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Divulgao

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Turismo Literrio

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Biblioteca Imaginria
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Foi o jornalista Marcos Faerman quem sugeriu CULT fazer um

4-8156)*4)51 -14),- 16-4)674) -4    )4  ,- '''

nmero sobre literatura e futebol no ms em que comeava a Copa do Mundo da Frana, no ano passado. E era de Faerman o texto intitulado A prosa e a bola, que abriu o Dossi daquele nmero (CULT 11). Coisa de craque da pena. Um texto culto e envolvente, que traduz a experincia de quem sempre conviveu com as emoes dos livros e dos estdios. Faerman morreu no ms passado, aos 55 anos, e deixa um vazio enorme no jornalismo brasileiro. Gacho radicado em So Paulo desde 1969, ele fez histria na imprensa com suas colaboraes no Pasquim ou como fundador do jornal Versus, nos anos 70 alm de ter trabalhado no Jornal da Tarde nos anos em que este peridico teve papel decisivo na renovao da linguagem jornalstica. Quando morreu, Faerman era editor da revista Hebraica , mas nunca deixou de ser uma presena permanente na pauta da CULT, com sugestes, crticas, mas principalmente um inconformismo eloqente diante de certas limitaes mercadolgicas que sempre impediram a difuso satisfatria da cultura nos meios de comunicao do pas. Infelizmente, o leitor da revista no poder ver a matria que ele escrevia sobre a viagem de Julio Cortzar ao Brasil nos anos da ditadura. A matria ficou inacabada, mas permanecem as imagens de rara felicidade com que ele descreveu sua dupla paixo pela letra e pela bola. Para Faerman, um conto de Joo Antnio sobre o futebol podia ser vadio e melanclico como uma pea de Pixinguinha, porque nada mais vadio e melanclico do que os devaneios de quem vibra nas arquibancadas, desejando ver realizados entre as quatro linhas do gramado os sonhos que a vida no cessa de contrariar; porque quem alguma vez invejou o destino dos deuses do futebol imagina um dia sair de sua vida cinzenta para o mundo ensolarado dos craques. Faerman saiu desta vida numa tarde ensolarada de Carnaval, envergando a camisa de seu querido Grmio de Porto Alegre.

Diretor 2=K  A

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AO L E I TOR
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+7 6 - maro/99

Reproduo

Manuel Bandeira

Capitu

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Novos autores

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O sulto e seu co
Lenda das Mil e Uma ltimas Noites
O sulto Halrum Al-Richard Que Al o tenha em sua glria tinha adorao por seu co Afrit cuja coleira de rubis cintilava mais do que o sol No dia da morte de Afrit engasgado por um osso o Sulto chorou mil e um dias e noites e mandou erguer para ele um mausolu de mrmore mais alto que as montanhas azuis da Armnia Para os funerais de Afrit vieram potentados de todas as partes do mundo at de Curitiba para consolar o sulto beijando suas lgrimas Poucos dias depois o sulto morreu de desgosto e ningum compareceu ao seu funeral O que causou espanto a todas as gentes at que o sbio Abur, o iluminado, explicou Para o funeral do co vieram homenagear o sulto se mostrar a ele e esperar suas recompensas Com Halrum Al-Richard morto a quem se mostrar e pedir recompensas A um co? Sbias palavras

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

?  EII  JA  CH= @A = ?= ?A F=H= K = > = F=H?A = @= A D H F AIE= @AH = = =E HIEC EBE?= @ I +=DEAHIAIJ F=H= E  = FH FHE= AIJHKJKH=  @= >H=  A = E CK=CA  GKA = ? B H =  KC=H IE K J A  @A HAK E  A @A @EIFAHI E =CA  LEL= @  E JAHL=  A JHA >E CH=BE= A AI?HEJKH= GKA I A JA = FH I= @A BH=C A J I@A8= HO ?=F= @AFHAA ?DAH +  @ABE EH I +=DEAHI  @A 2=K 8= HO 2A I= @ I ?  F=HJA @=GKA A I=E?  @A >H=I @  I ?K  :: F=H= =I GK=EI ? GKAHE= O?AF=H==IK= IAH E @EIFA I LA  = E I E= @A K  AEJ H @ I ?K  GKA IA = K ?E=  )GKA = E I E= @A IEAKH6AIJAGKAK IAKCH= @A AEJ H@A II JA F A@A II F= I  +=>H= I K>A BEIC=H 7 = K?E@A GKAJK@ LE= ? IA  K  KIA@A@E= AGKA GK= @ @A EJA =?A @A @AJH I@=IF FA>H=I @A JA @AK = K =H@E@= IA FA A ANJHA = AGKA@A =@=IAHLA F H  K @AK =J=  K?E@A GKA A JAGKAJK@ F @AEI

Entre a obra feita e aquela a fazer, a linguagem dos Cahiers ocupa um espao de tenso reflexiva para onde converge tudo o que a mente busca traduzir como sinais da existncia

Clvis Ferreira/AE

NOTAS
1. ]7  > AJ  K K  B=J  HL HA  F=EI=CA FA I= A J  LE A J  ? ?= IA K = ? =IIEBE?= @=I? EI=I? DA?E@=IBK @=@=I >HA = E == E =CE =JEL= K CE?= -II== E = IA L   A CA @H= A J  @= CA AJHE= = =II ?E=  @A E@ E=I  =I =HJAI =I?A JAI ?HAI?A JAI  = AE @= AL K  ` A  JK@  A J @  @AI ?= A J  AIFEHEJK=  +DAC= IA A IACKE@==AIJ=>A A?AH H@A I@AIE AJHE=IACKE @ = @EBAHA = @=I F=HJAI @  ? K J  EIJ   @A J @= ? EI= ? IE@AH=@= JAH E =@=  BA?D=@= ]+D=  H@A  @A IE AJHE= @A K  > AJ  AH  @A > AJ I GKA  FHA?EI  IKF H F=H= HA? DA?AH K E =CE =H AIIA > AJ   a  > AJ    KC=H @=I ? @E AI GKA A A E F E?= 5A IA J = A J  GK= GKAH KJH  > AJ  =EI + 0-+1, AF=H== IA AL= =I? @E AI @  IA >JAH ?  =EI? DA?E@ AIIA KC=H K > AJ  = E CK=CA @  ^ 2.  ] E D=HAI @A A >H= =I @A JAH IA JE@  = I E@  A = A =@  ?  H=EL=  BE  @ I =KI JA F I K @  FA I= A J ]6= LA A A @AEN=H IA K HAIJ E B H A @A BH=C A J I FAH?A>E@ I  @A @ HAI AIF=JEB=@=I ? JH=  K @  @A = I LELE@ I K  E KJ @A ? IJHK AI E =?=>=@=I A BHE=I  E A I I JH=>= D I LEI K >H=@ I A HJ I ] =IJ @=IAII=IHK =I? J K =?AHJ=H I= ^

Joo Alexandre Barbosa um dos maiores crticos literrios do pas, autor de A metfora crtica , As iluses da modernidade (pela Perspectiva), A imitao da forma, Opus 60 (Livraria Duas Cidades) e A leitura do intervalo (Iluminuras). Professor titular de teoria literria e literatura comparada, foi diretor da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Cincias Humanas da USP, presidente da Edusp e Pr-reitor de Cultura da mesma universidade. Joo Alexandre assina mensalmente esta seo da CULT, cujo nome foi inspirado no ttulo de seu mais recente livro, A biblioteca imaginria (Ateli Editorial). Ainda este ano, o crtico lanar a coletnea de ensaios Entre livros, tambm pela Ateli.
maro/99 - +7 6 13

poesia
p o n g e , o p i n t o r d e o b j e t o s

Leda Tenrio da Motta

H cem anos, no dia de 27 maro, nascia na cidade de Montpellier o poeta Francis Ponge. Leia a seguir um trecho extrado do ensaio introdutrio de Leda Tenrio da Motta para o livro Francis Ponge O objeto em jogo, que traz tradues inditas de seus poemas e ser lanado pela editora Iluminuras no segundo semestre deste ano.
CA  K  LEHJK I IJE?  FE J H @A > AJ I  K  CA E=  LEIK= EIJ=  6  =EI E JAHAII=@  AII= IK= J=HAB= @A FE J H GK= J  A JA @A GKA  A  EJAH=JKH= E CK  K ?=IAF I= >IAHL=H > AJ I @A KEJ FAHJ  E CK  K ?=I K>A F H EII  AI  @E AH =I ? EI=I =EI A A A J=HAI=HAIFAEJ @A A DK  - A K  ANFAHJ@AGKA  +=>H= @A A AJ @ IF K? I=? DA? A JHA I K J ? 0=H @ @A+= F I JA H= @A@E AHGKA]CEH==I? EI=I I@A@ I^  K ]CEH= =  HA@ H @=I ? EI=I^   =EI K A I GKA@E 2E?=II GKA ? A J= A GKAA AJ= > ? A J= A IAKIAI?HEJ I @A I= EAH  @A ? A J=@ H@AANF IE AI
14 +7 6 - julho/98

F=H=GKA =CH= @A =@AK *H=GKA F H ANA F  AIJ  A  K ?= JAH GKAHE@ IKF = J=H = HA= E@=@A ! 0  =?KE@=@A  =FH BK @= A J FHA?EI  FAH?K?E ?E=  E IECDJI E FHAI IE = JAI AIIA?= F `?  @AGKA = =J HE=@=?=I?=@ ?= =H  GK=IA= @= K D= DK = =" `@EIIA E =@ I I KEJ IL K AI A J H @A# @AK = F AIE= GKA IA HA= E =  @  AI  C FA ?  ?H JE?=  K GKA =   JH=>= D  @ D=H =?HAI?A J= K = HAB AN  I >HA = AEH=I @A D=H  A  EJAH=JKH= ? A  FE JKH=  6K@  EII  ? HHA @  K = AIF ?EA @A FH I=  =JAHE= E =@= GK=IA IA FHA A  E D= JEF CH BE?=  ?  J @

 FAI  @  LAHI  H FE@  J @= = HAIEIJ ?E= = I = AN= @HE I  J  BH= ?AIAI ? A  = =H  =IGKA  ?=I  E ?KHIE = BH= ?= A JA FA = @EIIAHJ=  @A HAIJ  ?  =HH=@ H ?=F?E I 2H I=BH=JKH=@= GKA =E @=F H ?E =  HAELE @E?=  IAH =EI GKA FH C  K FE ?A =@= ` ] FH A ^ A ]F ?D=@A^ ]FH E ^ A ]AI> ^  AIJA JE  K  JAH  @=I =HJAI F IJE?=I ` A? IJEJKE IA F HEII J= >  K @ I BH=IA=@ I =EIE GKEAJ= JAI@= EJAH=JKH= BH= ?AI= AIJA I ?K  @AF EI @  @A 2H KIJ GKA DAIAHLA@AE JAHJANJ ? IA J K A@ @A+ E A GKA2 CA ?EJ=  AJF KH?=KIA

O poeta francs Francis Ponge

(1899-1988)

LA CREVETTE DANS TOUS SES TATS LA CREVETTE DIX FOIS (POUR UNE) SOMME
...Cest alors que du fond chaos liquide et dune paisseur de pur qui se distingue toutefois mais assez mal de lencre, parfois jai observ qui monte un petit signe dintrrogation farouche. Ce petit monstre de circonspetion, tapi tantt daguet aux chambranles des portes aux chambranles des portes du sousmarin sjour, que veut-il, o va-t-il? Arqu comme un petit doigt connaisseur, flacon, bibelot translucide, capricieuse nef qui tient du capricorne, chssis vitreux gre dune antenne hypersensible et pleine dgards, salle de ftes, des glaces, sanatorium, ascenseur, arqu, capon, labdomen vitreux, habill dune robe trane termine par des palettes ou basques poilues il procde par bonds. Mon ami, tu as trop dorganes de circonspection. Ils te perdront. Je te comparerai dabord la chenille, au ver agile et lustr, puis aux poissons. mon sac chapperont mieux ces stupides fuseaux de vitesse qui gotent, le nez aux algues. Tes organes de circonspection te retiendront dans mon puisette, si je lextirpe assez tt de leau ce milieu interdit aux orifices dbouchs de nos sens, ce cuvier naturel , moins que bonds par bons rtrogrades (jallai dire rtroactifs, comme ceux du point dintrrogation), tu ne rentres aux spacieuses soupentes o se ralise lassomption, dans les fonds non mmorables, dans les hauteurs du songe, du petit ludion connaisseur qui caracole, pouss par quelle instigation confuse... La crevette, de la taille ordinaire d un bibelot, a une consistance peine infrieure celle de l ongle. Elle pratique lart de vivre en suspension dans la pire confusion marine aux creux des roches. Comme un guerrier sur son chemin de Damas, que le scepticisme tout coup foudroie, elle vit au milieu du fouillis de ses armes, ramollies, transformes en organes de cirsconspection. La tte sous un heaume soud au thorax, abondamment gree dantennes et de palpes dune finesse extravagante... Doue dun pouvoir prompt, sigeant dans la queue, dune rupture de chiens tout propos. Tantt tapie daguets aux chambranles des portes des sousmarins sjours, peu prs immobile comme un lustre par bons vifs, saccads, successifs, rtrogrades suivis de lents retours, elle chappe la rue en ligne droite des gueules dvoratrices, ainsi qu toute contemplation un peu longue, toute possession idele un peu satisfaisante. Rien au premier abord ne peut en tre saisi sinon cette faon de s enfuir particulire, qui la rend pareille quelque hallucination bnigne de la vue...
Francis Ponge Extrato de Pices (1961)

O CAMARO TODA O CAMARO DEZ VEZES (UM) MULTIPLICADO

ento que, do fundo do lqido caos, de um espesso puro que se distingue, mas no muito, da tinta, me ocorre s vezes ver subindo um pequeno ponto de interrogao arisco. Pequeno monstro de cirscunspeco, bancando de repente o vigia no batente das portas da submarina morada, o que ser que ele quer, onde ser que ele vai? Arqueado como um dedinho que sabe se portar, frasco, bibel translcido, caprichosa nave da famlia do capricrnio, de chassi vidrado contemplada com uma antena hipersensvel e ultra-atenciosa, salo de festa, sala dos espelhos, sanatrio, elevador , curvo, malandro, de barriga vidrada, com um vestido que termina em cauda de paletas ou pontas peludas ele procede por saltos. Amigo, voc tem rgos demais de circunspeco. Eles ainda vo te pr a perder. Haverei de te comparar, primeiro, com a lagarta, gil e lustroso verme, depois com o peixe. Da minha rede podem tranqilamente escapulir esses estpidos moluscos rapidinhos que degustam, o nariz enfiado nas guas. J teus rgos de circunspeco vo te prender dentro dela, se eu a extirpar bem depressa da gua essa ambincia proibida para os orifcios destapados de nossos sentidos, essa cuba natural a menos que, evoluindo por saltos retrgrados (quase que eu ia dizendo retroativos, como os do ponto de interrogao), voc no enverede pelos espaosos desvos em que se realiza a subida, nos fundos no memorveis, nas alturas de sonho do pequeno ludio entendido que caracola, movido por to confusa instigao... O camaro, do tamanho de um bibel ordinrio, tem uma consistncia pouco inferior da unha. Ele pratica a arte de viver em suspenso na pior confuso marinha, no vo das rochas. Como um guerreiro em seu caminho para Damasco, bruscamente fulminado pelo ceticismo, vive no meio da trapalhada de suas armas, amolecidas feito rgos de circunspeco. A cabea debaixo de um elmo soldado no trax, abundantemente servida de antenas e barbilhes de uma fineza extravagante... Dotado do lpido poder, sediado na cauda, de mudar de assunto, sem mais aquela. Bancando de repente o vigia no batente das portas das submarinas moradas, mais ou menos imvel como um lustre, por saltos vivazes, sincopados, sucessivos, retrgrados seguidos de lentas retomadas, escapa da investida direta das goelas devoradoras, como ainda qualquer contemplao um pouco mais detida, qualquer posse um pouco mais satisfatria. Nada, primeira vista, de tangvel a no ser essa maneira particular de empreender a fuga, que faz com que parea com alguma alucinao benigna da vista...
Traduo de Leda Tenrio da Motta
julho/98 - +7 6 15

LHERBE
Qu y a-t-il en nous de pareil aux herbes? Fines et nues, toujours dhumeur froide, Froides e unes, Non pas mille grces mais mille herbes. Dattitude trs naturelle. Contentes sur place, Sres de lanciennet de leur dcoration, Elles assistent au boeuf.
Francis Ponge Lyres , 1961.

