Coelho Azul

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in-left:-41px">o <span class="l" style="margin-left:-42px">B<span class="l" styl
e="margin-left:-42px">r<span class="l" style="margin-left:-41px">a<span class="l
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ass="l" style="margin-left:-41px">a<span class="l" style="margin-left:-42px">l<s
pan class="l" style="margin-left:-41px">i<span class="l" style="margin-left:-42p
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gin-left:-41px">p<span class="l" style="margin-left:-41px">o<span class="l" styl
e="margin-left:-41px">g<span class="l" style="margin-left:-41px">r<span class="l
" style="margin-left:-42px">a<span class="l" style="margin-left:-42px">f<span cl
ass="l" style="margin-left:-41px">i<span class="l" style="margin-left:-42px">a<s
pan class="w" style="width:1108px"></span>P<span class="l" style="margin-left:-4
1px">U<span class="l" style="margin-left:-42px">C<span class="l" style="margin-l
eft:-42px">/<span class="l" style="margin-left:-42px">P<span class="l" style="ma
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</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></s
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div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:497px">1.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:820px;top:496px">Topografia</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:941px;top:864px">1.1.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1095px;top:863px">Conceitos</span><span class="a" st
yle="left:1150px;top:1141px">Definio</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1508px;top:1143px;word-spacing:7px;letter-spacing:1p
x">: a palavra "Topografia" deriva das palavras gregas "topos" (lugar) e</span><
span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1244px;word-spacing:15px;letter-spacing:2px
">"gr<span class="l6">aph<span class="l6">en" <span class="w12"></span>(de<span
class="l6">scr<span class="l7">ever<span class="l8">), <span class="w" style="wi
dth:14px"></span>o <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>que <span class="w1
2"></span>sig<span class="l7">nif<span class="l7">ica<span class="l6">,</span></

span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2290px;top:1262px;word-spacing:12px;letter-spacing:4
px">a <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>de<span class="l8">sc<span class
="l7">ri<span class="l8"><span class="l8">o <span class="w" style="width:15px"></s
pan>ex<span class="l8">at<span class="l8">a <span class="w" style="width:15px"><
/span>e <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>mi<span class="l9">nu<span cla
ss="l7">ci<span class="l9">os<span class="l7">a <span class="w" style="width:15p
x"></span>de <span class="w10"></span>um <span class="w10"></span>lu<span class=
"l8">ga<span class="l8">r </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:4052px;top:1244px">.</span><span class="a" style="le
ft:732px;top:1346px;word-spacing:-2px">(DOMINGUES, 1979).</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:1535px">Finalidade</span></div>
x">: determinar o</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2096px;top:1554px">contorno</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2415px;top:1536px">,</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2467px;top:1554px">dimenso</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2837px;top:1536px">e</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2885px;top:1554px;word-spacing:8px"> posio relati
va</span></div>
x">de uma</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3793px;top:1554px"> poro</span><span class="a" st
yle="left:732px;top:1655px">limitada</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1051px;top:1638px;word-spacing:2px">da superfcie terr
estre, do fundo dos mares ou do interior de minas,</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3475px;top:1655px">desconsiderando</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1740px;word-spacing:4px;letter-spacing:1px
">a curvatura resultante da esfericidade da Terra. Compete ainda Topografia, a l
ocao, no</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1841px;word-spacing:-1px">ter
reno, de projetos elaborados de Engenharia. <span class="w7"></span>(DOMINGUES,
1979).</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:2030px">Importncia</span></div>
x">: ela a</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1955px;top:2049px">base</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2148px;top:2031px;letter-spacing:1px">de <span class
="w8"></span>qualqu<span class="l6">er <span class="w7"></span>proje<span class=
"l6">to</span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2856px;top:2030px"> </span></div>

x">e de qualquer obra realizada por </span><span class="a" style="left:732p
x;top:2133px;word-spacing:2px">engenheiros ou arquitetos. Por exemplo, os trabal
hos de</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2756px;top:2151px;word-spacing:4px">obras virias</spa
n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3274px;top:2151px;word-spacing:4px">ncleos habitacion
ais</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2252px">edifcios</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1078px;top:2252px">aeroportos</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1513px;top:2252px">hidrografia</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1968px;top:2252px;word-spacing:3px">usinas hidreltric
as</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2717px;top:2252px">telecomunicaes</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3370px;top:2252px;word-spacing:3px"> sistemas d
e gua e</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2354px">esgoto</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:990px;top:2354px"> planejamento</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1543px;top:2354px">urbanismo</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1949px;top:2354px"> paisagismo</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2423px;top:2354px">irrigao</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2806px;top:2354px">drenagem</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:3210px;top:2354px">cultura</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3514px;top:2354px">reflorestamento</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2438px;word-spacing:4px">etc., se desenvol
vem em funo do terreno sobre o qual se assentam. (DOMINGUES, 1979).</span><span cl
ass="a" style="left:732px;top:2540px;word-spacing:5px;letter-spacing:2px">Portan
to, fundamental o conhecimento pormenorizado deste terreno, tanto na etapa do</s
pan><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:2642px;word-spacing:3px;letter-spacing
:2px"> projeto, quanto da sua construo ou execuo; e, a Topografia, fornece os mt
odos e os</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2743px;word-spacing:17px;l
etter-spacing:3px">in<span class="l6">st<span class="l7">ru<span class="l7">me<s
pan class="l6">nt<span class="l7">os <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>q
ue <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>pe<span class="l6">rm<span class="l
7">it<span class="l7">em <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>es<span class
="l6">te <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>co<span class="l6">nhe<span c
lass="l8">ci<span class="l7">me<span class="l6">nt<span class="l6">o <span class
="w" style="width:19px"></span>do <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>te<s
pan class="l7">rr<span class="l7">eno <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>
e <span class="w" style="width:18px"></span>as<span class="l6">se<span class="l6
">gu<span class="l6">ra<span class="l6">m <span class="w" style="width:19px"></s
pan>um<span class="l7">a <span class="w" style="width:19px"></span>co<span class
="l6">rr<span class="l7">et<span class="l7">a</span></span></span></span></span>
pan></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" styl
e="left:732px;top:2845px">implantao da obra ou servio.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:3034px;word-spacing:1px">Diferena entre Ge
odsia e Topografia</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2611px;top:3035px">: a Topografia muitas vezes confu
ndida</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3137px;word-spacing:5px;letter
-spacing:2px">com a Geodsia pois se utilizam dos mesmos equipamentos e praticamen
te dos mesmos</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3239px;letter-spacing:
1px">mtod<span class="l6">os para <span class="w8"></span>o <span class="w6"></sp
an>mapeam<span class="l6">ento da <span class="w10"></span>super<span class="l7"
>fcie terres<span class="l6">tre. Porm, enquanto a</span></span></span></span></sp
an></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3341px;top:3237px">Topografia</span></div>
x">tem por </span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3340px;word-spacing
:8px;letter-spacing:2px">fin<span class="l7">ali<span class="l7">dad<span class=
"l6">e <span class="w" style="width:18px"></span>map<span class="l6">ear <span c
lass="w" style="width:13px"></span>uma</span></span></span></span></span></div>
px"> pequen<span class="l6">a <span class="w10"></span>poro</span></span></di
v>
x">daquela superfcie (rea de raio at 30km), a</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3441px">Geodsia</span></div>

x">, tem por finalidade, mapear </span></div>
px"> grande<span class="l6">s <span class="w10"></span>pores</span></span></d
iv>
px">desta mesma superfci<span class="l6">e, <span class="w7"></span>levand<span c
lass="l6">o <span class="w8"></span>em</span></span></span><span class="a" style
="left:732px;top:3544px;word-spacing:8px;letter-spacing:1px">considerao as</span><
/div>
<span class="a" style="left:1355px;top:3561px">deformaes</span></div>
x">devido sua esfericidade. Portanto, pode-se afirmar que a</span><span class="a
" style="left:732px;top:3645px;word-spacing:1px">Topografia, menos complexa e re
strita, apenas um</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2608px;top:3663px">captulo</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2921px;top:3645px;word-spacing:1px">da Geodsia, cincia
muito mais</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3747px">abrangente.</spa
n><span class="a" style="left:941px;top:4026px">1.2.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1095px;top:4024px">Representao</span></div>
px">A <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>por<span class="l6">o <span class=
"w11"></span>da <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>sup<span class="l7">er
f<span class="l7">ci<span class="l7">e <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>
ter<span class="l7">res<span class="l7">tre<span class="l7">, <span class="w" st
yle="width:15px"></span>lev<span class="l6">ant<span class="l6">ada <span class=
"w11"></span>top<span class="l6">ogr<span class="l6">afi<span class="l7">cam<spa
n class="l6">ent<span class="l6">e, <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span></s
></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3627px;top:4304px">representada</span><span class="a
" style="left:732px;top:4406px">atravs de uma</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1262px;top:4423px;word-spacing:1px"> Projeo Ortog
onal Cotada</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2303px;top:4406px;word-spacing:1px">e denomina-se</s
pan></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2839px;top:4423px;word-spacing:1px">Superfcie Topogrfi
ca</span></div>
ft:1150px;top:4596px">Isto eqivale dizer que, no s os limites desta superfcie, bem c
omo todas as suas</span><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:4698px;word-spacin
g:22px;letter-spacing:2px"> pa<span class="l6">rti<span class="l8">cul<span
class="l6">ari<span class="l7">dade<span class="l7">s <span class="w" style="wi
dth:17px"></span>nat<span class="l7">ura<span class="l6">is <span class="w" styl
e="width:13px"></span>ou <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>art<span clas

s="l7">ifi<span class="l8">cia<span class="l6">is, <span class="w12"></span>ser<
span class="l7">o <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>pro<span class="l6">j
et<span class="l8">adas <span class="w10"></span>sob<span class="l6">re <span cl
ass="w" style="width:14px"></span>um <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>p
la<span class="l6">no <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>con<span class="
l6">sid<span class="l7">era<span class="l6">do</span></span></span></span></span
span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4799px">horizontal.</sp
an><span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:4989px;word-spacing:3px">A esta projeo o
u imagem figurada do terreno d-se o nome de</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3457px;top:5007px;word-spacing:3px"> Planta ou
Plano</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:5109px">Topogrfico</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1169px;top:5091px;word-spacing:-1px">. (ESPARTEL, 19
87).</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:5378px;word-spacing:-169px;letter-spacing:
163px">E<span class="l" style="margin-left:-164px">n<span class="l" style="margi
n-left:-163px">g<span class="l" style="margin-left:-163px">e<span class="l" styl
e="margin-left:-164px">n<span class="l" style="margin-left:-163px">h<span class=
"l" style="margin-left:-163px">a<span class="l" style="margin-left:-164px">r<spa
n class="l" style="margin-left:-163px">i<span class="l" style="margin-left:-164p
x">a <span class="l" style="margin-left:-157px">C<span class="l" style="margin-l
eft:-164px">i<span class="l" style="margin-left:-163px">v<span class="l" style="
margin-left:-164px">i<span class="l" style="margin-left:-164px">l<span class="w"
style="width:2610px"></span>-<span class="l" style="margin-left:-164px">1<span
class="l" style="margin-left:-163px">-</span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></d
iv>
</div>
</div>
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<span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:365px">A figura abaixo (ESPARTEL, 1987) r
epresenta exatamente a relao da superfcie</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;t
op:466px;word-spacing:-1px">terrestre e de sua projeo sobre o papel.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1574px;top:655px">S</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1623px;top:683px">UPERFCIE</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1965px;top:655px">T</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2024px;top:683px">OPOGRFICA</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2444px;top:655px">- P</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2550px;top:683px">LANTA</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2834px;top:683px">OPOGRFICA</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:941px;top:2274px">1.3.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1095px;top:2273px">Diviso</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:2552px">O levantamento topogrfico pode ser
dividido em :</span><span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:2743px;word-spacing:
19px;letter-spacing:2px">- <span class="w" style="width:21px"></span>Lev<span cl
ass="l6">ant<span class="l6">ame<span class="l6">nto <span class="w" style="widt
h:20px"></span>top<span class="l7">ogr<span class="l6">fi<span class="l7">co</spa
n></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2295px;top:2741px">P</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2350px;top:2769px">LANIMTRICO</span></div>
px">, <span class="w" style="width:19px"></span>co<span class="l8">mp<span class
="l8">re<span class="l8">en<span class="l8">de<span class="l8">nd<span class="l7
">o <span class="w" style="width:20px"></span>o <span class="w" style="width:20p
x"></span>co<span class="l7">nj<span class="l9">un<span class="l7">to <span clas
s="w" style="width:15px"></span>de</span></span></span></span></span></span></sp
an></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2844px">operaes nece
ssrias para a determinao de pontos e feies do terreno que sero projetados</span><span
class="a" style="left:732px;top:2946px;word-spacing:4px;letter-spacing:1px">sobr
e um plano horizontal de referncia atravs de suas coordenadas X e Y (representao</sp
an><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:3048px;word-spacing:-1px"> bidimen
sional), e,</span><span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:3238px;word-spacing:25p
x;letter-spacing:2px">- <span class="w" style="width:21px"></span>Lev<span class
="l6">ant<span class="l7">amen<span class="l7">to <span class="w" style="width:2
0px"></span>top<span class="l6">ogr<span class="l6">fi<span class="l7">co</span><
/span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2311px;top:3236px">A</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2374px;top:3264px">LTIMTRICO</span></div>
px">, <span class="w" style="width:20px"></span>co<span class="l8">mp<span class
="l8">re<span class="l9">en<span class="l8">de<span class="l7">nd<span class="l8
">o <span class="w" style="width:21px"></span>o <span class="w" style="width:20p
x"></span>co<span class="l7">nj<span class="l9">un<span class="l7">to <span clas
s="w" style="width:15px"></span>de</span></span></span></span></span></span></sp
an></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3339px;word-spacin
g:3px">operaes necessrias para a determinao de pontos e feies do terreno que, alm de
em</span><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:3441px;word-spacing:5px"> pr
ojetados sobre um plano horizontal de referncia, tero sua representao em relao a um</s
pan><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:3543px;word-spacing:4px"> plano d
e referncia vertical ou de nvel atravs de suas coordenadas X, Y e Z (representao</spa
n><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3645px">tridimensional).</span><span cla
ss="a" style="left:1150px;top:3835px;word-spacing:7px;letter-spacing:1px">Ao con
junto de mtodos abrangidos pela</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2687px;top:3852px"> planimetria</span></div>
x">e pela</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3420px;top:3852px">altimetria</span></div>
x">d-se o</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3936px">nome de</span></div
>
<span class="a" style="left:1115px;top:3963px">OPOMETRIA</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1503px;top:3936px;word-spacing:-2px">(mais conhecida
como <span class="w6"></span>Planialtimetria).</span><span class="a" style="lef
t:1150px;top:4127px">A</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1299px;top:4153px;letter-spacing:-1px">OPOLOGIA</spa
n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1619px;top:4127px;word-spacing:4px">, por sua vez, u
tilizando-se dos dados obtidos atravs da</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3664px;top:4144px">topometria</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:4052px;top:4127px">,</span><span class="a" style="le
ft:732px;top:4228px;word-spacing:7px;letter-spacing:2px">tem por objetivo o estu
do das formas da superfcie terrestre e das leis que regem o seu</span><span class
="a" style="left:732px;top:4330px">modelado.</span><span class="a" style="left:1
150px;top:4520px;word-spacing:6px"> conveniente ressaltar que os levantamentos pl
animtricos e/ou altimtricos so</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4622px;w
ord-spacing:4px">definidos e executados em funo das especificaes dos projetos. Assim
, um projeto poder</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4723px;word-spacin

g:14px;letter-spacing:1px">exigi<span class="l6">r <span class="w10"></span>some
n<span class="l6">te <span class="w10"></span>levant<span class="l7">ament<span
class="l6">os <span class="w11"></span>plani<span class="l6">mtr<span class="l6">
icos, <span class="w7"></span>ou, <span class="w8"></span>somen<span class="l6">
te <span class="w9"></span>levant<span class="l6">amento<span class="l6">s <span
class="w10"></span>altim<span class="l7">tric<span class="l6">os, <span class="w
9"></span>ou</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></spa
n></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4825px;word-spacing:-1px">
ainda, ambos os levantamentos.</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:5104p
x">2.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:820px;top:5102px;word-spacing:2px">Modelos Terrestre
s</span></div>
iv>
</div>
</div>
Apostila%201%20topografia_arquivos/2-5aa711f5a0.jpg" class="absimg" style="left:
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px); display: block;">
</div>
</div>
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class="b_l"></div>
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<span class="a" style="left:919px;top:365px"> No estudo da forma e dimenso d
a Terra, podemos considerar quatro tipos de</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3695px;top:382px"> superfcie</span><span class="
a" style="left:732px;top:484px">ou modelo</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1125px;top:466px">para a sua representao. So eles:</spa
n><span class="a" style="left:941px;top:701px">a)</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1010px;top:699px">Modelo Real</span></div>
x">Es<span class="l6">te <span class="w10"></span>mo<span class="l6">de<span cla
ss="l6">lo <span class="w11"></span>pe<span class="l6">rm<span class="l7">it<spa
n class="l7">ir<span class="l8">ia <span class="w12"></span>a <span class="w" st
yle="width:13px"></span>re<span class="l6">pr<span class="l7">es<span class="l6"
>en<span class="l6">ta<span class="l6"><span class="l6">o <span class="w" style="w
idth:15px"></span>da <span class="w10"></span>Te<span class="l6">rr<span class="
l7">a <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>ta<span class="l6">l <span class
="w" style="width:13px"></span>qua<span class="l8">l <span class="w12"></span>el
<span class="l6">a <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>se <span class="w10
"></span>ap<span class="l6">re<span class="l6">se<span class="l6">nt<span class=
"l7">a <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>na</span></span></span></span><
/span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sp
an></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:
732px;top:1037px;word-spacing:-1px">realidade, ou seja, sem as deformaes <span cla
ss="w6"></span>que os outros modelos apresentam.</span><span class="a" style="le
ft:1023px;top:1227px;word-spacing:1px"> No entanto, devido irregularidade d
a superfcie terrestre, o</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3218px;top:1244px;word-spacing:3px">modelo real&nbsp
;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3669px;top:1227px;word-spacing:2px">no dispe,</span><s
pan class="a" style="left:732px;top:1328px;word-spacing:2px;letter-spacing:1px">
at o momento, de</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1435px;top:1346px;word-spacing:7px">definies matemticas
</span></div>
px">adequad<span class="l6">as <span class="w12"></span>sua represent<span class
="l6">ao. Em <span class="w8"></span>funo disso,</span></span></span><span class="a"
style="left:732px;top:1430px">outros</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:975px;top:1448px">modelos</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1292px;top:1430px;word-spacing:-1px">menos complexos
foram desenvolvidos.</span><span class="a" style="left:919px;top:1664px">
b)</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1014px;top:1663px">Modelo Geoidal</span></div>
px">Per<span class="l7">mit<span class="l8">e <span class="w" style="width:13px"
></span>que <span class="w9"></span>a <span class="w12"></span>sup<span class="l
7">erf<span class="l7">ci<span class="l7">e <span class="w" style="width:13px"></
span>ter<span class="l7">res<span class="l7">tr<span class="l6">e <span class="w
" style="width:13px"></span>sej<span class="l7">a <span class="w" style="width:1
3px"></span>rep<span class="l7">res<span class="l7">ent<span class="l6">ada <spa
n class="w9"></span>por <span class="w8"></span>uma</span></span></span></span><
/span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
x"> superf<span class="l7">cie <span class="w" style="width:17px"></span>fic
t<span class="l6">cia</span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2000px">definida pelo prolongamento do nvel
mdio dos mares (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2737px;top:1999px">NMM</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2968px;top:2000px;word-spacing:-1px">) por sobre os
continentes. Este</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2102px;word-spacin
g:6px;letter-spacing:1px">modelo, evidentemente, ir apresentar a superfcie do terr
eno deformada em relao sua</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2204px;word
-spacing:-1px">forma e posio reais.</span><span class="a" style="left:1045px;top:2
394px;word-spacing:27px;letter-spacing:4px">O <span class="w" style="width:26px"
></span>mo<span class="l8">de<span class="l8">lo <span class="w" style="width:22
px"></span>ge<span class="l8">oi<span class="l8">da<span class="l8">l <span clas
s="w" style="width:26px"></span> <span class="w" style="width:25px"></span>de<spa
n class="l8">te<span class="l8">rm<span class="l9">in<span class="l8">ad<span cl
ass="l8">o, <span class="w" style="width:23px"></span>ma<span class="l8">te<span
class="l9">ma<span class="l8">ti<span class="l9">ca<span class="l7">me<span cla
ss="l8">nt<span class="l8">e, <span class="w" style="width:22px"></span>at<span
class="l8">ra<span class="l9">v<span class="l8">s <span class="w" style="width:26
px"></span>de <span class="w" style="width:22px"></span>me<span class="l8">di<sp
an class="l9">da<span class="l7">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></sp
an></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:
2496px;word-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px">gravimtricas (fora da gravidade) reali
zadas sobre a superfcie terrestre. Os levantamentos</span><span class="a" style="
left:732px;top:2597px;word-spacing:5px">gravimtricos, por sua vez, so especficos da
Geodsia e, portanto, no sero abordados por </span><span class="a" style="left
:732px;top:2699px;word-spacing:-3px">esta disciplina.</span><span class="a" styl
e="left:941px;top:2933px">c)</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1010px;top:2932px;word-spacing:-1px">Modelo Elipsoid
al</span></div>
px"> o mais usual de todos os modelos que sero apresentados. Nele, a Terra </span><
span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3269px;word-spacing:15px;letter-spacing:3px
">re<span class="l6">pr<span class="l7">es<span class="l6">en<span class="l6">ta
<span class="l6">da <span class="w12"></span>por <span class="w8"></span>um<span
class="l6">a <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>su<span class="l6">pe<sp
an class="l6">rf<span class="l7">c<span class="l6">ie <span class="w11"></span>ge
r<span class="l9">ad<span class="l6">a <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span
>a <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>par<span class="l9">ti<span class="
l7">r <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>de <span class="w11"></span>um <

