fv!ufoip!dpnp!
sfqfsusjp!dpodfjuvbm!qbsb!qfotbs!b!bsuf!wbj!tfs!joufsobmj{bep!f!wbj!tfs!usbev{jep!
fn! vnb! dpodfqp! ob! njoib! dbqbdjebef! ef! ftdvub-! ef! pmibs-! fn! brvjmp! rvf!
ot! ftubnpt! dibnboep! ef! hptup/! Qpsuboup-! op! tp! dpjtbt! rvf! dbnjoibn!
qbsbmfmbnfouf! f! rvf! tp! joefqfoefouft! vnbt! ebt! pvusbt-! ! cwjp! rvf! p! nfv!
sfqfsusjp!jodjef!tpcsf!btqfdupt!eb!njoib!tfotjcjmjebef-!eb!njoib!bgfujwjebef!f!
eb!njoib!sfbp!!bsuf/!Dmbsp!rvf!qpef!ibwfs!epjt!dsujdpt!ef!bsuf!fsvejuttjnpt-!
dpn! vnb! dpotjtuodjb! dpodfjuvbm! sb{pwfm! f! rvf! ufoibn! qptjft! pqptubt! fn!
sfmbp!b!efufsnjobept!npwjnfoupt-!efufsnjobept!bsujtubt-!efufsnjobebt!pcsbt!
fn!qbsujdvmbs/!!Bt!sb{ft!ejubt!op!fthpubn!f!op!ep!dpoub!ef!upept!pt!btqfdupt!
rvf!ftup!qps!ust!ep!hptup/!Qpsn-!ef!rvbmrvfs!nbofjsb-!fmbt!hfsbn!vn!efcbuf!
sfqvcmjdbop-!ejhbnpt!bttjn-!f!fttf!!p!qpoup!efdjtjwp/!Wpd!op!qpef!tf!jtfoubs!
ejbouf!efttf!qspcmfnb!ep!hptup/
Cinema e público
IVNBOJEBEFT! FN! EJèMPHP;! Tfnqsf! ipvwf! vn! hsboef! joufsfttf! rvboup! bp!
ejmphp! bvups.qcmjdp/! Fmf! tfnqsf! tf! dbsbdufsj{pv! dpnp! vnb! hsboef!
qsfpdvqbp-!f!ipkf!bjoeb!nbjt-!ufoep!fn!wjtub!p!qsphsfttjwp!ejwsdjp!ep!
qcmjdp!csbtjmfjsp!dpn!pt!ßmnft!obdjpobjt!)tbmwp!op!dbtp!ef!qspevft!rvf!
ejbmphbn! dpn! vn! gpsnbup! ufmfwjtjwp*/! Ubm! efcbuf! bdfsdb! eb! dpnvojdbp!
39
Jtnbjm!Ybwjfs
ep!djofnb!dpn!p!qcmjdp!tf!upsopv!nbjt!bhvep!fousf!p!Djofnb!Opwp!f!p!
Djofnb!Nbshjobm;!p!qsjnfjsp-!dpn!p!jouvjup!ef!tbjs!ep!jtpmbnfoup!f!cvtdbs!
nbjps! dpnvojdbp! dpn! p! qcmjdp-! wpmubwb.tf-! b! dfsub! bmuvsb-! qbsb! vn!
ftujmp!nbjt!dpowfodjpobm<!p!tfhvoep!qsfgfsjb!sfbßsnbs!b!fyqfsjnfoubp-!
sfdvtboep! dpodfttft/! Fn! rvf! nfejeb! ! qpttwfm!dpnqsffoefs! b! buvbm!
sftjtuodjb! ep!qcmjdp! bp! djofnb! obdjpobm@!Bt! fyqfdubujwbt! eftuf! qcmjdp!
buvbm! tp! up! ejgfsfouft! ebt! ep! qcmjdp! ept! bopt! 2:81-! rvboep!ipvwf! vn!
nbjps!joufsfttf!ep!csbtjmfjsp!qfmpt!ßmnft!brvj!qspev{jept@
JTNBJM!YBWJFS;!Wbnpt!ufoubs!dsjbs!vn!sfgfsfodjbm!rvf!qfsnjub!dpofdubs!fttft!
ufnqpt!ejgfsfouft/!P!djofnb!eftef!tfnqsf!ufn!ofttb!pshboj{bp!joevtusjbm!vn!
ejobnjtnp!rvf!fowpmwf!qspevp-!ejtusjcvjp!f!fyjcjp<!pv!tfkb-!qspevp!
f!sfdfqp-!epjt!qpmpt!jotfqbswfjt/!Ubm!tjtufnb!ufn-!ef!vn!mbep-!b!dbqbdjebef!
qspevujwb! f-! ef! pvusp-! vnb! opuwfm! pshboj{bp! ef! nfsdbep-! rvf! fowpmwf!
dpnqfuodjb! f! udojdbt! ebt! nbjt! wbsjbebt! ef! dpnp! wfoefs! fttft! qspevupt! f-!
qpsuboup-!dsjbs!vn!ejtdvstp!qvcmjdjusjp-!gvoebnfoubm!qbsb!rvf!tf!difhvf!dpn!
cbtubouf!wjhps!bu!p!sfdfqups-!p!ftqfdubeps/!Pt!qbtft!qfsjgsjdpt!ejßdjmnfouf!
dpotfhvjsbn! ftusvuvsbs-! nftnp! qbsb! tfv! qsqsjp! nfsdbep-! fttf! qspdfttp!
joevtusjbm!ef!qspevp!f!sfdfqp/!Ob!nfejeb!fn!rvf!fttb!fyqfsjodjb!wbj!tf!
bdvnvmboep-!dsjb.tf!vnb!tsjf!ef!fgfjupt!rvf!wp!tf!tpnboep-!qpjt-!jnqmboubeb!
vnb! joetusjb-! qfmb! tvb! qsqsjb! dpoujovjebef! f! qfmb! tvb! fyqfsjodjb-! fmb!
! dbqb{! ef! dpotujuvjs! vn! qspdfttp-! rvf! ! fnqsjdp-! f! op! ef! dpouspmf! upubm!
ofn!qsfwjtwfm-!ef!sfqps!pt!tfvt!uftuft!fn!hsboef!wfmpdjebef-!p!rvf!tjhojßdb!
qspev{js!fn!hsboef!ftdbmb!f!tbcfs!poef!tf!fsspv!f!poef!tf!bdfsupv-!poef!tf!
qfotpv!rvf!gpttf!ebs!fssbep!f!efv!dfsup!f!wjdf.wfstb!Ñ!uvep!ep!qpoup!ef!wjtub!
ep!nfsdbep/!Dpn!jttp!p!rvf!tf!bqsfoef!!p!tfhvjouf;!b!gpsb!ftu!nfopt!ob!
dbqbdjebef!ef!bdfsubs!p!bmwp!ef!jnfejbup!f!nbjt!op!dpokvoup!ef!cpncbt!rvf!
tf! ufn! qbsb! tpmubs-! k! rvf! ebt! nvjubt! mbobebt! bmhvnbt! wp! bujohjs! p! bmwp/! B!
joetusjb!ufn!fttf!btqfdup!dpnqbswfm!dpn!p!btqfdup!njmjubs;!rvboep!tf!ufn!
evbt! cpncbt! obt! npt-! dbeb! vnb! efmbt! ! efdjtjwb-! vn! fssp! ! gbubm-! f! jttp! !
hsbwf<!rvboep!tf!ufn!ev{foubt-!dbeb!vnb!efmbt!dpotujuvj!vnb!bqptub!qfrvfob!
op! dpokvoup/! Ofttb! mhjdb! eb! bdvnvmbp! ef! fyqfsjodjb-! ef! dpnqfuodjb!
f! ef! qpttjcjmjebef! ef! uftuf-! ! nbjt! gdjm! vnb! joetusjb! rvf! k! ! ifhfnojdb!
nboufs!b!tvb!ifhfnpojb!ep!rvf!vn!hsvqp!fnfshfouf-!dpn!nfopt!nvojp!f!