A GRAMA
Que pode haver em ns de semelhante grama? Fina e nua, sempre de cabea fria, Fria e una, No de graas mil, mas miligramas. A atitude natural. Bem contente em seu canto, Certa da antigidade da decorao, Ela assiste ao boi.
Traduo de Leda Tenrio da Motta

 + GKA @A +AHEIO '%#  @= AIGKAH@= F=H= = @EHAEJ=  .H= ?EI A @AJJA 2 CA 4=O @ A=  =?GKAI ,AHHE@= A A=  6 HJA

=I 2 CA  =E @=  F H KN  A F H B= =H A  DK H A A  2E?=II  A A *H=GKA  ?=F=  @A BHKIJH=H IAKI > AJ I FE?JKH LAEI   B H =  KIJ= A JA  @A CEH=H A L J=@A AI @AGKAHAHB= IB= =HA @AB= =HF HA AI @AB= AH@A AIIK=H= @ALELAHBA E ` GKA F AJ=FH=JE?== =HJA ? =IIE?EIJ= BH= ?AI= @A >A@A?AH =JKHA =`AE BA E ` GKA  > AJ  J= >   = H=  @= 4=CA @A \ANFHAIIE ?  JH=@K E =  FAJ  E FK I ?=FHE?D  C= = @= ANFHAII   KJH J JK A JHAE E?E=@ I >A ? DA?E@  GKA  =  @A ? ?A JH=  D  A =  @A =F E?=  FAHJKH>=   A A @= A  A @= FAHJKH>= =?HAI?A JA IA  GKA A A L=E J =H = FH LE@ ?E=  A  '%#   + GKE +AHEIO  @A @AIB= AH IA @A =EI K = AJEGKAJ=  = @A ?K>EIJ=  GKA = CK I GKEIAH=  DA FHAC=H   D  ?K> I A A 2 CA A  ?K>EI # +  2H KIJ ?  IK= ?=JA@H=  ` 2H KIJGKA@E E=GKA AH=H = ?EIJ= GKA2 CA @AI  I@E A @ GKA  F AJ= ` A A  A BE  FHE ?EF= A JA ?=F= @ACEH=HA ? H?K  K@ACEH=HA B= I  -   >=IJ=IIA  @A HAJEH=H = CK ? JA J= A J  @A IAK F=II  A  B= I  GKA F II LA  IANF E?=  B H = @ J= A DK =  A  = @= IJ= CE= @A =>I KJ  A =@ IA JE A J @A@AHH J= =I = JA @ IA  @  @   =EI ]=EH I ^  F =EI= J   K  ?AHJ  @EI J= ?E= A J  K BE?= @  ]  ]HA =JEL ^ EIJ   ]  =>IKH@ ^ $ )?EHH= A J @ IA JE A J  H JE?  @A FAH@= @= EC=  ?  = =JKHA =  ?   BE?=
16 +7 6 - julho/98

@EB ?E  FAH?A>AH   GKA AIIA =>IKH@ HA?KFAH=  K J= A JA ?   LA D D A  LA D D A GKA  2=HJEFHEI @AI ?D IAI D=LE= @AI?=HJ=@  D A  ?  K  I HHEI  ? JE? FHAC=@  I >E I  @EC= I  5 HHEI ?AHJ= A JA = HECA  @  E JAHAIIA F H 2 CA  =  @ I BE I B I A @=  HABE =@= AI? =?H JE?=GKAI=E@ CHKF @A5 AHI A E ? KE / H=H@ /A AJJA  @A K  AI?HEJ H ?  += LE  F=H= GKA  2 CA  K @ I? IIE? IGKAJA IGKA AH  ?A JA HE  @  =I?E A J  = BE = E@=@A@AIJA ELHE D AIJ=H ?K FHE@= IA A A ? IACKEH @AIFAHJ=H =GKE  @A GK=IAJK@ AIJ F HIAHJH=@K E@ A KEJ F K? II=>A @=IK=ANEIJ ?E= F=HJA@ E JAHAIIAGKA@AIFAHJ=D A @A JH AB H= @=.H= =  F AJ=]GKA JA F=H=@=^ .H= ?EI 2 CA GKE \= @A ?AIIA  =IIE  ?D= =L=  =KJ H @A K = @=I ? K E?= AI @A '%# A  +AHEIO%   =EI @ELE@E@ @ I = CK=CAF AJI GKA ?  & L A = CK I> I = K=EI   =EIIKE CA AHEI   =EI E I EJ  HAFHAIA J= JA @=GKE  GKA = CK I J  ?D= =@ AL ?= @  =E @= 4A  +D=H  ) @H  @K * K?DAJ  0A HE E?D=KN A ;LAI * AB O  A  IA  A JH=H A  E JA HAII= JA=JHEJ ? =E@ E=@AK =F AIE= @= E CK=CA @A]F IEA@K EAK^ ' 2A = LE ?E=  =EI K = F= =LH= GKAHE@= @A IK= @KF = E IAH  .H= ?EI 2 CA IKF HJ=  ALA JK= A JA  AIJAI A KJH I FAHJA ?E A J I  - F @A FAHBAEJ= A JABECKH=H I = K=EIF HK JEL  KFA  KJH `F AJ=@  KC=H K @  KC=H@=F AIE=`=  =@ @ ICH= @AI

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
Leda T enrio da Motta Tenrio
professora do Programa de Ps-Graduao em Comunicao e Semitica da PUC-SP , autora de Catedral em obras (Iluminuras) e Lies de literatura francesa (Imago)

1. Introduction au galet, Promes, 173. 2. No poema O sim contra o sim, de Serial. Ponge entra ainda em Joo Cabral, em epgrafe, em Museu de tudo e depois . 3. Braque Japon, Lyres (1961). 4. Ver a traduo na pgina anterior. 5. Ponge inventeur et classique, Colloque de Cerisy, 10&18, 1977. 6. Pages bis, Promes (1948). 7. A de Jean Tortel. Cf. Philippe Bonnefis, Pierre Oster org., Colloque de Cerisy. 8. Cf. Mary Ann Caws, Lieu de la posie, posie du lieu, in Denis Hollier org., De la littrature franaise. Paris, Bordas, 1993. 9. Idem, ibidem. 10. Fragments de masque, Promes, 150.

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professor do Sistema Anglo de Ensino, idealizador e apresentador do programa Nossa lngua portuguesa, da TV Cultura, autor da coluna Ao p da letra, do Dirio do Grande ABC e de O Globo, consultor e colunista da Folha de S. Paulo

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HE?AH?=@A = E CK=FAHBAJJ= ])FH ?KH=@= CK=FAHBAEJ=^ E @EJ  *H=IE ?HAE GKA  I @ EI JE I A I=E I GKA =EI ? =H= A JA IA HALA = AII= @AFA @ ?E= GKA = E I  ANF E?EJ=@=FA FH FHE -? =IF= =LH=IE E?E=EI@AIAKFHAB ?E F=H= AIJA L  ELH ] = E JH @K  = AK ) FH ?KH= @= CK= FAHBAEJ=  E B H =L= =  AEJ H GKA JA @ A  A JA I E EJAIB IE? I@AK ELH  JE D= IE@  B H =@  = EJEH KEJ I AFEI @E I ?KHE I I A ? ? K =  [+ I A= E  AI A JAH  =JAHE= F=H= BKJKH=IAN?KHI AIAHK@EJ=I\ ^ 5A @  =IIE  I A I=E I =C H= HAK E @ I F @A  IAH E@ I ?  ANA F =HAI @AII=I AN?KHI AI A  @A B=J  AIF= J I= = AHK@E  GKA =I A >=I=  =EI @  GKA IAHA @EFEJEAI   GKA  I >HAJK@  FAH= = ? LAHC ?E= A JHA A =I   C IJ  FA = CK= A FA =I E CK=CA I  IK=I HECA I IK=IAIJHKJKH=IAHA = AI IAKIIEC EBE?= @ I?K JKH=EI  B IIA =KJ H CH= @A IA E C GKA ? = CK =IE ?KHI AI KEJ >A IK?A@E@=I ?= F @=BE? EJAH HE=  5A  IAH F H =?E@A JA  F=H= HAJ H =H = I JAH I @= @ABE E  @A IAHA @EFEJO = B=?K @=@AIA E CE?=@A-? AL=  @A B=J  = BA E AI A E AIFAH=@=I @AI? >AHJ=I  )I IAHA @EFEJEAI I  = JAI @ FH FHE -? GKA@ = A@ J HE @AGKAIA IAHLA F=H= E KIJH =I )IIE  F H ANA F   FHE AEH A I=E  @  ELH  6DA B H?A B B= IEJO  A @ K AH I I JANJ I A@EAL=EI A HA =I ?A JEIJ=I A AIJ=>A A?A @  ? HHA = AI GKA  AIJ=L=  @EIF LAEI K AH=  KEJ @EB ?AEI@AIAHA BAEJ=IA IAKI A J I @AA => H= 7 >AHJ -? =F J=F=H=  B=J  @A ?  ?AHJ=I =BEH = AI E BK @=@=IC= D=H= B H @ALAH@=@AAB H= E ? HF H=@=I = K = DEF J JE?= A ?E? F @E= @  ? DA?E A J AIIA IA JE@  I  =HH=@ I GK=JH AFEI @E I GKA ANECEH=  = HAAI?HEJKH= @=GKA = A ?E? F @E=  A > H= A  JK@ JA D= IE@  AC=JEL  A  IK= ?HA =  = JA HE= @A 2J AK GKA   >IJ= JA IKFAH=@= FA = @A + F H E?  =E @= IA ? IAHL= A  II  HAFAHJ HE  @A E CK= CA   K  F=H= ?EJ=H 7 >AHJ  -?  D A I=>A I GKA = DEF JAIA FJ =E?= AH= ?EA JEBE?= A JAB= I= )E @==IIE IA  II

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` CH= =I IAHA @EFEJO =B= I=?=HJ=@A2HAIJA J= >  ? DA?E@= ?  , =  @A + IJ= JE A GKAIAB= =L=@=ANEIJ ?E= @A K = JAHH= @A KJ FE= ?HEIJ  IEJK=@= -NJHA  HEA JAAGKA A > H=LEAIIA= IA HALA =H B= I= F IJAHE H A JA  B E HAIF I LA  F H K AH I=I =LA JKH=I @A ANF= I AANF H= B E ?  >IAHL= -?  FH L=LA A JA K  @ ?K A J  @A FH F=C= @= = JE>E = JE = B H =@  F H .HA@AHE? 1  =I` ? F AJ= =KJ H` FH > A =  J= J IK= HECA UGK= J IK= HA?AF  ) B= J=IE= CA CH BE?= CH=@K= A JA CAH K K  FH AJ  F JE?  -  KJH=I F= =LH=I   B= J=I = AL ?=@  F H = CK AI?HE>= ?  K = E JKE  F=H= @ ?K A J I B= I I U IAHLEK ?  K  E>E F=H= = ANF= I @  K @ ?HEIJ  = BHE?=A = IE= K =HCK A J >A LE @ B=L HA?A @  B=H@ @  D A  >H= ?   BE = A JA  = JE = =HH=JEL= @AIJA ?=F JK  HABAHA IA = @K=I E LA AI GKA JELAH=  A H AI ? IA G ?E=I @A H@A  DEIJ HE?=  = ?HE= @= H@A  @A 4 I= ?HK  A I 2H J ? I @ I 5 >E I @A 5E  +=H=?JAHE =@=I = >=I F H K  =IJH  @A IACHA@  GKA L=E @AI@A IA JE@  @A BH=JAH E@=@A  GKA AIJ  = FHE AEH=  =J  =I JA HE=I ? IFEH=J HE=I

GKAAIJ  =IACK @= A L LA @ HAFHA IA J= AI BE??E =EI A -?  IK> E D= = E F HJ ?E=  F=H= IK= @ELK C=  @=I >H=I @A -KC A 5KA  = >=I J= > ? E ?E@A  =AI? D=@A F H=IIE @E AH > @AI ANFE=J HE I  IA =  AIK J=  FHE AEH ?=I IA =  K@AK  IACK @ -  J @ I I AFEI @E I HABAHE@ I  BE?= ALE@A JA = E F HJ ?E= =IIK E@= FA = AEJKH= A HA AEJKH= @A JANJ I  I LA AI AIGKA?E@ I  I LA AI E@ I A  ? JANJ I =@AGK=@ I F=H=GKAIAF II=HAB= AH =IHA = AIA JHALAH@=@AIA A JEH=IGKA ? IJEJKA  = =J HE= @=GKA = A ?E? F @E= HABAHE@= E E?E= A JA  AI F HGKA ? @E 7 >AHJ -? BA?D= @  ?=F JK   FHE AEH  @ALAH @= FAII = ?K JEL=@=  AIJ=H IA FHA FHAF=H=@= F=H= HAAI?HALAH = A ?E? F @E=  = AII= J=HAB= @A HAAI?HEJKH= GKA IA @A@E?=  I @A =EI ?=F JK I @  ELH   ?=I  F H ANA F  @  >A IIE JANJ  I >HA =I AIFA?K = AI =?AH?= @=I HECA I@=I CK=I  = CK=CAIE F=H=@EIA JH= = @  K  ?= E D  GKA AIJ  = JAI A @AF EI @= 6 HHA @A *=>A  GKA JAH E = J = @ ,= JAAIK=,A8K C=HA- GKA JE=? ?A JH A  GKA  =EIE F HJ= JA  AL= J= @ =DEF JAIA@AK =? B K ?E= A JHA +HEIJE= EI  A K@= I  FA I= A J  @= JAI?  I >HAJK@  =JH=L I @= >H=@ ?=>= EIJ=)>K =BE= F=H=GKA ANEIJEHE=  E E?E= A JA @ EI JEF I @A CK= =,ELE = HAIK J= JA@AK =? H@ A JHA,AKIA)@ A= =JKH= @A? HHA JA @ =? H@ A JHA)@ A-L=AIAKIBE D I 5 A JAAII= JE =JAHE=IE@ ? BK @E@= @AF EI @A *=>A  = FHE AEH= F=II=HE= =FA =I @A )@  F=H= 5AJ A @AF EI IA ? IAHL=HE= ?  CK= IA?HAJ= =J  I ?=>= EIJ=I 6AHE=IE@ AII==GKA =LEI K >H=@= FA  F AJ= I JE I LAHI I @ 2=H=@EI ,AIIA @  FAH?A>AH ,= JA ? L HJE?A =? LAHC ?E=@A@K=IJH=@E AI ` = K@=E?= A = ?HEIJ  `  I=>A @  = J=H ? FHA?EI  I E IF J I@AE JAH HA =  @=I @K=I  =I IA  AIGKA?AH @ JH=>= D ? ?HAJ @ F AJ=GKA I >HAJK@ A  IK= ,A 8K C=HA - GKA JE=  >KI?=L= A ? JH=H= CK=? GKAB= =HE=A IK= A H A >H=F JE?=   =H?=E ? BK@ LA @= IAHA @EFEJO=JK= E =@=F H-?
maro/99 - +7 6 21

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
22 +7 6 - maro/99

@A@AI? >HEH F HGKA AEJKH=IF=II=@=I I @EIIAH=  GKA@ALAH = I@AI? >HEH KJH=IF= =LH=I =E B K ?E=@AIIAI ELH I @ABK @  J= GKA  E F HJ= GKA I LE= = JAI @AI? >HA  K L A  E JAHFHA J=H AANF E?=H JK@  IJAH I@AIIAI ELH I ^    ?=I  @ELAHJE@  @A =H? 2 GKA =IIE ? J @ IIAKI? JA F H A I D=LE= E@  =JH=@E  A@EAL= =?AH?= @= ANEIJ ?E= @  K E? H E  A GK= @  A  IK=I LE=CA I  A ? JH K HE ?AH JA  FA I K IA JH=J=H @=GKA A = E =  B= J IJE?  ?  = @EBAHA = IK>IJ= ?E=  @A GKA  =FHAIA J=L= =GKA AIJH= I@A= =>E E@=@AGKAIAHE= = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= BK @= A J=  @  = E = @AI?HEJ  FA I LE= = JAI A@EAL=EI A I @ELAHJE@  A =EI JH CE?   ?=I  @= AEJKH= AGKEL ?=@= GKA IA BA  @= AI?HEJ= @ I F L I FH ? >E= I @= ) HE?=AGKA AL K @AIJHKE @AJ @= = HEGKA = @A K = ?ELE E =  ?K JKH= A JA KEJ  AL K @=

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

  IA F=II= A  II= ]?=EN= FHAJ=^  GK= @  FAH?A>A I = CK =? EI=  FH > A =GKA=I?E ?E=I ? C EJEL=I @A>=JA  @E  7 >AHJ  -?  ` A  ?  ?AHJ= EH E=  FH L=LA A JA = K@E @  = I K AH I I @ELK C=@ HAI ?EA J BE? I GKA J  ?DAC=@  ?  IAKI >AIJ IA AHI A  L=C=I ? J K=I @=I @EBAHA JAIK ELAHIE@=@AI@ I-7)  L=E A A ?= @  GKAA A  L=E@EI?KJEH AIJA ELH EIA = >EA JA  IB H A?AJ @= =E B H =  A?AII HE= IA  A?AIIE@=@A @= E JAHLA  ? IJHKJEL= @A II =F=H=J  AKH=  EE IA = ?=EN= FHAJ= D=LAHE== C @AIEC LA ? ] A JA^ K IAF @AIAH=BEH =@= ? B= A  I A ? ANE EIJ=I  K = E@A JE@=@A A JHA = HACH= A I @=@ I  EEE @A BE?=  IA GKABE?=  IJEF I KAIGKA =I? C EJE L I@AGK= GKAHAIF ?EA EL?  GKA A AI IA ? BECKH=  A J= A JA K ?AHA>H= A JA )D IE A A @E  =I FH LE@A ?E= A JAJ= > L=E@AEN=H@A =@  = ? F=H=  @AIIAI JE I ? I @=I L HE=I B H =I @A ] GKE =I FA I= JAI^

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K  A J  A  GKA II= E JA EC ?E=  @AI=BE=@= FA = @ELK C= A  >H=I @EJ=I ?EA J BE?=I  @A B=J I ? F AJ= A JA E I EJ I ` ? F H ANA F ]A AB EA I F=@ F HK  =HH @\ CK= CA =@= A  K = ? LA ?EA J BE?=  A I AIJK@= JAI >AHH=H=  A AC=B AI FA@E @  IK= @A EII  A IJH=H= ?=HJ= AIE IJEC= @ =IFAII =I = AL=HA  =JH=?=IF=H=B= AH>=HK D A IK=I? BAH ?E=I^ GKA=JE CA ?   ?=I  I ?E BE JAH >E C I ? -  9E I  =KJ H @A F H =I ? ]6DA LA B ? F ANEJO MEJD KJ HA@K?JE EI  = AI =HJ  JDA LA B ? F ANEJO MEJD HA@K?JE EI  = AI I?EA ?A^  ? B H A AI?HEJ  A + IE E ?E=  K  @A IAKI ELH I =EI B= I I` K ? BH J=@=? ] GKA