span class="w12"></span>el<span class="l7">ip<span class="l6">s<span class="l6">i
d<span class="l7">e <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>de <span class="w1
1"></span>re<span class="l6">vo<span class="l6">lu<span class="l6"><span class="l6
">o, <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>co<span class="l6">m</span></span
span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span
class="a" style="left:732px;top:3371px;word-spacing:-1px">deformaes relativamente
maiores que o modelo geoidal.</span><span class="a" style="left:1045px;top:3561
px;word-spacing:5px">Entre os elipsides mais utilizados para a representao da super
fcie terrestre esto</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3663px;word-spacin
g:10px;letter-spacing:1px">os de Bessel (1841), Clarke (1858), Helmet (1907), Ha
yford (1909) e o Internacional 67</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:37
65px">(1967).</span><span class="a" style="left:1023px;top:3955px;word-spacing:4
px;letter-spacing:2px"> No Brasil, as cartas produzidas no perodo de 1924 at
meados da dcada de 80</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4057px;word-spa
cing:12px;letter-spacing:2px">uti<span class="l7">li<span class="l6">zar<span cl
ass="l6">am <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>com<span class="l6">o <spa
n class="w" style="width:13px"></span>ref<span class="l7">er<span class="l6">nci<
span class="l6">a <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>os <span class="w11"
></span>par<span class="l6">me<span class="l7">tro<span class="l7">s <span class=
"w" style="width:14px"></span>de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span
></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2482px;top:4074px"> Hayford </span></div>
px">. A partir desta poca, as cartas</span><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:
4158px;word-spacing:14px;letter-spacing:2px"> pr<span class="l6">odu<span c
lass="l6">zid<span class="l6">as <span class="w11"></span>pas<span class="l7">sa
r<span class="l7">am <span class="w12"></span>a <span class="w12"></span>ado<spa
n class="l6">tar <span class="w9"></span>com<span class="l6">o <span class="w" s
tyle="width:13px"></span>ref<span class="l7">er<span class="l6">nci<span class="l
7">a <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>os</span></span></span></span></s
pan></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2685px;top:4176px"> parmetros</span></div>
px">defin<span class="l6">idos <span class="w9"></span>pelo</span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3755px;top:4176px">Geodetic</span><span class="a" st
yle="left:710px;top:4277px;word-spacing:2px"> Reference System</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1375px;top:4260px">-</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1427px;top:4259px">GRS 67</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1719px;top:4260px">, mais conhecido como</span></div
>
<span class="a" style="left:2535px;top:4277px;word-spacing:1px"> Internacio
nal 67 </span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3148px;top:4260px">. So eles:</span><span class="a" s
tyle="left:1148px;top:4505px">DATUM = SAD 69 (CHU); a = 6.378.160 m; f = 1 - b/a
= 1 / 298,25</span><span class="a" style="left:1045px;top:4763px">Onde:</span></
div>
<span class="a" style="left:1045px;top:4952px">DATUM</span></div>

x">: um sistema de referncia utilizado para o cmputo ou correlao dos</span><span cla
ss="a" style="left:732px;top:5055px;word-spacing:4px;letter-spacing:1px">resulta
dos de um levantamento. Existem dois tipos de</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2751px;top:5073px">datums</span></div>
x">: o vertical e o horizontal. O</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:5174px;word-spacing:8px">datum vertical&nb
sp;</span></div>
x"> uma superfcie de nvel utilizada no referenciamento das</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3444px;top:5174px">altitudes</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3778px;top:5157px">tomadas</span><span class="a" sty
le="left:732px;top:5258px;word-spacing:6px">sobre a superfcie terrestre. O</span>
</div>
<span class="a" style="left:1836px;top:5276px;word-spacing:9px">datum horizontal
</span></div>
x">, por sua vez, utilizado no referenciamento</span></div>
iv>
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<div class="outer_page only_ie6_border not_visible" id="outer_page_4" style="

width: 847px; height: 1096px;">
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top 0px;"><div class="newpage" id="page4" style="width: 902px; height:1167px">

div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:365px">das</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:858px;top:382px"> posies</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1215px;top:365px;letter-spacing:1px">tomada<span cla
ss="l6">s <span class="w7"></span>sobre a <span class="w8"></span>superf<span cl
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ass="l7">o <span class="w7"></span> <span class="w7"></span>defini<span class="l7
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span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:466px;wor
d-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px">geogrficas de um ponto inicial, pela direo da lin
ha entre este ponto inicial e um segundo</span><span class="a" style="left:710px
;top:568px;word-spacing:5px;letter-spacing:1px"> ponto especificado, e pela
s duas dimenses (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2391px;top:567px">a</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2544px;top:567px">b</span></div>
">) que definem o elipside utilizado para</span><span class="a" style="left:732px
;top:670px;word-spacing:-1px">representao da superfcie terrestre.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1045px;top:858px">SAD</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:1222px;top:860px">:</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1357px;top:860px">outh</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1639px;top:860px">merican</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1985px;top:858px">D</span></div>
x">at<span class="l8">um<span class="l9">, <span class="w" style="width:17px"></
span>of<span class="l8">ic<span class="l9">ia<span class="l8">li<span class="l10
">za<span class="l7">do <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>pa<span class=
"l8">ra <span class="w12"></span>us<span class="l9">o <span class="w" style="wid
th:16px"></span>no <span class="w12"></span>Br<span class="l8">as<span class="l9
">il <span class="w11"></span>em <span class="w12"></span>19<span class="l8">69<
span class="l7">, <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><sp
an class="a" style="left:732px;top:961px">representado pelo vrtice Chu, situado prx
imo cidade de Uberaba-MG.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1089px;top:1152px;word-spacing:-1px">: a dimenso qu<s
pan class="w6"></span>e representa o semi-eixo maior do elipside (em metros).</sp
an></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1045px;top:1340px">b</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1095px;top:1342px;word-spacing:-1px">: a dimenso que
<span class="w6"></span>representa o semi-eixo menor do elipside (em <span class=
"w6"></span>metros).</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1045px;top:1531px">f </span></div>
x">: a relao entre o semi-eixo menor e o semi-eixo maior do elipside, ou seja, o</s
pan><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1633px;word-spacing:-1px">seu achatame
nto.</span><span class="a" style="left:1045px;top:1824px;word-spacing:3px;letter
-spacing:1px">A figura abaixo mostra a relao existente entre a superfcie topogrfica
ou real, o</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1925px;word-spacing:-1px"
>elipside e o geide para <span class="w6"></span>uma mesma poro da <span class="w6">
</span>superfcie terrestre.</span><span class="a" style="left:941px;top:4070px">d
)</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1014px;top:4068px">Modelo Esfrico</span></div>
px">Este um <span class="w8"></span>modelo basta<span class="l6">nte simples<spa
n class="l6">, onde <span class="w7"></span>a Terra <span class="w9"></span>repr
e<span class="l6">sentad<span class="l6">a como <span class="w6"></span>se fosse
uma</span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:440
6px;word-spacing:2px;letter-spacing:1px">esfera. O produto desta representao, no e
ntanto, o mais distante da realidade, ou seja, o</span><span class="a" style="le
ft:732px;top:4508px;word-spacing:12px;letter-spacing:2px">ter<span class="l7">re
n<span class="l6">o <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>rep<span class="l6

">res<span class="l7">ent<span class="l6">ado <span class="w10"></span>seg<span
class="l6">undo <span class="w8"></span>est<span class="l8">e <span class="w" st
yle="width:14px"></span>mod<span class="l6">elo <span class="w9"></span>apr<span
class="l6">ese<span class="l6">nta<span class="l7">-se <span class="w9"></span>
bas<span class="l6">tan<span class="l6">te <span class="w11"></span>def<span cla
ss="l7">orm<span class="l6">ado <span class="w10"></span>no <span class="w11"></
span>que <span class="w9"></span>diz</span></span></span></span></span></span></
span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class=
"a" style="left:732px;top:4609px;word-spacing:3px">respeito forma das suas feies e
posio relativa das mesmas. Um exemplo deste tipo de</span><span class="a" style="
left:732px;top:4711px;word-spacing:-1px">representao so os globos encontrados em li
vrarias e papelarias.</span></div>
iv>
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<div style="display: none;"><div class="newpage" id="page31" style="width: 902

px; height:1167px">


div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:363px">CA</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:952px;top:363px">CB</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1101px;top:365px;letter-spacing:1px">e, a meio camin
ho de</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1899px;top:363px">CA</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2054px;top:365px">e de</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2229px;top:363px">CB</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2379px;top:365px;word-spacing:4px">so marcados os pon
tos</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3256px;top:363px">D</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3412px;top:363px">E</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3471px;top:365px;word-spacing:4px">. A distncia</span
></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3951px;top:363px">DE</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:466px">tambm deve ser medida.</span><span c
lass="a" style="left:1358px;top:1883px;word-spacing:5px">Aps estabelecer a relao de
semelhana entre os tringulos</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3584px;top:1882px">CAB</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:3865px;top:1882px">CDE</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:4052px;top:1883px">,</span><span class="a" style="le
ft:732px;top:1985px;word-spacing:-2px">a distncia</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1129px;top:1984px">AB</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1274px;top:1985px">ser dada por:</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2148px;top:2294px">A<span class="l8">B <span class="
w" style="width:22px"></span>=</span></span><span class="a" style="left:2375px;t
op:2244px;letter-spacing:-1px">C<span class="l6">A<span class="l7">.<span class=
"w" style="width:18px"></span>D<span class="l6">E</span></span></span></span><sp
an class="a" style="left:2449px;top:2356px">C<span class="l8">D</span></span></d
iv>
<span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:2648px">8.3.5.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1371px;top:2647px">Erros na Medida Direta de Distncia
s</span></div>
x">Os erros cometidos, voluntria ou involuntariamente, durante a medida</span><sp
an class="a" style="left:732px;top:3028px;word-spacing:-1px">direta de distncias,
devem-se:</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1568px;top:3241px"></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1630px;top:3219px">ao</span></div>
x">comprimento do diastmetro</span></div>
x">: afetado pela tenso aplicada em</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3
320px;word-spacing:2px">suas extremidades e tambm pela temperatura ambiente. A co
rreo depende dos coeficientes</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3422px;w
ord-spacing:4px;letter-spacing:1px">de elasticidade e de dilatao do material com q
ue o mesmo fabricado. Portanto, deve-se</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;
top:3524px;word-spacing:5px">utilizar dinammetro e termmetro durante as medies para
que estas correes possam ser </span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:362
5px;word-spacing:-1px">efetuadas ou, proceder a <span class="w6"></span>aferio do
diastmetro de tempos em tempos.</span><span class="a" style="left:1568px;top:3816
px">A</span></div>
px">distn<span class="l6">cia <span class="w8"></span>horizont<span class="l7">al
<span class="w10"></span>correta</span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2770px;top:3816px">(</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2799px;top:3814px">DH</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2932px;top:3856px">c</span></div>
x">) entre dois pontos ser dada</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3926p
x;word-spacing:7px">dividindo-se o</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1277px;top:3944px;word-spacing:8px">comprimento afer

ido do diastmetro</span></div>
x">) pelo seu</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3100px;top:3944px;word-spacing:8px">comprimento nomi
nal </span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3993px;top:3926px">) <span class="w7"></span>e</span
><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4028px;word-spacing:-2px">multiplicando-s
e pela</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1518px;top:4045px">distncia horizontal medida</span><
/div>
<span class="a" style="left:2694px;top:4068px">m</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2737px;top:4028px">):</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2635px;top:4379px">m</span><span class="a" style="le
ft:2445px;top:4337px">a</span><span class="a" style="left:2243px;top:4379px">c</
span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2517px;top:4351px">D<span class="l9">H</span></span>
ft:2368px;top:4309px"> </span><span class="a" style="left:2297px;top:4351px
">=</span><span class="a" style="left:2124px;top:4351px">D<span class="l9">H</sp
an></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2408px;top:4397px"> </span><span class="a" style="left
:2403px;top:4306px"> </span></div>
px">desvio <span class="w7"></span>vertic<span class="l6">al </span></span>
</div>
<span class="a" style="left:2347px;top:4622px">ou</span></div>
px"> falt<span class="l7">a <span class="w11"></span>de <span class="w10"><
/span>horizon<span class="l6">tali<span class="l6">dade</span></span></span></sp
an></div>
x">: ocorre quando o</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4724px;word-spa
cing:3px">terreno muito inclinado. Assim, mede-se uma srie de linhas inclinadas e
m vez de medir as</span><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:4826px;word-spacin
g:-1px"> projees destas linhas sobre o plano ho<span class="w6"></span>rizont
al, como na figura a seguir (BORGES, 1988).</span></div>
class="l" style="margin-left:-153px">1<span class="l" style="margin-left:-152px"
>-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><
/span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
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: 144px; top: 69px; width: 675px; height: 216px; clip: rect(1px, 674px, 3px, 1px
: 335px; top: 134px; width: 675px; height: 216px; clip: rect(5px, 289px, 215px,
1px); display: block;">
: 41px; top: 459px; width: 675px; height: 216px; clip: rect(5px, 489px, 6px, 432
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
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/pages/31-b361136b23.jsonp";
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"width: 847px; height: 1096px;">
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
class="b_tl"></div>
class="b_tr"></div>
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div>
<span class="a" style="left:1568px;top:1088px;letter-spacing:1px">O erro devido
ao</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2210px;top:1106px;word-spacing:7px">desvio vertical&
nbsp;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2792px;top:1087px">C</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2855px;top:1129px">dv</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2910px;top:1088px;letter-spacing:1px">), para um nico
lance, pode ser </span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1190px;word-s
pacing:15px;letter-spacing:2px">enc<span class="l6">ont<span class="l6">rad<span
class="l6">o <span class="w11"></span>atr<span class="l7">av<span class="l6">s <
span class="w11"></span>da <span class="w8"></span>rel<span class="l7">a<span clas
s="l6">o <span class="w12"></span>ent<span class="l7">re <span class="w9"></span
>o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
px">desn<span class="l7">ve<span class="l7">l <span class="w" style="width:13px">
</span>do <span class="w12"></span>ter<span class="l6">reno</span></span></span>
</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3064px;top:1189px">DN</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3192px;top:1190px">) <span class="w" style="width:29
px"></span>e <span class="w" style="width:30px"></span>o</span></div>
px">compri<span class="l6">mento <span class="w7"></span>do</span></span><span c
lass="a" style="left:732px;top:1318px">diastmetro</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1235px;top:1300px">):</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2459px;top:1627px">2<span class="l6">.</span></span>
<span class="a" style="left:2448px;top:1547px">D<span class="l9">N</span></span>
<span class="a" style="left:2430px;top:1547px"> </span><span class="a" styl
e="left:2358px;top:1583px">=</span><span class="a" style="left:2235px;top:1583px
">C</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2548px;top:1532px">2</span><span class="a" style="le
ft:2285px;top:1607px">dv</span></div>
px">Es<span class="l9">te <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>er<span clas
s="l9">ro <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span> <span class="w" style="width
:18px"></span>cu<span class="l8">mu<span class="l8">la<span class="l9">ti<span c
lass="l9">vo <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>e <span class="w" style="
width:17px"></span>se<span class="l8">mp<span class="l8">re <span class="w" styl

e="width:13px"></span>po<span class="l8">si<span class="l9">ti<span class="l9">v
o<span class="l8">. <span class="w" style="width:18px"></span>As<span class="l9"
>si<span class="l9">m, <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>a</span></span>
pan></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3760px;top:1863px">distncia</span><span class="a" sty
le="left:732px;top:1964px;word-spacing:16px;letter-spacing:1px">horizon<span cla
ss="l6">tal <span class="w11"></span>correta</span></span></div>
x">) <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>ent<span class="l9">re <span clas
s="w" style="width:14px"></span>do<span class="l6">is <span class="w" style="wid
th:13px"></span>pon<span class="l8">to<span class="l7">s <span class="w" style="
width:17px"></span>se<span class="l7">r <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span
>en<span class="l6">co<span class="l6">nt<span class="l6">ra<span class="l7">da
<span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>su<span class="l7">bt<span class="l6">
ra<span class="l7">in<span class="l6">do<span class="l6">-s<span class="l6">e <s
pan class="w" style="width:17px"></span>da</span></span></span></span></span></s
pan></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
le="left:732px;top:2074px;word-spacing:14px">horizontal medida</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1633px;top:2056px">), <span class="w" style="width:1
3px"></span>o</span></div>
x">desvio vertical </span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2462px;top:2097px">dv</span></div>
x">) multiplicado pelo</span></div>
x">nmero de lances</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3971px;top:2055px">N</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:4062px;top:2056px">)</span><span class="a" style="le
ft:732px;top:2158px;word-spacing:-1px">dado com o diastmetro:</span></div>
<span class="g" style="top:2387px"><span class="a" style="left:2767px">)</span><
span class="a" style="left:2640px">C</span><span class="a" style="left:2624px">.
</span><span class="a" style="left:2529px">N</span><span class="a" style="left:2
501px">(</span><span class="a" style="left:2256px">D<span class="l" style="margi
n-left:-27px">H</span></span><span class="a" style="left:2196px">=</span><span c
lass="a" style="left:2029px">D<span class="l" style="margin-left:-26px">H</span>
</span></span>
</div>
<span class="a" style="left:2697px;top:2405px">d<span class="l" style="margin-le
ft:-14px">v</span></span><span class="a" style="left:2373px;top:2405px">m</span>
<span class="a" style="left:1717px;top:2616px">catenria</span></div>
px">: curvatura ou</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2648px;top:2616px">barriga</span></div>
px">que se forma ao tensionar o</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2700
px;word-spacing:7px;letter-spacing:1px">diastmetro e que funo do seu peso e do seu
comprimento. Para evit-la, necessrio</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2
802px;word-spacing:4px">utilizar diastmetros leves, no muito longos e aplicar tenso
apropriada (segundo normas do</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2903p
x;word-spacing:-1px">fabricante) s suas extremidades.</span><span class="a" style
="left:1568px;top:3093px;word-spacing:6px;letter-spacing:1px">A figura a seguir
(DOMINGUES, 1979) indica a flecha (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3704px;top:3092px">f </span></div>
x">) do arco</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3204px">formado pelo co
mprimento (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1799px;top:3204px;word-spacing:-1px">) do diastmetro
com tenso (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2892px;top:3204px;word-spacing:-1px">) aplicada nas
extremidades.</span><span class="a" style="left:1568px;top:4320px;word-spacing:2
px;letter-spacing:1px">O erro devido </span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2170px;top:4338px">catenria</span></div>
x">, para um nico lance, pode ser encontrado</span><span class="a" style="left:73

