Mat Programireba A5 Bolo

koba gelaSvili
daviT devaZe
beJan RvaberiZe
lela alxaziSvili
fridon dvaliSvili

Tbilisi 2009

saxelmZRvanelo warmoadgens im kursis gadamuSa-
vebul da Sevsebul variants, romelsac avtorebi wlebis
ganmavlobaSi kiTxuloben Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis da baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis
saxelmwifo universitetebSi. saxelmZRvaneloSi Sesulia
meTodebi, romlebsac garda Teoriulisa, gaaCniaT praq-
tikuli Rirebuleba da romelTa efeqtianoba aRiare-
bulia.
3
Sesavali
adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi warmoiSoba
miznis miRwevis arsebuli saSualebebidan saukeTesos,
anu optimaluris arCevis problema. aseTi tipis amoca-
nebi pirvelad antikur epoqaSi daisva da isini maTema-
tikis ganviTarebis mTeli istoriis manZilze ipyrobdnen
yuradRebas da inarCunebdnen aqtualobas. maTematikis
enaze optimaluris arCeva daiyvaneba maqsimumis an mini-
mumis, anu eqstremumis povnaze. amitom, aseT amocanebs
maTematikaSi eqstremaluri amocanebi ewodeba. arsebobs
eqstremaluri amocanebi, romlebsac araviTari gamoye-
nebiTi Sinaarsi ar gaaCniaT da mxolod abstraqciis Se-
degs warmoadgenen. amaTgan gasxvavebiT, iseT eqstrema-
lur amocanebs, romlebic raime realuri amocanis maTe-
matikur models warmoadgenen, optimizaciis amocanebi
ewodeba. optimizaciis amocanis amoxsna mxolod trivia-
lur SemTxvevebSi aris advili. TiTqmis ar arsebobs iseTi
amocana, romelsac gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs da
uceb, erTi formuliT ixsneba. maTematikuri progra-
mireba swavlobs optimizaciis amocanebis amoxsnis meTo-
debs, realuri amocanis gamokvlevis yvela etapis gaTva-
liswinebiT, am etapebidan ZiriTadi aris Semdegi:
1. amocanis sityvieri formulireba;
2. amocanis maTematikuri an kompiuteruli modelis
Sedgena;
3. amonaxsnis arsebobis sakiTxis garkveva;
4. amonaxsnis moZebnis algoriTmis (anu gegmis,
programis) gansazRvra;
5. uSualod amonaxsnis moZebna;
6. Sedegebis gaazreba sawyisi amocanis terminebSi.
amocanis sirTulis mixedviT, amaTgan erTi an ramde-
nime etapi SeiZleba Serwymulic iyos. termini maTemati-
kuri programireba SemoRebul iqna manamde, vidre kom-
4
piuterebi Seiqmneboda da igi ar gulisxmobs maincdamainc
programuli kodis Seqmnas. im dros programa ubralod
niSnavda algoriTms, gegmas.
maTematikuri daprogrameba iyofa ramdenime mimar-
Tulebad: wrfivi, arawrfivi, dinamikuri, mTelricxva,
geometriuli daprogramebebi da kidev ramdenime sxva.
amave dros, maTematikuri daprogrameba warmoadgens
kidev ufro vrceli disciplinis _ operaciaTa kvlevis
nawils, romelic agreTve iswavleba kompiuterul mec-
nierebaTa mimarTulebebze. amitom xSirad maTematikuri
daprogramebis zogierTi Tavi, garkveuli mosazrebebis
gamo, ikiTxeba operaciaTa kvlevis kursSi (magaliTad,
wrfivi daprogrameba).
maTematikur programirebas bevri saerTo aqvs kom-
piuteruli mecnierebis iseT fundamentur saganTan,
rogoricaa algoriTmebis ageba. bevr rameSi es ori sagani
avsebs erTmaneTs. kerZod, maTematikuri programirebis
ricxviTi algoriTmebis mniSvnelovani nawili damuSave-
bulia uwyveti (da ara diskretuli) maTematikis meTo-
debis safuZvelze.
dasasrul, aRvniSnoT maTematikuri programirebis
meTodebis ramdenime gamoyeneba:
- operaciaTa kvleva: teqnikur-ekonomikuri siste-
mebis optimizacia (dagegmva, ekonometrika), sat-
ransporto da maragTa marTvis amocanebi da a.S.,
- ricxviTi analizi: aproqsimacia, regresia, wrfivi
da arawrfivi sistemebis amoxsna da a.S.,
- avtomatika: sistemaTa amocnoba, filtracia, war-
moebis marTva, robotebi da a.S.,
- teqnika: struqturaTa optimizacia, informaciu-
li sistemebi, kompiuteruli qselebi, satranspor-
to, satelekomunikacio da kavSirgabmulobis qse-
lebis marTva.
5
sarCevi
nawili 1. ZiriTadi cnebebi
Tavi 1. ZiriTadi aRniSvnebi da ganmartebebi ........ 9
aRniSvnebi ........................................................................ 11
ZiriTadi ganmartebebi ................................................ 13
SezRudvaTa tipebi ........................................................ 16
savarjiSoebi .................................................................. 18
Tavi 2. globaluri eqstremumis wertilebis
arsebobis vaierStrasis sakmarisi
piroba ................................................................... 20
savarjiSoebi .................................................................. 27
nawili 2. erT cvladze damokidebuli
miznis funqcia
Tavi 3. erTi cvladis funqciis lokaluri
eqstremumebis Zebna ......................................... 30
1. mokle reziume ............................................................ 31
2. maTematikuri modelis Sedgena ............................. 31
3. kritikuli wertilebis gansazRvra ..................... 34