=KH H=B >AH =H@E E

GKA= E CK=CA J= > IA@EL H?EA@A IE AI =  0=LAH  @A K  =@  = E CK=CA  @= AJ=B IE?=   BE A LA DA?E@= A  IAK >IJE =@  AIGKA ?E A J  @  IAH  =B EJ= F=H= J H =H FHAIA JAI > AJ I  A @A KJH  =@  K = E CK=CA ?=F= `@EHA I`@A @ AH K IA IF KIFKH=KN JI@A =JHE>KI ,A @ GKA@AIFAHJA IAH = JAI@A ?K J ]+ BAHE IA J K F @AHE A I  E CK=CA  A IKIJA J= I GKA ANEIJA K = B H = @A E CK=CA  J  B HJA  J ? IK>IJ= ?E= = FH FHE BK @= A J @ IAH GKA I[ IJH=\ IAH K A D H  F AN  E IAF=H LA  IAH E CK=CA  @A B H = =  @AEN=H HAI @K I ` @A @ GKA = E CK=CA  =JKA  =KJ @AI ? >HE A J  @  IAH  5AH  IAK A > A =
maro/99 - +7 6 23

=IIK E @  K = HAB AN L J=@=F=H= FH > A = BE I BE?  @  5AH A FH F ? @  IEIJA =I @A ?AEJ IGKA >A@A?A I HACH=I @= E CK=CA

JE  LAHI  @  ) @A A  @A 0 @AH E =I GKAHAIJ= E IJEJKA  IF AJ=I ^ IF AJ=I`ANF E?=-? `FH ?KH= ANF H=H =   NE  = = >EC E@=@A @= E CK=CA  F=H= @A = ANJH=EH K  =?H I ?E  @A IAH ` @A E JAHFHAJ=    GKA JA  KEJ  A  ? K  ?   GKA @AEN= A JHALAH = B= I= E K  @A 9EJJCA IJAE   BE =  @A IAK  6H=?J=JKI IACK @  IK= AN?A A JA >E CH=B= +DHEIJE= A +D=KLEH  5AKE  '&'  @A =? H@  ?  = GK=   GKA = CE?= @ALA ?= =H ?=>A  2 AIE= @E AH  ]2 @A =? JA?AH^  ? ? KE -?  ]GKA = II= E CK=CA  ANEIJ=  IAHAI A  IKFAH= >K @ ?E=^  -  =HHA =J= @  ?  K = JEH=@==F=HA JA A JAF=H=@ N=  =I A J= J ]6= LA GK= @  ?EA JEIJ=@E GKA =I DEF JAIAI  B H=  LAHEBE?=@=I  =I = JAI B= IEBE?=@=I  GKAEH= @E AH GKA F=H= ? DA?AH FHA?EI F @=H AN?AII @AIAH GKA= E CK=CA F @A=BEH =H ^
24 +7 6 - maro/99

-?  HAJ = A  IACKE@=  K  LE I J= >  =EI BE I BE?   ? IIE? 6H=J=@  @A IA E JE?= CAH=  '%#  = F=HJEH @A2AEH?A`GK= @ @E= JA@==BEH = ]= ALA  >H= ?=^  = CK  2AEH?A FAHCK J K? IAFAH?A>AGKA= ALA >H= ?=A? IAF @AJAH?AHJA =@EII ` KJE E = @   AIGKA =  ]7  > AJ ,E E?  I AL= = FH @K EH K HAFHAIA J= A  EII  FH @K  K = GK=IA A JAK  > AJ 1 A@E=J F HIK=LA JH=@K LA  K = I HEA F JA ?E= A JA E BE EJ=@AE JAHFHAJ= JAIA= CK =ILA AI =JH=L I @  D >EJ  A => H=@   ?KHI  @ FH ?AII @AE JAHFHAJ= HAJ H = I= > AJ  ,E E?  A B= A I = C  @A A   - ? JH= I @A L   F J @A F=HJE@=  @ALA I J H =H = A =JH=L I @A KJH   HAFHAIA J= A  A K ?AHJ  IA JE@   > AJ  ,E E? FAH = A?A IA FHA ?  K = + EI= A 5E  IA FHA FHAIA JA A K ?= =FHAA I LA

=  IAH  FHA?EI= A JA  =JH=L I @= IA E IA ^  IACK @  ?=F JK  A  GKA  -? ? F=H=  AIGKA = @A = J ?  @E=CH= = @A 2AEH?A ` B H = @  ?  I ?=F JK I 1 A 111 = JH =@A  >HE D= JA  @ ELH `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

FH ?A@A A  IAK ?= E D  JAHHAIJHA  A F IEJEL  A ? DA?A=? @E @A IAH J=HJ=HKC=  H=  GK= @  =H?  2 AIJALA = +DE = A LEK  HE ?AH JA  ?DEBHA  AE  @  B ?E D  B  HA? HHAH  @AK E? H E @=@ GKAIK=?K JKH= DA? ?=L= @EIF IE `J= J GKAA IK= >H= E E A JALA ?=IE @AAI?HALAH ]- =  K = >AIJ= KEJ  BAE= @A IA LAH  ?  IA @E  F H =GKE  GKA A = IA @AENA =F= D=H ?  K = @ A =  =I =? JA?A  ? JH HE ^ 1 =CE A IA =C H= GKA =H?  2 A  KC=H @A EH  +DE =  JELAIIA E@  )KIJH E= A  A ? JH=@   H EJ HHE ? = E = E D  AIJH= D  ?=F=  @A @AI=BE=H GK= GKAH ? =IIEBE?=  J= J  ?EA J BE?= GK= J F FK =H F=HA?E@ ? =J KFAEH= =I ?  >E?  @A =LA A H=>  @A ?=IJ H > J= @  L I  =I = AEJ= @  I BE D JAI AJ? AJ? 3K= IAK?= E D A F IEJEL AGK=EIIAKIIA JE@ IFH E>E@ I + A A JAHE= JE@  FH > A =I  FH FHE  2AEH?A 7 = LA  GKA IA F @A =BEH =H GKA HA? DA?E A J  @   ? DA?E@  E JAH L   I FH ?AII I @A IA E IA   F H  IA JH=J=H  @A ? @K EH I @=@ I IA I LAEI = K  @A   FH > A = IKHCA  A J  A  GKA IA GKAH I=>AH GK= J FH ?AII  IA E IE?  E JAHLA  = ? FHAA I  F H E BAH ?E= ` ?  2AEH?A FH F A GKA IA =  FH ?AII  FAH?AFJEL IA E IE?  @A K  BA A  @AI? DA?E@  ) F=HJEH @=  -?  J H = = FAH? HHAH =I FAH= AI CE?=I @ E JA A?J  GKA AL=   FH @K  @A GK= GKAH JEF  @A ? ?AEJ  >=IA= @ IA A  2AEH?A ?  FH A AI A  = J A HAJ = @  LA  K KJH= IAK 6H=J=@  @A JH I F=H= BHA JA ?  A A IKCAHA AI? =HA?A @  A ? F AJ= @   =IFA?J I GKA IA @AIA L LAH=  AIIA GK=HJ  @A I ?K 8A I =IIE  ?   E JA A?J  HAB AJA I >HA I@=@ IGKA IIA JE@ I DAJH= A E JAHFHAJ=  @A AIJ K I A @A IA I= AI  F=II= @  FA =I B=IAI @= ? F=

H=  @=  BECKH=  GKA   E =CE =H A ?DAC=  AN=J= A JA =>IJH=  =I ? IJHK @AAIGKA =I A  A => H=  @A ? ?AEJ I FKH I A @A ? ?AEJ I A F HE? I AIIAI JE I BK @=@ I I >HA =I F IIE>E E@=@AI   IA J H =  ?K JKH=EI  8A I  FA I= A J @A 2AEH?A =? F= D=H  FH ?AII  FAH ?AFJEL  BEHIJ AII  =@LAHJA GKA  F II LA GKAD= == C IA? @ AII D = C JDEH@ AII =>HA IA ?= E D F=H==CA AH= E = A F=H= = A => H=  @  K  FAH?AFJEL  F=II=H@= CE?= C IA CE= M A@CA B  @  @E @E?  AIJ K HAIF IJ= = JHE @E?  AIJ K E JAHFHAJ= AI E JAH FHAJ= JA CE?  BE =  JAH?AEH ?=F JK    =EIANJA I A  =EI ?HE=JEL  A ?AHH= @  @A ?AHJ= B H = H=?E ? E @A-? A? JHE>KE @ ?  = A => H=  @=I AI ]? JH= JK=EI^ @A JEF  ? C EJEL  ` 6+ = E@ E= GKA ?=@=K B= A IK= A JA@AK  > AJ  ? JA @  K? A=H `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` =GK= ?  @EIIA  -?   L=E A JH=H `  A A B H K = K = I HEA AHH JE?= @A FAHCK J=I GKA F @A  IAH ANA F EBE?=@=I F H K = E?=   +  IA ? ?=  I ? ?AEJ I A F HE? I A = IA E IA FAH?AFJEL= E BA HA ?E= @E= JA@  A AIGKA =JEI @ I FH ?AII I A J=EI

7 =@=IHAIF IJ=IGKA-? @  GKA ],E AH GKA A JA @AH IA = ABAEJ  @A E BE EJ=I AC ?E= AI A @A =J I @A ?=HE@=@A F=H= F @AH ? FHAA @AH =I ?HA =I = DAE=I  K  B H =J  @A IK= ? FAJ ?E= @E  HAIFAEJ   ? FHAA I  @A A K ?E=@ I K @A JANJ I =I  IEC EBE?= GKA F II= I A E E =H =  @A IEC EBE?=@  @EII LA @  = LA D= A LA AH LA  IA JE?= = IE J=NA  F H K  =@  A = FH=C JE?= F H KJH  =@  ,E AH GKA  IEC EBE?=@  ? JH=J=@   IEC EBE?= @E AH GKA ? JH=J  =I =@  =@=   ?AHJ GKA IA AK  IA J=@  K  ?=HH  =  =@  @ J HEIJ=   I E?EJ  @E A @ DA F=II= IE = AIJ = K   J HEIJ=A JA @A C GKA AK @AIA =L= @E AH LAH@A  K FA I= GKAAKIA =@= J E?  K A=JHE>KEK =FI   6= LA  EII  =? JA = F HGKA IEC EBE?=@  @=I F= =LH=I  ? J= A J HEIJ= AA JA @A=FA =IF HGKA A =JHE>KE K = ?HA = IA A D= JA  IK= ^   >A  =IIE  @E  -?   GKA A GK=IA J @ I I @EI?KHI I IA ? BK @A IEC EBE?=@  @ I JAH I A IA JE@  @ A K ?E=@ -  =FA =I EII  B= IA ? BKI J= >  A JHA A K ?E=@ I A A A J=HAI A JANJ I  - ? ? KE  ] I IEC EBE?=@ I A GK= J ? JA @ IF @A IAHIA FHA ?=H=?JAHE =@ I  AI  GKA B KJKA  IA HA=CHKFA  F=H= = CK I B= = JAI IA A HKCKA  =J  GK=IA E FA@EH GKA B= A @A @ =FH FHE=@  KGKAHA? DA = = C  =I  LA  A DK = H=  F=H= GKA K = LEI  ? JH=JK=  @  IA JE@  @ I A K ?E=@ I@AL=AN? KEHGKAF HK  =@ ANEIJ=  E D=I@AJA @ ?E=GKALE ?K = I II I JEF I ? C EJEL I  A F H KJH =@  ANEIJ=  ? LA AI E C IJE?=I GKA HACEIJH= AIIAIL ?K IAB H A?A =>=IA F=H= E JAHFHAJ= AI ` A ? JH=J= AI ` IK?AIIEL=I ^
Aurora F . Bernardini F.
professora de ps-graduao em Teoria Literria e Literatura Comparada da USP

maro/99 - +7 6 25

@ALAH@ E JA A?JK=
+E ?  AI?HEJ I HALA = =I FHA ?KF= A  HA = ? ? JA F H ?AF =  H=EI AI @  E C EIJ=7 >AHJ -? K @ A  = IK=  @= CKAHH=  A @A K = AEC=^
 AI?HEJ I H=EI   K FAGKA  L K A GKA HA A ?=HJ=I ? BAH ?E=I A A I=E I  I >HA =IIK J I GKA L  @= /KAHH= @  / B   E J AH ?E= @ I L I ] = EIJ=I^  F=II= @  FA = E ? @= IEJK=  @= E FHA I=  HAE @= 68 A @= 1 JAH AJ K = >HALA E JH @K  -?  A B=JE =  ?=H JAH ] JE? ^ @ I A I=E I  )IIE  FHE AEH  A I=E  ` ]2A I=H = CKAHH=^ FK> E?=@  = 4ELEIJ= @AE E>HE A  =>HE  @A '' `  -?  FHABAHA @EI?KJEH = ]E F I IE>E E@=@A^ @= CKAHH= I II I @E=I = J =H F=HJE@  A JHA =I B=? AI >A ECA H= JAI = /KAHH= @  / B  HAIF @A @ =IIE  = I GKA ANECE=  @A A  A @A KJH I E JA A?JK=EI  K = F IE  FH  K ? JH= I -IJ=@ I 7 E@ I  ? F AN  BK ?E = A J  @ I AKH E I  ?  IK=I E BE EJ=I F IIE>E E

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26 +7 6 - maro/99

+DAC= IA  =IIE  =  F J  ?HK?E=  @= GKAIJ   E?  @ALAH @  E JA A?JK=  = K ?E=H = E F IIE>E E@=@A @= CKAHH=  =GKE  FA = FHE AEH= LA  -?  AL= J= K = GKAIJ  GKA =E @= IKI?EJ= F E?=  = BK  E JA A?JK=  @EBE?E A JA IA =F E?= =  B=J  GKA AIJ  ? HHA @  @ALA @ HABAHEH IA =  GKA F @AHE= IK?A@AH K = GKA  IK?A@AK ,AII= = AEH=  = >HE D= JA = EIA @ B=I?EI  EJ= E=  A @ I L HE I B=I?EI I @  IACK @  A I=E  ` ]  B=I?EI  AJAH ^ `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`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

B H =  ?=J E?= KLA E  ?  = ?K JKH= AEC= @= =JKHE@=@A  2=H= HA= E =H AII= ? ?E E=  @AILA ?E D K IA @A J @ I I FHA? ?AEJ I @A =JKHA = E@A CE?= A = EBAIJ K  =J  ?  = CK = A =FHA  FA = =HH=  ?HEIJ  GKA  ?AII= @A A JAH A?AH I ? H= AI @ I @AI?HA JAI  JE A I=E ])I ECH= AI =J A H ?E=A E J AH LA ^ JH= @K=I? BAH ?E=IFH BAHE@=IA 8= ?E=AA 2=HEI -? @ABE A FHE AEH= A JA @ EI ? ?AEJ I E ECH=  ` K = F=HJA @= F FK =  GKA IA @AI ?= @A K  F= I F=H= KJH  A ?K B KN  F @A IAH ? JH =@  A ? H= =@  K HAFHE E@  ` A ECH=  `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
Srgio Mauro
professor de literatura italiana na Unesp/Araraquara

maro/99 - +7 6 27

. J I HAFH @K E@=I @  ELH 

NE?  @= A@EJ H= =

)?E =  LEIJ= CAH=  @= +E@=@A @  NE?   = J   @EHAEJ=  +=JA@H=  AJH F EJ= =  = 2 = = @A )H =I @= ?E@=@A  A >=EN  = ?E@=@A @A EJ =  A  =N=?=  )>=EN  AIGKAH@=  JA ) >  ?=FEJ=  @= HACE  @A =N=?=   ?A JH  B J  IKFAHE H   2= ?E  =?E =  IEJK=@  = 2 = = @A = + IJEJK?E  J= >  ? DA?E@= ? ?=  = B J  E BAHE H  @AJ= DA @A KH=  @A ,EAC  4ELAH=   2= ?E  =?E =  )>=EN   @EHAEJ=  = ECHA = = 5 A@=@  A  =N=?=  ANA F  @  >=HH ?  ANE?=

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)@HE /KH = =L= A

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`@ GKAD JAIJA K D =>K @= JA IIAKI ELH I /=J F=H@ A ?= F @A ALA A ) L J= @  C=J  F=H@  2 H  K@=H @A =HAI B E K  HA?KHI  @A I >HALEL ?E= F HGKA J= J= FAHBAE  ? A =L= = =IBENE  = >IAII  FA  ]B= AH^ @ E = @  ]IAH^` JE AEI AO` =] CE?=^ FHE E @ GK= GKAH F IIE>E E@=@A @A AIF= J  GK= GKAH AIF=  F=H=  ] CE? ^ ` ME @AH AII =@= IAHE= A D H F=H= AI?=F=H @AII= IA I=  @A FHAII  @  GKA K = LE=CA =FH LAEJ= @  = LE E D= = @A K  F= I ?   NE?  GKA  @A K  @  K @A KJH  @ALAHE= IAH =EI FH NE  @  *H=IE `K F= I = E I  @AIA?D= =@A@AIFAHBA?J = H=  @A =I ? EI=I  BK ?E =HA  @E HAEJE D )@A JH=H=  ` 8AH IIE  A IK= AIF I= ` F H JAHH= AIIA LE E D  @EIJ= JA @ I -IJ=@ I 7 E@ I  =@= @A =LE  =FA =I JHA  A E>KI F=H= K = LE=CA  GKA =JH=LAII K JH I GK=HJ=I F=HJAI @  JAHHEJ HE ANE?=  ?  AIJ=@E=I = +E@=@A @ NE?  2KA> =  =N=?=  6=N?  A /K= = K=J  A ?  E K?E I=I AI?= =I A  =EI A ?E@=@AI ` IA  ? J=H I E AH I F L =@ I GKA JE CEH=  @A ? HAI F=H@=I A IA?=I  F=  @A BK @  @A K = LE=CA HAIFE C=@= FA =I ? HAI CHEJ= JAI @ =HJAI= =J  FA I LAH@AI A LAH A D I HKJE = JAI @ I ?DE AI  F H =HGKEJAJKH=I AI?= @= I=I A FA = E JA IE@=@A @=I BAIJ=I   JK@  8AH IIE  ? J K ?  = FHAIA = A = IKCAIJ AI @A 8E= = C GKA D=LE= K  =  H=L= = +E@=@A @ NE?  A BA  K = F=HJA @= LE=CA  = ? F= DE= @  ] AIJHA )KH E ^ ` )KH E  *K=HGKA @A 0 = @=  GKA A J  = A?E =L=  1II  IA  AIGKA?AH @  B=J  @A E GKEAJ  H = ?EIJ= A JHALEIJ=H IA A L HE=I ?=IE AI ?  FAHI = E@=@AI @= A LAHC=@KH= @A  F H ANA F  I  8=I ? ?A I K ,=LE@ ) B=H  5EGKAEH I
maro/99 - +7 6 29