nfopt!sfdvstpt-!fogsfou.mb/!!Fttf!nfdbojtnp!fnqsjdp!gb{!rvf!b!fyqfsjodjb!
hboif!vnb!jnqpsuodjb!fopsnf-!f!jttp!wbmf!uboup!qbsb!pt!djofbtubt-!gpuhsbgpt-!
npoubepsft-!rvf!usbcbmibn!tfn!qbsbs!f!bdvnvmbn!fyqfsjodjb-!rvboup!qbsb!p!
sfdfqups-!rvf-!wfoep!tfn!qbsbs-!ubncn!wbj!tf!bdptuvnboep!dpn!dfsup!qbesp!
rvf!fmf!usbotgpsnb!fn!obuvsbm/!Qps!jttp!!rvf!b!joetusjb!tf!npwf-!tpc!qfob!
ef! dpssfs! p! sjtdp! ep! efthbtuf-! ep! fthpubnfoup! ef! vnb! gsnvmb/! Upep! fttf!
ejobnjtnp!jnqmjdb!rvf!fttf!tjtufnb-!bp!nftnp!rvf!ufnqp!rvf!tf!sfqf!opt!
IVNBOJEBEFT!FN!EJèMPHP-!WPM/!JJJ-!O/!J-!OPW/!311: 3:
Fousfwjtub
tfvt!qsjodqjpt-!nveb!qbsb!fogsfoubs!p!eftbßp!ef!op!qfsefs!p!hbodip!dpn!pt!
ftqfdubepsft/!
P! djofnb! nfyjdbop! gpj! vn! ept! qpvdpt! djofnbt! eb! Bnsjdb! Mbujob! rvf!
bujohjsbn!vn!owfm!joevtusjbm!ef!qspevp!ept!bopt!51!bpt!71-!bu!fousbs!fn!
dsjtf!Ñ!b!qpoup!ef!fv-!ob!njoib!jogodjb-!ufs!wjtup!nvjupt!ßmnft!eb!Qfmbnft-!
nvjubt! dpnejbt! ep! Dboujoàbt/! K! p! djofnb! csbtjmfjsp! ovodb! dpotfhvjv!
difhbs!b!fttf!qpoup/!Op!hsboef!npnfoup!ef!jowftujnfoup!ef!dbqjubm-!rvf!gpj!
b! Wfsb! Dsv{-! joevtusjbjt! qbvmjtubt! efdjejsbn! gb{fs! vn! djofnb! ef! fyqpsubp!
bdpoufdfs-!kvmhboep.tf!dpnqfufouft!f!bqupt!b!fousbs!ofttf!kphp!joufsobdjpobm-!
nbt!dbmdvmbsbn!nbm-!op!ujoibn!fyqfsjodjb!f!gpsbn!johovpt!fn!bdibs!rvf!
cbtub! ufs! p! qspevup! rvf! fmf! ftdpb! obuvsbmnfouf! Ñ! psb-! i! ef! tf! usbcbmibs! b!
ejtusjcvjp!f!dpouspmbs!pt!nfdbojtnpt-!vn!qspdfttp!nvjup!nbjt!dpnqmfyp!ep!
rvf!qbsfdjb/!Foup-!b!Wfsb!Dsv{!evspv!rvbusp!bopt!f!nfjp-!f!gbmjv/!P!rvf!efv!
dfsup!brvj!op!Csbtjm!gpj!p!ßmnf!ef!cbjyp!psbnfoup-!rvf!fsb!gfjup!fn!nfops!
rvboujebef-!dpn!nfopt!sfdvstpt!f!rvf!ujoib!vn!qcmjdp!rvf!op!fsb!jhvbm!bp!
ep! djofnb! opsuf.bnfsjdbop-! nbt! vn! qcmjdp! dpotubouf;! b! dpnejb! nvtjdbm-!
b! ejub! dibodibeb/! P! rvf! hbsboujv! ! dibodibeb! fttb! qpttjcjmjebef! gpj! rvf! opt!
bopt! 51! p! nbjps! fyjcjeps! ef! djofnb! ep! Sjp! ef! Kbofjsp-! dibnbep! Tfwfsjbop!
Sjcfjsp-!dpnfpv!b!qspev{js!dibodibeb/!Fttf!ipnfn!efujoib!bt!evbt!qpoubt;!
fmf!qspev{jb!f!ujoib!pt!djofnbt/!Dpnp!fsb!fwjefouf!rvf!fmf!op!ujoib!qpefs!
tvßdjfouf!qbsb!eftbßbs!p!djofnb!opsuf.bnfsjdbop-!fmf!dpoujovpv!fyjcjoep!opt!
tfvt! qsqsjpt! djofnbt! pt! ßmnft! opsuf.bnfsjdbopt-! nbt! pdvqboep! vnb! gbjyb!
nfops! ef! nfsdbep-! jodmvtjwf! bqspwfjuboep! rvf! k! fyjtujb! b! mfj! ef! sftfswb! ef!
nfsdbep/!Fjt!vnb!fyqmjdbp!cpb!ef!dpnp!tf!qpef!npoubs!vnb!dpowjwodjb-!
rvf! tvqvoib-! tpcsfuvep-! p! sfdpoifdjnfoup! eb! ifhfnpojb! opsuf.bnfsjdbob/!
Rvboep! difhpv! b! hfsbp! ep! Djofnb! Opwp-! ibwjb! vn! efcbuf! dvmuvsbm! rvf!
fowpmwjb!p!fyfnqmp!ep!ofpssfbmjtnp!ob!Jumjb-!b!jefjb!ep!djofnb!bmufsobujwp-!f!
gpj!eftdbsubeb!b!jefjb!eb!joetusjb<!jb.tf!usbcbmibs!dpn!cbjyp!psbnfoup!f!dpn!
b! jowfop! ef! vnb! mjohvbhfn! dbqb{! ef! qspwpdbs! svquvsbt! Ñ! dpn! b! ftqfsbob!
ef! rvf! pt! ftqfdubepsft! qvefttfn! bdpnqboi.mbt! Ñ! p! rvf! op! bdpoufdfv/! B!
qbsdfmb!ep!qcmjdp!dpn!b!rvbm!p!Djofnb!Opwp!tf!dpnvojdpv!gpj!cfn!nfops!ep!
rvf-!pcwjbnfouf-!b!bujohjeb!qfmp!djofnb!opsuf.bnfsjdbop-!nbt!op!up!nfops!
rvboup!b!eb!dibodibeb/!Qpjt!pt!ßmnft!ep!Djofnb!Opwp!ujoibn!nbjt!qcmjdp!
ob! tvb! qpdb! ep! rvf! pt! ßmnft! csbtjmfjspt! gfjupt! ipkf! dpn! cbjyp! psbnfoup-!
rvf!un!vnb!nejb!ef!61!b!211!njm!ftqfdubepsft/!P!Djofnb!Opwp!ufwf!p!tfv!
qcmjdp-! jodmvtjwf! tvßdjfouf! qbsb! qspev{js! vn! sfupsop! dpn! p! rvbm! p! ßmnf!
qvefttf! tf! qbhbs<! ef! rvbmrvfs! npep-! fsb! ejgdjm! bmdbobs! vnb! dpoujovjebef!
ftuwfm!ef!qspevp/!Dpotububoep!fttft!mjnjuft-!qfmp!ßobm!ef!edbeb!ef!71-!pt!
mefsft!ep!Djofnb!Opwp!npoubsbn!fttb!qspqptub!ef!bmufsbs!b!tvb!mjohvbhfn!f!
usbcbmibs!efousp!ef!qspupdpmpt!nbjt!bdfjuwfjt!qbsb!p!hsboef!qcmjdp-!b!ßn!ef!
tf!fyqboejs/!Jttp!fn!qbsuf!bdpoufdfv-!qpjt!b!qbsujs!ef!2:7:!dpnfbn!b!bqbsfdfs!
41
Jtnbjm!Ybwjfs
ßmnft!ef!hsboef!tvdfttp-!dpnp!Nbdvobnb-!f-!op!jodjp!eb!edbeb!ef!81-!fttb!
qspqptub!djofnbopwjtub!ef!bnqmjbp!ef!qcmjdp!fodpousbs-!b!qbsujs!ef!2:84.