4. kritikuli wertilebis gamokvleva
vaierStrasis Teoremis Sedegis
gamoyenebiT ................................................................. 36
ganmartebis safuZvelze ......................................... 37
eqstremalurobis II rigis sakmarisi pirobis
safuZvelze ................................................................. 38
7. gluvi eqstremaluri amocana segmentis
tipis dasaSvebi simravliT ..................................... 39
savarjiSoebi .................................................................. 40
Tavi 4. unimodaluri funqciebis minimizacia
intervalTa gamoricxvis meTodebiT ......... 41
1. ganmartebebi da intervalTa gamoricxvis
wesi ................................................................................ 41
2. intervalis sigrZis ganaxevrebis meTodi .......... 45
3. oqros kveTis meTodi ............................................... 48
savarjiSoebi .................................................................. 51
6
Tavi 5. unimodaluri funqciebis minimizacia
polinomialuri aproqsimaciiT da
wertilovani SefasebiT .................................. 53
1. Sefasebis meTodi, romelic iyenebs
kvadratul aproqsimacias ...................................... 53
2. pauelis meTodi .......................................................... 56
3. wertilovani aproqsimacia. Sua wertilis
meTodi .......................................................................... 57
savarjiSoebi .................................................................. 59
Tavi 6. lifSicuri funqciebis minimizacia
texilTa meTodiT ............................................. 60
savarjiSoebi .................................................................. 66
nawili 3. mraval cvladze damokidebuli
miznis funqcia
Tavi 7. gluvi eqstremaluri amocana Ria
dasaSvebi simravliT ........................................ 68
vaierStrasis Teoremis Sedegebis
gamoyenebiT ................................................................. 69
ganmartebis safuZvelze ......................................... 71
eqstremalurobis II rigis sakmarisi
pirobis safuZvelze ................................................. 72
savarjiSoebi .................................................................. 75
Tavi 8. gluvi eqstremaluri amocana
tolobis tipis SezRudvebiT ........................ 77
1. mokle reziume ............................................................ 77
2. maTematikuri modelis Sedgena ............................. 78
vaierStrasis Teoremisa da misi Sedegebis
gamoyenebiT ................................................................. 90
uSualod ganmartebis safuZvelze ...................... 91
7
eqstremalurobis meore rigis sakmarisi
pirobis safuZvelze .............................................. 92
7. lagranJis mamravlebis maTematikuri da
ekonomikuri interpretaciebi ........................... 97
8. funqciis uswrafesi cvlilebis
mimarTulebis gansazRvra ................................... 99
savarjiSoebi ................................................................ 101
tolobisa da utolobis tipis
SezRudvebiT ..................................................... 103
1. mokle reziume .......................................................... 103
2. maTematikuri modelis Sedgena ........................... 105
3. kritikuli wertilebis gansazRvra ................... 109
4. kritikuli wertilebis gamokvleva ................... 114
5. lagranJis meTodis geometriuli
interpretacia ......................................................... 116
savarjiSoebi ................................................................ 120
nawili 4. amozneqili miznis funqcia
Tavi 10. gluvi amozneqili eqstremaluri
amocanebi simravliT .................................... 122
1. amozneqili simravleebi da funqciebi .............. 122
2. amozneqili amocanebis specifika ....................... 130
3. qunisa da Taqeris Teoremis Camoyalibeba
da ganxilva ............................................................... 132
savarjiSoebi ................................................................ 135
Tavi 11. gluvi amozneqili funqciebis
minimizaciis ricxviTi meTodebi .............. 137
1. gradientuli daSvebis meTodi ............................ 139
2. uswrafesi daSvebis meTodi .................................. 140
3. niutonis meTodi ..................................................... 143
4. gradientis proeqciis meTodi ............................. 146
savarjiSoebi ................................................................ 151
gamoyenebuli literatura ........................................... 153
pasuxebi ................................................................................ 154