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)  =@  >H=I FAHJA ?A JAI =  =?AHL  @  KIAK = ?E =  @A ) JH F CE= @= +E@=@A @  NE?  ,= AIGKAH@= F=H= = @EHAEJ= F HJ= E ?A I  =E=  KH = L JEL= @= ?ELE E =  =F JA?=  2A@H= @  5  ?= A @ HE  =IJA?= GKA FAI= " J A =@=I A JA  " AJH I @A @E AJH  A KH = =F JA?= @A JA ) >

+   BE AH=  ) @ KI 0KN AO /H=D=  /HAA A A , 0  =MHA ?A A > H= ?  KEJ= A H A F=JE= FA NE?  F H A AI AIGK=@HE D=@  8AH I IE  J= >  IA @AK =  JH=>= D  @A JH= IF H AII=I =CEJ=@=I IA = =I F=H= F=FA  , EI = I @AF EI A =F I = AEJKH= @A K = >E> E CH=BE= =@= @AIFHA LA  A A ? ? KEKK  ELH ` NE? `GKAL=E= @=I A HE=I @A LE=CA  BAHA?A @ K = E JAHFHAJ=  ]DEIJ HE?=^ A ]I ?E CE?=^ @= ?K JKH= @AIIA F= I A @A IK= CA JA  5A  @ LE@=  8AH IIE  AH= K LE= = JA  K  FH ?KH=@ H @A A ?= J I @EIF IJ   =LA JKH= @  ANJH=LE  =>EHE J  @ I K ELAHI I ?K JKH=EI @A KJH I KC=HAI  =@= = LAH  ALE@A JA A JA  ?  I >= @ I @A A JKIE=I =@ I JKHEIJ=I >H=IE AEH I GKA A  II I @E=I J=  L I HK  =  NE?  F=H= =@A JH=H A A  EIJ   F=H= @AI? DA?  = F=HJEH @  KC=H A I ANE?=  @A J @   JAHHEJ HE  @AIIA F= I  += ? 4AIK J= E FA I LA  GKA 8AH IIE FK@AIIA ? DA?AH += ?  F EI AIIA F JKH IJE?  B E @AIA L LE@  I  I = I % A  H = ?EIJ= AIJALA  NE?  A A=@ I @ I #  + JK@  A A  A LA HA@ K I F=II I @A IAK C  FAH?KHI F=H= )?=FK ?  A  F=H=  2KAHJ  8= =HJ= ` AIIA A J  I FHE ?EF=EI ?A JH I JKH IJE? I @AIIA F= I `  =I F=H= =GKA AI KC=HAI ?  =E H F @AH F=H= A ?= J  FA = B H = JAIJA K D=  @AIIA K ELAHI ?K JKH=  @AI? DA?E@  A IK>IJ= ?E= ]  D  F= I =EI IK>IJ= ?E=  GKA NE?  =I ? EI=I I  @K = = AEH= E JA I=  IA  AE I JAH I^  )IIE  F=H= 8AH IIE  K = ]LE=CA   LAH=^ ? @EHE=  I C= ?D I JAHE= @A IA @A>HK =H I >HA =I HK=I  I ? IJK AI  = =HGKEJAJKH= =?K E HE=A=CA JA@=I?E@=@AIDEIJ HE?=I ANE?= =I ` A EII  B E  FHA?EI= A JA  GKA A A BA  , I @EBAHA JAI A ?= J I GKA  =BAJ=H=  EIJKH= @A ? HAI  =H =I
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>=HK D I  AIF= I A BAE AI BEIE E?=I A ?K JKH=EI  =FA =I K  B E E ? FHA A I LA  K A D H  E F II LA  @A LAH>= E =H @A B H = BH=C A J HE=  6H=J= IA  =@= =EI  =@= A I  @= E ? @= A ?=JEL= JA +E@=@A @  NE?  = HA AEJ=H GK= GKAH JA J=JEL= @A D=H E =  @A IK=I ?=H=JAH IJE?=I ,A ]+E@=@A 1 IK> EII=^ >=JE K 8AH IIE  = KJH H= +EK@=@ @A I 2= =?E I IEJK=@= = GKA B H= ?D= =@=  FA I ? GKEIJ=@ HAI  @A 4ACE  I 6H= IF= HA JA  ]IE J  K = AIF ?EA @A ? H@E= EHHEJ=  = JA AIJ= +E@=@A 1 IK> EII= GKA  IA @AEN= ? =IIEBE?=H  GKA HAFA A J @ I I =@ AJEL I GKA DA BAHA  =FHAIA J= @ IA I H= @AH =  H= = JEC= =C H= A ?= J=@ H=  C  @AF EI IE EIJH= =GKE >A = A = E =@E= JA BAE=  )BE =  @A ? J=I A  GKA BE?= I   BE?= I^ 6= LA   LE= = JA JA D= IE@  J ?=@  F H AII= =KH= @= +E@=@A @  NE?  GKA ? LA =J  =I FA@H=I  E LAIJE @ =I @= HAEJAH=  @A K = DEIJ HE?E@=@A JH CE?=  +=IJA  @A +D=FK JAFA?  F H ANA F ? IJHK @  @A B H=  F= ?E  @A LAH @  1 FAH=@ H =IJA?= ?JA K =  J= >  ?A HE  A >=IJE  @= JE = >=J= D= ? JH= = E L=I  HJA = AHE?= = GKA =HH= ?=H= @  NE?  = AJ=@A @A IAK JAHHEJ HE  =?E =  J= >  =FA =I F K? I = I =EI J=H@A  IA@A @  AB AH A B=J=  E F HE  @  )HGKE@KGKA =NE E E=  @A 0=>I>KHC  GK= @  @= E L=I BH= ?AI= @  FAGKA  =F A  111 J= >  ?A JH  @  2 @AH -NA?KJEL  A HAIE@ ?E= @  FHAIE@A JA @= 4AF > E?= =J '!"  J= >  KIAK =?E =  @A 0EIJ HE= `  =EI LEIEJ=@  @  F= I J= >  )BE =  = +E@=@A @A NE? J @= IA AHCKA EJAH= A JA A  ?E = @ GKA B H= = /H= @A 6A ?DJEJ  A IAKI GK=IA @ EI E D AI @A D=>EJ= JAI ]  NE? ^ ` @EIIA 8AH IIE  FHAIJAI = A ?AHH=H = LE=CA  ` ] I JA  A IE =@

A JHA KEJ=I KJH=I ? EI=I  = =FHA?E=H = >A A = @=I LA D=I FA@H=I^  - JHAJ= J   =FA =I = DEIJ HE= GKA IK> =  I JAHH=@= FA = AJ=@A  K = ?E@=@A GKA  @AH = J= >  FA = AJ=@A   GKA FH @K  = IA I=  @A K = LEL ?E= E =>=H? LA  A H A ?=  ` FH= = ?A JH=  ` B = GKA =@  FA = = AIJ I= ?=JA@H=  FA  F= ?E @A C LAH  FA = FHABAEJKH= A FA =I HK =I =IJA?=I @  6A F  =O H  K = =HGKE JAJKH= @AH =  H= BK ?E = EIJ=  H= HA? DA?ELA A JA ANE?= =  A JHAJA?E@= I ANJA I I ? K J I =HGKEJAJ E? I ? E=EI ` IA  AIGKA?AH @A KJH I ? JH=IJAI =@= FH= AH I I ?  =I @AIECK= @=@AI I ?E A? E?=I  6 @=I =I ?E@=@AI J  ? JH=IJAI  @A AI IA KJHA  F=H= @ABE EH IK= FAHI = E@=@A  2=H= 8AH IIE ? JK@  JH=J= IA @A K = AIJH= D= E JA IE @=@A GKA F=EH= = LE@= @= ?E@=@A  K = E JA IE@=@A JH CE?= ]2 H GKA JAH  AIJ= ?E@=@A K = J CH= @A FAHI = E@=@A  3KA   GKA = J H = J  @EBAHA JA @A J @=I =I KJH=I  ,A @A LEH  = =KH= @A @H= = GKA = A L LA +HAE  GKA I  L HE I I B=J HAI  KEJ=I =I JE J=I GKA  ? >E =@=I  FH @K A  ` =FAI=H @A J @   I  ` AIIA J  AI?KH E I  GKA I @  = IA I=  @A GKA = C  @A JH CE?  AIJ  IA FHA F H =? JA?AH ` K  =II=II E  K  JAHHA J  K = HAL K ^ -II= IA I=  B HJA A E @ECAH LA  J @=LE=  A ?= J K 8AH IIE A? JE K==A ?= J=HA  ILA AI =FA =I= AIF= J=H =GKA AI D=HAI GKA IA @ABH J= ?  = @EC E@=@A JH CE?= @= ?E@=@A @ NE?  = GK=  =@= F=HA?A ?KF=H K I JE B HJKEJ  K=? JA?AH= =?=I ` A IAGKAH = HJA  @EHE= 8AH IIE  F EI ]JA IA = E FHAII  @A GKA  NE? E CK  HHA @A HJA =JKH= ^
Adrin Gurza Lavalle
doutorando em cincia poltica pela USP , mestre em sociologia pela Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico e professor dessa universidade (1991-1995) e da Universidad Iberoamericana (1992-1996)

imos h alguns anos formando um acervo com exemplares de obras editadas por Monteiro Lobato, quando teve ele sua prpria Grfica/Editora (1918-1925). Isso nos ensejou, em 1996, a realizao de pequeno trabalho intitulado Monteiro Lobato editor, em que exibimos algo da produo desse que, sem dvida, foi um divisor de guas na atividade editorial brasileira. Apontamos caractersticas para as quais nem sempre se d ateno, alm de inventariar o que foi possvel com o material de que dispnhamos. Servida pela cortesia de Jos Lus Garaldi, pudemos exibir o que ter sido quem sabe uma censura de capa, que s o acaso facultou descobrir-se. Foi o caso que Garaldi achou um exemplar da obra A Caminho da Felicidade de Selda Potocka, cuja capa apresentava a reproduo de uma figura sobreposta capa propriamente dita. Acontece que essa reproduo estava parcialmente rasgada, permitindo que se percebesse a existncia de outra figura em baixo. Removida a aplicao, viu-se que a capa primitiva fora mascarada. Por qualquer razo, o desenho original de J. Prado no ter agradado ao editor (ou mais provavelmente autora, pelo teor de sua dedicatria), que solicitou outra ilustrao, dessa vez mais pudica. Aqui fica o registro da curiosa ocorrncia.

maro/99 - +7 6 31

+ 6

.)*7 41

Claudio Daniel

maro/99 - +7 6 33

) )46- ,) 2 -51)

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

 K JE?   = =E H =JH=  @  ?EH? - A  K  JANKC  @A FA A >H= ?=  IA D I   H IJ  EI  ?  AE  AJH  @A = JKH= 8AIJAK  C D >EJ = K ? K  H I HE  @A ? ?D=I = ?E JKH=  K JE?  AIJ  IA FHA IA J=@  A  K >= ?  ?E @HE?   H IJ  HA?KHL=@ A JHA =I I  E LA  IE A ?E I 3K= @ A AIALEH=F=H==F =J E= =F I AL=HK =?DE>=J=@=@ , =@ H K = CHE =AI? HHAA IAKH IJ -IJ=LEI ?D ?= IAIF HEJ I =EIIA I LAEIA?=KI= A J @ IK =AIJH= D=? ` FA = @ H @  D A E D  =I FA  =J E I EJ  @A IA @AHH= =H CHE =I  )F I  AIFAJ ?K  KEJ I JA J=  ?D H=H =I E CK  ? IACKA E EJ

61+

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) I  KLE=  A J  => H @= =H= D= GKAJA?AIK=JAE= =?EH?K = @ I= CKA  ? HF   JE EH @A A@=I  > I @A = CK  I F=II I @A CEC= JA @=I B H EC=I  =H@E  A = GKA@= @A K = C J= @A HL= D   =@HE@  @A K  ? HAII =L= A  IAKI KLE@ I ?   A? @A @A  E  IE I @A >H A  1IJ  LA =? JA?A @  D  @K=I IA = =I  @AI@A A J  A A  FH K ?E= K = I F= =LH=   IA = E A J= A FAH = A?A AIJ JE?  = F JH = @= I= =  KLE @  HKE@ I  JH=>= D  @A IAKI FK AI  AIFAH= @  A J  C HE I  A  GKA AIJ=H  IKH@  K HJ   HA CE  =? F= D= = LEC E=

1 -

-  E D=I LE=CA I =  =F  LE I C= D I HAJ H?E@ I @A ?AHA AEH=I A O J  A J= >  =I AIF=@=I @ I I= KH=EI  I?=H=I @A JA=JH   A =>K E A = JEC I E IJHK A J I @A J HJKH=  + DA?E I @H=C AI @A FA@H= @AK JA F A *= ? CA=I? K =I @A K = ?=JA@H=  C JE?= A  @HAI E E ? J LAEI ELH I A IAE @A ? H I 2A I= A J I @A 2=I?=   JH=J=@  @A + =KIAMEJ   += J  : @= @EII E= A @ EI KJH ILAHI I@A5=B 0 AI K>A @A E D= @ A =  - = @ALA JAH IA = EBAIJ=@  D  K = IA = =  @ EI AIAI K GKE A = I  1 BA E A JA I B=J I L   E D= A HE= KEJ JA F  @AF EI GKA =? JA?AH=  6= LA  AK  AIJA = HJ

 ) )+4

1+

) AI?=@= E BE EJ= AH= DA E? E@=  5AKI @ACH=KI @A FA@H= ? @K E=  = JE F =I C= AHE=I A ? =H=I GKA =>HEC=L= K  K?  GKA  B H= HAE K A >AI AIK=IJHA A J=IAIF I=I 0=LE= =HAIE @ ?E= F JE I A I=?=@=I A K  AH E ?= ?K LA  @A FAGKA =I = A =I ?J C =EI  .= =L= IA J= >  @A K =H@E   K @A L HE I =H@E I ?K =I HL HAI @=L=  = I @A KH  => ?= D=@=I F H AIJH= D=I CEH=B=I ?AC=I  A @A K  =C  IK>JAHH A  ?K I FAENAI I= @E=L=  LAHI I @A K  ELH  I= CH=@  K  I=CK  J HJK I   LA D HAE IKE?E@=L= IA J @=I =I = D I  F=H= HA =I?AH  ?  =FAJEJA L H=  = D H= @  IK JK I  >= GKAJA  A  GKA @ALE= FAH = A?AH A  A K  F=H= ?K FHEH IK= JHEIJA FA EJ ?E= A A BA @AH= K @AKI @A FA A = K  A F I @A JKI  I LA AI   HAE  K J= LA  IK=I AIF I=I HA?A>E= LEIEJ=I E AIFAH=@=I  IK= D IFE J= E@=@A ? LE@=L= I LEIEJ= JAI = FAH EJ=H  ?= => K  @A @A HACHAII=L=  +AHJ  @E=  F H  K LA  AIJH= CAEH  = E =FHEIE =@ ?= E K A`AAK =KNE EAE =BKC=  L=H  A JAHH K IK= =H = GKA AH= @A FH=J= = C=HC= J= @  = BEJHE  A CH K =J   LA  AI?=F K IA @E AH A =@AKI  A BKE IAK ? F E?A =II=IIE =J  -K   LA D  = =F  I K  E?  GKA ? DA?A = DEIJ HE=  F=H= E D= AJAH = LAHC D=
Claudio Daniel
nasceu em So Paulo, em 1962; poeta, autor do livro Sutra (poemas, 1992), formado em filosofia e jornalismo

A revista CULT publica mensalmente a seo CRIAO um espao destinado a poemas, contos e textos literrios inditos. Os originais contendo no mximo 150 linhas de 70 caracteres sero avaliados e selecionados pela equipe da revista CULT. Os trabalhos e os dados biogrficos do autor (incluindo endereo e telefone para contato) podem ser enviados via e-mail ou pelo correio (nesse caso, os originais impressos devem obrigatoriamente ser acompanhados pelo texto em disquete, gravado no formato Word). O endereo da revista CULT R u a R u i B a r b o s a , 7 0 , S o Pa u l o , S P, C E P 0 1 3 2 6 - 0 1 0 , e - m a i l : l e m o s p l @ n e t p o i n t . c o m . b r

34 +7 6 - maro/99

notas de vero sobre impresses de inverno

Boris Schnaiderman

O colapso da antiga Unio Sovitica e as crises sucessivas da Rssia atual salientaram os traumas sociais e culturais da terra de Dostoivski, mas permitem perceber, atravs de suas fraturas, as utopias e o poder renovador do povo russo. Neste Dossi, a CULT traz o depoimento de intelectuais como o historiador Aaron Gurvitch e o lingista Meletnski, que representam as tendncias das cincias humanas na Rssia contempornea, alm de ensaio de Boris Schnaiderman nosso maior intrprete da cultura russa sobre sua viagem a esse pas cujos dilaceramentos tm uma surpreendente semelhana com os dramas do Brasil contemporneo.
36 +7 6 - maro/99

 direita, Boris Schnaiderman em novembro de 1997, diante do cinema e sala de concertos Puchkin, em Moscou (o cartaz anuncia, em alfabetos latino e cirlico, a premire russa de Batman e Robin). Na pgina oposta, as escadarias de Potemkin, que fazem parte da mitologia sovitica e foram celebradas por Sergi Eisenstein no filme O encouraado Potemkin, de 1925.