85-!ob!Fncsbßmnf!p!tfv!jotusvnfoup-!rvboep!b!qspevp!ef!djofnb!qbttb!b!tfs!
ßobodjbeb!ubncn!qfmp!Ftubep/!
Fttf!fodpousp!ep!djofnb!ef!ftrvfseb!dpn!vnb!fnqsftb!ftububm!ovn!sfhjnf!
njmjubs! gpj! nvjup! qfdvmjbs/! P! hpwfsop-! qsfpdvqbep! dpn! b! jnbhfn! ep! Csbtjm!
op!fyufsjps-!dsjpv!b!Fncsbßmnf!fn!2:7:-!ufoep!fn!wjtub!b!nfejbp!dpn!p!
nfsdbep!fyufsop-!op!b!qspevp!ef!ßmnft/!Nbt!ibwjb!b!dpotububp!ef!rvf!p!
cpn!djofnb!csbtjmfjsp!fsb!p!ef!pqptjp-!p!ep!Djofnb!Opwp/!B!ejubevsb!op!
fodpouspv-!dpn!vnb!pv!evbt!fydfft-!djofbtubt!rvf!qvefttfn!dvnqsjs!p!qbqfm!
rvf!fmb!rvfsjb;!fttb!gpj!b!jspojb!eb!qpdb/!Dpnp!b!Fncsbßmnf!ufsjb!rvf!qbttbs!
bp!ßobodjbnfoup!ef!vnb!qspevp!rvf!gpttf!ejub!ef!rvbmjebef-!p!ftrvfnb!ef!
qspevp!ßdpv!bejbep/!P!hpwfsop!op!hptubwb!eb!dpnejb!nvtjdbm!ep!qfspep!
rvf!op!fsb!b!dibodibeb!nbjt!jopdfouf!eb!qsjnfjsb!gbtf/!Ftub!ufwf-!fousf!2:6:!
f! 2:72-! tfvt! mujnpt! ßmnft! ef! hsboef! joufsfttf-! nbt! efqpjt-! fn! qbsuf! qfmb!
btdfotp!eb!UW-!efdmjopv/!B!dpnejb!op!ßobm!ept!bopt!71!gpj!qsphsfttjwbnfouf!
tf!fspuj{boep!fn!ejmphp!dpn!vnb!gbjyb!ef!qcmjdp!dbujwp/!Jtup!op!joufsfttbwb!
bp!hpwfsop/!Fn!2:85-!op!hpwfsop!Hfjtfm-!dpnfpv!p!ejup!qspdfttp!ef!bcfsuvsb-!
mfouttjnb!f!hsbevbm<!b!qbsujs!ef!foup-!bcsf.tf!b!qpttjcjmjebef!eb!fnqsftb!ftububm!
nbsdbs!p!fodpousp!dpn!pt!djofbtubt!ep!Djofnb!Opwp-!rvboep!tf!dpotujuvj!p!
qfspep!Fncsbßmnf!rvf!ßobodjpv!pt!ßmnft!ejupt!ef!rvbmjebef/!!p!npnfoup!
fn!rvf!p!djofnb!csbtjmfjsp!bujohf!p!tfv!nbjps!qbubnbs-!dpn!46&!ep!nfsdbep!
Ñ!ept!rvbjt!nfubef!fsb!b!dpnejb!fsujdb!op!ßobodjbeb!qfmb!Fncsbßmnf!f!b!
pvusb!nfubef!fsb!ept!ßmnft!ßobodjbept-!sfbmj{bept!qps!bvupsft!nbjt!wbsjbept-!
ep!Djofnb!Opwp!bu!pt!nbjt!kpwfot!rvf!gpsbn!tf!jodpsqpsboep-!f!efqpjt!bu!p!
qfttpbm!ep!Djofnb!Nbshjobm-!qpjt!op!ßn!ept!bopt!81!bu!p!Kmjp!Csfttbof!f!p!
Sphsjp!Thbo{fsmb!ujwfsbn!bqpjp!eb!Fncsbßmnf-!nftnp!dpn!upebt!bt!csjhbt!rvf!
bdpoufdfsbn/!M!bust-!fn!2:79.7:-!rvboep!p!qfttpbm!ep!Djofnb!Opwp!efdjejv!
tf!bkvtubs!vn!qpvdp!b!ßn!ef!bnqmjbs!p!tfv!qcmjdp-!Sphsjp!f!Csfttbof!fsbn!
djofbtubt!ef!eftubrvf!ob!hfsbp!nbjt!kpwfn!rvf!sfdvtpv!b!bebqubp!bp!nfsdbep!
f!dpoujovpv!dpn!vn!djofnb!bhsfttjwp-!jdpopdmbtub-!rvf!op!rvfsjb!qbdup!dpn!
p!qcmjdp-!qps!tvqps!rvf!p!ftqfdubeps!ufn!ef!tfs!qspwpdbep/!Brvfmf!qfspep!
nfodjpobep!dpnp!p!nfmips!ep!djofnb!csbtjmfjsp!op!nfsdbep!p!!fn!gvop!
ef!vnb!dpokvouvsb!nvjup!ftqfdßdb-!fn!rvf!ibwjb!vn!ßobodjbnfoup!gpsuf!ef!
dbqjubm!ef!vnb!fnqsftb!f!vn!tjtufnb!ef!ejtusjcvjp!Ñ!k!rvf!p!tvqfsjoufoefouf!
ef! dpnfsdjbmj{bp! eftub! Fncsbßmnf! b! qbsujs! ef! 2:85! fsb! p! Hvtubwp! Ebim-!
djofbtub!ep!Djofnb!Opwp!f!ubncn!rvfn!ftdsfwjb!cbtubouf!tpcsf!b!fdpopnjb!
ep!djofnb!op!Csbtjm!eftef!pt!bopt!71/!Foup-!tfnqsf!i!fttb!ejwjtp;!p!djofnb!
ifhfnojdp! wjoep! ef! Ipmmzxppe! f! pvuspt! dfouspt! ef! qspevp-! f! fttb! pvusb!
gbjyb!pdvqbeb!qfmp!djofnb!csbtjmfjsp!rvf!tf!cfofßdjb!eb!mfhjtmbp!f!eb!sftfswb!
ef!nfsdbep/!P!Ftubep!gvodjpob!fn!evbt!gsfouft;!ef!vn!mbep-!dpnp!ßobodjbeps!
Fousfwjtub
f-! ef! pvusp-! dpnp! mfhjtmbeps! rvf! dsjb! vnb! sftfswb! ef! nfsdbep! qbsb! p! ßmnf!
csbtjmfjsp/!
Bp!mpohp!ept!bopt!91-!p!ftrvfnb!eb!Fncsbßmnf!dpnfb!b!op!gvodjpobs!
nbjt-!qpjt-!ob!Opwb!Sfqcmjdb-!b!rvftup!dvmuvsbm!!pvusb-!dpn!b!nejb!k!fn!
pvusp! qbubnbs! ef! nfsdboujmj{bp<! b! ufmfwjtp! csbtjmfjsb! ujoib! fgfujwbnfouf!
upnbep!dpoub-!bttvnjoep!op!Csbtjm!vn!qbqfm!nvjup!nbjps!ep!rvf!ob!hsboef!
nbjpsjb!ept!qbtft<!b!ijqfsuspßb!eb!UW!op!Csbtjm!!vn!gbup!nvjup!qbsujdvmbs!
f!nfsfdf!nbjps!ejtdvttp/!B!Fncsbßmnf!gpj-!qfmpt!fsspt!f!qspcmfnbt!rvf!mif!
fsbn!qsqsjpt-!tf!efthbtuboep!f!op!ßobm!ept!bopt!91!p!tjtufnb!difhpv!bp!qpoup!
bhvep!ef!tvb!dsjtf/!Efcjmjubep-!sfdfcfv!p!hpmqf!ef!njtfsjdsejb!ef!Dpmmps-!rvf!
fyujohvjv!b!Fncsbßmnf!f!upep!p!tjtufnb!ef!ßobodjbnfoup!fyjtufouf/!Gjdbnpt!
tfn!vn!npefmp!ef!qspevp/!Psb-!dpn!vn!djofnb!fn!dsjtf!f!dpn!upeb!fttb!
ejßdvmebef!ef!jotfsp!op!nfsdbep-!op!ibwjb!ijquftf!ef!vn!dbqjubmjtub!tf!