2px;top:4422px;word-spacing:-1px">atravs da relao:</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2439px;top:4748px">3<span class="l7">.</span></span>
<span class="a" style="left:2425px;top:4668px">8<span class="l6">.f </span>
</span><span class="a" style="left:2347px;top:4703px">=</span><span class="a" st
yle="left:2243px;top:4703px">C</span></div>
ft:2299px;top:4728px">c</span></div>
px">Es<span class="l7">te <span class="w11"></span>er<span class="l6">ro <span c
lass="w11"></span> <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>cu<span class="l6">m
u<span class="l6">la<span class="l7">ti<span class="l7">vo, <span class="w10"></
span>pr<span class="l6">ov<span class="l6">oca <span class="w9"></span>um<span c
lass="l6">a <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>re<span class="l6">du<span
class="l6">o <span class="w9"></span>do <span class="w12"></span>di<span class="l
6">as<span class="l7">t<span class="l7">me<span class="l6">tr<span class="l8">o <
span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>e,</span></span></span></span></span></
span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></spa
n><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:5068px;word-spacing:6px;letter-spacing:1
px">consequentemente, resulta numa medida de distncia maior que a real. Assim, a<
/span></div>
le="left:732px;top:5188px;word-spacing:14px;letter-spacing:1px">horizon<span cla
ss="l6">tal <span class="w12"></span>corret<span class="l6">a</span></span></spa
n></div>
px">) <span class="w11"></span>ent<span class="l6">re <span class="w9"></span>do
i<span class="l7">s <span class="w11"></span>pont<span class="l8">os <span class
="w9"></span>ser<span class="l7"> <span class="w11"></span>enco<span class="l7">n
tr<span class="l7">ada <span class="w8"></span>sub<span class="l6">tr<span class
="l6">ain<span class="l6">do-s<span class="l8">e <span class="w12"></span>da</sp
an></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3741px;top:5188px">distncia</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Apostila%201%20topografia_arquivos/32-ebaf0cc3f9.jpg" class="absimg" style="left
: -18px; top: 138px; width: 675px; height: 283px; clip: rect(158px, 548px, 203px
, 451px); display: block;">
: -60px; top: 336px; width: 675px; height: 283px; clip: rect(132px, 632px, 156px
: 255px; top: 555px; width: 675px; height: 283px; clip: rect(132px, 449px, 282px
: -116px; top: 762px; width: 675px; height: 283px; clip: rect(158px, 641px, 204p
x, 550px); display: block;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
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13, 2, 15, 18, 8, 23, 16], "pageNum": 32};
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})();
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<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
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class="b_tl"></div>
class="b_tr"></div>
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div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:390px;word-spacing:6px">horizontal medida<
/span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1616px;top:373px">), o</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1767px;top:390px;word-spacing:-2px;letter-spacing:1p
x">erro da <span class="w9"></span>caten<span class="l6">ria</span></span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:2546px;top:373px;word-spacing:4px">) multiplicado pe
lo</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3258px;top:390px;word-spacing:-1px;letter-spacing:1p
x">nmero de lances</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3951px;top:371px">N</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:4042px;top:373px">)</span><span class="a" style="lef
t:732px;top:474px;word-spacing:-1px">dado com o diastmetro:</span></div>
<span class="g" style="top:748px"><span class="a" style="left:2744px">)</span><s
pan class="a" style="left:2651px">C</span><span class="a" style="left:2635px">.<
/span><span class="a" style="left:2540px">N</span><span class="a" style="left:25
12px">(</span><span class="a" style="left:2269px">D<span class="l" style="margin
-left:-27px">H</span></span><span class="a" style="left:2206px">=</span><span cl
ass="a" style="left:2035px">D<span class="l" style="margin-left:-27px">H</span><
/span></span>
</div>
<span class="a" style="left:2708px;top:765px">c</span><span class="a" style="lef
t:2387px;top:765px">m</span><span class="a" style="left:2153px;top:765px">c</spa
n></div>
x">ve<span class="l6">rt<span class="l6">ic<span class="l7">ali<span class="l9">
da<span class="l6">de <span class="w" style="width:26px"></span>da <span class="
w" style="width:24px"></span>bal<span class="l9">iz<span class="l6">a</span></sp
an></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
x">: <span class="w" style="width:20px"></span>co<span class="l9">m<span class="
l6">o <span class="w" style="width:22px"></span>in<span class="l10">di<span clas
s="l11">ca<span class="l9">do <span class="w" style="width:17px"></span>na <span
class="w" style="width:16px"></span>fi<span class="l11">gu<span class="l9">r<sp
an class="l6">a <span class="w" style="width:22px"></span>ab<span class="l10">ai
<span class="l10">xo</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sp
an></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1060px;word-spacing:12px;
letter-spacing:2px">(BORGES, 1988), ocasionado por uma inclinao da baliza quando e
sta se encontra</span><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:1162px;word-spacing:
9px;letter-spacing:1px"> posicionada sobre o alinhamento a medir. Provoca o
encurtamento ou alongamento deste</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1
264px;word-spacing:4px">alinhamento caso esteja incorretamente posicionada para
trs ou para frente respectivamente.</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1
365px;word-spacing:-1px">Este tipo de erro s poder <span class="w6"></span>ser evi
tado se for feito uso do nvel d<span class="w6"></span>e cantoneira.</span></div>

x">desvio lateral do alinhamento</span></div>
x">: ocasionado por um descuido no</span><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:4
135px;word-spacing:5px;letter-spacing:1px"> balizamento intermedirio, mede-s
e uma linha cheia de quebras em vez de uma linha reta.</span><span class="a" sty
le="left:732px;top:4236px;word-spacing:-1px">Para evitar este tipo de erro ne<sp
an class="w6"></span>cessrio maior ateno por parte dos b<span class="w6"></span>ali
zeiros.</span><span class="a" style="left:1568px;top:4426px;word-spacing:12px;le
tter-spacing:3px">A <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>fi<span class="l7"
>gu<span class="l6">ra <span class="w12"></span>a <span class="w" style="width:1
5px"></span>se<span class="l7">gui<span class="l9">r <span class="w" style="widt
h:14px"></span>(E<span class="l7">SP<span class="l7">AR<span class="l6">TE<span
class="l6">L, <span class="w12"></span>19<span class="l6">87)<span class="l9">,
<span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>in<span class="l7">di<span class="l6">
ca <span class="w12"></span>com<span class="l9">o <span class="w" style="width:1
5px"></span>o <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>bal<span class="l9">iz<s
pan class="l7">eir<span class="l9">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></
span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span
class="a" style="left:732px;top:4528px;word-spacing:1px">intermedirio (</span></
div>
<span class="a" style="left:1327px;top:4528px;word-spacing:2px">) deve se posici
onar em relao aos balizeiros de r (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3288px;top:4528px;letter-spacing:1px">) e vante (</s
pan></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3654px;top:4527px">B</span></div>
px">) para que</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4630px;word-spacing:1px">no haja desvio lateral do alinhamento.</span></div>
</div>
</div>

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: 391px; top: -327px; width: 675px; height: 492px; clip: rect(467px, 176px, 491p
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<div class="outer_page only_ie6_border

="width: 847px; height: 1096px;">
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
not_visible" id="outer_page_34" style
class="b_tl"></div>
class="b_tr"></div>
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div>
<span class="a" style="left:1371px;top:1220px">Exerccios</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:1500px;word-spacing:4px">1.Amarre a posio d
as rvores, da edificao e das caladas em relao ao</span><span class="a" style="left:732
px;top:1602px">lado</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1061px;top:1602px;word-spacing:4px">de um tringulo ma
rcado no campo, como mostra a figura abaixo. Utilize o mtodo</span><span class="a
" style="left:732px;top:1704px">da triangulao, das perpendiculares, ou ambos.</spa
n><span class="a" style="left:3265px;top:3132px"> </span><span class="a" st
yle="left:1359px;top:3348px;letter-spacing:1px">2.Qual ser o erro no comprimento
de um alinhamento, em mm, devido ao</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3467px;word-spacing:10px">desvio vertical&
nbsp;</span></div>
x">do diastmetro, sabendo-se que: o desnvel do terreno, para cada lance, de</span>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3551px;word-spacing:2px">0,25m e que o com
primento do alinhamento medido resultou em 50,00m? O comprimento do</span><span
class="a" style="left:732px;top:3653px">diastmetro de 25,00m. O erro encontrado d
esprezvel?</span><span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:3843px;word-spacing:8px;l
etter-spacing:1px">3.Em relao ao exerccio anterior, qual ser o erro para um desnvel d

o</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3945px">terreno igual a 1,00m para
cada lance? O erro encontrado desprezvel?</span><span class="a" style="left:1359
px;top:4135px;word-spacing:1px">4.Qual ser o erro provocado por uma flecha de 30c
m em uma trena de 20m</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4236px;word-sp
acing:5px">de comprimento? Este tipo de erro provoca uma reduo ou uma ampliao da tre
na? O erro</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4338px;word-spacing:5px;l
etter-spacing:1px">encontrado desprezvel? O erro cresce ou decresce com o comprim
ento da trena? Qual o</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4440px">valor
da distncia correta, para uma distncia medida de 127,44m?</span><span class="a" st
yle="left:1359px;top:4630px">5.Uma linha AB foi medida com uma trena de comprime
nto nominal igual a</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4732px">20m, obt
endo-se, aps vrios lances, o valor de 92,12m. Qual o comprimento real da linha, ao
</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4833px">constatar-se que a trena se
encontrava dilatada de 6cm?</span><span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:5023px
;word-spacing:4px;letter-spacing:1px">6.Uma linha medida com uma trena de lona r
esultou em 284,40m. Mas, a</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:5125px;wo
rd-spacing:8px;letter-spacing:1px">trena, cujo comprimento nominal de 20m, encon
tra-se com um comprimento aferido de</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top
:5227px;word-spacing:-1px">19,95m. Determine o comprimento correto da linha medi
da.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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<div
<div
<div
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<div
<div
<div
class="b_tl"></div>
class="b_tr"></div>
class="b_br"></div>
class="b_bl"></div>
class="b_t"></div>
class="b_r"></div>
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class="b_l"></div>
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y: none;"><div class="newpage" id="page35" style="width: 902px; height:1167px">


div>
">7.Deve-se marcar, sobre o terreno, um alinhamento de 193,54m. Mas, a</span><sp
an class="a" style="left:732px;top:466px;word-spacing:2px">trena de plstico a ser
usada est dilatada em 35mm. Em funo disso, determine qual seria o</span><span clas
s="a" style="left:732px;top:568px">comprimento aparente a marcar, se o comprimen
to nominal desta trena 25m.</span><span class="a" style="left:941px;top:846px">8
.4.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1095px;top:845px;word-spacing:1px">Medida Indireta d
e Distncias</span></div>
x">Segundo DOMINGUES (1979) diz-se que o processo de medida de distncias </span></
div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1244px">indireto</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1035px;top:1227px">quando estas distncias so calculada
s em funo da medida de outras grandezas, no</span><span class="a" style="left:732px
;top:1328px">havendo, portanto, necessidade de percorr-las para compar-las com a g
randeza padro.</span><span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:1519px;word-spacing:1px">Os equipamentos utilizados na medida indireta de <span class="w6"></span>di
stncias so, principalmente:</span></div>
px">Teodol<span class="l6">ito <span class="w6"></span>e/ou Nvel </span></sp
an></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2288px;top:1709px">: <span class="w" style="width:26
px"></span>o</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2453px;top:1726px">teodolito</span></div>
px"> utilizado na leitura de ngulos</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:18
10px">horizontais e verticais e da rgua graduada; o</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2353px;top:1828px">nvel </span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2546px;top:1810px"> utilizado somente para a leitura
da rgua.</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:2000px;word-spacing:-1px;le
tter-spacing:1px">A figura <span class="w6"></span>a seguir ilustra trs geraes de <
span class="w6"></span>teodol<span class="l7">itos: o</span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3334px;top:2018px">trnsito</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3638px;top:2000px;word-spacing:6px">(mecnico e</span>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2102px;word-spacing:-1px">de leitura exter
na); o</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1488px;top:2120px">tico</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:1687px;top:2102px;word-spacing:-1px">(prismtico e com
leitura interna); e o eletrnico (leitura digital).</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1493px;top:4359px"> Acessrios</span></div>
x">: entre os acessrios mais comuns de um teodolito ou nvel</span><span class="a"
style="left:732px;top:4443px;word-spacing:7px;letter-spacing:1px">esto: o</span><
/div>
<span class="a" style="left:1057px;top:4461px">trip </span></div>
x">(serve para estacionar o aparelho); o</span></div>
x"> fio de prumo</span></div>
x">(serve para posicionar o</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4545px">
aparelho exatamente sobre o ponto no terreno); e a</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2546px;top:4563px">lupa</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2726px;top:4545px;word-spacing:-1px">(para leitura d
os ngulos).</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:4735px;word-spacing:2px"
>A figura a seguir ilustra um trip de alumnio, normalmente utilizado com o</span><
span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4837px;word-spacing:5px;letter-spacing:2px"
>trnsito; e um de madeira, utilizado com teodolitos ticos ou eletrnicos. interessan
te</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4939px">salientar que para cada e
quipamento de medio existe um trip apropriado.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
class="b_tl"></div>
class="b_tr"></div>
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x">Mira ou Rgua graduada</span></div>
x">: uma rgua de madeira, alumnio ou PVC,</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;
top:2311px;word-spacing:1px">graduada em</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1327px;top:2309px">dm</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1495px;top:2309px">cm</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1692px;top:2309px">mm</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1840px;top:2311px">; utilizada na determinao de distnci
as horizontais e verticais</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2412px">e
ntre pontos.</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:2603px;word-spacing:6p
x;letter-spacing:1px">A figura a seguir (BORGES, 1988), ilustra parte de uma rgua
de quatro</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2704px;word-spacing:-1px"
>metros de comprimento e as respectivas divises do <span class="w6"></span>metro:
dm, cm e mm.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1493px;top:4758px;word-spacing:3px"> Nvel de can
toneira</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2218px;top:4740px;word-spacing:3px">: j mencionado na
medida direta de distncias, tem</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4842
px">a funo de tornar vertical a posio da rgua graduada.</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:1493px;top:5050px"> Baliza</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1740px;top:5032px;word-spacing:3px">: j mencionada na
medida direta de distncias, utilizada com o</span><span class="a" style="left:73
2px;top:5134px">teodolito para a localizao dos pontos no terreno e a medida de ngul
os horizontais.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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px; height: 1096px;">
<div
<div
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class="b_tl"></div>
class="b_tr"></div>
class="b_br"></div>
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x">A<span class="l6">o <span class="w" style="width:32px"></span>pr<span class="
l11">oc<span class="l9">es<span class="l11">so <span class="w" style="width:27px
"></span>de <span class="w" style="width:27px"></span>m<span class="l6">ed<span
class="l9">i<span class="l6">da <span class="w" style="width:27px"></span>in<spa
n class="l10">di<span class="l11">re<span class="l10">t<span class="l6">a <span
class="w" style="width:32px"></span>de<span class="l9">no<span class="l10">mi<sp
an class="l11">na<span class="l10">-s<span class="l10">e</span></span></span></s
></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3199px;top:363px">ESTADIMETRIA</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:465px">TAQUEOMETRIA</span></div>
">, pois atravs do</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2200px;top:484px">retculo</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2633px;top:484px">estdia</span></div>
">do teodolito que so obtidas as</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:568p
x;word-spacing:-1px;letter-spacing:1px">leit<span class="l6">uras dos <span clas
s="w7"></span>ngulo<span class="l6">s verticais e <span class="w8"></span>horiz<s
pan class="l6">ontai<span class="l6">s <span class="w7"></span>e da <span class=
"w10"></span>rgua graduada, para o <span class="w10"></span>poster<span class="l7
">ior clculo das</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="
left:732px;top:670px;word-spacing:-2px">distncias horizontais e verticais.</span>
x">Como indicado na figura abaixo (BORGES, 1988), a estdia do teodolito </span><sp
an class="a" style="left:732px;top:961px">composta de:</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:1152px;word-spacing:-1px">3 fios estadimtr
icos horizontais (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2619px;top:1150px">FS</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2766px;top:1150px">FM</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2987px;top:1150px">FI</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3075px;top:1152px">)</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:1253px;word-spacing:-1px">1 fio estadimtri
co vertical</span><span class="a" style="left:941px;top:2797px">8.5.</span></div
>