B= J= J I AIAIGKAL ? I AKI= EC I  AFA@A GKA DAI @AI?HAL=  GK= J  = JAI =I E D=I E FHAII AI @  AIJH= CAEH .E @ H , IJ E LI E J=I @A E LAH  I >HA E FHAII AI @A LAH  =LE  @= *HEJEID AIJ  @AI?A @  = @EHA  @A I? K  )LEIJ= IA FA = = A E D= E A I=I F = ?EAI CA =@=I  @  K  =HHA FE  I  @A D=H  -IJA F= I A B=I?E = A A =IIKIJ=  A >H A@AK =J=H@AA  @AI I= AK JE D= K I IAEI = I GK= @  L JAE F=H= ?=I= = I FH= J I  I F I A HACA =@ I I HKII I A  L J= F K?  IA E F HJ= ?  =GKA = ANJA I  C E@=  0 A I @A GK=HA J= = ?E G A J= = I A K DAHAI @A CH= @AI?=>A AEH=I EH=IF=HA?A JAHL J=@ E B ?E= , HEI=@E D=IAI J= AN? = = AI  IJH= @ K =  KJH ==F=HA D=CA A AJH E?=GKAAIJ  AL= @ +AHJ= A JA A AI J  KEJ A ? K ?  IH=F= AIGKAIA =FH NE =L=  @A E  A  &%  FAHCK J=L= A K E C I EIAH LA IAAKGKAHE=LA @AH FA =I@AH KF=AI= = ? HHA @ @AF EIGKA AK DAI HAIF @E= A  HKII  ,  L J=@A @A @E AH  ])  LA ?A@ H =I >=J=J=I^  =AH F HJ  B H = IA BE =I E JAH E LAEIF=H=? JH A@AF=II=F HJAI 7 D A  =CH  AICKAEH= IA F=H= FAHJ  @A I = = K  D=H ? >E I  F=H=  AK HA CE @A FK I  A @E  A  L  >=EN= GKA A A F @A B=?E EJ=H JK@ - ?= E D= I F=H=  ?=I=  GKA LAE I HA?A>AH  - A  =J=HH=?=@  IEIK@  >A
* A viagem a que este texto se refere contou com uma ajuda da Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (Fapesp), que o autor agradece.

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
maro/99 - +7 6 37

O Teatro Bolshi, em Moscou

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
38 +7 6 - maro/99

-  2AJAHI>KHC  BE?= I K  D JA A H A GKA @  F=H= K = @=I F JAI FHE ?EF=EI @= ?E@=@A  -  KJH I JA F I  D=LE= = E CH= @AI >= @AEH=I LAH A D=I ?  I @E AHAI  ]/ HE= =  JH=>= D ^ 2 EI >A  = =? H@=H  D= I F=H= = F JA A LE I KJ @ HI  LAH A D I A BE AEH=@ I  . E FHA?EI BEN=H>A =LEIJ=F=H=LAHGKA A  KC=H@= LA D= E I?HE  AIJ=L= = E FH F=C= @= @A ? ?= ? = 6= J A  I? K? A 2AJAHI>KHC L A IA >KJEGKAI KEJ  ?DEGKAI ?  =I JE =I =H?=I@AFH @KJ I ?E@A J=EI -D= = E F HJ=  3K=IA J @ I I > AJ I @A KI ? JE@E=  L  @  ANJAHE H  @AI@A = F=IJ= @A @A JAI =J  = JAI KHE D= @A K D=I  A J = IA CK= E AH=  @= .H= = A @= 1J E=  A > H= ANEIJ=  CK=I HKII=I AN?A A JAI -  J @= F=HJA  = ?D AJAI = K ?E= @ ]B=IJBK@^ A  = B=>AJ  ?EH E?  =I I LA AI I AI E C AIAI  I  JH= I EJAH=@ I  HKII  @A D A  @E  GKA L=E =  AI?HEJ HE A AL=E= ] BBE?A^ A=J  ?D A A@AI=FHA @AK @A J =H @A I= L=H  -  LA  @EII  ? ?= K  I=GKE D  A  IK= N ?=H=  A =J  = L @?= KEJ=I LA AI LA  @= .E @E= JH BAC @A?=HH I E JA I A F=HA?A KEJ  @EI?EF E =@  I ] L I HKII I^ ?  I ?D= =   I >A ABE?E HE I @=I >=J=J=I =  LA ?A@ H  J  AE I @A @EJ=H =I IK=I H =I  -  @AI?= =>H  CAH=   =K AIJ=@  @ I LA ?K I   HA =N= A J  HAE = JA ? JHE>KA  F=H= =CH=L=H AIIA GK=@H KJH  JEL @AAIF= J  = IE?= =EI ? HHA JA F= I  ?DAC K= ? DA?E A J GK=IACAH= GKA= IE?=HKII=]@A? ?AHJ ^  K = @=I CH= @AI HA= E = AI =HJ IJE?=I @A II  JA F  1CK= A JA   =  A  H ? J  A JHA I HKII I CH= @AI ?K J HAI 

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

Campanrio de Ivan III, no interior do Kremlin, em Moscou

Jovens soviticos participam de pilhagem do convento Smonov, que seria destrudo em 1930

@A FH JAIJ  GKA >HEC=H=  =I =KJ HE@=@AI = @AIEIJEH @=GKA A HAJH ?AII  =>IKH@ KJH  JEL  F=H= @AI? BE=H @=I ? ? KI AI FAIIE EIJ=I I >HA  BKJKH  ?K JKH=  = BHAG ?E= @ I LA I = I JA=JH I ,AF EI@AK FAH @ A GKA=?HEIAA? E?= AIL= E=H= ? F AJ= A JA =I I= =I @A AIFAJ ?K  F > E? AIJ L J= @ = JA=JH = E I K  A J @A> =IHA= E = AI - GKAAIF= J= =CH= @AFH F H @A LA I 4=F= E D I A =I @A GK=J H A = @A AIIAEI = I =IIEIJE @  = HAIFEH=  FHAI=  = K = J=CA  @A 6E  8 E=  @A 6?D D L  K = K = =@=FJ=  =HH =@=  >A  @AH =  @= LA = + H=  @A ?=?D HH  @A E D=E *K C L  ,=HE= F=H= KLEH  L  @A K E IAJ J= =? ?A JH= AIAHEA@=@A? GKA A AI =IIEIJE=   HAFHAIA J=  - @EC= IA @AF EI @EII  GKA JK@  AIJ  FAH@E@  3KA ?DAC=D A 4 IIE=JA =E FHAI I  JE@= @A GKA D KLA  F= I K = HAIJ=KH=  HGKE?=  I GKE IGKAI @A H =EIAHALEIJ=ILA @A IACH= @AIHAJH=J I @A E? =K11A@=B= E=E FAHE= - J @= F=HJAIAL  >H=I @=4 IIE==JK= = CKE= >EBH JA  EIJ    AI  @= @E =IJE= @ I 4 = L  =I >= ?=I @A ELH I =EI F FK =HAI LA @AH ELH I = HK= ?DAC= = IAH K = JH=@E    JA = FHA@E AJ   = LA D= 4 IIE= @ I ? =HAI - J= >  A  J @= F=HJA =I =H?=I @A K = HA ECE IE@=@A FH BK @=  )I ECHA =I @A I? K B H=  GK=IA J @=I HAIJ=KH=@=I  =I ? FK =I @ KH=@=I A = KEI BK CE @  =  I ) E F HJ ?E= GKA I HKII I CHAC HJ @ N I  GKA I  = CH= @A =E HE=  @  I IK=I JH=@E AI HA ECE I=I F @A IAH JAIJA K

D=@= F H K  B=J  @= DEIJ HE= HA?A JA @A I? K ` = HAE =KCKH=  @  JA F  @ +HEIJ  4A@A J H   =E H @= ?E@=@A + IJHK @  A  A=@ I @  I ?K  F=II= @  AH= K  A@EB ?E  GKA = E=L=  AIJE  @=I ECHA =I A@EAL=EI HKII=I ?   @AIA  @A F F=ACH= @E IE@=@A@ I? =HAI@ I ?K :1:  GKA@=L== ? K J = C @AFAI=@ A FHAIIEL  =  ? JH HE  @=I KJH=I ECHA =I HKII=I  ,A CA  =I ? FK =I @  JA F  @AIJ =L=  @=I ECHA =I @  HA E  =I @A FAHJ  = @EBAHA = AH= B =CH= JA 6 @=LE= ?AHJ= A JA B EAIIA  JEL GKA AL K I HAIF I LAEI FA  JH= =@  @= AJH F A 2 = /AH= F=H==4A? IJHK @=+E@=@A@A I? K @A'!# JE D== =IIE =JKH=@ FH FHE 5J E =@A?E@EHA FA = @AHHK>=@= @  A@EB ?E  K = F ?= A  GKA  C LAH  IJ= E EIJ= B= E= GKAIJ  @A AN FHAII=H K = =JEJK@A = JE HA ECE I= = I @A F EI  A = K@=HE= ? F AJ= A JA  A > H= ? JE K=IIA=A@K?= =J E=@ I LA I ? IE@AH K IA=GKA A ?=   =EI=FH FHE=@ F=H= = ? IJHK  @  2= ?E  @ I 5 LEAJAI -  '!  = K ?E K IA = =>AHJKH= @ ? ?KHI F=H= FH AJ 1 I?HALAH= IA A A =HGKEJAJ I @A KEJ I F= IAI  @A JHA I GK=EI AI A  CH= @A ALE@ ?E=  E ? KIELA A + H>KIEAH A 9= JAH /H FEKI  ]-  '!" B E =FH L=@   FH AJ  @A JH I =HGKEJAJ I I LE JE? I  GKA AH= >=IJ= JA F F I  K  LAH@= @AEH  IJHA C  = I II I D I @A D A =I =@AGK=@  =  IEIJA = IJ= E EIJ=^  ? AI?HALEA  AK ELH  IAI? >H IA  EJ `) ?K JKH= A  BE  @= 7 E  5 LE JE?= 5 2=K + F= DE= @=I AJH=I  ''%   A@EB ?E @ALAHE=IAH  =EI= J @  K @ !# AJH I @A= JKH= AIAHE=A ?E =@ F HK  K A J = E ?  =EI@A AJH I

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
maro/99 - +7 6 39

Projeto do Palcio dos Sovietes

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
40 +7 6 - maro/99

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` + JA @  A A?= EI I @A IAK BK ?E = A J  I? K  7 ELAHIE@=@A -IJ=J=  4KII= @A +E ?E=I 0K = =I  ''$  6H=J= IA @A K ? K J  @A JH=>= D I HEA J=@ I  IA JE@ @A BHEI=H = E F HJ ?E= @  AIJK@  @ I EJ I F JE? I  GKA  IACK @  I =KJ HAI  B H= A IFHA =@ I = 4 IIE=   FAH @

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`.K @= A J I IANK=EI @= >H= @A , IJ E LI E   A E CH=@ )JKI  ''  IKHCA = AIJAEH= @= GKA>H= @ I J=>KI IANK=EI = I ?EA@=@A HKII= =JK= 4AE FHAII  @A K  ELH  @A ' !  ? IJEJKE =F E?=  KEJ  E A@E=JEIJ= @=I ? ?AF AI

A catedral de So Baslio, em Moscou

A loja de departamentos Universal, em Moscou, um dos smbolos da Rssia capitalista

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

A  @AIA L LE A J  = CH= @A ?HEIA @ IEIJA =IAHLE AK E ?EFEA JAIKHJ ?=FEJ= EIJ= GKAIA=?A JK=HE= BE = @ I ?K - @ABAI=@AIK=JAIA  =KJ H = = @AK  =JAHE= GKA?AHJ= A JAIAHE=FH E>E@ =J  D  F K? I = I   @E HE  @A K  ? AH ?E= JA @A I? K  ? IAHL=@  A  =HGKEL A @A =F=HA?A  ?  HEGKA = @A F H A HAI A K = E CK=CA  I=> H I=  K  J= J =H?=E?= AI  = F ?=  I IAKI FH > A =I ? KC=EI =@LE @ I @A K  ?=I= A J  F H E JAHAIIA  =@K J HE @AF=HJA=F=HJA =I>HE C=I? =B= E=@ I CH =HA ECE IE@=@AA BE = A JA   D IIANK= EI    =KJ H @ AIJK@  =BEH = GKA = 1CHA = HKII= AH= >A =EIJ AH= JAA HA = =AIJAGKA= =@K J HE  -IIA JH=>= D  @A ) 1  KFHEE= L I=EK A +=IKI''$` E @ELE@K= A E?  =DEIJ HE=  I? K  A@EJ H= @= 7 ELAHIE@=@A -IJ=J= 4KII= @A +E ?E=I 0K = =I  ''%  = ? JH=?=F= @AII= FK> E?=  IA  ]  =J E AIFAH=@  = L J= E AIFAH=@= @  @AIJE  = ? K  AIJH= D= @A ?EH?K IJ ?E=I   ?=I IKHFHAA @A JA ` AEI I ?=IE  @  F=II=@  @A GKA JH=J= AIJA = = =GKA^  ,AIA L LA @ =EI AII= =BEH =  K  @ I HC= E =@ HAI 1   *EAI E HJ E  ANF A K = I HEA @A =HCK A J I  AIJK@  E JH @KJ HE  ]3KA ?=IKI AIJA ^  >A  ?   A ?AHH= A J  @A K @A>=JAHA= E =@ A  I? KI >HA  AI JA = )BEH = @  @A E ?E  GKA  JAH  =JE B E J =@  = =?AF  @A ?=I  ? HH ?E= =? JA?E A J A A@AIJ=?=GKA=FHA ?KF= @ I =KJ HAI B E @AILE ?K =HA IA @= FHA ?K F=  ?  AEI CAH=EI  ?  @K I @A K @  A BEN=HA IA  AIJK@  @  GKA AH= ? IE@AH=@  AFEI @E?  A  F H EII  @AIFHA =@   A J= J  A A IK> E D= = @EBAHA =

A JHAAII==> H@=CA A = A@ JE? AB=?JK= ? HHA JA = DEIJ HE CH=BE= @  I NK  :1: F EI I =KJ HAI @ I JH=>= D I >=IAE= IA K = CH= @A FHA ?KF=  A  @AILA @=H I LAEI@=I= AIDK = =I=JH=L I@ JA F ,A @ CAH=  = = =GKAIAFH ? = = = FH NE E@=@A ?  =I FAIGKEI=I @AIA L LE@=I =1J E==F=HJEH@ IBE I@=@ ?=@= @A%AGKAIAA C >=  = @A] E?H DEIJ HE=^ ) E I ? BEH = @ AII=FHA ?KF= ?  =I B JAI EJ= E= =I  E ? KE IA = JH=@K HKII=@A])E @=I >HA= E?H DEIJ HE=^@A/H= @E3K=@AH EIJ HE?E ''"  &$ 7  ANA F  E JAHAII= JA AIIA IA JE@ I @=@ FA  ELH @A1   IEA B J L /A HCKE/=F .= J=IE=IALAH@=@A  I? K A@EJ H=@=- ?E? F @E=2 JE?=4KII= ''$ GKA AIJK@= K = BECKH= EIJAHE I= @  LE A J  HAL K?E HE  HKII   F=@HA HC= E =@ H @A K = CH= @A = EBAIJ=  @A FAH HE IA CHALAA 5 2AJAHI>KHC GKA I= H=  HK=A '# =? F= D=@ I@AIK=I B= E=I  ?=HHAC= @  AIJ= @=HJAI HA ECE I I A A J = @  ? JE? I  F=H= AL=H =  ? =H K = FAJE  A B H=  =II=?H=@ I FA = JH F= B= I , E C 5= CHA J A '@A = AEH 3KA  B E /=F  7  =CA JA FH L ?=@ H 7  D A  E@A JEBE?=@  ?   F L  A = IE I  @A A ? JH=H K = I K  GKA B IIA ? JH= = LA AH=  @  ? =H A @=I JH=@E AI HA ECE I=I  2AIGKEI= @  K AH I I @ ?K A J I = JAI E =?AII LAEI   =KJ H FH ?KH= HAIF @AH = AII=I E @=C= AI IA ?DAC=H = K = HAIF IJ= @ABE EJEL=  =I JH= I EJE @  =  AEJ H I HAIK J=@ I @A IK= FAI GKEI= IAJ H@ADEIJ HE=@=?K JKH=J I= @ >H=I KEJ E F HJ= JAI @ALA @ IA@AIJ=?=H =  I ELH IF IJK I@A1 HE J =  CH= @A JA HE?  @= IA E JE?=  B= A?E@  A  ''!  =I
maro/99 - +7 6 41