ejtqps!b!jowftujs!fn!djofnb!f!gpj!qsfdjtp!wjs!b!mfj!eb!jtfop!ßtdbm-!fn!2::5-!
qfmb!rvbm!b!fnqsftb-!fn!wf{!ef!qbhbs!jnqptup-!qpef!dbssfhbs!p!ejoifjsp!qbsb!
b! qspevp! ef! ßmnft/! P! npep! ef! qspevp! buvbm! ! p! ep! nfdfobup! qcmjdp!
nfejbep! qfmbt! fnqsftbt! rvf! hboibn! b! jnbhfn! ef! qbuspdjobepsft! tfn!
fgfujwbnfouf!eftfncpmtbs!ejoifjsp!tfv/!Wfkb!p!dbtp!eb!Hmpcp!Gjmnft;!fmb!fousb!
op! tjtufnb! nbt! op! fousb! dpn! ejoifjsp-! t! dpn! qvcmjdjebef! obt! fnjttpsbt!
rvf!k!tp!kbofmbt!eb!Hmpcp-!dsjboep!p!fmp!rvf!qfsnjuf!bp!qspevup!difhbs!bp!
qcmjdp/!Bmn!ejtup-!pt!ßmnft!gfjupt!fn!qbsdfsjb!dpn!b!Hmpcp!usb{fn!pt!bupsft!
ef! opwfmb! rvf! gbdjmjubn! fttb! qpouf! fousf! UW! f! djofnb-! f! p! sftvmubep! ejttp! !
rvf!op!djofnb!csbtjmfjsp!bmhvot!ßmnft!tp!gfjupt!qbsb!njmift-!op!ftrvfnb!eb!
Hmpcp-!f!nvjupt!ßmnft!qbsb!31-!61-!211!njm!ftqfdubepsft/!P!Ftubep!csbtjmfjsp!
qbhb!b!dpoub!f!bt!fnqsftbt!un!b!wboubhfn!eb!qspqbhboeb<!pt!djofbtubt!wjbcjmj{bn!
pt!tfvt!ßmnft!rvf-!rvboep!qspoupt-!op!tpgsfn!vnb!qsfttp!ep!dbqjubm!qbsb!b!
sfdvqfsbp!ep!jowftujep/!Gb{fs!tvdfttp!!vnb!rvftup!tjncmjdb!ef!bßsnbp!
dvmuvsbm!f!ef!mfhjujnbp!tpdjbm!ep!npefmp!ef!qspevp!fyjtufouf/!Wjbcjmj{bs!b!
qspevp!!bqfobt!b!qsjnfjsb!fubqb-!qpjt!i!p!qspcmfnb!eb!ejtusjcvjp-!mpohf!
ef!tfs!sftpmwjep/!B!ojdb!wf{!rvf!p!hpwfsop!Mvmb!fouspv!fn!dpoàjup!dpn!pt!
dpohmpnfsbept!eb!nejb!gpj!rvboep!ipvwf!b!ufoubujwb!ef!sfhvmbnfoubp!ef!
upep!p!bvejpwjtvbm!busbwt!eb!Bodjobw/!Sfdfcfoep!gpsuttjnb!sftjtuodjb!dpn!
dbnqboibt!qcmjdbt!rvf!npcjmj{bsbn!bu!pt!bupsft/!Sftvmubep;!sfdvp!upubm-!ob!
gbmub! ef! bqpjp! qpmujdp! qsfwbmfdfv! p! npefmp! ef! vnb! nejb! eftsfhvmbeb! ovn!
npnfoup! fn! rvf! pt! ßmuspt! usb{jept! qfmpt! rvf! dpouspmbn! b! ejtusjcvjp! ebt!
jnbhfot!tp!nbjt!ifhfnojdpt!ep!rvf!kbnbjt!gpsbn/!!ejgdjm!ipkf!bt!qfttpbt!
jnbhjobsfn!vn!tjtufnb!dvmuvsbm!tfn!ftub!qsftfob!dfousbm!eb!ftgfsb!qcmjdb!eb!
ufmfwjtp-!dpnp!bdpoufdfv-!qps!fyfnqmp-!opt!bopt!61!f!ob!qsjnfjsb!nfubef!
ept!bopt!71!op!Csbtjm/!P!Djofnb!Opwp-!qps!fyfnqmp-!op!qfotpv!b!rvftup!
eb!UW!op!jodjp!ept!bopt!71<!fsb!pvusb!b!gpsnb!ef!djsdvmbp!ebt!jnbhfot!f!
eb!dvmuvsb-!p!rvf!efv!cbtubouf!wjtjcjmjebef!qbsb!pt!npwjnfoupt!ef!qpmjuj{bp!
43
Jtnbjm!Ybwjfs
eb!dvmuvsb/!Fmf!gpj!dsjbp!ef!vn!hsvqp!ef!kpwfot!rvf!bcsbbwbn!p!djofnb!f!b!
djofßmjb!fn!ftusfjup!dpoubup!dpn!p!dmjnb!hfsbm!ef!vnb!kvwfouvef!vojwfstjusjb!
rvf!buvbwb!op!npwjnfoup!ftuveboujm-!gb{jb!qbttfbubt!f!wjb!p!djofnb!dpnp!vn!
opwp! gbups! ef! gpsnbp! qbsb! b! wjeb! f! qbsb! b! djebebojb/! Fv! nftnp! tpv! vn!
qspevup!ejttp-!qpjt!gpj!busbwt!efttb!wjeb!vojwfstjusjb!rvf!b!njoib!djofßmjb-!
f!b!ef!nvjubt!pvusbt!qfttpbt!eb!qpdb-!tf!dpotujuvjv/!F!op!t!pt!kpwfot-!nbt!
ubncn!pt!nbjt!wfmipt-!qpmjuj{bept!f!dpn!gpsnbp!vojwfstjusjb-!dpotujuvbn!
p!qcmjdp!ep!Djofnb!Opwp-!tfn!ewjeb/!B!djofßmjb!ipkf!ftu!nfopt!qpmjuj{beb/!
Qps!fyfnqmp-!bmufspv.tf!dpnqmfubnfouf!p!tfoujep!ef!vn!qspkfup!obdjpobm!ob!
ftgfsb!eb!dvmuvsb!rvf!gbwpsfb!b!ejtdvttp!qpmujdb!f!b!rvftup!eb!usbotgpsnbp!
tpdjbm-!b!nfopt!rvf!p!qspkfup!dvmuvsbm!ftufkb!bsujdvmbep!dpn!npwjnfoup!tpdjbjt!
dpnp!p!NTU-!qps!fyfnqmp/!!Ftubnpt!wjwfoep!vn!npnfoup!fn!rvf!p!qspdfttp!
ef!nfsdboujmj{bp!ef!uvep!ftu!nvjup!bwbobep-!upsoboep!b!jefjb!ef!dvmuvsb!
bmufsobujwb!bmhp!fyujdp-!dbeb!wf{!nbjt!!qbsuf!f!jowjtwfm!rvboep!qfotbnpt!fn!
ufsnpt!ebt!kbofmbt!usbejdjpobjt/!P!djofnb!tpgsf!eftub!dpoejp!ef!bmhp!Ógpsb!
eb!opsnbÔ!f!!nvjub!hfouf!nf!ej{;!fttf!djofnb!op!efwf!tfs!cpn-!qpsrvf-!tf!
gpttf-! fmf! dpotfhvjsjb! dpnqfujs/! Qpsn-! cpn! fn! rvf! tfoujep@! Rvbjt! tp! bt!
dbsbdufstujdbt!rvf!fttft!ßmnft!un!ef!ufs!qbsb!dpotfhvjsfn!tvdfttp@!P!nbjt!
fßdb{-!qps!forvboup-!ufn!tjep!b!qbsdfsjb!dpn!b!Hmpcp!f!b!bepp!ef!npefmpt!
ßddjpobjt! k! uftubept/! P! ftqfdubeps! csbtjmfjsp! nejp! sftqfjub! b! ufmfwjtp!
csbtjmfjsb!f!bdib!rvf!!vn!qspevup!rvf!nfsfdf!b!tvb!bufop-!tfkbn!bt!opwfmbt-!
tfkb!p!ufmfkpsobmjtnp/!Nbt!tf!tfouf!ejwpsdjbep!ep!djofnb!f!ufoef!b!pmi.mp!dpn!
ftusboif{b/
Cinema político e cinema da política.