<span class="a" style="left:1095px;top:2796px;word-spacing:1px">Mtodos de Medida
Indireta</span></div>
x">Se<span class="l7">gun<span class="l8">do <span class="w11"></span>GAR<span c
lass="l8">CI<span class="l8">A <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>e <span
class="w" style="width:15px"></span>PI<span class="l8">ED<span class="l6">AD<sp
an class="l6">E <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>(1<span class="l6">98<
span class="l6">4) <span class="w12"></span>os <span class="w11"></span>m<span cl
ass="l6">to<span class="l7">dos <span class="w9"></span>in<span class="l6">di<sp
an class="l7">re<span class="l6">to<span class="l7">s <span class="w" style="wid
th:15px"></span>de <span class="w12"></span>me<span class="l7">di<span class="l6
">da <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>de</span></span></span></span></s
></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3177px;word-spacing:-1px">d
istncias so:</span><span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:3456px">8.5.1.</span></d
iv>
<span class="a" style="left:1371px;top:3455px">Distncia Horizontal - Visada Horiz
ontal</span></div>
x">A figura a seguir (GARCIA, 1984) ilustra um teodolito estacionado no</span><s
pan class="a" style="left:710px;top:3836px"> ponto</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1038px;top:3836px;word-spacing:3px">e a rgua graduada
no ponto</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2077px;top:3835px">Q</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2145px;top:3836px;word-spacing:3px">. Do ponto</span
></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2632px;top:3836px;word-spacing:2px">visa-se o ponto<
/span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3292px;top:3836px;word-spacing:2px">com o crculo vert
ical</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3938px;word-spacing:2px">do teo
dolito</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1163px;top:3955px"> zerado</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1425px;top:3938px;word-spacing:3px">, ou seja, com a
luneta na posio horizontal. Procede-se a leitura dos fios</span><span class="a" s
tyle="left:732px;top:4040px;word-spacing:3px;letter-spacing:1px">estadimtricos in
ferior (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1616px;top:4038px">FI</span></div>
x">), mdio (</span></div>

x">) e superior (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2729px;top:4038px">FS</span></div>
px">). A distncia horizontal entre os</span><span class="a" style="left:710px;top
:4141px;word-spacing:16px;letter-spacing:2px"> po<span class="l6">nto<span
class="l6">s <span class="w12"></span>ser<span class="l7"> <span class="w12"></sp
an>ded<span class="l6">uzi<span class="l6">da <span class="w11"></span>da <span
class="w10"></span>rel<span class="l7">a<span class="l6">o <span class="w" style="
width:13px"></span>exi<span class="l6">ste<span class="l7">nte <span class="w8">
</span>ent<span class="l6">re <span class="w10"></span>os <span class="w9"></spa
n>tri<span class="l8">ngu<span class="l7">los</span></span></span></span></span><
/span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3177px;top:4140px">a'b'F</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3521px;top:4140px">ABF</span></div>
px">, que so</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4243px;word-spacing:-1px
">semelhantes e opostos pelo vrtice.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Apostila%201%20topografia_arquivos/37-1267db8ca1.jpg" class="absimg" style="left
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12, 16], "pageNum": 37};
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847px; height: 1096px;">
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
" id="outer_page_38" style="width:
class="b_tl"></div>
class="b_tr"></div>
class="b_br"></div>
class="b_bl"></div>
class="b_t"></div>
class="b_r"></div>
class="b_b"></div>
class="b_l"></div>

y: block;"><div class="newpage" id="page38" style="width: 902px; height:1167px">


div>
<span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:1912px;word-spacing:-1px">Da figura tem-s
e:</span><span class="a" style="left:1868px;top:2102px;word-spacing:4px">f <span
class="w" style="width:17px"></span>= dist<span class="l6">ncia focal <span clas
s="l6">da objeti<span class="l6">va</span></span></span></span><span class="a" s
tyle="left:1920px;top:2292px;word-spacing:-1px">F = foco exterior objetiva</span
><span class="a" style="left:1500px;top:2482px">c = distncia do centro tico do apa
relho objetiva</span><span class="a" style="left:1753px;top:2673px;word-spacing:
-1px">C = c + f <span class="w6"></span>= constante do instrumento</span><span c
lass="a" style="left:1719px;top:2863px">d = distncia do foco rgua graduada</span><
/div>
<span class="a" style="left:1434px;top:3052px">H =</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1598px;top:3053px">AB = B - A</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2033px;top:3052px">=</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2106px;top:3052px">FS - FI</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2394px;top:3053px;word-spacing:-1px">= diferena entre
as leituras</span><span class="a" style="left:1770px;top:3243px;word-spacing:-1
px">M = FM = leitura do retculo mdio</span><span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:
3433px">Pelas regras de semelhana pode-se escrever que:</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2195px;top:3640px">a <span class="w" style="width:22
px"></span>b</span><span class="a" style="left:2246px;top:3755px">f </span>
<span class="a" style="left:2471px;top:3640px">A<span class="l" style="margin-le
ft:-14px">B</span></span><span class="a" style="left:2512px;top:3755px">d <
/span><span class="a" style="left:2243px;top:3640px">' <span class="w" style="wi
dth:51px"></span>'</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2176px;top:3989px">d </span><span class="a" sty
le="left:2372px;top:3936px">A<span class="l" style="margin-left:-22px">B</span><
/span><span class="a" style="left:2367px;top:4052px">a <span class="w" style="wi
dth:25px"></span>b</span><span class="a" style="left:2574px;top:3989px">f <
/span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2420px;top:4052px">' <span class="w" style="width:56
px"></span>'</span><span class="a" style="left:2543px;top:3989px">.</span><span
class="a" style="left:1580px;top:4286px">a <span class="w" style="width:24px"></
span>b</span><span class="a" style="left:1899px;top:4234px">f </span><span
class="a" style="left:1632px;top:4286px">' <span class="w" style="width:55px"></
span>'</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1842px;top:4349px">1<span class="l" style="margin-le
ft:-15px">0<span class="l" style="margin-left:-15px">0</span></span></span></div
>
<span class="a" style="left:2350px;top:4269px;word-spacing:-1px">fornecido pelo
fabricante</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2204px;top:4598px">d</span><span class="a" style="le
ft:2378px;top:4534px">AB <span class="w8"></span>f </span><span class="a" s
tyle="left:2389px;top:4660px">f </span></div>
ft:2439px;top:4735px">100</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2180px;top:4917px;word-spacing:11px">d = 100 . H</sp
an><span class="a" style="left:2149px;top:5107px;word-spacing:22px">DH = d + C</
span></div>
</div>
</div>
Apostila%201%20topografia_arquivos/38-8f281884ba.jpg" class="absimg" style="left
</div>
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</div></div>
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19, 11, 4, 24, 0, 1, 7], "pageNum": 38};
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;">
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<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
" id="outer_page_39" style="width: 8
class="b_tl"></div>
class="b_tr"></div>
class="b_br"></div>
class="b_bl"></div>
class="b_t"></div>
class="b_r"></div>
class="b_b"></div>
class="b_l"></div>
<div style="display: block; transform: scale(0.939024); transform-origin: left



div>
<span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:365px">Portanto,</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2032px;top:609px;word-spacing:15px">DH = 100 . H + C
</span><span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:854px">C</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1448px;top:855px;word-spacing:4px"> a constante de Re
ichembach, que assume valor 0cm para equipamentos</span><span class="a" style="l
eft:732px;top:957px;word-spacing:3px">com lunetas analticas e valores que variam
de 25cm a 50cm para equipamentos com lunetas</span><span class="a" style="left:7
32px;top:1059px">alticas.</span><span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:1337px">8.
5.2.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1371px;top:1336px">Distncia Horizontal - Visada Incli
nada</span></div>
x"> Neste caso, para visar a rgua graduada no ponto</span></div>
x">h necessidade de se</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1726px;word-sp
acing:2px">inclinar a luneta, para cima ou para baixo, de um ngulo (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2801px;top:1740px;color:#000000;-ms-filter: " progid
:dximagetransform.microsoft.alpha(opacity="50)";filter:" alpha(opacity="50)
;opacity:" 0.50"=""></sp n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2897px;top:1726px;word-spacing:2px">) em relao ao plan
o horizontal.</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1827px;word-spacing:2p
x">Como indicado na figura abaixo (GARCIA, 1984), a distncia horizontal poder ser
deduzida</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1929px">atravs:</span><span
class="a" style="left:1624px;top:4102px;word-spacing:-2px">Do tringulo</span></di
v>
<span class="a" style="left:2096px;top:4101px">AA'M</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2448px;top:4102px;word-spacing:10px">MA' = MA . cos<

/span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3093px;top:4116px"></sp n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1634px;top:4301px;word-spacing:-1px">Do tringulo</spa
n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2106px;top:4300px">BB'M</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2448px;top:4301px;word-spacing:11px">MB' = MB . cos<
/span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1733px;top:4499px;word-spacing:10px">MA' + MB' = (MA
+ MB) . cos</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3050px;top:4499px"> </span><span class="a" styl
e="left:2031px;top:4690px;word-spacing:22px">MA' + MB' = A'B'</span><span class=
"a" style="left:1940px;top:4880px;word-spacing:29px">MA <span class="w" style="w
idth:15px"></span>+ <span class="l7">MB <span class="w" style="width:15px"></spa
n>= <span class="l7">AB <span class="l7">= <span class="l7">H</span></span></spa
n></span></span><span class="a" style="left:2222px;top:5070px"> portanto,</
span><span class="a" style="left:2077px;top:5269px;word-spacing:11px">A'B' = H .
cos</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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: 144px; top: 69px; width: 675px; height: 445px; clip: rect(1px, 674px, 74px, 1p
x); display: block;">
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3, 0], "pageNum": 39};
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})();
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; height: 90px;">
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</div>

<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
" id="outer_page_40" style="width: 8
class="b_tl"></div>
class="b_tr"></div>
class="b_br"></div>
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class="b_r"></div>
class="b_b"></div>
class="b_l"></div>



div>
<span class="a" style="left:1652px;top:373px;word-spacing:-2px">Do tringulo</span
></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2123px;top:371px">OMR </span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2456px;top:373px;word-spacing:11px">OR = OM . cos</s
pan></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1987px;top:563px;word-spacing:14px">OM = 100 . A'B'
+ C</span><span class="a" style="left:1885px;top:762px;word-spacing:7px">OM <spa
n class="w" style="width:15px"></span>= <span class="w" style="width:15px"></spa
n>100 <span class="l6">. <span class="l7">H <span class="l7">. <span class="l7">
cos</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2767px;top:762px">+ <span class="w" style="width:23p
x"></span>C</span><span class="a" style="left:1696px;top:960px;word-spacing:7px"
>OR <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>= <span class="w" style="width:16p
x"></span>(100 <span class="l7">. <span class="l7">H <span class="l7">. <span cl
ass="l7">cos</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2588px;top:960px;word-spacing:5px">+ <span class="w"
style="width:18px"></span>C ) <span class="l11">. cos</span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3088px;top:960px"> </span><span class="a" style
="left:2209px;top:1150px;word-spacing:21px">DH = OR </span><span class="a"

style="left:2222px;top:1340px"> portanto,</span><span class="a" style="left
:1727px;top:1542px;word-spacing:7px">DH <span class="w" style="width:15px"></spa
n>= <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>100 <span class="l6">. <span class
="l7">H <span class="l8">. <span class="l6">cos</span></span></span></span></spa
n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2439px;top:1530px">2</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2631px;top:1542px;word-spacing:7px">+ <span class="w
" style="width:15px"></span>C <span class="l6">. <span class="l7">cos</span></sp
an></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:1741px">Desprezando-se o termo (cos</span
></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2498px;top:1741px">) na segunda parcela da expresso t
em-se:</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1851px;top:1993px;word-spacing:7px">DH <span class="
w" style="width:15px"></span>= <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>100 <sp
an class="l6">. <span class="l7">H <span class="l7">. <span class="l7">cos</span
;opacity:" 0.50"=""></sp n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2774px;top:1993px">+ <span class="w" style="width:22
px"></span>C</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1371px;top:2327px;word-spacing:1px">Distncia Vertical
- Visada Ascendente</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:2607px">A figura a seguir (GARCIA, 1984)
ilustra a luneta de um teodolito inclinada</span><span class="a" style="left:732
px;top:2709px;word-spacing:1px">no sentido ascendente (para cima). Assim, a dife
rena de nvel ou distncia vertical entre dois</span><span class="a" style="left:710p
x;top:2810px"> pontos ser deduzida da relao:</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1940px;top:5012px;word-spacing:22px">QS = RS + RM MQ</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2306px;top:5203px">onde,</span></div>

</div>
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0, 3], "pageNum": 40};
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<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
class="b_tl"></div>
class="b_tr"></div>
class="b_br"></div>
class="b_bl"></div>
class="b_t"></div>
class="b_r"></div>
class="b_b"></div>
class="b_l"></div>


div>
<span class="a" style="left:1828px;top:365px;word-spacing:14px">QS = DN = difere
na de nvel</span><span class="a" style="left:1818px;top:555px;word-spacing:14px">R
S = I = altura do instrumento</span><span class="a" style="left:1585px;top:745px
;word-spacing:14px">MQ = M = FM = leitura do retculo mdio</span></div>
ft:2540px;top:1021px">F<span class="l8">I</span></span><span class="a" style="le
ft:2378px;top:1021px">F<span class="l10">S</span></span><span class="a" style="l
eft:2180px;top:1058px">F<span class="l9">M</span></span></div>
;opacity:" 0.50"="">+</span><span class="a" style="left:2314px;top:1068px;color:

#000000;-ms-filter: " progid:dximagetransform.microsoft.alpha(opacity="50)"
;filter:" alpha(opacity="50);opacity:" 0.50"="">=</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1844px;top:1320px;word-spacing:-1px">Do tringulo</spa
n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2316px;top:1318px">ORM</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2532px;top:1320px">, tem-se que</span><span class="a
" style="left:2081px;top:1519px;word-spacing:10px">RM = OR . tg</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2078px;top:1717px;word-spacing:10px">RM = DH . tg</s
pan></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1705px;top:1916px;word-spacing:7px">RM <span class="
w" style="width:16px"></span>= <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>(100 <s
pan class="l7">. <span class="l7">H <span class="l7">. <span class="l7">cos</spa
n></span></span></span></span></div>
" style="width:18px"></span>C ) <span class="l11">. tg</span></span></div>
w" style="width:14px"></span>= <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>(100 <s
pan class="l7">. <span class="l7">H <span class="l7">. <span class="l7">cos</spa
<span class="a" style="left:2531px;top:2118px">. tg</span></div>
" style="width:16px"></span>C <span class="l7">. <span class="l7">tg</span></spa
n></span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:2343px;top:2320px">. sen</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2638px;top:2320px;word-spacing:-1px">/ cos</span></d
iv>
n></span></div>
n></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2336px;top:2708px">ora,</span><span class="a" style=
"left:1850px;top:2907px">cos</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2417px;top:2907px;word-spacing:10px">= (sen 2</span>
</div>
<span class="a" style="left:2813px;top:2907px">) / 2</span><span class="a" style
="left:2296px;top:3097px">ento,</span><span class="a" style="left:1646px;top:3295
px;word-spacing:6px">RM <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>= <span class=
"w" style="width:16px"></span>100 . <span class="l11">H . <span class="l11">(sen
<span class="l7">2</span></span></span></span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:2575px;top:3295px;word-spacing:7px">) <span class="l
7">/ <span class="l8">2 <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>+ <span class=
"w" style="width:16px"></span>C <span class="l7">. <span class="l7">tg</span></s
pan></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1697px;top:3485px;word-spacing:-1px">desprezando-se
a ltima parcela tem-se,</span><span class="a" style="left:1986px;top:3684px;wordspacing:6px">RM <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>= <span class="w" styl
e="width:16px"></span>50 <span class="l6">. H <span class="l11">. <span class="l
6">sen <span class="l6">2</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1717px;top:3874px;word-spacing:-1px">substituindo na
equao inicial, resulta</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1768px;top:4127px;word-spacing:6px">DN <span class="
w" style="width:16px"></span>= <span class="w" style="width:17px"></span>50 <spa
n class="l6">. H <span class="l12">. sen <span class="l10">2</span></span></span
></span></div>
;opacity:" 0.50"=""></sp n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2654px;top:4127px;word-spacing:22px">- FM + I</span>
</div>
<span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:4373px;word-spacing:-1px">A interpretao do
resultado desta relao se faz da seguinte forma:</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1676px;top:4564px">se</span></div>
px">for positivo (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2485px;top:4562px">+</span></div>
x">) significa que o terreno, no sentido da</span><span class="a" style="left:16
72px;top:4665px">medio, est em</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2305px;top:4664px">ACLIVE</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2649px;top:4665px">.</span></div>
px">for negativo (-) significa que o terreno, no sentido da</span><span class="a