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` K = => H@=CA  >=IJ= JA AC=JEL=
42 +7 6 - maro/99

IA @  = =KJ HE= @= ? ?AF  =JHE>K @= = 5=E J 5E  =HJEC  ],E= JE?=^  IA K = ANF IE  I >HA = AL K  @  ? ?AEJ  ? HABAH ?E= =  KI  E @ALE@  @  JAH  FA I =@AFJ I @= ]KJ FE= =HNEIJ=^   =F=HA?A =HJEC  K LAH>AJA I >HA E D=E  *= DJE A > H= I JE I= IIAJA D=BHEI=@  = 4 IIE= = E F HJ ?E= @A IK= ? JHE>KE  BE I BE= A  JA HE= @= ?K JKH=  = F=H @A IAKI JH=>= D I I >HA EJAH=JKH=  A  >IJ= JA A A BECKHA A  @E?E HE I BE I BE? I ?E@A J=EI A  E F=?J  @= @ELK C=  @A IK= >H= ?E@A JA  = F=HJEH @= @ ?=@= @A %  =F=HA = ?  KEJ= B=IA A  JH=>= D I @A FA I= @ HAIE F HJ= JAI ? B E ?=I @A/E AI ,A AK A A . EN /K=JJ=HE  5AH  F H ?=KI= @A IK= HA =  A > H= ? F AN= ?  =HNEI , IJ E LI E B E => H@=@  K  =HJEC FH=JE?= A JA ?  = AI = ANJA I  @ HAIAHL=@  = 2 =J  ,ABE E@  ? HHAJ= A JA ? ]AI?HEJ H BE I B ^   KL=@ FHE ?EF= A JAFA H = ?A I@A E I =FHAIA J=@ ?  ]=@LAHJ ?E= FHA EJ HE= ? JH= =I ? IAG ?E=I IJHK I=I @= @ KJHE = I ?E= EIJ=^ 5AHE=  F H  K = E KIJE = =JHE>KEH AII= LEI IE F EIJ=@AIK= >H= ?H JE?=HKII=A CAH=   HA@ >H=@  E JAHAIIA F H , IJ E LI E  GKA F=HA?A ?HAI?AH I A J I @=I CH= @AI ?HEIAI H=EI = 4 IIE=   @AK HECA =L HE=I >H=IE F HJ= JAI ? B H A FK@A ? IJ=J=H =EI @A FAHJ  =  F=HJE?EF=H A  2AJAHI>KHC  A  LA >H  @A '%  @=I ::11 AEJKH=I 1 JAH =?E =EI , IJ E ALI E= =I 6 @=LE=  I =EI@ELAHI I?= F I  GKA FHA@ E = =I FK> E?= AI GKA ?DAC=  I ELH=HE=I =JEH= E=@  AH?=@ )IIE  F AJ= /KA @E )ECKE  =FAI=H @A IK= B= = E JAH =

?E =  JALA  IAK ELH  5 >HA 2=IJAH =  DAHI  7?H E=  -I? =I 2E J  ''% FK> E?=@  K = A@E  @A  ANA F =HAI A > H=IAJH=JA@AK JANJ E F HJ= JAF=H= ? DA?E A J J= J @A2=IJAH = ? @ FH FHE  =KJ H @  ELH  BA E A JA  A A A BA  ?DAC=H I I K  @AIIAI ANA F =HAI )A@E B EHA= E =@=A  DAHI FAGKA = ?E@=@A >AEH=@  =H ACH AAIIAB=J F=HA?A >=IJ= JA ? K  =I FK> E?= AI =JK=EI A HKII  KEJ=I @A =I I=A  CA @ I CH= @AI ?A JH I F EI ILA AI  =EILE LA ? IACKEH EII  =FH L ?E=  H= =FH FHE=4 IIE=  H= A  KJH=I HAF > E?=I @= + K E@=@A @A -IJ=@ I 1 @AFA @A JAI  )IIE  JA D  HA?A >E@  FK> E?= AI @A F AIE= LEIK=  @=I A D HAI FH @K E@=I A  HKII  A LE=@=I  F H E JAH @E @A0=H @ @A+= F I @=?E@=@A @A1 EI  K J =  =H@A) L - BE A  AE   EI HE=A= @AI?= =>H = GKA = 4 IIE= ?DAC K  = ?K JKH= ? JE K= A ? JH= @  I IAKI AE I @A HA= E =  ) ?E@=@A @A 2A@H  5  2AJAHI>KHC = JAI @A '%  AIJA ]5 ^ =F=HA?E= GK=IA AN? KIEL= A JA I@ ?K A J I BE?E=EI  =I =C H= = =E HE= @ I D=>EJ= JAI B=  GKAIJ @A KI  A =J  A ? HHECA F=H= GKA  AIGKA =  2AJH CH=@  A E CH=@  A  @AF EI L= A JA 5  2AJAHI>KHC  = = JEC= AJH F A  A  J  = JEC= =IIE  @=J= @ E ?E @ I ?K :8111F=HA?AHA =I?AH? JE K= A JA @=I ?E =I .K @=@=F H2A@H  /H= @A A JAHHE J HE  ? GKEIJ=@  = I IKA? I  B E ? IJHK @= A  ?= @ACH= @AE F HJ ?E=AIJH=J CE?=A F J @AEHH=@E= F=H=  K @  =I? F AJ= A JA E =@AGK=@  F=H= K = ?E@=@A  JAHHA F= J= I AH=IK AEJ FAHE @E?= A JA = CH= @AI ?DAE=I

Ao lado, na foto da esquerda, o campanrio de Ivan III, em Moscou. Na imagem da direita, vista area do Kremlin

Na pgina oposta, na foto maior, vista da Praa Vermelha. Nas fotos da direita, no alto, os fundos do Kremlin banhados pelo rio Moskv; embaixo, vista panormica de Moscou.

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

FHAII=H ?  J= J= B H = = = = @= ?E@=@A A @AIAKID=>EJ= JAI @ ?AHJ=LAHC D=JH=J=H @A EJAH=JKH= A  AE  = K = ?=J IJH BA = ?E = =I =IIE ? =?E@=@AHA =I?A@AIK=I ?E =I   HKII  IA FHA A ? JH= AE I @A ?HE=H K = HA= E@=@A ?K JKH=  GKA AIF= J= - ? AIJ=?AHJA =GKA AA ?= E D F=H= =LE @=*HEJEID =C H=@AL J==K K @  GKA JA  J= J  A  ? K  ?  ? JE@E=  HKII
Boris Schnaiderman
professor e criador do curso de lngua e literatura russa da USP; tradutor e ensasta, autor de Dostoivski prosa poesia (Perspectiva), Turbilho e semente Ensaios sobre Dostoivski e Bakhtin (Livraria Duas Cidades) e Os escombros e o mito A cultura e o fim da Unio Sovitica (Companhia das Letras), dentre outros.

Post Scriptum
Essas Notas foram escritas aps uma viagem de vinte dias Rssia, em novembro de 1997. Todos sabem que, depois disso, a crise econmica resultou numa verdadeira calamidade, e os jornais tm publicado nmeros sinistros sobre a misria da populao e a escassez do mnimo essencial subsistncia. Lembro-me de que algumas pessoas com quem tivemos contato sentiam realmente a aproximao de algo terrvel. Elas nos diziam que estvamos vendo apenas a vitrine da Rssia, pois no interior do pas as condies eram muito mais precrias. Uma vez em que me perdi em Moscou e fiquei procurando o hotel da Universidade, o porteiro de um prdio, e que tinha todas as caractersticas de um intelectual, me ensinou o caminho, acrescentando: ... realmente, na Rssia estamos todos perdidos. Com freqncia, diziam-nos que em 90 e 91 a situao era bem trgica, mas que as coisas estavam se acomodando: Na Rssia, a gente sempre d um jeito. No desejando fazer conjeturas, continuo na expectativa, no acreditando muito que o jeitinho russo traga bons resultados a curto prazo, mas confiando em que as grandes qualidades do povo russo permitam encontrar, ainda que a duras penas, o caminho da recuperao.
Dezembro de 1998
maro/99 - +7 6 43

Ateli do escultor Maniziiev, que criava esttuas de propaganda sovitica. Na pgina oposta, o lingista Eleazar Meletnski
44 +7 6 - maro/99

harmonia mtica com o cosmos

Em entrevista concedida em sua nica visita ao Brasil, Meletnski discute a funo do mito, as teorias de autores como Propp, Jung e Lvi-Strauss, e o carter mtico-religioso das ideologias que marcaram a cultura russa antes e depois do fim do imprio sovitico
 E?=LEIEJ=@A- A= =H EII EALEJ?D A AJ I E =  *H=IE  ? HHAK A  ''# GK= @   EJ C  HKII  LAE  = 5  2=K F=H=K =I HEA@A? BAH ?E=I =? LEJA@ ? A @A2 JE?=I@= H= E@=@A@ FH CH= = @A 2 I /H=@K=  A  + K E?=  A 5A E JE?= @= 27+ 52 AII= F HJK E@=@A A AJ I E? ?A@AKA JHALEIJ== AHKI=2EHAI .AHHAEH=  * HEI 5?D =E@AH =  A = KA  @= + IJ= 2E J  ` A JHALEIJ= GKA FAH = A?AK E @EJ==J =FHAIA JAFK> E?= FA =+7 6 =I GKA ? IAHL= IK= =JK= E@=@A  IA = FA = FAH = ?E= @ I JA =I => H@=@ I FA JA HE?  IA = FA I ? A J HE I GKA B=  = HAIFAEJ  @A IAK ELH  I =HGK JEF I EJAH HE I GKA=?=>=@AIAH = =@ FA =)JA E -@EJ HE= _ +7 6 3K=EI I  =I B JAI @A IAK JH=>= D ?  = F JE?= @ I EJ I - A= =H EII EALEJ?D A AJ I E 6 @ I I AKI ELH II ? I=CH=@ I F JE?=DEIJ HE?= K IA =   = EIA @= C AIA @ I C AH I EJAH HE I  I >HAJK@  I C AH I =HH=JEL I ` = EIA GKA AIJ  @EHAJ= A JA EC=@= =  EJ GKA  >AH @=?K JKH=A CAH= A@ IC AH I EJAH HE I A  F=HJE?K =H  ) AI? = @= F JE?= DEIJ HE?= K =AI? =HKII= 5AKBK @=@ HB E =?=@ E? ) AN= @AH8AIIA LI E =KJ H@A )F JE?=@ IA HA@ I A  @AH@AII=AI? = I = I  !A"B E AK AIJHA 8 EH I E ,EJ  EII  F II  @E AH GKA J= >  I K K @EI? FK  @A 8 =@ EH 2H FF  GKA AH= = AI  JA F  AK = EC  A AIJHA  =I 2H FF   K = KJH= ? EI=  A A AIJ  =EI FH NE  @  B H = EI  HKII  A IK= >H= HAFHAIA J= = F=II=CA  @  B H = EI  HKII F=H=  AIJHKJKH= EI  AKH FAK  +  @EI ? FK @A2H FF AKHAK EA  E D==JELE@=@A

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` ? F H ANA F =>HE? =CA `?  IGK=EI  EJ =CA  =I  = E D= FE E  A A KJE E = IK= CE?=FAII = F=H=? FHAA @AH I =JAHE=EI @= EJ CE=E @ CA =  LE 5JH=KIIH=?E = E = = CE?= FHE EJEL=  =EI @  GKA IAHE= @AIA LA  I LA AI A A IK>IJEJKE = EJ CE= HA=  @ I @E I F H ? IJHK AI @A IAK FH FHE  ? HA>H +7 6+ I  I EJ I@ I ?K ::   I  A?AII=HE= A JA EJ I L I  A > H= AIIAI ANEIJ=  I AI?HEJ HAI @  I ?K  :: KJE E =H=  I EJ I JH=@E?E =EI ?  K  L  JH=J= A J  GKA ANFHAI I=IIA AII= L= IEJK=  @  D A  =>= @ =@  =I ?EA@=@A>KHCKAI= = F=II GKA = ) JECKE@=@A A =I I ?EA@=@AI FHE EJEL=I I EJ I ANFHE E=  FA I= A J I A IA JE A J I? AJEL I I ?E=EI 0 = K =CH= @A @EBAHA =  1II  AL K = GKA I EJ I IA

JH= IB H =IIA A = JE EJ I 2 H KJH  =@ =E@A CE=@ I ?K ::? JE K=IA @  BK @  EJ CE?=  AI  = E@A CE= ? K EIJ=  GKA  = JE HA ECE I=  = JE EJ CE?= A=  AI JA F HAFAJA=AIJHKJKH=@  EJ  JA F  @= HAL K  ? K EIJ=   JA F EJ CE?  E  A 5J E  =F=HA?A  ? DAH EI ?ELE E =@ HAI  I ? CHAII I ? K EIJ=II BAIJ=IHEJK=EI  2=HJE@ + K EIJ=  K = ECHA = A IAKI =@LAHI HE I I  DAHACAI AJ? +7 6- GKA=? JA?A?  BE @ ? K EI  ,AF EI @  ? K EI  AIIA A A A J  EJ CE?   ? IAHL=@  A > H= I =LAII=I  1@A= E = IA  JA F  ? =HEIJ= ? E@=@A@  KH `K =E@ E= EJ CE?= +7 6 )I I ?EA@=@AI ?=FEJ= EIJ=I J  K = HA =  EJ CE = JA ?  JA? CE= 5E A > H=@A KJH= = AEH= -K B= AE @  ? K EI  F HGKA A A  ? JH= EJ  ? JH= = HA ECE  A AI  =IIE  AII= E@A CE== JE HA ECE I= K =HA ECE =E@ E= @ABA E?E@=@A@=AH=? K EIJ=AH=K =E@ E= ?HEIJ  I =LAII=I  ) ? I?E ?E= EJ CE?= K@=IK=IB H =IAAIJHKJKH=I )? I?E ?E= @A =II= KF FK =H I >HAJK@  EJ CE?= +7 6 4 = @ *=HJDAI ? IACKEK @=H K = > =E@ E=@AII= L= EJ CE = ? IK= = EIA@ IBA A I@=?K JKH=@A =II= 5E  =IA A= = EI=K = EJ CE= >KHCKAI=   EJ C  >KHCK I AI? @A = DEIJ HE=I >=B H =@= =JKHA = - AJH=J=@= DEIJ HE= ?  =JKHA = F=H= EH @A A ? JH =  EJ +7 6)IEJK= @ I?EA JEIJ=IAFA I=@ HAI == JEC=7 E 5 LE JE?=AH=@EBE? E =  A J= J  B H=  HA= E =@ I JH=>= D I B H E @ LAEI  +  EII  B E F II LA
maro/99 - +7 6 45

 esquerda, cartaz de propaganda comunista em que Lnin e Stlin aparecem como heris de propores mticas. No centro, o antroplogo Claude Lvi-Strauss. direita, O tribunal do povo (1934), de S.B. Nikritin, em que a representao de um julgamento remete cena da ltima ceia de Cristo e seus apstolos, ou talvez ao tribunal da Inquisio.

  ? JH=IJA A JHA =I ?E ?E=I A =I E@ E=I HAL K?E HE=I  I = I    AH= J  CH= @A  2 @E= IA ?HAH  ? K EI  A JH=>= D=H @ E ?EA J BE? GK= GKAHGKA B IIAA A  I= I"A# ?  @ C =JEI I LE JE?  EII  IA J H K GK=IA E F II LA )C H=  @AF EI @= GKA@= @  ? K EI  = IEJK=  F=H=@ N= -NEIJAK =HA= ? JH=  @ C =JEI  =I AII= HA=  IA JH= I B H K A  HA=  ? JH=  H=?E = EI  A CAH=  ` A = ?E ?E= =  F @A ANEIJEH IA  H=?E = EI 2 HEII =IEJK= D A  KEJ @EB ?E +7 6 1 IJEJKJ @A) J I-IJK@ I GKA IH  ?HE K  HA A =KJ HAI GKA JH KNAH= CH= @AI ? JHE>KE AI =  ?E@A JA  ? * HEI 7IF I E A )=H  /KH LEJ?D  + IKHCEK AII= E IJEJKE   ? A  @= FEAHAIJH E =  1  )B= IIEAL  K  LA  DEIJ HE=@ H A =JELEIJ= F JE?  E>AH=  A @A ?H JE?  JH=>= D=L= K = HALEIJ= @A JA HE =  ? K EIJ= A ? LE@ K K  CH= @A AH  @A E JA A?JK=EI E @AFA @A JAI E ? KE @  = E  F=H= K @E C  FH F @ DAI AI?HALAH K = ?=HJ= = / H>=J?D L  FA@E @ DA GKA ?HE=IIA K E IJEJKJ  E @AFA @A JA @= >KH ?H=?E= I LE JE?= -I?HALA IAII=?=HJ= / H>=J?D L = HA?A>AK  =I =@= BA  3K= @  = CK I = I @AF EI  )B= IIEAL J H K IA @EHAJ H @= L= 7 ELAHIE@=@A @A +E ?E=I 0K = =I A A A EC K A FA@EK GKA HC= E =IIA 1 IJEJKJ -K=?AEJAEA? LE@AE IAIJK@E I I =EI E @AFA @A JAI A ? DA?E@ I K @E= A JA  I AI? DA I K = @EHA JA HE?= GKA => H@=IIA JA =I ?  = F JE?= DEIJ HE?=  = = JH F CE= A = FIE? CE= DEIJ HE?=I  = JA HE= @ I =HGK JEF I  HC= E = @  ? BAH ?E=I A IA E HE I  JA I
46 +7 6 - maro/99