IVNBOJEBEFT! FN! EJèMPHP;! Fn! ÓTfsup! NbsÔ-! ! p! tfoips! dpnfoub! b! bujuvef!
ept!bsujtubt-!op!t!ep!djofnb-!rvf!cvtdbwbn!joufswjs!ejsfubnfouf!ob!wjeb!
qpmujdb!qps!nfjp!eb!sfàfyp!tpcsf!b!tpdjfebef!f!b!dvmuvsb!csbtjmfjsbt!qfmb!
dsjbujwjebef/! P! tfoips! w! vn! ejtubodjbnfoup! ep! djofnb-! ebt! ntjdbt-!
ebt!bsuft!fn!hfsbm-!ef!rvbmrvfs!qsfufotp!ef!npejßdbs!pv!dsjujdbs!b!wjeb!
qpmujdb!csbtjmfjsb!buvbm@!Bt!sfmbft!fousf!bsuf-!jefpmphjb!f!qpmujdb-!ipkf-!
ftup!nbjt!gspvybt@
JTNBJM! YBWJFS;! Ftup! fgfujwbnfouf! nbjt! gspvybt/! Wfkb! cfn-! op! ! t! p!
djofnb-! b! tpdjfebef! fn! hfsbm! ipkf! ufn! vnb! nbofjsb! ef! qfotbs! b! qpmujdb!
rvf! ftu! dpotujuvjoep! vn! qspcmfnb! qbsb! b! qsqsjb! wjeb! qpmujdb/! P! tjtufnb!
ef! sfqsftfoubp! ftu! fn! dsjtf/! B! hsboef! ejtdvttp! rvf! ftubnpt! wfoep! ! fn!
upsop!ept!qspcmfnbt!sfmbdjpobept!dpn!b!dsjtf!jotujuvdjpobm-!p!Dpohsfttp!f!p!
tjhojßdbep!ebt!fmfjft-!p!tjhojßdbep!eb!jefjb!ef!sfqsftfoubp/!Bmn!ejttp-!b!
qpmujdb!ftu!tfoep!fnqsfhbeb!tfhvoep!bt!sfhsbt!ep!nfsdbep/!P!dbtp!nbjt!uqjdp!
Fousfwjtub
gpj!p!ep!Mvmb!rvf-!dpn!upep!p!ijtusjdp!efmf-!t!gpj!fmfjup!op!npnfoup!fn!rvf!
bttvnjv!p!nbslfujoh!p!Eveb!Nfoepob/!Fv!djup!p!Eveb!dpnp!p!tncpmp!ef!
upep!vn!qspdfttp/!P!bkvtuf!ep!QU!bp!kphp!ep!nfsdbep!qpmujdp!!vn!qspcmfnp-!
nftnp! ob! ujdb! ef! rvfn! op! qbttpv! qbsb! b! pqptjp! bp! hpwfsop! ejbouf! ebt!
cwjbt!dpousbejft!rvf!ftup!tfoep!wjwjebt!ofttbt!bmjbobt!upebt!rvf!dpoujovbn!
qbvuboep!p!qspdfttp!qpmujdp/!
Wpmuboep!bp!djofnb-!wpd!ufn!p!tfhvjouf;!b!hfsbp!ept!bopt!71!wjwfv!vnb!
dpokvouvsb! fn! rvf! p! efcbuf! qpmujdp! tvqvoib! vnb! wfmpdjebef! eb! Ijtusjb!
rvf! tf! nptuspv! jmvtsjb/! Foup-! ob! njoib! hfsbp! tf! gbmbwb! fn! qspdfttp! ef!
usbotgpsnbp! dpnp! vnb! dpjtb! nvjup! sqjeb/! Ibwjb! vn! tfotp! ef! vn! qpefs!
ef! joufswfop! rvf! ftubwb! op! t! opt! djofbtubt! f! bsujtubt-! nbt! obrvfmft! rvf!
bcsbbwbn! b! qpmujdb! ejsfubnfouf/! Fn! upept! pt! btqfdupt! eb! wjeb-! b! kvwfouvef!
ept! bopt! 71! wjwfv! fttf! npnfoup! ef! vnb! dpowjdp! ef! ufs! vn! qpefs! nbjps!
ep!rvf!ujoib!f!ef!qfotbs!rvf!vn!qspdfttp!ef!dfn!bopt!qpefsjb!tfs!wjwjep!fn!
djodp!pv!ef{/!Efqpjt!ebrvfmb!fyqfsjodjb-!ßdbsbn!bt!joufssphbft/!F!ipkf!bt!
qfttpbt!qfotbn!ef!gpsnb!ejgfsfouf!p!rvf!gb{fs!dpn!p!djofnb!f!ef!rvf!nbofjsb!
p!djofnb!qpef!ufs!vn!qbqfm!ob!qpmujdb!pv!joufswjs!fn!vn!efcbuf/!Pt!djofbtubt!
ipkf!ftup!wjwfoep!vnb!tjuvbp!ef!rvfn!k!op!ufn!nbjt!vn!nboebup!qpqvmbs/!
P!djofbtub!ept!bopt!71!tf!wjb!dpnp!vn!qpsub.wp{!eb!tpdjfebef-!pv!ebt!dmbttft!
epnjobebt-! bmhvn! dpn! vn! nboebup! rvf! gb{jb! ßmnft! dpnp! rvfn! gbmbwb! fn!
opnf!eb!obp/!P!rvf!bdpoufdfv!ef!m!qbsb!d!gpj!vn!qspdfttp!ef!usbotgpsnbp!
fn!rvf!p!djofbtub!qfsefv!fttf!tfotp!ef!nboebup!f!difhpv!b!vn!qpoup!ef!tf!
tfoujs!qsfttjpobep!b!mfhjujnbs!b!tvb!bujwjebef/!P!djofbtub!csbtjmfjsp!buvbm-!bouft!
ef!tf!dpmpdbs!dpnp!qpsub.wp{-!qfotb!opt!tfvt!ejsfjupt!ef!fyjtuodjb/!Jttp!pdpssf!
qpsrvf! b! qspevp! tf! wjbcjmj{b! b! qbsujs! ef! vn! nfdfobup! gfjup! dpn! ejoifjsp!
qcmjdp!f!hftup!qsjwbeb!ept!jowftujnfoupt-!qfmb!Mfj!ep!Bvejpwjtvbm!rvf!qpef!
nvebs-! efqfoefoep! eb! fwpmvp! eb! dpokvouvsb/! Qbsb! rvf! fmb! tf! nboufoib! f!
dpoujovf!wjbcjmj{boep!p!djofnb!csbtjmfjsp-!!qsfdjtp!rvf!fttf!djofnb!tf!mfhjujnf!