" style="left:1672px;top:4869px">medio, est em</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2305px;top:4867px">DECLIVE</span></div>
ft:1150px;top:5147px">8.5.4.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1371px;top:5146px;word-spacing:1px">Distncia Vertical
- Visada Descendente</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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<div
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<div
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<div
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<span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:365px">A figura a seguir (GARCIA, 1984) i

lustra a luneta de um teodolito inclinada</span><span class="a" style="left:732p
x;top:466px;word-spacing:7px;letter-spacing:2px">no sentido descendente (para ba
ixo). Assim, a diferena de nvel entre dois pontos ser</span><span class="a" style="
left:732px;top:568px">deduzida da mesma forma que para o item 8.5.3., porm, com o
s sinais trocados.</span><span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:2775px">Logo:</s
pan></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1768px;top:3028px;word-spacing:6px">DN <span class="
w" style="width:16px"></span>= <span class="w" style="width:17px"></span>50 <spa
n class="l6">. H <span class="l12">. sen <span class="l10">2</span></span></span
></span></div>
;opacity:" 0.50"=""></sp n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2654px;top:3028px;word-spacing:22px">+ FM - I</span>
</div>
<span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:3275px;word-spacing:-1px">A interpretao do
resultado desta relao se faz da seguinte forma:</span></div>
px">for positivo (+) significa que o terreno, no sentido da</span><span class="a
<span class="a" style="left:2305px;top:3565px">DECLIVE</span></div>
px">for negativo (-) significa que o terreno, no sentido da</span><span class="a
<span class="a" style="left:2305px;top:3769px">ACLIVE</span></div>
ft:1150px;top:4048px">8.5.5.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1371px;top:4047px;word-spacing:1px">Erros nas Medida
s Indiretas de Distncias</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:4327px;word-spacing:2px">Os erros cometid
os durante a determinao indireta de distncias podem ser </span><span class="a"
style="left:732px;top:4429px;word-spacing:-1px">devidos aos seguintes fatores:<
/span></div>

x">leitura da rgua</span></div>
x">: relativo leitura errnea dos fios estadimtricos</span><span class="a" style="l
eft:732px;top:4720px;word-spacing:-1px">inferior, mdio e superior provocados:</sp
an><span class="a" style="left:1672px;top:4911px;word-spacing:1px;letter-spacing
:1px">a)Pela distncia entre o teodolito e a rgua (muito longa ou muito</span><span
class="a" style="left:1777px;top:5012px">curta).</span><span class="a" style="l
eft:1650px;top:5114px"> b)Pela falta de capacidade de aproximao da luneta.</s
pan><span class="a" style="left:1672px;top:5216px;word-spacing:-1px">c)Pela espe
ssura dos traos do retculo.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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<div
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x">d)<span class="l8">Pe<span class="l9">lo <span class="w" style="width:25px"><
/span>me<span class="l9">io <span class="w" style="width:25px"></span>am<span cl
ass="l9">bi<span class="l8">en<span class="l8">te <span class="w" style="width:2
5px"></span>(r<span class="l9">ef<span class="l8">ra<span class="l9"><span class="
l8">o <span class="w" style="width:30px"></span>at<span class="l8">mo<span class
="l9">sf<span class="l9">r<span class="l8">ic<span class="l9">a, <span class="w"
style="width:26px"></span>ve<span class="l8">nt<span class="l8">os<span class="l
8">, <span class="w" style="width:29px"></span>m</span></span></span></span></spa
n></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><
/span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:1777px;top:466px">iluminao).</span
><span class="a" style="left:1672px;top:568px;word-spacing:3px;letter-spacing:1p
x">e)Pela maneira como a rgua est dividida e pela variao do seu</span><span class="a
" style="left:1777px;top:670px">comprimento.</span><span class="a" style="left:1
672px;top:771px">f)Pela falta de experincia do operador.</span></div>
">lei<span class="l8">tura <span class="w8"></span>de <span class="w12"></span>ng
u<span class="l7">los</span></span></span></div>
">: ocorre quando se faz a leitura dos crculos</span><span class="a" style="left:
732px;top:1063px">vertical e/ou horizontal de forma errada, por falha ou falta d
e experincia do operador.</span></div>
x">verticalidade da baliza</span></div>
x">: ocorre quando no se faz uso do nvel de</span><span class="a" style="left:732p
x;top:1355px;word-spacing:3px">cantoneira. A figura abaixo (BORGES, 1988) ilustr
a a maneira correta de posicionamento da</span><span class="a" style="left:710px
;top:1457px"> baliza nos levantamentos, ou seja, na vertical e sobre a tach
inha do piquete.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1630px;top:3515px;word-spacing:4px">verticalidade da
mira</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2403px;top:3497px;word-spacing:4px">: assim como par
a a baliza, ocorre quando no</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3599px">
se faz uso do nvel de cantoneira.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1608px;top:3807px"> pontaria</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1934px;top:3789px;letter-spacing:1px">: no caso de l
eitura dos ngulos horizontais, ocorre quando</span><span class="a" style="left:73
2px;top:3891px;word-spacing:-1px">o fio estadimtrico vertical do teodolito no coin
cide <span class="w6"></span>com a baliza (centro).</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:1630px;top:4098px;word-spacing:4px">erro linear de c
entragem do teodolito</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2982px;top:4081px;word-spacing:3px">: segundo ESPART
EL (1987),</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4183px">este erro se veri
fica quando a projeo do centro do instrumento no coincide exatamente com</span><spa
n class="a" style="left:732px;top:4284px;letter-spacing:1px">o vrtice do ngulo a m
edir, ou seja, o prumo do aparelho no coincide com o ponto sobre o</span><span cl
ass="a" style="left:732px;top:4386px">qual se encontra estacionado.</span></div>
</div>
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yle="width: 847px; height: 1096px;">
<div
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px">err<span class="l6">o <span class="w10"></span>de <span class="w9"></span>ca
l<span class="l6">age<span class="l6">m <span class="w10"></span>ou <span class=
"w9"></span>niv<span class="l7">ela<span class="l6">men<span class="l6">to <span
class="w9"></span>do <span class="w9"></span>teo<span class="l7">dol<span class
="l6">ito</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
px">: ocorre quando o</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1788px">operad
or, por falta de experincia, no nivela o aparelho corretamente.</span><span class=
"a" style="left:1150px;top:2067px">8.5.6.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1371px;top:2066px">Exerccios</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:2345px">1.De um piquete (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2061px;top:2345px">) foi visada uma mira colocada em
um outro piquete (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:4022px;top:2345px">).</span><span class="a" style="l
eft:732px;top:2447px;word-spacing:-2px">Foram feitas as seguintes leituras:</spa
n><span class="a" style="left:2029px;top:2637px;word-spacing:-1px">fio inferior
= 0,417m</span><span class="a" style="left:2051px;top:2739px">fio mdio = 1,518m</
span><span class="a" style="left:1430px;top:2849px">ngulo vertical = 5</span></di
v>
<span class="a" style="left:2119px;top:2849px">30' em visada descendente (A</spa
n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3287px;top:2849px">B)</span><span class="a" style="l
eft:1771px;top:2950px;word-spacing:-1px">altura do instrumento (A) = 1,500m</spa
n><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:3141px;word-spacing:3px">Calcule a distn
cia horizontal entre os pontos (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3165px;top:3141px;word-spacing:3px">) sabendo-se que
a luneta</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3242px;word-spacing:-1px">
do tipo analtica.</span><span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:3432px;word-spacin
g:2px;letter-spacing:1px">2.Considerando os dados do exerccio anterior, calcule a
distncia vertical</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3534px">ou diferena
de nvel entre os pontos e determine o sentido de inclinao do terreno.</span><span
class="a" style="left:1359px;top:3724px;word-spacing:4px">3.Ainda em relao ao exer
ccio anterior, determine qual a altitude (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3880px;top:3723px">h</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3930px;top:3724px">) do</span><span class="a" style=
"left:710px;top:3826px"> ponto (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1044px;top:3826px">), sabendo-se que a altitude do p

onto (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2459px;top:3826px">) de 584,025m.</span><span class=
"a" style="left:1359px;top:4016px;word-spacing:5px">4.Um teodolito acha-se estac
ionado na estaca nmero (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3392px;top:4016px;letter-spacing:1px">) de uma polig
onal</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4118px;word-spacing:-2px;letter
-spacing:1px">e a <span class="w8"></span>cota, deste ponto, 200,000m. O eixo da
<span class="w8"></span>luneta de um <span class="w6"></span>teodol<span class=
"l7">ito encontr<span class="l6">a-se a 1,700m do</span></span></span><span clas
s="a" style="left:732px;top:4219px">solo. Para a estaca de nmero (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1874px;top:4219px;word-spacing:-1px">), de cota 224,
385; foram feitas as seguintes leituras:</span><span class="a" style="left:1944p
x;top:4410px;word-spacing:-1px">retculo inferior = 0,325m</span><span class="a" s
tyle="left:1931px;top:4511px;word-spacing:-1px">retculo superior = 2,675m</span><
span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:4701px;word-spacing:-1px">Calcule a distnci
a horizontal entre as estacas.</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:4891
px;word-spacing:2px">5.De um ponto com altitude 314,010m foi visada uma rgua, sit
uada em um</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:5002px;word-spacing:4px;l
etter-spacing:1px">segundo ponto de altitude 345,710m. Com as leituras:</span></
div>
<span class="a" style="left:2882px;top:5002px">= <span class="w11"></span>12</sp
an></div>
x">em visada ascendente; I =</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:5104px;
word-spacing:3px">1,620m; e sabendo-se que a distncia horizontal entre estes pont
os de 157,100m; calcule H,</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:5205px;wo
rd-spacing:-2px">FM, FI, FS.</span></div>
</div>
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<div
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<div
class="b_tl"></div>
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<span class="a" style="left:1359px;top:365px;word-spacing:4px">6.Para uma poligo
nal triangular, calcule a cota de um ponto (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3625px;top:365px;word-spacing:4px">) sabendo-se</spa
n><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:466px">que:</span><span class="a" style=
"left:2023px;top:656px">DH(AB) = 100,320m</span><span class="a" style="left:2079
px;top:766px">H</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2143px;top:805px">z</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2176px;top:766px;word-spacing:-1px">(CAB) = 66</span
></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2622px;top:766px">10'</span><span class="a" style="l
eft:2079px;top:899px">H</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2143px;top:938px">z</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2176px;top:899px;word-spacing:-1px">(CBA) = 41</span
></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2622px;top:899px">42'</span><span class="a" style="l
eft:2095px;top:1023px">h(A) = 151,444m</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2165px;top:1133px">(A</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:2330px;top:1133px">C) = 12</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2624px;top:1133px">40'</span><span class="a" style="
left:1359px;top:1323px;word-spacing:3px">7.Em relao ao exerccio anterior, qual ser a
cota do ponto (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3653px;top:1323px;word-spacing:2px">) se a altura</s
pan><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1425px">do instrumento no ponto (</spa
n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1714px;top:1425px">) for igual a 1,342m?</span><span
class="a" style="left:1358px;top:1615px;word-spacing:13px;letter-spacing:2px">8
.O quadro abaixo indica valores para a diferena dos fios superior e</span><span c
lass="a" style="left:732px;top:1717px;word-spacing:4px;letter-spacing:1px">infer
ior (H) e ngulos verticais tomados de uma estao para localizar pontos de um curso</
span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1818px;word-spacing:7px;letter-spacin
g:1px">dgu em um levantamento. A altura do aparelho foi de 1,83m e a altitude da
estao de</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1920px;word-spacing:2px">143,
78m. Nos pontos em que no houve a possibilidade de projetar a altura do aparelho
sobre</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2022px;word-spacing:5px">a rgua
, a leitura do fio mdio est anotada junto ao ngulo vertical. Determine as distncias<
/span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2124px;word-spacing:-1px">horizontai
s entre a estao e os <span class="w6"></span>pontos, bem como, as altitudes dos me
smos.</span></div>
51px">P<span class="l" style="margin-left:-51px">o<span class="l" style="marginleft:-51px">n<span class="l" style="margin-left:-51px">t<span class="l" style="m
argin-left:-50px">o<span class="w" style="width:354px"></span>H <span class="l"
style="margin-left:-49px">(<span class="l" style="margin-left:-50px">m<span clas
s="l" style="margin-left:-52px">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></spa
n></span></div>
;opacity:" 0.50"=""></sp n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1543px;top:2501px;letter-spacing:101px">1<span class
="w" style="width:404px"></span>0<span class="l" style="margin-left:-100px">,<sp
an class="l" style="margin-left:-101px">0<span class="l" style="margin-left:-101
px">4<span class="l" style="margin-left:-101px">1</span></span></span></span></s
pan><span class="a" style="left:2913px;top:2509px">+2</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3029px;top:2509px">19</sp n><sp n class="a" style="le
ft:1543px;top:2659px;letter-spacing:101px">2<span class="w" style="width:404px">
</span>0<span class="l" style="margin-left:-100px">,<span class="l" style="margi
n-left:-101px">0<span class="l" style="margin-left:-101px">7<span class="l" styl
e="margin-left:-101px">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style
="left:2725px;top:2667px">+1</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:2841px;top:2667px">57 em 1,43m</span><span class="a"
style="left:1543px;top:2817px;letter-spacing:101px">3<span class="w" style="widt
h:404px"></span>0<span class="l" style="margin-left:-100px">,<span class="l" sty
le="margin-left:-101px">5<span class="l" style="margin-left:-101px">5<span class
="l" style="margin-left:-101px">5</span></span></span></span></span><span class=
"a" style="left:2725px;top:2825px">+0</span></div>
"a" style="left:2922px;top:2984px">-2</span></div>
ft:1543px;top:3133px;letter-spacing:101px">5<span class="w" style="width:404px">
</span>1<span class="l" style="margin-left:-100px">,<span class="l" style="margi
n-left:-101px">1<span class="l" style="margin-left:-101px">1<span class="l" styl
e="margin-left:-101px">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style
="left:2734px;top:3141px">-4</span></div>
"a" style="left:2913px;top:3300px">+0</span></div>
ft:1358px;top:3516px;word-spacing:5px">Determine as distncias horizontais entre a
estao e os pontos, bem como,</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3617px;w
ord-spacing:-1px">as altitudes dos mesmos.</span><span class="a" style="left:941
px;top:3896px">8.6.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1095px;top:3895px;word-spacing:1px">Medida Eletrnica<
/span></div>
x">De acordo com alguns autores, a medida eletrnica de distncias no pode ser <
/span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4276px">considerada um tipo de medid
a</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1862px;top:4294px">direta</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2095px;top:4276px">pois no necessita percorrer o alin
hamento a medir para</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4378px;word-spa
cing:-1px">obter o seu comprimento.</span><span class="a" style="left:1128px;top
:4568px;word-spacing:-1px"> Nem por isso deve ser considerada um tipo de me
dida</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3088px;top:4585px">indireta</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:3368px;top:4568px">, pois no envolve a</span><span cl
ass="a" style="left:732px;top:4670px;word-spacing:-1px">leitura de rguas e clculos
posteriores para a <span class="w6"></span>obteno das distncias.</span><span class
="a" style="left:1128px;top:4860px;word-spacing:1px"> Na verdade, durante u
ma medio eletrnica, o operador intervm muito pouco na</span><span class="a" style="l
eft:732px;top:4961px;word-spacing:13px;letter-spacing:2px">obt<span class="l6">e
n<span class="l6">o <span class="w11"></span>das <span class="w8"></span>med<span
class="l6">ida<span class="l7">s, <span class="w11"></span>poi<span class="l6">s
<span class="w11"></span>tod<span class="l6">as <span class="w9"></span>so <span
class="w8"></span>obt<span class="l6">ida<span class="l6">s <span class="w11"><
/span>aut<span class="l6">oma<span class="l7">tic<span class="l6">ame<span class
="l6">nte <span class="w9"></span>atr<span class="l7">avs <span class="w7"></span
>de <span class="w10"></span>um <span class="w9"></span>sim<span class="l7">ple<
span class="l6">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:710
px;top:5063px;word-spacing:-1px"> pressionar de boto.</span></div>
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x">Es<span class="l9">te <span class="w11"></span>ti<span class="l10">po <span c
lass="w12"></span>de <span class="w11"></span>me<span class="l8">di<span class="
l8"><span class="l8">o, <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>no <span class="
w11"></span>en<span class="l8">ta<span class="l8">nt<span class="l9">o, <span cl
ass="w12"></span>n<span class="l8">o <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>is
<span class="l9">en<span class="l7">ta <span class="w11"></span>o <span class="w
" style="width:15px"></span>op<span class="l8">er<span class="l8">ad<span class=
"l8">or <span class="w11"></span>da<span class="l8">s <span class="w" style="wid
th:15px"></span>et<span class="l9">ap<span class="l8">as <span class="w12"></spa
n>de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span
></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:484px">estacionamento</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1352px;top:484px">nivelamento</span></div>
x">dos instrumentos utilizados, qualquer que seja a</span><span class="a" style=
"left:732px;top:568px">tecnologia envolvida no processo comum de medio.</span><spa
n class="a" style="left:1150px;top:758px;word-spacing:11px;letter-spacing:2px">S
eg<span class="l7">undo <span class="w8"></span>LOC<span class="l6">H <span clas
s="w" style="width:13px"></span>e <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>COR<
span class="l6">DIN<span class="l7">I <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>
(19<span class="l6">95) <span class="w9"></span>os <span class="w11"></span>ins<
span class="l7">tru<span class="l7">men<span class="l6">tos <span class="w9"></s
pan>ele<span class="l6">tr<span class="l7">nic<span class="l7">os <span class="w"
style="width:13px"></span>apr<span class="l6">ese<span class="l7">nta<span clas
s="l6">m</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></
span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:860px;wor
d-spacing:1px">inmeras vantagens em relao aos tradicionais processos de medida, tai
s como: economia de</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:961px;word-spaci
ng:9px;letter-spacing:2px">tempo, facilidade de operao e, principalmente, preciso a
dequada aos vrios tipos de</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1063px;wor
d-spacing:-1px">trabalhos topogrficos, cartogrficos e geodsicos.</span><span class=
"a" style="left:1150px;top:1253px;word-spacing:17px;letter-spacing:2px">A <span
class="w12"></span>med<span class="l6">ida <span class="w10"></span>ele<span cla
ss="l6">tr<span class="l6">ni<span class="l6">ca <span class="w" style="width:13p
x"></span>de <span class="w11"></span>dis<span class="l7">tn<span class="l6">cia<
span class="l7">s <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>bas<span class="l6">
eia<span class="l7">-se <span class="w9"></span>na <span class="w12"></span>emi<
span class="l7">ss<span class="l7">o/r<span class="l7">ece<span class="l6">po <span
class="w9"></span>de <span class="w12"></span>sin<span class="l7">ais</span></s
></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1355px;word-spacing:10px;le
tter-spacing:2px">luminosos (visveis ou no) ou de microondas que atingem um antepa
ro ou refletor. A</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1457px;word-spacin
g:10px;letter-spacing:1px">distncia entre o emissor/receptor e o anteparo ou refl
etor calculada eletronicamente e,</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:15
58px;word-spacing:2px;letter-spacing:1px">segundo KAVANAGH e BIRD (1996), baseia
-se no comprimento de onda, na freqncia e</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;
top:1660px">velocidade de propagao do sinal.</span><span class="a" style="left:115