J= >  K = HALEIJ= ?D= =@= )H> H K @E ? I=CH=@=  DEIJ HE= @= ?K JKH= +7 6 5AK ELH  I =HGK JEF I EJAH HE I HA? = =@   *H=IE  FAHJA ?A = AII= E D= @A HAB AN  5E  ) FHE AEH= F=HJA @  ELH  JA HE?=A=IACK @= @A@E?=@== @AIJE @A = CK I =HGK JEF I EJAH HE I @= EJAH=JKH= ? IIE?= HKII=  )FH BK @= @  AIIA JA =  AK AI?HALE J= >  K  JH=>= D  E JEJK =@ , IJ E LI E  K @=F JE?=DEIJ HE?= GKAAIJK@= AIIAI =HGK JEF I = >H= @  AI?HEJ H +7 6 2 @A I @E AH GKA  IH  B=  K = HALEI  ?H JE?= @= JA HE= @ I =HGK JEF I @A K C  K C @= FE E @AGKA  EJ IAHAB AJA =IHA = AIA JHA FA I= A J ? AJEL  IK>? I?EA JA A  FA I= A J ? I?EA JA E @ELE@K=  D=LA @  K  FH ?AII  @A E @ELE@K=   GK=  F K?  = F K?  IA D=H E =  I  FA I= A J I E @ELE@K=  A ? AJEL  5 K @= FE E  @A GKA  EJ  AII= IEJK=  =E @=  AIJ HAB AJE@=  GKA AII= D=H E =  AII= HA =  ? F E?=@= A JHA ? I?E ?E=I E @ELE@K=EI A ? AJEL=I ? A =  AIJ=@ @  H = ?A @A = H ? HJ I  @  H = ?A A@EAL= `A  AIJ CE @  EJ 2=H= E   K @ GKAH @AE=K =FAII =  I A JA =J HE= IA?K @ HE= F=H= B H =H ?AHJ=I E =CA I  A F H EII  = EJ CE=  I A JA K = FIE? CE=  2=H= K = FAII =   KEJ  E F HJ= JA ? ?HAJE =H AII= HA =  ?   K @  GKA = H @AE=  = I ?EA@=@A   ? I I   > AJEL  FHE ?EF= @  EJ   D=H E =H =I HA = AI @ E @EL @K  ?  = I ?EA@=@A A  ? I I  A  I A JA D=H E =H IK= ? I?E ?E= E @ELE@K=  ?   IK>? I?EA JA ? AJEL

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` A AIIA IA JE@  AIJ K =EI FH NE  @A LE 5JH=KII  EJ  = C AJAH HAB AJA=? I?E ?E= FHE EJEL= A  A  ?AHJ I LAEI  FAH = A?A F=H= IA FHA  I >HAJK@  = ? I?E ?E= F FK =H @A =II= F HGKAC=H= JA= C FH=  = D=H E =  @=I HA = AI A JHA ID A IA=GKE GKA IH @AE= )?E ?E=  F @A HAIF @AH = AIIA FH > A =  0 FH > A =I AJAH I  @  IA JE@  @= LE@=  @= BE = E@=@A@=DEIJ HE= @  EIJ HE @ = H  EJ `A =?E ?E=`HAIF @A=AII=I GKAIJ AI

o idioma dos arqutipos

Boris Schnaiderman

Os arqutipos literrios, recm-lanado no Brasil, reflete o convvio de Meletnski com a obra de Jung e define os arqutipos como linguagem temtica da literatura universal, presente no mito, no epos, no conto maravilhoso e na fico moderna de autores como Ggol, Dostoivski e Bili
 FK> E?=  @  ELH  I =HGK JEF I EJAH HE I  @A - A= =H A AJ I E  K = >A ?KE@=@= JH=@K  @  HKII  F H )KH H= . H E *AH =H@E E  )H AJA +=L= EAHA A 0 AH  @A .HAEJ=I  ? IJEJKE K  F=II  E F HJ= JA F=H= K  ? DA?E A J  =E H  A II  AE @= >H=@AIIAA E A JAAJ C ?K  ?J=C IE  = ELAHI HE  IA ? A H K HA?A JA A JA E ? KIELA? K IE F IE A IK= D A =CA  HA= E =@  ? K J= A JA FA 1 IJEJKJ @A-IJK@ I)L= =@ I@=752 A FA  ? A  @A 2 JE?=I @= H= E@=@A @= 27+  52 5AK A J H K IA ? DA?E@   ?E @A JA  I >HAJK@  CH= =I =  JH=>= D  ]

Na foto maior, o suo Carl Gustav Jung, criador da psicologia analtica. No alto, o escritor Dostoivski, autor de O idiota. Embaixo, Nicolai Ggol, autor de Almas mortas.

Os arqutipos literrios E. M. Meletnski Traduo de Aurora Fornoni Bernardini, Arlete Cavaliere e Homero de Freitas Ateli Editorial 320 pgs R$ 17,00

AIJK@  JEF CE? AIJHKJKH=  @  ? J =H=LE D I ^  FK> E?=@  E E?E= A JA  = HAA@E  HKII= @A '$' @  ? IIE?  ELH  @A 8 1  2H FF  HB CE= @  ? J  =H=LE D I E ? K @  A  GK=IA J @=I =I A@E AI @AIJA E ? KIELA = >H=IE AEH= KJH I JH=>= D I IAKI FK> E?=@ I *H=IE  ]6EF CE= AIJHKJKH=  @  B ? HA^ GKA E JACH= = = J CE= 5A E JE?= HKII= A BK @= A J=  ) F JE?= @  EJ  ?K = JH=@K >H=IE AEH= JALA F=FA  FE AEH  = @ELK C= @A IAKI JH=>= D I A JHA I  5AKI ? J=J I ?  *H=IE IAB HJ= A?AH= =E @= =EI?  ?KHI  GKA E EIJH K  2H CH= = @A + K E?=  A 5A E JE?= @= 27+ 52

 ELH  I =HGK JEF I EJAH HE I HAIK J K @A IAK ? L LE  @A KEJ I = I ?  = >H= @A K C  GKA DA@ K J GKAFA?K E=H  B=J  @A  =KJ H IAH K  CH= @A AIJK@E I  @A ? J I A A @=I  >A  ?  @= EJAH=JKH= A CAH= AGKAIA@ABH J K? =I? ?AF AI K CKE= =I @AF EI GKA IAK K ELAHI  ? ?AEJK=   AIJ=L= B H =@ )E @= =@ ?=@=@A% A AFK> E? KA HALEIJ=I HKII=I JH=>= D I I >HA K C  A AIJA IAK E JAHAIIA I  F @AHE= ? JHE>KEH F=H= =?EHH=H=I@AI? BE= =IA HA = == CK ? A A ACHAII @ /K =C )C H= A AL J= = JA =  K = >H= =EI@AIA L LE@= K LAH@=@AEH  >= =  @  ? BH J  A JHA IK=I
maro/99 - +7 6 47

Meletnski em Portugus
O estudo tipolgico-estrutural do conto maravilhoso, ensaio includo no livro
Morfologia do conto maravilhoso , de V.I. Propp, organizado por Boris Schnaiderman e traduzido do russo por Jasna Paravich Sarhan. Rio de Janeiro, Forense Universitria, 1984. Tipologia estrutural da folclore, ensaio traduzido do russo por Aurora Fornoni Bernardini e includo no livro Semitica russa, organizado por Boris Schnaiderman. So Paulo, Perspectiva, 1979. A potica do mito, traduzido do russo por Paulo Bezerra. Rio de Janeiro, Forense Universitria , 1987.

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
48 +7 6 - maro/99

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` GKAIAHE=IK= =H?= @EIJE JEL= HA =?E = @ I =EIAIJHAEJ= A JA = I=HGK JEF I 2 H @AF EI@AIJ==BEH = ? ? KE@A = AEH=>=IJ= JAFAII = A@EBAHA JA @= FE E ? I=CH=@= 5ACK @ A A 6 IJ E K  AI?HEJ H  LE ?K =@  = I =HGK JEF I  A  KC=H @  H = ?A AF F E=  ? B H A @AIEC =  =JHE>K @= FA I AIJK@ I EJAH HE I = /KAHH=AF=  AGKA FH FHE 6 IJ EGKAHE= ABAJEL=H  =KJ H@EI?AH A= K == JEAF F E=A L  IAKI FAHI =CA I ?  = JE DAH EI KEJ  HE?  A I LA AI IKHFHAA @A JA  I =HGK JEF I EJAH HE I K  ELH GKA AHA?A AEJKH= =JA J=AHAB AJE@=I >HAJA =IGKA I= K@= = A JA @AH = HAJ =@= @A ? CEJ= AI A I FAH EJA  IEJK=H A D H  II  A JA @E A J @= EJAH=JKH= @= =HH=JEL=A@  EJ

individualismo e diferena
maro/99 - +7 6 49

Jerusa Pires Ferreira

Leia a seguir entrevista realizada em Moscou com Aaron Gurvitch, medievalista mergulhado no estudo do individualismo europeu e que faz da comparao das mais diversas culturas populares um mtodo que dialoga com historiadores como Le Goff, Le Roy Ladurie e Peter Burke

Quem Aaron Gurvitch

Nascido em Moscou, em 1924, Gurvitch professor do Instituto Geral da Academia das Cincias e da Universidade Estatal Russa de Cincias Humanas. Prestigioso medievalista, publicou obras sobre histria socioeconmica e cultural, metodologia histrica, estudos medievais e nrdicos, e culturas populares. Em contato com historiadores das mentalidades, tem empreendido um rigoroso dilogo entre o pensamento russo e o ocidental. Vive em Moscou e em seu carto encontramos: ARBOR MUNDI - The World Tree (nome da revista de cultura em que colabora, dirigida por Eleazar Meletnski).
esquerda, o historiador Paul Zumthor. direita, o pensador da cultura Mikhail Bakhtin. Na pgina oposta, Aaron Gurvitch.

A visita*
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`) 2=?E = JEL A I=>A @ @=I? EI=I?  E CK  =L A ? HF K =LE>H= >A B HJA FHEIE AEH @A K  @AIJE  JH CE?   FAH@AK = B H = GKA FH AJ= A GKA AIJE K = + A = I=B= =H 0 ?E ? = IFAH@AK= LEI  6A  =C H= %! = I  + A = @E A @ GKAAIJ LA D  E EJ=@ ?AC -II==BEH = ? >E =F H ? IK=B= = 8 BEH A IBEH AI @A?EI AIJ =@=I 5K=E JA  FH IIACKEH  =>HE @ IA  ?  IA FHA 

* A visita ao historiador foi feita por mim e por Boris Schnaiderman em 3/11/97. Dadas as circunstncias, a conversa no pde ser gravada e assume aqui o papel de uma rememorao que traz um rico depoimento de um pensador de sua dimenso.
50 +7 6 - maro/99

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

GKA IA ? ?A JH= = ? JH=@E  BA?K @= A =F=H=@ N= E@=@A@=?K JKH= A@EAL= *KI?= A J  ? FHAA @AH  GKA  I?E = JA  = >E L= A JA  ? JH=@EJ HE  2=II= @= @ =H?DA = JH F CE?=  FAHGKEHE  BE I BE?=  F=H= @=H ? J= @= ? ?AF  @A K @  @ A@EAL @E A @   E?H ? I AH= @AGK= GKAH @  = H F E?= @  =?H ? I - = GKAF=II==@EI?KJEH=IHA = AIA JHA= JEFEBE?= A=E @ELE@K= E = 6H=J=@=IHA FHAIA J= AI AIF= JA F H=EI  JA @  A ? J==IA JE?=  ?A JH @AII=IHAB AN AI IEJK= = GKAIJ  @= ? I?E ?E= DK = =  ? BH J  A JHA =  ? ? E?=  EJ F JE?= @ JA F A=  E A=H IA AIGKA?AH@= @E A I  HE?= @  JA F  @A GKA I B= = 6D =I = + BAII=A @AB=J AIJ IA FHAFHA ?KF=@ ?  = IKJE A =  = BH JAEH= DEIJ HE?= A  GKA =I @EBAHA =I = FAH?AF  A = ? FHAA I  @A ?=JAC HE=I IA J H =  AIIA ?E=EI

Universo de pesquisa
 JALA F H B ?  I A @ HE I A FHE AEH I AI?= @E =L I  ? ?A JH= @ IA I =I?A @ KH I @=GKA = ?ELE E =  5AK F=H AJH =? F=H= @A?K JKH=I A GKA@AB=J DA E JAHAII= =EI @EHAJ= A JA I  =I ? JH=@E AI  2 H EII  = E F HJ ?E= @A ? F=H=H A ? >E =H =I =EI @EBAHA JAI JH=@E AI ,E J= > GKA IDEIJ HE=@ HAI @=I A J= E@=@AI IA ? ?A JH=H=  IA FHA = .H= = A  K @  H E?  A GKA ,K>O  F H ANA F  EC H K  FH > A = @= ?K JKH= F FK =H  +EJ= A / BB  A 4 O =@KHEA A 2AJAH *KH A ?  DEIJ HE=@ HAI GKA =@ EH=

Obras de Gurvitch
Veja abaixo uma lista de obras de Gurvitch publicadas em diversas lnguas: _ As culturas e o tempo. Rio de Janeiro, Vozes, 1975 (a partir de coletnea patrocinada pela Unesco). _ Les catgories de la culture Mdievale. Paris, Gallimard, 1983. _ Contadini e santi. Problemi della cultura popolare nel medievo. Turim, Einaudi, 86. _ Mittelalterliche Volkskultur. Munique, Beck, 1987. _ Historical anthropology of the middle ages. Cambridge, Polity Press, 1992. _ A sntese histrica e a Escola dos Anais (Istortcheskii sntez i chkola Analov). Moscou, Ed. Indrik, 1993. _ Los orgenes del individualismo europeo. Barcelona, Grijalbo-Mondadori, 1994. (Simultaneamente publicado em 5 editoras europias: Beck, de Munique; Basil Blackwell, Oxford; Critica, Barcelona; Laterza, Roma e Bari; Seuil, Paris).

- A A  A@EAL= EIJ= 2=K  K JD H J KEJ IF J IA ? K AAKF @AHE=@E AH GKA  FHAIA JAI K  = >E> E JA?= @  KJH AL= J=H=  = > I  E JAHAII= JA =IFA?J  @= = EBAIJ=  @A =II=I  A@EAL 6H= IEJ= @ A JHADEIJ HE=AF JE?= JH= ? K  ANA F  >A  ? IACKE@   @A 1 HE J =  I >HA GKA  ? A J=  =CH=@ LA > AI >E ) E I  FHA?EI @E AHGKA J =   F=H= I FA I=@ HAI @AH I K = K = E E@=@A + J=JAHF=HJE?EF=@ @ I5A E HE I 6 HJK I? K A FK> E?=@  KEJ I =HJEC I= EA=?HAI?A J=GKAAIIAIIA E HE I A IAK? K J ? IJEJK H= K E F HJ= JA =JAHE=  @A E B H =  A @A E IFEH= + BAII=GKAAIJ =C H==B=IJ=@ @ ICHKF I IA E JE? I

= FAHI = E@=@A  + IE@AH= AII= K = ? GKEIJ=E F HJ= JAF=H=F @AH=J=?=H@ABHA JA =I E EJ= AI =  A ?=H=H IA = ? IJHK  @= DEIJ HE=

ANA F EBE?=  K = ?= =@= = ? HJA @ I HAEI FAHI=I  F @A IAH LEIJ=  JA @  ? HABAH ?E= = ? @E  CE?= @A D A

Bakhtin 1965 A revelao

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

Os tempos recentes
-  ''" FK> E? K K  JANJ  = ? AJ A= 6DA DEIJ HO B DK KH  += >HE@CA  7 E LAHIEJO 2HAII GKA HA? A @= A =BEH = GKA '&& F A = FEAHAIJH E =  K  =  =H? + A K = F @AH LE= =H F=H=  ANJAHE H A  = F=HJEH @=  @AIA L LAH ?=@= LA  =EI L=I AEJKH=I A FAHIFA?JEL=I GKA = ?ACKAEH= A =I @EBE?K @=@AI  BA?D= 0  KEJ=B H =AE LA JELE@=@A AIJAD A AFA I=@ H ? FH AJE@ IA FHA?   =@ =EI @EB ?E  `  ?= E D  JA HE?  HA L=@ H 5K= >E> E JA?= >A  =HHK =@= A B=HJ=  K ? LEJA F=H= IA LE= =H FA = ANFAHE ?E= GKA =JH=LAII= L HE I @ E I @  I=>AH 8 J= @  HK=   ALA L= IFA I= @ GKA HK IIACKEH =C H=IAKFA I= A J E AHI K = KJH= ? @E  FHEL=@  @A J= J=I FAH?AF AI  =I ?AHJ= A JA =?HAI?E@  @A KJH=I  GKAF @AH ? JE K=H= IJH= I EJEH@AHEC HA@A=K@ ?E= ,AI@A A A I B=  A JA @AH GKA >KI?= @  =I @EBAHA =I F @AHA I =?D=H A  I = IE E =HE@=@A HK   EIJKH=A B H =AF=HJEHF=H==?HE= @A II  JEF  JA?E@  E@A JEJ HE @AI? BE= @  IA FHA @= IE F E?E@=@A @ I =?D=@ I B ?AEI
Jerusa Pires Ferreira
professora da ECA-USP e do Programa de ps-gradruao em Comunicao e Semitica da PUC-SP (onde fundou e dirige o Ncleo de Poticas da Oralidade); autora de Cavalaria em cordel (Hucitec), O livro de So Cipriano Uma legenda de massas (Perspectiva), Armadilhas da memria (Fundao Casa de Jorge Amado) e Fausto no horizonte (Hucitec), dentre outros.