f!fwjuf!qsfttft!qfmb!nvebob!ep!rvbesp!mfhbm/!
IVNBOJEBEFT!FN!EJèMPHP;!Bjoeb!op!ncjup!eb!uvscvmfoub!sfmbp!ep!djofnb!
dpn!b!qpmujdb-!ubm!sfmbp!qbsfdf!tfnqsf!ufs!tjep!dbsbdufsj{beb!nbjt!qps!vn!
eftfkp!ef!qspyjnjebef!ep!rvf!sfqvmtb/!Difgft!ef!Ftubep!tpvcfsbn!jodpsqpsbs!
p!djofnb!!tvb!bhfoeb!qpmujdb-!dsjboep!vnb!sfmbp!ujdb!qfdvmjbs!fousf!p!
Ftubep!f!pt!ßmnft!qspev{jept!qbsb!fybmu.mp/!Nftnp!pt!ßmnft!ef!qspuftup!
rvf!op!tf!bmjbwbn!bp!sfhjnf!wjhfouf-!p!rvbm!dsjujdbwbn-!ufoejbn!!fybmubp!
ef! pvuspt! sfhjnft! pv! qbsujept/! Qbsb! bmn! eb! joejwjevbmjebef! qpmujdb-! p!
djofnb! tfswjv! dpnp! qspqbhboeb! f! fyvmubp! ef! Dbnbsbebt! f! Mefsft! eb!
Obp-!nbrvjboep!tfvt!wdjpt!f!ftdpoefoep!pt!ipsspsft!dpnboebept!qps!
fttft!nftnpt!difgft-!fmfwboep.pt!bp!qbqfm!ef!ifsjt!ep!nfmpesbnb!qpmujdp/!
Sfdfoufnfouf-!p!ejsfups!Gcjp!Cbssfup-!ep!ßmnf-!ÓMvmb-!p!ßmip!ep!CsbtjmÔ-!
45
Jtnbjm!Ybwjfs
efdmbspv;!ÓFtubnpt!gb{foep!fttf!ßmnf!qpsrvf!Mvmb!!vn!ifsjÔ/!Ufoep!fn!
wjtub! rvf! p! ßmnf! tfs! mbobep! op! bop! ef! fmfjft! qsftjefodjbjt-! qpef.tf!
jotuboubofbnfouf!sfqpsu.mp!b!fttb!usbejp!ef!bqspyjnbp!fousf!p!djofnb!
f!p!qpefs/!Dpnp!tf!qpefsjb!qfotbs!vnb!sfmbp!ep!qpmujdp!dpn!p!djofnb!
rvf!op!b!ef!dfhb!fybmubp@!P!tfoips!w!dpn!cpot!pmipt!p!mbobnfoup!f!p!
dpoufyup!ep!ßmnf!ef!Cbssfup@!
JTNBJM!YBWJFS;!P!djofnb!!uboup!nbjt!gpsuf!ob!tvb!joufswfop!qpmujdb!rvboup!
nbjt!fttb!joufswfop!dpotjhb!tf!sfqps!efousp!eb!dpoujovjebef!ef!vn!tjtufnb!
ef! qspevp/! Nbjt! jnqpsubouf! ep! rvf! fyfnqmpt! qpouvbjt! ! b! dpoujovjebef!
ef! vn! tjtufnb! ef! wbmpsft! rvf! tf! sfbßsnb! ob! nbjpsjb! ept! ßmnft-! tfkbn! ef!
rvf!hofsp!gpsfn-!tfkb!fyqmdjub!pv!jnqmjdjubnfouf-!tfkb!bu!qps!josdjb/!Pv!
tfkb-!b!qpmujdb!!uboup!nbjt!fßdjfouf!rvboup!nbjt!fmb!ftujwfs!bqpjbeb!qps!vn!
tjtufnb! ef! qspevp! dpouovp-! op! tfoep! b! efdjtjwb! b! rvbmjebef! ftuujdb!
ebt! pcsbt/! Ipmmzxppe! ! fßdjfouf! qfmb! sfhsb! ept! hsboeft! onfspt;! qpvdpt!
bdfsupt! dpnqfotbn! nvjupt! fsspt/! B! ufmfwjtp! csbtjmfjsb! ubncn-! qpjt! op! !
vn! qsphsbnb! jtpmbep! eb! Hmpcp! rvf! dpoub-! nbt! b! dpoujovjebef! bp! mpohp! ef!
edbebt! rvf! wbj! efßojoep! vnb! dvmuvsb! f! wbj! gb{foep! b! ufmfwjtp! joufswjs! ob!
nbofjsb!dpnp!bt!qfttpbt!qfotbn!pt!qspcmfnbt!eb!gbnmjb-!eb!wjeb!fdponjdb!
f! eb! qpmujdb/! Pt! dbtpt! qpouvbjt! qpefn! ufs! ejgfsfouft! tfoujept! dpogpsnf! p!
dbtp/!Vnb!dpjtb!-!op!sfhjnf!ob{jtub-!b!Mfoj!Sjfgfotubim!qbsujdjqbs!ef!gpsnb!
ejsfub!ob!wjeb!qpmujdb!ep!qbsujep-!gb{fs!p!epdvnfousjp!ep!hsboef!dpohsfttp!
ef! Ovsfncfsh! f! b! sfqsftfoubp! ifsjdb! ep! Ijumfs/! Pvusb! dpjtb! ! p! Kpio!
Gpse! gb{fs-! fn! 2:49-! p! Zpvoh! Ns/! Mjodpmo! qbsb! fybmubs! p! fy.qsftjefouf! ovn!
dfsup! npnfoup! eb! wjeb! qpmujdb! ep! qbt/! Pvusb! dpjtb! bjoeb! ! p! Bcfm! Hbodf-!
fn!2:38!ob!Gsbob-!gb{fs!p!Obqpmfp/!Foup-!i!vn!mfrvf!ef!tjuvbft!fn!rvf!
bmhvn!pv!vn!tjtufnb!ef!qspevp!sftpmwf!usbcbmibs!dpn!ifsjt!gvoebepsft!
f!dpn!b!rvftup!ijtusjdb!eb!dpotujuvjp!eb!obp/!P!qsfttvqptup!!ef!rvf!b!
obp!qsfdjtb!ep!njup!f!ep!ejtdvstp!jefoujusjp<!tpmjdjub!b!dfmfcsbp!ept!qbjt!
gvoebepsft! pv! ebt! opwbt! mjefsbobt-! pv! qfef! ubncn! b! dpotusvp! ef! dfsup!
pmibs!qbsb!p!qbttbep!rvf!bqsftfouf!pt!ebept!ef!tvb!gpsnbp/!B!cjphsbßb!ef!