0px;top:1850px;word-spacing:2px;letter-spacing:1px">Embora o tpico em discusso sej
a o da medida eletrnica de distncias, alguns</span><span class="a" style="left:732
px;top:1952px;word-spacing:-1px">dos equipamentos que sero descritos em seguida <
span class="w7"></span>tambm medem ngulos eletronicamente.</span><span class="a" s
tyle="left:1150px;top:2142px;word-spacing:14px;letter-spacing:3px">As<span class
="l7">si<span class="l7">m, <span class="w" style="width:18px"></span>en<span cl
ass="l6">tr<span class="l7">e <span class="w" style="width:21px"></span>os <span
class="w" style="width:18px"></span>pr<span class="l7">in<span class="l6">ci<sp
an class="l7">pai<span class="l9">s <span class="w" style="width:22px"></span>eq
<span class="l6">ui<span class="l6">pa<span class="l6">me<span class="l7">nt<spa
n class="l6">os <span class="w" style="width:19px"></span>ut<span class="l7">il<
span class="l7">iz<span class="l6">ad<span class="l6">os <span class="w" style="
width:19px"></span>at<span class="l7">ua<span class="l6">lm<span class="l7">ent<
span class="l8">e <span class="w" style="width:22px"></span>na <span class="w" s
tyle="width:18px"></span>me<span class="l6">di<span class="l7">da</span></span><
an></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span c
lass="a" style="left:732px;top:2244px;word-spacing:-1px">eletrnica de distncias e/
ou ngulos, pode-se <span class="w6"></span>citar:</span><span class="a" style="le
ft:1150px;top:2478px">a)</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1218px;top:2477px;word-spacing:2px">Trena Eletrnica</
span></div>
x">dispositivo eletrnico composto de um emissor/receptor de sinais que</span><spa
n class="a" style="left:1441px;top:2814px;word-spacing:-1px"> podem ser pul
saes ultra-snicas ou feixe de <span class="w6"></span>luz infravermelho;</span></di
v>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:2916px">o alcance depende do dispositivo;
</span></div>
x">normalmente, para a determinao de distncias acima de 50 metros, </span><span clas
s="a" style="left:1463px;top:3119px;word-spacing:8px">necessrio utilizar um</span
></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2288px;top:3137px;word-spacing:9px">alvo eletrnico</s
pan></div>
x">para a correta devoluo do sinal</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:32
21px">emitido;</span></div>
x">como explicitado anteriormente, o clculo da distncia feito em funo</span><span cl
ass="a" style="left:1463px;top:3424px;word-spacing:5px;letter-spacing:2px">do te
mpo que o sinal emitido leva para atingir o alvo, ser refletido e</span><span cl
ass="a" style="left:1463px;top:3526px;word-spacing:3px">recebido de volta; a fre
qncia e o comprimento do sinal so conhecidos</span><span class="a" style="left:1441
px;top:3628px;word-spacing:-2px"> pelo dispositivo;</span></div>
x">o sinal ento recebido e processado e a distncia calculada mostrada</span><span
class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3831px;word-spacing:-1px">num visor de cristal
lquido (LCD);</span></div>
x">alguns destes dispositivos so capazes de processar, entre outras coisas,</span
><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:4034px">reas, volumes, adio e subtrao de distn
cias, etc.;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:4136px">funciona com pilhas ou bateria, d
o tipo encontrado em supermercado;</span></div>
x">o custo deste dispositivo, bem como, dos demais dispositivos que sero</span><s
pan class="a" style="left:1463px;top:4339px;word-spacing:5px;letter-spacing:1px"
>descritos mais adiante, varia muito e depende da tecnologia envolvida,</span><s
pan class="a" style="left:1463px;top:4441px">das funes que disponibiliza e do fabr
icante.</span></div>
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">As figuras a seguir ilustram trenas eletrnicas de diferentes fabricantes</span>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:466px;word-spacing:-1px">(SOKKIA e LEICA),
selecionadas a partir de pginas da <span class="w6"></span>INTERNET.</span><span
class="a" style="left:2652px;top:2088px"> </span><span class="a" style="le
ft:1358px;top:2303px;word-spacing:9px;letter-spacing:1px">A figura a seguir ilus
tra uma medio interna utilizando trena eletrnica</span><span class="a" style="left:
732px;top:2405px;word-spacing:2px">onde a parede o anteparo que reflete o sinal
emitido. No caso, esto sendo tomadas a</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3857px;top:2423px">altura</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:793px;top:2524px">largura</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1086px;top:2507px">de um aposento.</span><span class
="a" style="left:1128px;top:4393px"> b)</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1224px;top:4392px">Teodolito Eletrnico</span></div>
x"> um dispositivo com tica de alto rendimento, mecnica de preciso,</span><span clas
s="a" style="left:1463px;top:4729px;word-spacing:-1px">facilidade de utilizao e al
tssima confiabilidade;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:4831px;word-spacing:4px">normalmente faz
parte de um sistema modular que permite adaptar outros</span><span class="a" sty
le="left:1463px;top:4933px;word-spacing:11px;letter-spacing:1px">equipamentos de
medio (distancimetro ou trena eletrnica) que se</span><span class="a" style="left:1
463px;top:5034px">adeqem s suas novas necessidades a um custo reduzido;</span></di
v>
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<span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:365px;letter-spacing:1px">A <span class="
w6"></span>figur<span class="l6">a <span class="w7"></span>a seguir ilustra um <
span class="w8"></span>teodol<span class="l7">ito eletrnic<span class="l6">o <spa
n class="w7"></span>da marca <span class="w7"></span>LEICA (model<span class="l6
">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:466p
x;word-spacing:11px;letter-spacing:2px">T460d) e uma trena eletrnica, tambm da LEI
CA, a ele acoplada para a medio das</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:56
8px">distncias.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:2623px;word-spacing:-1px">no utiliza, nece
ssariamente, sinais refletores para a</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3277px;top:2641px">identificao</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3761px;top:2623px;word-spacing:1px">do ponto</span><
span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2725px;word-spacing:-1px;letter-spacing:1p
x">a medir, pois <span class="w10"></span>um equipament<span class="l7">o <span
class="w6"></span>espec<span class="l6">fico para a <span class="w7"></span>medi<sp

an class="l6">o <span class="w6"></span>eletr<span class="l7">nica de</span></spa
n></span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2844px">ngulos</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1765px;top:2827px">e no de distncias;</span></div>
x">assim, possibilita a leitura de ngulos (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2863px;top:2927px">Hz</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3078px;top:2927px">V</span></div>
x">) contnuos em intervalos</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3030px;w
ord-spacing:6px;letter-spacing:1px">que variam de 20, 10, 7, 5, 3, 2, 1.5, 1 e 0.5",
endendo da</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3132px">aplicao e do fabri
cante;</span></div>
x">dispe de prumo tico ou a laser, como indica a figura a seguir, e com</span><spa
n class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3335px">magnitude (focal) de at 2X;</span></di
v>
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"> possui visor de cristal lquido (LCD) com teclado de funes e smbolos</span><s
pan class="a" style="left:1463px;top:466px;word-spacing:22px;letter-spacing:4px"
>es<span class="l8">pe<span class="l8">c<span class="l9">fi<span class="l9">co<sp
an class="l7">s <span class="w" style="width:19px"></span>qu<span class="l8">e <
span class="w" style="width:20px"></span>t<span class="l9">m <span class="w" styl
e="width:18px"></span>po<span class="l7">r <span class="w" style="width:18px"></
span>fi<span class="l9">na<span class="l8">li<span class="l9">da<span class="l8"
>de <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>gu<span class="l7">ia<span class="
l9">r <span class="w" style="width:19px"></span>o <span class="w" style="width:1
9px"></span>op<span class="l7">er<span class="l9">ad<span class="l8">or <span cl
ass="w" style="width:15px"></span>du<span class="l8">ra<span class="l8">nt<span
class="l9">e <span class="w" style="width:20px"></span>o</span></span></span></s
></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;to
p:568px">levantamento;</span></div>
x">o <span class="w12"></span>tec<span class="l7">lad<span class="l6">o, <span c
lass="w11"></span>bem <span class="w7"></span>com<span class="l6">o <span class=
"w12"></span>o <span class="w12"></span>equi<span class="l8">pam<span class="l6"
>ent<span class="l6">o, <span class="w10"></span>so <span class="w8"></span>rel<s
pan class="l7">ati<span class="l7">vam<span class="l6">ent<span class="l6">e <sp
an class="w" style="width:13px"></span>res<span class="l7">ist<span class="l8">e
nt<span class="l6">es <span class="w9"></span>a</span></span></span></span></spa
n></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a"
style="left:1463px;top:771px">intempries;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:873px;word-spacing:-1px">alguns fabricant
es j disponibilizam teodolitos prova dgu ;</sp n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:975px;word-spacing:-1px">funciona com bat

eria especfica, porm, recarregvel;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:1076px">a luneta tem uma magnitude (focal
) que varia de 26X a 30X;</span></div>
px"> pe<span class="l8">rm<span class="l7">it<span class="l8">e <span class
="w" style="width:18px"></span>me<span class="l6">di<span class="l7"><span class="
l6">es <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>so<span class="l6">b <span clas
s="w" style="width:17px"></span>te<span class="l7">mp<span class="l6">er<span cl
ass="l7">at<span class="l6">ur<span class="l6">as <span class="w" style="width:1
5px"></span>qu<span class="l6">e <span class="w" style="width:17px"></span>va<sp
an class="l6">ri<span class="l7">am <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>de
<span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>-2<span class="l7">0</span></span></s
></span></span></span></div>
px">C a +50</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3993px;top:1186px">C,</span><span class="a" style="l
eft:1463px;top:1288px">dependendo das especificaes do fabricante;</span></div>
x"> pode ser utilizado em trabalhos de engenharia que envolvam medio de</span
><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:1491px;word-spacing:25px;letter-spacing:
3px">de<span class="l6">fo<span class="l6">rm<span class="l7">a<span class="l6">e<
span class="l6">s <span class="w" style="width:27px"></span>em <span class="w" s
tyle="width:24px"></span>gr<span class="l7">and<span class="l8">es <span class="
w" style="width:23px"></span>obr<span class="l9">as <span class="w" style="width
:23px"></span>(b<span class="l7">ar<span class="l6">ra<span class="l7">gen<span
class="l8">s, <span class="w" style="width:23px"></span>hi<span class="l6">dr<sp
an class="l7">el<span class="l6">t<span class="l7">ri<span class="l7">cas<span cl
ass="l8">, <span class="w" style="width:26px"></span>pon<span class="l8">te<span
class="l7">s,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></s
><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:1593px;word-spacing:6px;letter-spacing:1
px">estruturas metlicas, etc.), medio industrial, explorao de minrios,</span><span cla
ss="a" style="left:1463px;top:1695px;word-spacing:-1px">em levantamentos topogrfi
cos e geodsicos, etc..</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:1885px;word-s
pacing:3px;letter-spacing:1px">A figura a seguir ilustra um teodolito eletrnico d
a marca ZEISS (modelo</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1986px;word-sp
acing:12px;letter-spacing:2px">eth<span class="l6">2lr<span class="l7">g). <span
class="w10"></span>Per<span class="l7">ceb<span class="l6">em-<span class="l6">
se <span class="w12"></span>os <span class="w11"></span>vis<span class="l6">ore<
span class="l7">s <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>LCD <span class="w11
"></span>cor<span class="l7">res<span class="l6">pon<span class="l6">dent<span c
lass="l8">es <span class="w12"></span>ao <span class="w" style="width:13px"></sp
an>ng<span class="l6">ulo <span class="w10"></span>ver<span class="l6">tic<span c
lass="l7">al <span class="w12"></span>e <span class="w" style="width:15px"></spa

n>hor<span class="l6">izo<span class="l7">nta<span class="l6">l</span></span></s
></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2088px">medid
os pelo aparelho.</span><span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:4378px">c)</span>
</div>
<span class="a" style="left:1218px;top:4377px;word-spacing:2px">Distancimetro Ele
trnico</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:4612px"> um equipamento exclusivo para med
io de distncias (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3635px;top:4611px">DV</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3846px;top:4611px">DI</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3945px;top:4612px">);</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:4714px;word-spacing:-1px">a tecnologia ut
ilizada na medio <span class="w7"></span>destas distncias a do infravermelho;</span
></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:4816px">a preciso das medidas depende do m
odelo de equipamento utilizado;</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:500
6px;word-spacing:-1px">A figura a seguir ilustra a <span class="w6"></span>vista
posterior (teclado e visor) e anterior <span class="w6"></span>(emissor </
span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:5107px;word-spacing:-1px">e receptor
do infravermelho) de um <span class="w6"></span>distancimetro da marca LEICA, mod
elo DI3000s.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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px"> <span class="w" style="width:22px"></span>nor<span class="l9">ma<span class=
"l6">lm<span class="l8">ent<span class="l9">e <span class="w" style="width:23px"
></span>ut<span class="l7">il<span class="l7">iz<span class="l7">ado <span class
="w" style="width:17px"></span>ac<span class="l6">opl<span class="l9">ad<span cl
ass="l6">o <span class="w" style="width:23px"></span>a <span class="w" style="wi
dth:22px"></span>um <span class="w" style="width:19px"></span>te<span class="l7"
>od<span class="l6">ol<span class="l6">it<span class="l7">o <span class="w" styl
e="width:22px"></span>t<span class="l6">ic<span class="l7">o-p<span class="l8">ri
<span class="l7">sm<span class="l7">t<span class="l7">ic<span class="l6">o</span>
pan></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="
a" style="left:1463px;top:2293px">convencional ou a um teodolito eletrnico;</span
></div>
x">o alcance deste equipamento varia entre 500m a 20.000m e depende da</span><sp
an class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2496px;word-spacing:4px">quantidade de</span
></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1961px;top:2514px"> prismas</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2288px;top:2496px;word-spacing:2px">utilizados para
a reflexo do sinal, bem como, das</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:25
98px;word-spacing:-2px">condies atmosfricas;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:2700px">o</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:1465px;top:2717px"> prisma</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1756px;top:2700px"> um espelho circular, de faces cbic
as, utilizado acoplado a uma</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2802px
;word-spacing:3px">haste de metal ou basto e que tem por finalidade refletir o si
nal emitido</span><span class="a" style="left:1441px;top:2903px"> pelo apar
elho precisamente na mesma direo em que foi recebido;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1475px;top:3022px;word-spacing:9px"> sinal refl
etor </span></div>
x">(basto + prismas) deve ser posicionado sobre o ponto a</span><span class="a" s
tyle="left:1463px;top:3107px;word-spacing:-1px;letter-spacing:1px">medir<span cl
ass="l6">, na <span class="w7"></span>posi<span class="l6">o vertical<span class="
l6">, com <span class="w6"></span>a ajuda de <span class="w8"></span>um nvel de b
olha circular ou</span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;t
op:3208px;word-spacing:2px">de um bip; e, em trabalhos de maior preciso, dever ser
montado sobre</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3310px">um trip com pr
umo tico ou a laser;</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:3500px;word-spa
cing:4px;letter-spacing:1px">A figura a seguir ilustra um basto, um prisma e um t
rip especfico para</span><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:3602px;word-spacing
:-1px"> basto, todos da marca SOKKIA.</span><span class="a" style="left:1568
px;top:4935px"> </span></div>
x">quanto maior a quantidade de prismas acoplados ao basto, maior o</span><span c
lass="a" style="left:1463px;top:5252px;word-spacing:1px">alcance do equipamento;
</span></div>
</div>
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<span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:365px;letter-spacing:1px">As figuras a <s
pan class="w9"></span>seguir ilus<span class="l6">tram dois tipos <span class="w
6"></span>de conjunto de <span class="w10"></span>pris<span class="l6">mas: o <s
pan class="w9"></span>prim<span class="l6">eiro,</span></span></span></span><spa
n class="a" style="left:732px;top:466px;word-spacing:-1px">com trs prismas e alvo
; o segundo, <span class="w6"></span>com nove prismas. Percebe-se que ambos esto
<span class="w7"></span>acoplados</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:56
8px">a uma base triangular que pode ser nivelada e que pode ser apoiada sobre tr
ip apropriado.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:1823px;word-spacing:-1px">quando se utili
za o prisma acoplado <span class="w7"></span>a um basto, possvel ajustar a <span c
lass="w6"></span>altura</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:1925px">do
mesmo, que graduado em centmetros e polegadas;</span></div>
px">a determina<span class="l6">o das <span class="w8"></span>dist<span class="l6">
ncias <span class="w7"></span>feit<span class="l6">a <span class="w6"></span>em
poucos segundos e <span class="w7"></span>os resultad<span class="l6">os</span><
/span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2128px;word-sp
acing:-1px">so visualizados atravs de um visor LCD;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:2230px;word-spacing:-1px">funciona com ba
teria especfica, porm, recarregvel;</span></div>
px"> po<span class="l8">de <span class="w" style="width:17px"></span>se<spa
n class="l7">r <span class="w" style="width:19px"></span>ut<span class="l6">il<s
pan class="l8">iz<span class="l6">ad<span class="l6">o <span class="w" style="wi
dth:21px"></span>em <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>le<span class="l6"

>va<span class="l6">nt<span class="l6">am<span class="l6">en<span class="l6">to<
span class="l6">s <span class="w" style="width:20px"></span>ge<span class="l6">o
d<span class="l8">si<span class="l7">co<span class="l6">s <span class="w" style="
width:20px"></span>po<span class="l6">is <span class="w" style="width:15px"></sp
an>as <span class="w" style="width:17px"></span>di<span class="l6">st<span class
="l7">n<span class="l6">ci<span class="l7">as</span></span></span></span></span><
an></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:243
3px;word-spacing:19px;letter-spacing:2px">red<span class="l6">uzi<span class="l7
">das <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>so <span class="w10"></span>cor<s
pan class="l6">rig<span class="l7">ida<span class="l6">s <span class="w" style="
width:15px"></span>aut<span class="l7">oma<span class="l6">tic<span class="l6">a
me<span class="l6">nte <span class="w12"></span>dos <span class="w11"></span>efe
<span class="l7">ito<span class="l7">s <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span
>da <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>cur<span class="l7">vat<span class
="l6">ura</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><
/span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2535px;word-sp
acing:-1px">terrestre e da refrao atmosfrica.</span><span class="a" style="left:115
0px;top:2769px">d)</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1224px;top:2768px;word-spacing:2px">Estao Total</span>
</div>
px">de acordo com KAVANAGH e BIRD (1996), uma</span></div>
px">esta<span class="l6">o <span class="w10"></span>total </span></span></div
>
<span class="a" style="left:3946px;top:3003px"> <span class="w" style="width:23px
"></span>o</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3105px;word-spacing:3px;
letter-spacing:1px">conjunto definido por um</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2429px;top:3123px;word-spacing:10px">teodolito eletrn
ico</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3135px;top:3105px">, <span class="w11"></span>um</sp
an></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3336px;top:3123px">distancimetro</span></div>
x">a ele</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3207px;word-spacing:12px;l
etter-spacing:1px">incorporado e um</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2168px;top:3224px">microprocessador </span></di
v>
px">que automaticamente monitora o</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:
3309px">estado de operao do instrumento;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1398px;top:3410px;word-spacing:3px"> portanto,
este tipo de equipamento capaz de medir ngulos horizontais e</span><span class="a
" style="left:1463px;top:3512px;word-spacing:19px;letter-spacing:2px">ver<span c
lass="l6">ti<span class="l6">cais <span class="w12"></span>(te<span class="l7">o
do<span class="l6">lit<span class="l8">o) <span class="w" style="width:16px"></s
pan>e <span class="w" style="width:18px"></span>dis<span class="l7">tn<span class
="l6">cia<span class="l7">s <span class="w" style="width:18px"></span>hor<span c
lass="l6">izo<span class="l6">nta<span class="l6">is, <span class="w12"></span>v
er<span class="l6">tic<span class="l7">ais <span class="w" style="width:13px"></
span>e <span class="w" style="width:18px"></span>inc<span class="l7">lin<span cl
ass="l7">adas</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sp
an></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;
top:3614px;word-spacing:9px;letter-spacing:1px">(distancimetro), alm de poder proc
essar e mostrar ao operador uma</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:371
5px;word-spacing:4px;letter-spacing:2px">srie de outras informaes, tais como: condies
do nivelamento do</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3817px;word-spac
ing:3px">aparelho, nmero do ponto medido, as coordenadas UTM ou geogrficas</span><
span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3919px">e a altitude do ponto, a altura do
aparelho, a altura do basto, etc.;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:4020px">a tecnologia utilizada na medio das
distncias a do infravermelho;</span></div>
px">as <span class="w12"></span>me<span class="l7">di<span class="l6">da<span cl
ass="l6">s <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>ob<span class="l6">ti<span
class="l7">da<span class="l6">s <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>co<spa
n class="l6">m <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>o <span class="w" style
="width:14px"></span>le<span class="l6">va<span class="l6">nt<span class="l6">am
<span class="l6">en<span class="l6">to <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span
>po<span class="l6">dem <span class="w9"></span>se<span class="l6">r <span class
="w" style="width:15px"></span>re<span class="l7">gi<span class="l6">st<span cla
ss="l7">ra<span class="l7">das <span class="w9"></span>em</span></span></span></
x">cadernetas de campo</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2267px;top:4224px;word-spacing:10px">convencionais,
atravs de</span></div>
x">coletores de dados</span></div>
x">, ou,</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:4325px;word-spacing:6px;le
tter-spacing:2px">como no caso dos equipamentos mais modernos, atravs de</span></
div>
<span class="a" style="left:3774px;top:4343px">mdulos</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:4427px;word-spacing:-1px">especficos (tipo
carto PCMCIA) incorporados ao prprio aparelho;</span></div>