Formao e atividades
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

Estudos comparativos
,EI?KJA=L C=@A? F=H=H  =I=JA J=F=H= GKAIALA = GKAA? IAAIJ ? F=H= @ )  ? F=H=H A A ? JH=H CH= @AI IE E =HE @=@AI  FHA?EI  IJH=H=I@EBAHA =I 4A AL=  B=J  @A =I E@ E=I @A =H? * ?D ? JE K=HA  = HAFAH?KJEH  DEIJ HE=@ H /KH LEJ?D A FH IIACKA  5   F II LA  ? F=H=H BA A I IA A D= JAI  =I   AIJK@  @=I @EBAHA =I  @=I AIFA?EBE?E@=@AI  @=I F=HJE?K =HE@=@AIGKAB= ? =H==FAH?AF @ I > AJ I A

maro/99 - +7 6 51

o fio da navalha
52 +7 6 - maro/99

Cristovo Tezza

Em livros recm-lanados no Brasil, o msico Solomon Volkov traa a histria cultural de So Petersburgo, cidade que melhor expressa as interrogaes da cultura russa, enquanto o escritor Andrei Bitov realiza no romance A casa de Puchkin uma simbiose da potica ps-moderna com a dualidade entre a alma eslava e o esprito ocidental

 esquerda, litografia com imagem do Grande Teatro de So Petersburgo. direita, gravura representando a catedral de Kazan. Na pgina oposta, planta de So Petersburgo.

 2 K?=I ?E@=@AI @  K @  IAH  J E AI?=F=LA A JA EJAH HE=I ?  5 2AJAHI>KHC  = = JEC= ?=FEJ=  @= 4 IIE= + IJHK @=  E ?E  @  I ?K  :8111 I >HA K  F J=  I =HCA I @  HE  AL=  FA = L J=@A E?= A B HHA= @A 2A@H   /H= @A ? JH= J @= = CE?= CA CH BE?= A AIJH=J CE?= 5 2AJAHI>KHC  A  F K?  JA F  IA J H K K = HABAH ?E= >HEC=J HE= @  K ELAHI HKII   F J  @A A ? JH  A @A ?D GKA @A IK= ?K JKH= ?   K @  ?E@A J=  2A =I IK=I HK=I EJAH HE=I ? JE K=  @AIBE = @  I BK ?E HE I @A E? =E / C  =I =J H A J=@=IBECKH=I@A.E @ H, IJ E LI E IF=EIABE D I@A1L= 6KHCK AL A ? A>HA ]+=L= AEH  @A *H A^  @A ) AN= @AH 2K?D E  ` = AIJ JK= @  ? =H 2A@H  GKA  I LAHI I @  F AJ=  IA @AIFHA @A @= FA@H= A FAHIACKA  F >HA 1ALCK E  ?K = = =@= HHAK K = A ?DA JA `  A JHA ?A JA =I @A KJH I FAHI =CA I GKA @A K  @  K KJH  = JA?EF=H=  =I CH= @AI GKAIJ AI @ I ?K  ::  ) B= I= AIJ JK= AG AIJHA A ? A @=@= FA = E FAH=JHE  +=J=HE = = AI?K J HBH= ? I-JEA A.= ? AJ JAH E =@= A  %&  @AF EI @A $ = I @A JH=>= D J H K IA  I >  @= ?E@=@A 2 L =@= @A HAL K?E HE I  JAHH HEIJ=I BECKH=I AIIE E?=I  IE? I @A L= CK=H@= BE I B I  =HJEIJ=I ` J @ I F=HA?A GKA AN FAHE A J= @  I E EJAI@=? @E DK = = `  5  2AJAHI>KHC  IAH  J= >   F= ?  @A E IKHHAE AILE A J=I ? =@A'# A I=E

CAH= @= KJH= =GK=IA@ABE EJEL=HAL K @A KJK>H  @A '%   JH= IB H =@= F H @A?HAJ @ ? =H E? =K11A 2AJH CH=@ ` F=H= HAB H =H  IEC EBE?=@  AI =L  @= ?E@=@A ? JH= = ]E L=I ^ @  ?E@A JA `  IA@E=H  = ANF IE  BKJKHEIJ= @A '#  ?  = JA = 3K=@H=@  ACH  @A +=IE EH = LEJ?D  =  IACKE JA  ) @HAE *E E FK> E?= 2AJAHI >KHC K H = ?A?K>EIJ=GKA K =I JAIA @=ABAHLAI? ?E=?K JKH= @=?E@=@AAIAJ H K K  @ I ? IIE? I @  @AH EI ) EJAH=JKH=  =FA =I K = @=I B=?AI @= FAHI = E@=@A =HJ IJE?= @A 5  2AJAHI>KHC )  =@  @= B= J IJE?= =HGKEJAJKH= @= ?E@=@A @= E =?HA@EJ LA  KI=@E= @A IK= ? ?AF  A HA= E =  J @ I I ?= F I @= =HJA @AIA L LAH= IA = ?E@=@A ` >=IJ= A >H=H = IE?= @A KII HCI E  4E I E HI= L A 6?D=E LI E   I ?K  ::  IKHCEH  I AI @A 2H BEAL  5D IJ= LEJ?D A 5JH= LE I E  F H =?=I  = HAL K  LEJ HE I= @A '% JH= IBAHEH  = ?=FEJ=  @  F= I F=H= I? K  JA AH I= @=GKA A B ?  @A IK> LAHI  -  C  FAH @  @A 5J E  5 2AJAHI>KHC  =C H= EH E?= A JA HA>=JE =@= @A A E CH=@   E  @AJAIJ=L= = ?E@=@A IAH L JE =@AK =@=I =EIIE EIJH=IF JE?=I @A ANJAH E  @= E JA EC ?E= @A GKA IA JA J ?E= 4AII =H I EJ HE=A? = @AIJE ==L @= F AJ= ) = ) D J L=  ?K I F A =I 4 GKEA  A 2 A = IA  DAH E  ? HHA  = KI?HEJ I @A A   = 5ACK @=

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`7 =DEIJ HE= ?K JKH=  @A 5 8 L  K  IE? HKII GKAA ECH KF=H= I-IJ=@ I7 E@ I A  '%$  -IIA  AN=J= A JA  ?=I  @A K ELH @A BE? A GKA?=>AH  LA D A IE F JE?  KC=H ? K  @=I HAIA D=I  K = >H=GKAIA ? IAB H=K H = ?A ) C  @A IK=I =EI @A # F CE =I ` ? K  JANJ  J  =CH=@ LA  GKA F @AHE=  IAH KEJ  =EI`   AEJ HB=H K =I=> H I IIE = LE=CA  DEIJ HE? ?K JKH=  FA = ?E@=@A  @A JA @ IA A  IAKI A J I =EI IEC EBE?= JEL I  5  IAEI ?=F JK I JA JE? I  GKA L @=2AJAHI>KHC ? IIE?= @A2K?D E / C A , IJ E LI E ` AI?HEJ HAI GKA FA  F @AH
maro/99 - +7 6 53

@AIK= EJAH=JKH==?=>=H= F H@ABE EH== = @=?E@=@A` F=II= @ FA E ?E @ I ?K :: A IK= ANJH= H@E HE= HAL K  @AH EIJ=  @AF EI FA I = I ACH I @ /H= @A 6AHH H IJ= E EIJ= A @  ?AH?  @A A E CH=@  = A E CH=@  @A , EJHE 5D IJ= LEJ?D  =I F= =LH=I @A 8 L =J = 2AJAHI>KHC  @A IAFD *H @I O  = CAH=  =EI HA?A JA  GKA ? JE K= = KLEH  C GK  +=L= AEH  @A *H A  @A 2K?D E  C= F= @  =I HK=I @= ?E@=@A /= F= @  F=H= @A  ` FAHCK J= IA 5 8 L  7 = FAHCK J= IA HAIF IJ=  =I GKA AIJ   ?AH A @A 5 2AJAHI>KHC @AI@AIK=BK @= 7 =FAH CK J=GKA = E I  F @AJAHHAIF IJ=`  GKA @AFHAA @A I @AIIA ELH  ?  IA = ?E@=@A B IIA  F H IE I  FA = IK= HECA  A FA =IK=DEIJ HE=  BE @= =L= D=@=?K JKH= HKII=   F J  @A E JAHH C=  @  GKA A = FHAJA @A IAH A @A  IAK @AIJE  HA= 7  KJH  @ @AHALEIEJ=H5 2AJAHI >KHC  A IK= DEIJ HE=  =C H= AIJHEJ= A JA ?= F @= EJAH=JKH=   AH H = ?A)?=I=@A 2K?D E @A) @HAE*EJ L AI?HEJ H@=CAH= @A *H @I O  =I?E@  A  '!%  ,A = CK @  J= >  *EJ L JA J= HAIF @AH CH= @AFAHCK J=@=?E@=@A   ELH IACKEK ?= E D  @EB ?E  A J HJK I  @A J @= FH @K BE?E=  @= 7 E  5 LE JE?=  -I?HEJ  A '% I > @AIAIFAH @ BE @=AH= HKIDAL @= FAI=@= AIJ=C =  GKA IA IACKEK A I >
54 +7 6 - maro/99

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` A A AI  ) @HAE *EJ L ` E JH AJA IA KEJ=I LA AI = =HH=JEL=  ? A J= @ = HAB= A @ = A =FHAIA J= @  LAHI AI @EBA HA JAI   ELH  E JAEH   ?=HHAC=@  @A ?EJ= AI EJAH HE=I  = F=HJEH @ I J JK I @ I ?=F JK I  2=EI A BE D I  @= >H= @A 6KHCK

EAL   DAH E @  II  JA F  @A AH J L =  @A E AH=I HABAH ?E=I =  +=L= AEH @A *H A  FAHI =CA  B= J IJE?  @= >H= @A 2K?D E    FH C  ] K ?=F JK AI?HEJ  @AF EI @ I KJH I^ ` 3KA B= AH  `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

Obras citadas
Menos que um , ensaios de Joseph Brodsky. Companhia das Letras, 1994. Traduo de Sergio Flaksman. Petersburgo, romance de Andrei Bili. Ars Poetica, 1992. Traduo direta do russo de Konstantin G. Asryantz e Svetlana Kardash; posfcio de Albert Avramenko; notas de Robert A. Maguire e John E. Malmstad. Rquiem, poema de Ana Akhmtova. Art Editora Ltda., 1991. Traduo livre e notas de Aurora Fononi Bernardini e Hadasa Cytrynowicz; prefcio de Leo Gilson Ribeiro. Problemas da potica de Dostoivski, de Mikhail Bakhtin. Forense-Universitria, 1981. Traduo direta do russo de Paulo Bezerra. O mestre e margarida, romance de Mikhail Bulgkov. Ars Poetica, 1992. Traduo direta do russo de Konstantin G. Asryantz; posfcio de Boris Sokolov. A hero of our time, de Mikhail Lermontov. Traduzido do russo para o ingls por Vladimir e Dmitri Nabokov. Everyman\s Library, Alfred A. Knopf, Nova York, 1992.

Acima, guache representando a esttua eqestre de Pedro, o Grande. Na pgina oposta, esquerda, Vladimir Nabokov nos anos 70; direita, o compositor Dmitri Shostakvitch.

Lanamentos
So Petersburgo - Uma histria cultural Solomon Volkov. Traduo de Marcos Aaro Reis Editora Record 584 pgs. R$ 50,00 A casa de Puchkin Andrei Bitov Traduo do russo de Paulo Bezerra Editora Record 414 pgs. R$ 38,00

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Cristovo T ezza Tezza
escritor, autor de Breve espao entre cor e sombra, Trapo e Uma noite em Curitiba (editora Rocco), entre outros, e professor do Departamento de Lingstica da Universidade Federal do Paran

maro/99 - +7 6 55

+=HJ=I F=H= = HALEIJ= +7 6 @ALA  IAH A LE=@=I F=H= = A I -@EJ HE=  H  4KE *=H> I=  %  5  2=K  +-2 ! $   A I=CA I LE= B=N F @A  IAH JH= I EJE@=I FA  JA   # "! A  LE= ? HHAE  A AJH E?  F=H= A =E  ] A IF ( AJF E J ? >H^ Cinema
No li a CULT desde seu incio por falta de informao, mas desde que a descobri, no perco um nmero. A Biblioteca Imaginria, de meu amigo abrao para ele Joo Alexandre Barbosa, uma das minhas preferncias. Muito divertida a coluna sobre lngua portuguesa, e no geral, os ensaios veiculados so de alto nvel. No sou de ficar preferindo amigos, mas aqui para ns, Reynaldo Damazio se revela um excelente resenhista. S sinto falta de alguma coisa sobre cinema numa revista que se chama CULT. Uma coluna denominada CULT Cinema ttulo que poderia ser lido em portugus ou ingls vinha a calhar. Joo Batista de Brito por e-mail

Festival Universitrio de Literatura

Parabns pela excelente qualidade dos artigos da revista. O nmero sobre Mallarm (CULT n 16) est excelente. Aproveito a oportunidade para sugerir a divulgao dos premiados no II Festival Universitrio de Literatura promovido pela Xerox do Brasil e pela revista Livro Aberto. Como leitora da CULT e como uma das ganhadoras, ficaria muito feliz se a revista cooperasse na divulgao do evento. Eliane F.C. Ferreira por e-mail

dama dos gatos, de Richard Miskolci Escudeiro; O homem que virou alma, de Roberto Donizete Buzzo; Feitio de quila , de Whisner Fraga.

Jos Paulo Paes

Felizmente a revista CULT vem ocupar um lugar bastante valioso na esfera das publicaes destinadas s discusses culturais. Admirvel o Dossi com o poeta Stphane Mallarm (CULT n 16). Sugiro que o mesmo seja feito com o poeta brasileiro Jos Paulo Paes, recmfalecido. Sua contribuio criao literria, assim como sua atuao de crtico, merece destaque. Joo Batista Salvador, BA

Resposta da redao
Os ganhadores do II Festival Universitrio de Literatura, promovido pela Xerox do Brasil e pela revista Livro Aberto, so: Categoria Traduo: Lisstrata, de Aristfanes, por Ana Maria Csar Pompeu; Poesia Grega Antiga (fragmentos das obras de poetas gregos), por Celina Figueiredo Lage; Os anos cor-de-rosa: Casa Turca comdia de (maus) costumes em um ato em prosa, de Guy de Maupassant, por Clmence Marie Chantal Jout-Pastr; Doutor Faustus liga a luz, de Gertrude Stein, por Fbio Fonseca de Melo; A epopia de Gilgamesh, por Maysa Mono Gabrielli. Categoria Ensaio: Globalizao e identidade cultural, de Agassiz Almeida Filho; Machado de Assis sob as luzes da ribalta, de Eliane Fernanda Cunha Ferreira; Trem e Cinema: Buster Keaton on the railroad, de Fernando Fbio Fiorese Furtado; Else LaskerSchler: aproximaes ao expressionismo alemo , de Juliana Pasquarelli Perez; Resgate de um sonho: Cidado Kane e Kublan Khan, de Miriam Lidia Volpe. Categoria Novela: O povo e o populacro, de Gustavo Dumas; O firme pulso de Man Incio em mo, olhos e fleme , de Jos Humberto S. Henriques; The Boxman, de Josiel Vieira de Arajo; De genes, clones e afins, de Mrcio Augusto Vicente de Carvalho; O desparato total da existncia: Cartas ao Abismo, de Maria Lcia Abaurre Gnerre. Categoria Poesia: Fada e outros poemas, de Antonio Brasileiro; Limites, de Celso Takashi Yokomiso; Ave, serto!, de Francisco de Freitas Leite; O orvalho e os dias, de Nilton Resende; Saguo de Mitos, Roberval Pereyr. Categoria Contos: Ah! O amor maravilhoso..., de Adilson Fernandes Machado; Os doze nomes, de Marcelo Cid; A grande

Isabel Allende
Gostaria de que Isabel Allende fizesse parte de uma dessas matrias maravilhosas que vocs vm publicando, principalmente se o lugar reservado para ela fosse o Dossi. Que a CULT continue derramando, em suas pginas mgicas, letras cultas. Andria Dantas Salvador, BA

Criao
Gosto da maioria dos artigos que a revista publica, especialmente das colunas assinadas por Joo Alexandre Barbosa e Cludio Giordano e, claro, do Dossi, que sempre rene com pertinncia textos sobre uma matria geralmente relevante. Embora no tenha nada contra literatura brasileira contempornea, no acho muito frutuosa a publicao de continuadas resenhas sobre livros de autores da nova cena literria nacional. Alm disso, na seo Criao, a qualidade dos contos e poemas publicados deixa sempre a desejar. Vai ento aqui uma sugesto: por que, ao invs de dar espao a autores de qualidade pouco confivel, no so publicados textos pouco conhecidos ou mesmo inditos de grandes nomes da literatura universal (especialmente os de expresso portuguesa)? No mais, s elogios CULT, cujas pginas trazem, numa linguagem clara e fluente, um refresco para ns, estudiosos da literatura, que temos de, todos os dias, enfrentar densos textos tericos que no mais das vezes muito pouco prazer nos proporcionam. Antony C. Bezerra por e-mail
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Fortuna crtica
A divulgao dos ensaios Fortuna Crtica ( CULT de n 12 a n 17) , assinados sempre pelo professor Ivan Teixeira, foi uma iniciativa exemplar da revista. Sou estudante de letras e vocs no calculam o quanto eles so teis para quem est disposto a enveredar por outras leituras dentro dos estudos literrios. CULT ampara e critica as literaturas de um modo como nunca antes fora visto. Parabns. Vocs esto alm do preenchimento de lacunas do mercado editorial. A cada ms, uma nova surpresa; um novo aprendizado. Pedidos: gostaria de que os autores e os poetas da literatura latina fossem mais discutidos, assim como os estudos lingsticos. Maurcio Almeida Barbosa por e-mail