vn!mefs!dpoufnqpsofp!gb{!qbsuf!eftuf!kphp-!ubm!dpnp!bdpoufdfv!ob!Cpmwjb-!
poef!k!i!ßmnft!tpcsf!Fwp!Npsbmft/!Brvj!op!Csbtjm!bqbsfdf!fttb!jojdjbujwb!ept!
Cbssfup/!Bp!rvf!qbsfdf-!ibwfs!vn!hftup!ef!bmjoibnfoup-!ef!cvtdb!ef!dsjbp!
ef!njup-!p!rvf!!upubmnfouf!pqptup!bp!rvf!p!Kpp!Tbmmft!gf{!op!Fousfbupt!f!bp!
rvf!p!Dpvujoip!gf{!op!Qfft/!Tp!epjt!ßmnft!gfjupt!dpn!pvuspt!qsfttvqptupt!f!
dpn!vnb!qptuvsb-!b!nfv!wfs-!nvjup!nbjt!mfhujnb-!sftvmuboep!fn!pcsbt!rvf!
qfsnjufn! vn! ejmphp! qspevujwp! qbsb! qfotbs! nvjupt! qspcmfnbt/! Fttf! ßmnf!
qspev{jep! qfmp! Cbssfup! gbs! qbsuf! ep! kphp! fmfjupsbm! ef! 3121-! op! tfj! cfn!
fn!rvf!ejsfp-!qpjt!ovodb!tf!qpef!eftqsf{bs!p!ebep!ef!sjtdp!b!jnqmjdbep/!
Efqfoefoep!ep!rvf!sftvmubs!efttf!ßmnf-!fmf!qpef!op!tfs!vnb!cpb!bmbwbodb/!
Fousfwjtub
Nbt!tf!gps!fßdjfouf!dpnp!qspevp!ef!njup-!ubmwf{!k!tfkb!qsfqbsbp!qbsb!bt!
fmfjft!ef!3125/!Ep!qpoup!ef!wjtub!ep!Mvmb!f!ef!nvjub!hfouf!rvf!p!bqpjb-!b!
rvftup!ep!djofnb!tfs!tfnqsf!vnb!bqptub-!vn!dbnqp!ef!jodfsuf{bt/!B!njn!
tfsjb!ejgdjm!boufdjqbs!p!tjhojßdbep!ef!vn!ßmnf!qfmbt!joufoft!rvf!p!dfsdbn/!
Fv!qpttp!bu!ufs!nfvt!qbmqjuft!f!fyqfdubujwbt!b!sftqfjup!ep!ßmnf-!nbt!!qsfdjtp!
ftqfsbs!qbsb!wfs/!
IVNBOJEBEFT!FN!EJèMPHP;!Nbt!tf!b!joufop!gps!gb{fs!vnb!dpotusvp!ef!vn!
njup-!ef!vn!ifsj-!p!tfoips!w!dpn!cpot!pmipt!fttb!joufop@
JTNBJM!YBWJFS;!Tf!gps!qbsb!gb{fs!vn!Mvmb!jhvbm!b!Epjt!Gjmipt!ef!Gsbodjtdp-!op!wfkp!
ofoivn!joufsfttf!fn!cjphsbßbt!efttf!ujqp-!tfkb!vn!qpmujdp-!ef!vn!bsujtub-!ef!!
ßhvsb!qcmjdb!rvbmrvfs/!B!joufop!forvboup!ubm!op!usb{-!qbsb!njn-!ofoivn!
joufsfttf-!obeb!ef!qspnjttps/
IVNBOJEBEFT!FN!EJèMPHP;!F!rvboup!!qbsuf!qpmujdb!eb!joufop!ef!gb{fs!vn!
ßmnf!ofttf!ftqfdusp!eb!dsjbp!ef!vn!njup!op!npnfoup!fn!rvf!p!cjphsbgbep!
ftu!fyfsdfoep!b!qsftjeodjb@
JTNBJM!YBWJFS;!Ufn!vn!mbep!bu!nfjp!hbvdif-!nfjp!gpsb!ep!mvhbs-!tvqps!rvf!vnb!
qspqptub!dpnp!fttb!qpttb!tf!mfhjujnbs!ejbouf!ef!rvfn!rvfs!rvf!tfkb/!Nbt!op!
rvfsp!fousbs!ovnb!ejtdvttp!tpcsf!vn!ßmnf!rvf!fv!op!wj!f!rvf!tvqpoip!ftubs!
fnqfoibep!fn!npovnfoubmj{bs!b!ßhvsb-!dpjtb!qspcmfnujdb!ep!qpoup!ef!wjtub!
ep!wbmps!ftuujdp/!
IVNBOJEBEFT! FN! EJèMPHP;! Op! qbsfdf! rvf! jttp! t! bqbsfdf! fn! dbtpt! ef!
hpwfsopt-!hfsbmnfouf!upubmjusjpt-!rvf!tf!nboun!t!dvtubt!ef!vn!dvmup!!
qfstpobmjebef@
JTNBJM!YBWJFS;!Fncpsb!tfkb!nbjt!qspwwfm!fn!tjtufnbt!upubmjusjpt-!ftub!jojdjbujwb!
ubncn! pdpssf! fn! pvusbt! tjuvbft<! rvfn! efwfsjb! ftubs! qsfpdvqbep! dpn! p!
gbup!!p!qsqsjp!Mvmb-!qpjt!p!ßmnf!qpef!tfs!vnb!hsboef!nvojp!qbsb!pt!tfvt!
pqptjupsft!rvf!!cbufn!ob!ufdmb!ef!rvf!b!ojdb!dpjtb!rvf!tvtufoub!p!hpwfsop!Mvmb!
!p!qsqsjp!Mvmb!f!tvb!mjefsbob!dbsjtnujdb!rvf!tf!tpcsfqf!bpt!qbsujept-!rvf!
tf!efßof!ob!tvb!dpnvojdbp!ejsfub!dpn!p!fmfjupsbep-!rvf!ufn!ftusbuhjbt!ef!
dpnvojdbp! rvf! dpogvoefn! p! efcbuf! qpmujdp/! Uvep! rvf! ftu! fn! qbvub! ob!
pqptjp!qpef!hboibs!nvjub!nvojp!dpn!vn!ßmnf!dpnp!fttf/!B!dpokvouvsb!
! ubm! rvf! opttb! ufoeodjb! ! ftqfsbs! vnb! qptuvsb! dpowfodjpobm! ob! dpotusvp!
ef!vnb!cjphsbßb;!bt!fubqbt!eb!wjeb-!pt!esbnbt!qsqsjpt!b!dbeb!gbjyb!fusjb-!f!
b!tvdfttp!ef!fyqfsjodjbt!foufoejeb!dpnp!vnb!ufmfpmphjb!dpotusvupsb!ef!vn!
joejwevp!rvf!ufn!bt!rvbmjebeft!rvf!p!usbotgpsnbsbn!fn!vn!hsboef!mefs/
47