x">coletor de dados</span></div>
x"> normalmente um dispositivo externo (que pode ser </span><span class="a"
style="left:1463px;top:4631px;word-spacing:2px;letter-spacing:1px">uma mquina de
calcular), conectado ao aparelho atravs de um cabo e</span><span class="a" style=
"left:1463px;top:4732px;word-spacing:22px;letter-spacing:6px">c<span class="l6">
a<span class="l6">p<span class="l6">az <span class="w" style="width:19px"></span
>d<span class="l6">e <span class="w" style="width:24px"></span>r<span class="l7"
>e<span class="l6">a<span class="l6">l<span class="l6">i<span class="l7">z<span
class="l6">a<span class="l6">r <span class="w" style="width:24px"></span>a<span
class="l6">s <span class="w" style="width:23px"></span>e<span class="l6">t<span
class="l7">a<span class="l6">p<span class="l6">a<span class="l6">s <span class="
w" style="width:24px"></span>d<span class="l6">e</span></span></span></span></sp
</span></span></span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2846px;top:4750px"> fechamento</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3473px;top:4750px">ajustamento</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3985px;top:4732px">do</span><span class="a" style="l
eft:1463px;top:4834px">levantamento;</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;to
p:5024px;word-spacing:4px;letter-spacing:1px">A figura a seguir ilustra um colet
or de dados TOPCON, o cabo pelo qual</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top
:5126px;word-spacing:7px;letter-spacing:2px">est conectado estao total e uma ampliao
do visor LCD com informaes sobre a</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:522
7px">medio.</span></div>
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x">na maioria das estaes, os dados registrados pelo</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3390px;top:2327px">coletor </span></div>
x">podem ser </span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2411px">transfer
idos para um computador atravs de uma interface RS 232 padro</span><span class="a"
style="left:1463px;top:2513px;word-spacing:6px;letter-spacing:1px">(mesma utili
zada nos computadores para ligao de scanners, plotters,</span><span class="a" styl
e="left:1463px;top:2614px">etc.);</span></div>
px">a <span class="w11"></span>uti<span class="l7">li<span class="l6">za<span clas
s="l7">o <span class="w12"></span>de <span class="w10"></span>md<span class="l6">
ulo<span class="l7">s <span class="w11"></span>ou <span class="w9"></span>car<sp
an class="l7">te<span class="l6">s <span class="w11"></span>esp<span class="l6">e
ci<span class="l7">ais <span class="w7"></span>(ti<span class="l8">po <span clas
s="w9"></span>PMC<span class="l7">IA)<span class="l7">, <span class="w10"></span
>quan<span class="l7">do</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top
:2818px;word-spacing:5px;letter-spacing:1px">cheios, podem ser removidos e trans
feridos para um computador (com</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1441px;top:2937px"> slot </span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1613px;top:2919px;word-spacing:-1px">PCMCIA ou com l
eitor externo) para processamento posterior.</span><span class="a" style="left:1
358px;top:3110px;word-spacing:20px;letter-spacing:4px">A <span class="w" style="
width:17px"></span>fi<span class="l9">gu<span class="l8">ra <span class="w" styl
e="width:13px"></span>a <span class="w" style="width:17px"></span>se<span class=
"l9">gu<span class="l7">ir <span class="w12"></span>il<span class="l10">us<span
class="l8">tr<span class="l9">a <span class="w" style="width:17px"></span>um <sp
an class="w" style="width:13px"></span>ca<span class="l8">rt<span class="l9">o <s
pan class="w" style="width:14px"></span>PC<span class="l10">MC<span class="l8">I

A <span class="w12"></span>co<span class="l7">m <span class="w" style="width:17p
x"></span>ca<span class="l8">pa<span class="l8">ci<span class="l8">da<span class
="l8">de <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>de</span></span></span></span
span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3211px">armazenamento entre 51
2 Kb a 4 Mb.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:4611px">as estaes so relativamente resistent
es a intempries e alguns fabricantes</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top
:4713px">dispem de modelos a prova dgu ;</sp n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:4815px">funcionam com bateria especfica, p
orm, recarregvel;</span></div>
px">s<span class="l6">o <span class="w" style="width:18px"></span>mu<span class="
l6">it<span class="l7">o <span class="w" style="width:19px"></span>ut<span class
="l7">il<span class="l7">iz<span class="l6">ad<span class="l6">as <span class="w
" style="width:15px"></span>at<span class="l6">ua<span class="l6">lm<span class=
"l6">en<span class="l6">te <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>em <span cl
ass="w" style="width:15px"></span>qu<span class="l6">al<span class="l6">qu<span
class="l6">er <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>ti<span class="l8">po <s
pan class="w" style="width:17px"></span>de <span class="w" style="width:15px"></
span>le<span class="l6">va<span class="l6">nt<span class="l7">ame<span class="l8
">nt<span class="l7">o,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><
an></span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:5018px">topogrfico ou geodsico.</
span></div>
</div>
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<span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:365px;letter-spacing:1px">A figura a segu
ir ilustra uma estao total da LEICA, modelo TC600, com</span><span class="a" style
="left:732px;top:466px">intervalo angular de 3, preciso linear de 1,5mm e alcance
de 2 km com um nico prisma.</span><span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:2649px">
e)</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1218px;top:2648px">Nvel Digital</span></div>
x"> um nvel para medio eletrnica e registro automtico de distncias</span><span class="
" style="left:1463px;top:2985px;word-spacing:12px;letter-spacing:3px">ho<span cl
ass="l6">ri<span class="l7">zon<span class="l8">ta<span class="l7">is <span clas
s="w" style="width:14px"></span>e <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>ver<
span class="l9">ti<span class="l7">ca<span class="l6">is <span class="w" style="
width:13px"></span>ou <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>di<span class="l
7">fe<span class="l6">re<span class="l6">n<span class="l6">as <span class="w" sty
le="width:14px"></span>de <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>n<span class=
"l6">ve<span class="l6">l, <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>por<span cl
ass="l9">ta<span class="l7">nt<span class="l6">o, <span class="w" style="width:1
4px"></span>n<span class="l6">o <span class="w" style="width:17px"></span>me<span
class="l6">de</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></s
pan></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="
a" style="left:1463px;top:3087px">ngulos;</span></div>
x">o seu funcionamento est baseado no processo digital de leitura, ou seja,</span
4px">nu<span class="l8">m <span class="w" style="width:23px"></span>si<span clas
s="l9">st<span class="l9">em<span class="l8">a <span class="w" style="width:23px
"></span>el<span class="l8">et<span class="l9">r<span class="l8">ni<span class="l
8">co <span class="w" style="width:20px"></span>de <span class="w" style="width:
19px"></span>va<span class="l8">rr<span class="l9">ed<span class="l7">ur<span cl
ass="l9">a <span class="w" style="width:24px"></span>e <span class="w" style="wi
dth:23px"></span>in<span class="l8">te<span class="l9">rp<span class="l8">re<spa
n class="l9">ta<span class="l8"><span class="l8">o <span class="w" style="width:25
px"></span>de <span class="w" style="width:19px"></span>pa<span class="l7">dr<sp

an class="l9">e<span class="l7">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span
span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3392px">codific
ados;</span></div>
px"> pa<span class="l8">ra <span class="w10"></span>a <span class="w" style
="width:14px"></span>det<span class="l9">er<span class="l6">mi<span class="l8">n
a<span class="l8">o <span class="w12"></span>das <span class="w8"></span>di<span c
lass="l6">st<span class="l7">n<span class="l6">ci<span class="l7">as <span class=
"w12"></span>o <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>ap<span class="l6">ar<s
pan class="l7">el<span class="l6">ho <span class="w12"></span>de<span class="l6"
>ve <span class="w11"></span>se<span class="l6">r <span class="w" style="width:1
3px"></span>ap<span class="l6">ont<span class="l9">ado <span class="w9"></span>e
pan></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:35
95px;letter-spacing:1px">focal<span class="l6">izado sobre uma <span class="w9">
</span>rgua graduada cujas divises esto impress<span class="l6">as em</span></span>
</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3697px;word-spacing:-1px">cdigo de
barras (escala binria), como <span class="w6"></span>mostra a figura a seguir;</s
pan></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:4417px;word-spacing:1px">este tipo de rgua
, que pode ser de alumnio, metal nvar ou fibra de vidro,</span><span class="a" sty
le="left:1463px;top:4519px"> resistente umidade e bastante precisa quanto diviso d
a graduao;</span></div>
px">os valores medidos podem ser armazenados internamente pelo prprio</span><span
class="a" style="left:1463px;top:4722px;word-spacing:17px;letter-spacing:4px">e
q<span class="l8">ui<span class="l8">pa<span class="l8">me<span class="l8">nt<sp
an class="l8">o <span class="w" style="width:20px"></span>ou <span class="w" sty
le="width:14px"></span>em <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>co<span clas
s="l8">le<span class="l8">to<span class="l9">re<span class="l8">s <span class="w
" style="width:19px"></span>de <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>da<span
class="l8">do<span class="l7">s. <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>Es<s
pan class="l8">te<span class="l9">s <span class="w" style="width:18px"></span>da
<span class="l8">do<span class="l7">s <span class="w" style="width:17px"></span>
po<span class="l7">de<span class="l8">m <span class="w" style="width:18px"></spa
n>se<span class="l8">r </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></s
2px">transmitidos para um computador atravs de uma interface RS 232</span><span c
lass="a" style="left:1441px;top:4925px"> padro;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:5027px;word-spacing:3px">a rgua mantida na
posio vertical, sobre o ponto a medir, com a ajuda</span><span class="a" style="l
eft:1463px;top:5129px;word-spacing:-1px">de um nvel de bolha circular, como mostr
a a figura a seguir;</span></div>

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<div
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x">o alcance deste aparelho depende do modelo utilizado, da rgua e das</span><spa
n class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2166px;word-spacing:-1px">condies ambientais (l
uz, calor, vibraes, sombra, etc.);</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:2267px;word-spacing:-1px">funciona com ba
teria especfica, porm, recarregvel;</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:2369px"> utilizado essencialmente em nivel
amentos convencionais e na construo</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2
471px">civil.</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:2661px;word-spacing:6
px;letter-spacing:2px">As figuras a seguir ilustram dois modelos de nvel digital
de diferentes</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2762px;word-spacing:7p
x;letter-spacing:1px">fabricantes. O primeiro da LEICA, modelo NA3000. O segundo
da SOKKIA, modelo</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2864px">SDL30.</s
pan><span class="a" style="left:2266px;top:4332px"> </span><span class="a"
style="left:1150px;top:4592px">f)</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1209px;top:4590px">Nvel a Laser</span></div>
px"> <span class="w6"></span>um nvel <span class="w6"></span>autom<span class="l6"
>tico cujo funcionam<span class="l6">ento est <span class="w6"></span>baseado na t
ecnologia do</span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:4928px">
infravermelho;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:5029px;word-spacing:5px">assim como o nvel
digital, utilizado na obteno de distncias verticais</span><span class="a" style="l
eft:1463px;top:5131px">ou diferenas de nvel e tambm no mede ngulos;</span></div>
</div>
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<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
class="b_tl"></div>
class="b_tr"></div>
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<span class="a" style="left:1398px;top:365px;word-spacing:2px"> para a medi
da destas distncias necessrio o uso conjunto de um</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3815px;top:382px">detetor </span><span class="a
" style="left:1463px;top:484px">laser </span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1665px;top:466px;word-spacing:2px">que deve ser mont
ado sobre uma rgua de alumnio, metal nvar ou</span><span class="a" style="left:1463
px;top:568px;word-spacing:-1px">fibra de vidro;</span><span class="a" style="lef
t:1358px;top:758px;word-spacing:7px;letter-spacing:1px">A figura a seguir ilustr
a uma rgua metlica com</span></div>
">detetor laser </span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3732px;top:758px">adaptado,</span><span class="a" st
yle="left:732px;top:860px;word-spacing:-1px">ambos da marca SOKKIA.</span></div>
x">este tipo de nvel um aparelho peculiar pois no apresenta luneta nem</span><span
class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2924px;word-spacing:2px;letter-spacing:2px">vi
sor LCD; a leitura da altura da rgua (</span></div>
x">), utilizada no clculo das</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3026px
">distncias por estadimetria, efetuada diretamente sobre a mesma, com o</span><sp
an class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3127px;word-spacing:1px">auxlio do</span></di
v>
<span class="a" style="left:1842px;top:3145px;word-spacing:1px">detetor laser&nb
sp;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2291px;top:3127px">, pela pessoa encarregada de segu
r-la;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:3229px">os</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:1526px;top:3246px">detetores</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1878px;top:3229px;word-spacing:5px">so dotados de vis
or LCD que automaticamente se iluminam</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;
top:3331px">e soam uma campainha ao detectar o raio laser emitido pelo nvel;</spa
n></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:3432px;word-spacing:1px">alguns modelos d
e nvel e detetores funcionam com pilha alcalina comum;</span><span class="a" styl
e="left:1463px;top:3534px;word-spacing:-1px">outros, com bateria especfica recarr
egvel;</span></div>
x">o alcance deste tipo de nvel depende do modelo e marca, enquanto a</span><span
class="a" style="left:1441px;top:3737px"> preciso, depende da sensibilidade
do detetor e da rgua utilizada;</span></div>
x">assim como para o nvel digital, a rgua deve ser mantida na posio</span><span clas
s="a" style="left:1463px;top:3941px;word-spacing:7px;letter-spacing:3px">vertica
l, sobre o ponto a medir, com a ajuda de um nvel de bolha</span><span class="a" s
tyle="left:1463px;top:4043px">circular;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:4144px"> utilizado em servios de nivelament
o convencional e na construo civil.</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:4
334px;letter-spacing:1px">As figuras a seguir ilustram dois nveis a laser de dife
rentes fabricantes. O</span><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:4436px;word-sp
acing:5px;letter-spacing:1px"> primeiro um nvel WILD LNA10 e, o segundo, um
SOKKIA LP31.</span></div>
x">Estes nveis se auto</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4538px;word-sp
acing:4px">nivelam (aps ajuste grosseiro da bolha circular) e possuem um sistema
giratrio de emisso</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4639px">do infraver
melho. O LNA10 tem um alcance de 80m e o LP31 de 120m.</span></div>
</div>
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<span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:1991px">g)</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1224px;top:1990px;word-spacing:1px">Equipamentos Mot
orizados, Automticos e Robotizados</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1398px;top:2225px"> podem ser </span></div
>
<span class="a" style="left:1808px;top:2243px">teodolitos</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2290px;top:2243px">estaes total </span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2773px;top:2225px">;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:2327px">so aparelhos destinados a medies de
preciso em Geodsia;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1523px;top:2446px">motorizados</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:1986px;top:2429px;word-spacing:3px">so indicados para
medio em que no h necessidade de</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2530p
x;word-spacing:7px;letter-spacing:1px">contato com o objeto a ser medido e em ta
refas que requerem valores</span><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2632px;w
ord-spacing:-1px">medidos a intervalos regulares de tempo;</span></div>
x">tm <span class="w10"></span>com<span class="l6">o <span class="w" style="width
:14px"></span>pri<span class="l7">nci<span class="l7">pal <span class="w11"></sp
an>car<span class="l6">act<span class="l6">er<span class="l8">sti<span class="l7"
>ca <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>o <span class="w" style="width:14p
x"></span>aut<span class="l6">o-n<span class="l6">ive<span class="l7">lam<span c
lass="l7">ent<span class="l6">o <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>(el<sp
an class="l7">etr<span class="l7">ni<span class="l6">co) <span class="w11"></span
>e <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>o</span></span></span></span></span
></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><s
pan class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2835px;word-spacing:-1px">alinhamento automt
ico;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1574px;top:2955px">automticos</span></div>
px">co<span class="l8">mb<span class="l8">in<span class="l8">am <span class="w"
style="width:17px"></span>a <span class="w" style="width:21px"></span>te<span cl
ass="l9">cn<span class="l8">ol<span class="l8">og<span class="l8">ia <span class
="w" style="width:17px"></span>do<span class="l8">s <span class="w" style="width
:21px"></span>mo<span class="l9">to<span class="l8">ri<span class="l9">za<span c
lass="l8">do<span class="l8">s <span class="w" style="width:22px"></span>co<span
class="l8">m <span class="w" style="width:20px"></span>o</span></span></span></
n><span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:3039px">reconhecimento automtico do alvo
(esttico ou dinmico);</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1577px;top:3158px">robotizados</span></div>
px">co<span class="l10">mb<span class="l10">i<span class="l6">na<span class="l9"
>m <span class="w" style="width:26px"></span>a <span class="w" style="width:26px
"></span>te<span class="l10">cn<span class="l10">ol<span class="l10">og<span cla
ss="l10">i<span class="l6">a <span class="w" style="width:27px"></span>do<span c
lass="l9">s <span class="w" style="width:25px"></span>au<span class="l10">to<spa
n class="l10">m<span class="l6">t<span class="l10">ic<span class="l10">os <span c
lass="w" style="width:21px"></span>co<span class="l9">m <span class="w" style="w
idth:25px"></span>o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></spa
n></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style=
"left:1463px;top:3242px;word-spacing:-1px">acionamento por controle remoto;</spa
n><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:3432px;letter-spacing:1px">A seqncia de f
iguras a seguir ilustra como o procedimento, em campo,</span><span class="a" sty
le="left:710px;top:3534px"> para:</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3737px">a)</span></div>
x">Um levantamento utilizando uma</span></div>
x">estao total convencional </span></div>
x">com um</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3826px;word-spacing:6px;le
tter-spacing:1px">operador realizando as etapas de</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3057px;top:3843px"> prumo</span></div>
x">e registro</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3945px">das leituras</
span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1169px;top:3928px;word-spacing:-1px">e um auxiliar p
ara</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1810px;top:3945px;word-spacing:2px"> segurar o<
/span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2174px;top:3945px"> sinal refletor na posio verti
cal </span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:713px;top:4131px"> b)</span></div>
px">Um levantamento utilizando uma</span></div>
px">esta<span class="l6">o <span class="w9"></span>total com <span class="w12"></s
pan>reconhe<span class="l6">ciment<span class="l7">o</span></span></span></span>
">automtico do alvo</span></div>
x">com um operador realizando as etapas de</span></div>

<span class="a" style="left:710px;top:4339px"> prumo,</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:985px;top:4339px;word-spacing:1px"> pontaria gr
osseira e registro das leituras</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2490px;top:4321px">e um auxiliar para</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3132px;top:4339px"> segurar o sinal refletor&nb
sp;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4524px">c)</span></div>
px">Um levantamento utilizando uma</span></div>
px">esta<span class="l6">o <span class="w10"></span>total robotizada</span></span>
</div>
px">com um</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4613px;word-spacing:5px;l
etter-spacing:1px">operador realizando as etapas de</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3104px;top:4630px"> prumo</span></div>
x">e um auxiliar para</span></div>
"> segurar o sinal refletor e controlar remotamente a estao</span></div>
x">. Neste caso, uma nica pessoa</span><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:4816
px"> poderia comandar o servio sozinha.</span></div>

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<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:1385px;word-spacing:2px">os equipamentos
mais modernos dispensam o sinal refletor para distncias</span><span class="a" sty
le="left:1463px;top:1487px;word-spacing:2px;letter-spacing:1px">inferiores a 80m
. Acima desta distncia e com um alcance de 300m, ao</span><span class="a" style="
left:1463px;top:1589px;word-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px">invs de um sinal refl
etor, pode ser utilizada uma</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3273px;top:1606px;word-spacing:7px"> fita adesi
va reflexiva</span></div>
ft:1463px;top:1690px;word-spacing:1px;letter-spacing:1px">Com um prisma somente,
o alcance destes equipamentos pode chegar a</span><span class="a" style="left:1
463px;top:1792px">5.000m;</span></div>
x">como a base de funcionamento destes aparelhos o infravermelho e a</span><span
class="a" style="left:1463px;top:1995px;word-spacing:17px;letter-spacing:3px">c
o<span class="l6">mu<span class="l6">ni<span class="l6">ca<span class="l6">o <span
class="w11"></span> <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>po<span class="l6"
>r <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>te<span class="l6">le<span class="l
7">me<span class="l6">tr<span class="l7">ia<span class="l6">, <span class="w" st
yle="width:16px"></span>o <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>si<span clas
s="l8">st<span class="l7">em<span class="l7">a <span class="w" style="width:17px
"></span>po<span class="l6">de <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>se<span
class="l6">r <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>ut<span class="l7">il<sp
an class="l7">iz<span class="l7">ado<span class="l8">, <span class="w" style="wi
dth:16px"></span>com</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sp
<span class="a" style="left:1463px;top:2097px">eficincia, durante a noite e por u
ma nica pessoa;</span></div>
x">alguns destes aparelhos funcionam com tecnologia de microondas, o que</span><
span class="a" style="left:1441px;top:2300px"> permite um alcance superior
a 50.000m;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:2402px;word-spacing:7px">so aplicados, pri
ncipalmente, em trabalhos de controle e monitoramento</span><span class="a" styl
e="left:1463px;top:2504px">de obras, medio de deformaes e deslocamentos de terras.</
span><span class="a" style="left:1150px;top:2694px;word-spacing:26px;letter-spac
ing:4px">Ob<span class="l9">s.<span class="l8">: <span class="w" style="width:26
px"></span>se<span class="l8">gu<span class="l8">nd<span class="l7">o <span clas
s="w" style="width:27px"></span>al<span class="l9">gu<span class="l8">ns <span c
lass="w" style="width:24px"></span>fa<span class="l9">br<span class="l8">ic<span
class="l9">an<span class="l7">te<span class="l9">s, <span class="w" style="widt
h:23px"></span>o <span class="w" style="width:27px"></span>ra<span class="l9">io
<span class="w" style="width:23px"></span>in<span class="l8">fr<span class="l9"
>av<span class="l8">er<span class="l9">me<span class="l8">lh<span class="l8">o <
span class="w" style="width:27px"></span>em<span class="l8">it<span class="l10">
id<span class="l8">o <span class="w" style="width:28px"></span>pe<span class="l8
">lo<span class="l8">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></
n></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2796p
x;word-spacing:3px;letter-spacing:1px">equipamentos eletrnicos de medio, visvel ou no
, inofensivo e enviado por um diodo</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:
2897px;word-spacing:3px">que pertence classe dos laser 1. Este raio normalmente
afetado pelas variaes bruscas de</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2999p
x;letter-spacing:1px">tempe<span class="l6">ratur<span class="l6">a, <span class
="w8"></span>press<span class="l7">o <span class="w8"></span>atmos<span class="l6
">fri<span class="l6">ca <span class="w8"></span>e <span class="w8"></span>umidad
<span class="l6">e. <span class="w7"></span>Port<span class="l6">anto, <span cla
ss="w" style="width:13px"></span>aconse<span class="l6">lhvel que <span class="w9
"></span>os <span class="w7"></span>levan<span class="l6">tament<span class="l6"
>os</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3101px;word-spacing:-1px">sejam efetuados
em dias de boas c<span class="w6"></span>ondies atmosfricas.</span><span class="a"
style="left:941px;top:3379px">8.7.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1095px;top:3378px">Erros na Medida Eletrnica</span></
div>
x">Os erros que ocorrem durante a medida eletrnica de ngulos e distncias no</span><s
pan class="a" style="left:732px;top:3760px;word-spacing:-1px">diferem muito dos
que ocorrem com a <span class="w7"></span>medida indireta. So eles:</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:3967px;word-spacing:1px">erro linear de c
entragem do instrumento</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2862px;top:3950px;word-spacing:-1px">: j descrito ant
eriormente.</span></div>
x">erro linear de centragem do sinal-refletor </span></div>
x">: ocorre quando a projeo do</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4241px;
word-spacing:-1px;letter-spacing:1px">centr<span class="l6">o do <span class="w8
"></span>sinal no coinci<span class="l6">de com <span class="w7"></span>a posio do
<span class="w6"></span>ponto sobre o qual est estaciona<span class="l6">do. Uma
<span class="w6"></span>das</span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="le
ft:732px;top:4343px;word-spacing:4px;letter-spacing:1px">maneiras de se evitar e
ste tipo de erro utilizar um</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2666px;top:4361px">bip </span></div>
x">para o correto posicionamento do</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:
4445px;word-spacing:-1px">sinal sobre o ponto.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:4653px">erro de calagem ou nivelamento do
instrumento</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3120px;top:4635px;word-spacing:-1px">: j descrito ant
eriormente.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1420px;top:4843px;word-spacing:4px">erro de pontaria
</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2010px;top:4825px;word-spacing:2px">: ocorre quando
o centro do retculo do aparelho (cruzeta)</span><span class="a" style="left:732px
;top:4927px">no coincide com o centro do prisma que compe o sinal refletor.</span>
</div>

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<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
<div
class="b_tl"></div>
class="b_tr"></div>
class="b_br"></div>
class="b_bl"></div>
class="b_t"></div>
class="b_r"></div>
class="b_b"></div>
class="b_l"></div>
<div style="display: none;"><div class="newpage" id="page58" style="width: 902

px; height:1167px">


div>
">erro de operao do instrumento</span></div>
x">: ocorre quando o operador no est</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:4
66px;word-spacing:18px;letter-spacing:2px">fam<span class="l7">ili<span class="l
8">ari<span class="l6">zad<span class="l6">o <span class="w" style="width:17px">
</span>com <span class="w11"></span>as <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span
>fun<span class="l6">e<span class="l6">s, <span class="w" style="width:14px"></spa
n>pro<span class="l7">gra<span class="l6">mas <span class="w11"></span>e <span c
lass="w" style="width:16px"></span>ace<span class="l6">ss<span class="l6">ri<span
class="l6">os <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>inf<span class="l7">orm
<span class="l7">ati<span class="l6">zad<span class="l6">os <span class="w" styl
e="width:15px"></span>(co<span class="l7">let<span class="l7">ore<span class="l6
">s) <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>que</span></span></span></span></
n></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:568px;word-spacing:
-1px">acompanham o instrumento.</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:846p
x">9.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:820px;top:845px;word-spacing:1px">Posicionamento por
Satlites</span></div>
x">O <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>po<span class="l6">si<span class=
"l7">ci<span class="l6">on<span class="l6">am<span class="l6">en<span class="l6"
>to <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>po<span class="l6">r <span class="
w" style="width:15px"></span>sa<span class="l6">t<span class="l7">li<span class="

l7">te<span class="l7">s <span class="w" style="width:16px"></span>se <span clas
s="w11"></span>d <span class="w" style="width:13px"></span>at<span class="l7">ra<
span class="l7">vs <span class="w10"></span>da <span class="w12"></span>ut<span c
lass="l6">il<span class="l7">iz<span class="l6">a<span class="l6">o <span class="w
" style="width:14px"></span>de <span class="w12"></span>um <span class="w12"></s
pan>eq<span class="l6">ui<span class="l6">pa<span class="l6">me<span class="l6">
nt<span class="l7">o</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></sp
</span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:1227px">denominado</s
pan></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1191px;top:1225px">GPS</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1451px;top:1225px">G</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1521px;top:1227px">lobal</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1773px;top:1227px">ositioning</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:2198px;top:1227px">ystem.</span><span class="a" styl
e="left:941px;top:1417px;word-spacing:8px;letter-spacing:2px">O GPS no um equipam
ento utilizado na medida de ngulos e/ou de distncias,</span><span class="a" style=
"left:710px;top:1519px;word-spacing:3px"> porm, muito empregado atualmente e
m servios de Topografia e Geodsia pois possibilita</span><span class="a" style="le
ft:732px;top:1620px">a</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:793px;top:1638px;word-spacing:2px">localizao espacial&
nbsp;</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1540px;top:1620px">de um ponto no terreno em tempo r
eal.</span><span class="a" style="left:941px;top:1810px;word-spacing:6px;letterspacing:1px">Esta localizao espacial do ponto inclui a sua determinao atravs de coord
enadas</span><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:1920px"> planas UTM (E,
N) ou atravs de coordenadas Geogrficas (</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3099px;top:1920px">), alm da altura ou altitude</span
><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2022px">(h).</span><span class="a" style=
"left:941px;top:2212px;letter-spacing:1px">O <span class="w6"></span>sist<span c
lass="l6">ema GPS <span class="w7"></span>foi original<span class="l7">mente ide
aliza<span class="l6">do <span class="w7"></span>pelo Departam<span class="l6">e
nto de <span class="w10"></span>Defesa (DOD) dos</span></span></span></span></sp
an><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2314px;word-spacing:4px">Estados Unidos
da Amrica e, embora esteja sendo utilizado por milhares de civis em todo o</span
><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:2415px;word-spacing:-1px">mundo, operado
exclusivamente pelos militares americanos.</span><span class="a" style="left:941
px;top:2606px;word-spacing:-1px">Segundo P. H. DANA (1998) este sistema consiste
de <span class="w6"></span>trs segmentos distintos, so eles:</span><span class="a
" style="left:1150px;top:2884px">9.1.</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:1305px;top:2883px">Sistema Espacial</span></div>
px"> composto de 24 satlites artificiais (21 operacionais e 3 reservas) que</span>
<span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3264px;word-spacing:5px">orbitam ao redor
da Terra distribudos em 6 planos orbitais (4 satlites por plano) espaados</span><sp
an class="a" style="left:732px;top:3366px">de 60 e inclinados, em relao ao plano do
Equador, de 55.</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:3556px;word-spacing
:2px;letter-spacing:1px">Cada satlite completa uma rbita ao redor da Terra em apro
ximadamente</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3658px">12 horas, a uma
altitude de 20.200 km.</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:3848px;wordspacing:6px;letter-spacing:2px">Esta distribuio e cobertura permite que um observa
dor localizado em</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:3950px;word-spacin
g:3px;letter-spacing:1px">qualquer ponto da superfcie terrestre tenha sempre disp
onvel entre 5 a 8 satlites visveis</span><span class="a" style="left:710px;top:4051
px"> para a determinao da sua posio.</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;t
op:4241px;word-spacing:8px;letter-spacing:2px">O primeiro satlite GPS foi lanado e
m fevereiro de 1978 e todos eles</span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:434
3px;word-spacing:-1px">funcionam atravs de painis solares, transmitindo informaes em
trs freqncias distintas.</span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:4533px;wordspacing:1px">A freqncia rastreada pelos receptores GPS civis conhecida como </span>
</div>
<span class="a" style="left:3868px;top:4532px">L1</span></div>
<span class="a" style="left:3972px;top:4533px"> e</span><span class="a" style="le
ft:732px;top:4635px"> da ordem de 1575,42 MHz.</span><span class="a" style="left:
1358px;top:4825px;word-spacing:-1px;letter-spacing:1px">Cada satli<span class="l7
">te tem uma vida <span class="w6"></span>til de 10 anos e <span class="w8"></spa
n>o programa amer<span class="l6">icano prev a</span></span></span><span class="a
" style="left:732px;top:4927px">constante substituio dos mesmos at o ano de 2006.</
span><span class="a" style="left:1358px;top:5117px;word-spacing:11px;letter-spac
ing:3px">A <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>fi<span class="l8">gur<span
class="l9">a <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>a <span class="w" style=
"width:14px"></span>se<span class="l6">gu<span class="l6">ir <span class="w10"><
/span>il<span class="l7">us<span class="l6">tr<span class="l7">a <span class="w"
style="width:14px"></span>a <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>co<span c
lass="l6">ns<span class="l6">te<span class="l7">la<span class="l7">o <span class="
w10"></span>de <span class="w12"></span>sa<span class="l6">t<span class="l7">li<s
pan class="l7">te<span class="l7">s <span class="w" style="width:14px"></span>di
<span class="l6">sp<span class="l6">on<span class="l6">v<span class="l6">ei<span
class="l7">s <span class="w" style="width:15px"></span>e <span class="w" style="
width:14px"></span>su<span class="l6">a</span></span></span></span></span></span
span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left:732px;top:5219px;wo
rd-spacing:-1px">respectiva distribuio nos planos orbitais.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="sections" id="autogen_id_935323585"><h2>Sees</h2><div class="sections_
inner"><ul><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/1/Conceitos" data-firs
t-page="1" data-section="1">1.1. Conceitos</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd
.com/doc/54292531/2/Representacao" data-first-page="1" data-section="2">1.2. Rep
resentao</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/3/Divisao" data-fi
rst-page="2" data-section="3">1.3. Diviso</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.c
om/doc/54292531/4/Exercicios" data-first-page="8" data-section="4">2.1. Exerccios

</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/5/Erros-em-Topografia" d
ata-first-page="9" data-section="5">3. Erros em Topografia</a></li><li><a href="
http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/6/Grandezas-Angulares" data-first-page="10" da
ta-section="6">4.1. Grandezas Angulares</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.co
m/doc/54292531/7/Grandezas-Lineares" data-first-page="11" data-section="7">4.2.
Grandezas Lineares</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/8/Unid
ades-de-Medida-Linear" data-first-page="12" data-section="8">5.1. Unidades de Me
dida Linear</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/9/Unidades-de
-Medida-Angular" data-first-page="12" data-section="9">5.2. Unidades de Medida A
ngular</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/10/Unidades-de-Med
ida-de-Superficie" data-first-page="12" data-section="10">5.3. Unidades de Medid
a de Superfcie</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/11/Unidades
-de-Medida-de-Volume" data-first-page="13" data-section="11">5.4. Unidades de Me
dida de Volume</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/12/Exercic
ios" data-first-page="13" data-section="12">5.5. Exerccios</a></li><li><a href="h
ttp://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/13/Exercicios-Propostos" data-first-page="14" d
ata-section="13">5.6. Exerccios Propostos</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.c
om/doc/54292531/14/Desenho-Topografico-e-Escala" data-first-page="14" data-secti
on="14">6. Desenho Topogrfico e Escala</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/
doc/54292531/15/O-Tamanho-da-Folha-Utilizada" data-first-page="15" data-section=
"15">7.1. O Tamanho da Folha Utilizada</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com
/doc/54292531/16/O-Tamanho-da-Porcao-de-Terreno-Levantado" data-first-page="15"
data-section="16">7.2. O Tamanho da Poro de Terreno Levantado</a></li><li><a href=
"http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/17/O-Erro-de-Graficismo-ou-Precisao-do-Levant
amento" data-first-page="15" data-section="17">7.3. O Erro de Graficismo ou Prec
iso do Levantamento</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/18/Esc
ala-Grafica" data-first-page="16" data-section="18">7.4. Escala Grfica</a></li><l
i><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/19/Principais-Escalas-e-suas-Aplica
coes" data-first-page="17" data-section="19">7.5. Principais Escalas e suas Apli
caes</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/20/Exercicios" data-fi
rst-page="18" data-section="20">7.6. Exerccios</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scr
ibd.com/doc/54292531/21/Medida-Direta-de-Distancias" data-first-page="19" data-s
ection="21">8.1. Medida Direta de Distncias</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd
.com/doc/54292531/22/Precisao-e-Cuidados-na-Medida-Direta-de-Distancias" data-fi
rst-page="25" data-section="22">8.2. Preciso e Cuidados na Medida Direta de Distnc
ias</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/23/Lance-Unico-Pontos
-Visiveis" data-first-page="25" data-section="23">8.3.1. Lance nico - Pontos Visve
is</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/24/Varios-Lances-Ponto
s-Visiveis" data-first-page="26" data-section="24">8.3.2. Vrios Lances - Pontos V
isveis</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/25/Tracado-de-Perpe
ndiculares" data-first-page="27" data-section="25">8.3.3. Traado de Perpendicular
es</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/26/Transposicao-de-Obs
taculos" data-first-page="30" data-section="26">8.3.4. Transposio de Obstculos</a><
/li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/27/Erros-na-Medida-Direta-deDistancias" data-first-page="31" data-section="27">8.3.5. Erros na Medida Direta
de Distncias</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/28/Exercicio
s" data-first-page="34" data-section="28">8.3.6. Exerccios</a></li><li><a href="h
ttp://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/29/Medida-Indireta-de-Distancias" data-first-pa
ge="35" data-section="29">8.4. Medida Indireta de Distncias</a></li><li><a href="
http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/30/Distancia-Horizontal-Visada-Horizontal" dat
a-first-page="37" data-section="30">8.5.1. Distncia Horizontal - Visada Horizonta
l</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/31/Distancia-Horizontal
-Visada-Inclinada" data-first-page="39" data-section="31">8.5.2. Distncia Horizon
tal - Visada Inclinada</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/32
/Distancia-Vertical-Visada-Ascendente" data-first-page="40" data-section="32">8.
5.3. Distncia Vertical - Visada Ascendente</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.
com/doc/54292531/33/Distancia-Vertical-Visada-Descendente" data-first-page="41"
data-section="33">8.5.4. Distncia Vertical - Visada Descendente</a></li><li><a hr
ef="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/34/Erros-nas-Medidas-Indiretas-de-Distanci
as" data-first-page="42" data-section="34">8.5.5. Erros nas Medidas Indiretas de

Distncias</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/35/Exercicios"
data-first-page="44" data-section="35">8.5.6. Exerccios</a></li><li><a href="http
://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/36/Medida-Eletronica" data-first-page="45" data-se
ction="36">8.6. Medida Eletrnica</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54
292531/37/Erros-na-Medida-Eletronica" data-first-page="57" data-section="37">8.7
. Erros na Medida Eletrnica</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/5429253
1/38/Sistema-Espacial" data-first-page="58" data-section="38">9.1. Sistema Espac
ial</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/39/Sistema-de-Control
e" data-first-page="59" data-section="39">9.2. Sistema de Controle</a></li><li><
a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/54292531/40/Sistema-do-Usuario" data-first-page
="60" data-section="40">9.3. Sistema do Usurio</a></li><li><a href="http://pt.scr
ibd.com/doc/54292531/41/Dispositivos-de-Seguranca" data-first-page="61" data-sec
tion="41">10. Dispositivos de Segurana</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="autog
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