Entrevista Com Ismail Xavier

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Entrevista Com Ismail Xavier

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Entrevista:

IVNBOJEBEFT! FN! EJèMPHP;! ! ///wpd! op! gpsnb! ofdfttbsjbnfouf! spnbodjt.

IVNBOJEBEFT! FN! EJèMPHP;! ! vn! dvstp! nbjt! ÓudojdpÔ-! qspßttjpobmj{bouf-!

Cinema político e cinema da política.

Você também pode gostar

Entrevista Com Ismail Xavier

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Entrevista Com Ismail Xavier

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Entrevista:

IVNBOJEBEFT! FN! EJèMPHP;! ! ///wpd! op! gpsnb! ofdfttbsjbnfouf! spnbodjt.

IVNBOJEBEFT! FN! EJèMPHP;! ! vn! dvstp! nbjt! ÓudojdpÔ-! qspßttjpobmj{bouf-!

Cinema político e cinema da política.

Você também pode gostar

IVNBOJEBEFT! FN! EJèMPHP;! ! ///wpd! op! gpsnb! ofdfttbsjbnfouf! spnbodjt.

IVNBOJEBEFT! FN! EJèMPHP;! ! vn! dvstp! nbjt! ÓudojdpÔ-! qspßttjpobmj{bouf-!