nawili 1

ZiriTadi cnebebi
9
Tavi 1. ZiriTadi aRniSvnebi da
ganmartebebi
yoveli konkretuli amocanis gamokvleva Sinaarsob-
rivad gansxvavebuli ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba. esenia:
amocanis maTematikuri modelis Sedgena, miRebuli eqs-
tremaluri amocanisTvis amoxsnis (optimizaciis) meTo-
dis SerCeva, amocanis amoxsna, Sedegebis analizi da in-
terpretireba. sxva sityvebiT, yovel konkretul amoca-
naSi saWiroa miznisa da saSualebebis garkveva. magaliTad,
Tu amocanaSi saqme exeba xarjebs, maSin bunebrivi mizania
xarjebis minimizacia, Tu laparakia mogebaze, maSin moge-
bis maqsimizacia, Tu vangariSobT saukeTeso, anu umokles
manZils, maSin isev minimizacia da a. S. maTematikis enaze,
amocanis mizans warmoadgens raime funqcionali (e. i.
funqcia mniSvnelobebiT namdvil ricxvTa simravleSi),
romelsac miznis funqcia ewodeba da romlis eqstre-
maluri mniSvnelobebic unda moiZebnos:
(x) min, f an (x) max, f
an orive erTad, anu
(x) f extr ,
bunebrivia, rom miznis funqciis mniSvnelobebi nam-
dvili ricxvebia, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi ver avarCevT
eqstremalur (ukidures) mniSvnelobas. magram rogori
unda iyos misi gansazRvris are? magaliTisTvis warmovid-
ginoT, rom miznis funqcia aris : f X R da mis Sesaxeb
mxolod is viciT, rom X raRac simravlea. am SemTxvevaSi,
f funqciis eqstremaluri mniSvnelobebis mosaZebnad ar
gagvaCnia araviTari meTodi garda funqciis mniSvnelo-
bebis gadarCevisa, rac araviTar Sedegs ar mogvcems, Tu
f funqciis saxe usasrulo raodenoba wertilebs Sei-
cavs; am dros sasruli raodenoba moqmedebebiT amonaxsns
10
ver vipoviT. SemTxveviT, erTxelac, eqstremaluri mniSv-
neloba rom Segvxvdes, amas mainc ver mivxvdebiT, radgan
Sesadarebeli mniSvnelobebis raodenoba usasruloa.
umetes SemTxvevaSi, praqtikuli Sinaarsis mqone
amocanebis maTematikuri modelis Seqmna ar amoiwureba
miznis funqciis SerCeviT. am dros bunebrivad Cndeba
SezRudvebi, romlebic gviCvenebs, rom eqstremumi unda
veZioT ara argumentis yvela mniSvnelobisaTvis, aramed
gansazRvris aris romeliRac konkretul qvesimravleze,
romelsac dasaSvebi simravle ewodeba. dasaSvebi simrav-
lis elementebs, Cveulebriv, dasaSvebi wertilebi ewo-
debaT. sailustraciod, ganvixiloT piradi moxmarebis
Teoriis umartivesi amocana, rodesac bazarze aris
erTaderTi produqti da erTaderTi myidveli (e.w.
momxmarebeli), produqtis erTeulis fasia p , xolo mom-
xmareblis Semosavali, anu mis xelT arsebuli Tanxa aris
I . mocemulia agreTve zrdadi funqcia (am funqciis sxva
Tvisebebi amjerad saintereso araa) ( ) U x , romelic gamo-
xatavs x raodenoba produqtis sargeblianobas moce-
muli myidvelisaTvis. amasTan, SesaZlebelia produqtis
erTeulis danawileba nebismieri proporciiT (magali-
Tad, erTeuli SeiZleba iyos 1kg Saqari, an milioni wyvili
fexsacmeli). piradi moxmarebis Teoriis umartives amo-
canas warmoadgens : (0, ) U R sargeblianobis maqsimi-
zacia, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom unda Sesruldes 0 x >
(radgan x raodenobaa da uaryofiTi ver iqneba) da
agreTve biujeturi SezRudva px I s , rac niSnavs rom
daxarjulma Tanxam ar unda gadaaWarbos Semosavals.
sabolood, miiReba amocana:
( ) max, U x im pirobiT, rom 0 x > da px I s .
amocanas, romelSic mravali cvladis funqciis
eqstremumebs veZebT da cvladebi garkveul pirobebs
11
(SezRudvebs) akmayofileben, maTematikuri programi-
rebis amocana ewodeba. maTematikuri programirebis
amocanebi miznis funqciisa da SezRudvebis struqturis
mixedviT iyofa ramdenime mimarTulebad: wrfivi, ara-
wrfivi, dinamikuri, mTelricxva, geometriuli daprog-
ramebebi da kidev ramdenime sxva. maTematikuri prog-
ramirebis zemoCamoTvlil meTodebs Soris yvelaze gan-
viTarebuli da TiTqmis dasrulebuli saxe aqvs miRebuli
wrfivi programirebis meTodebs. wrfivi programirebis
amocanebs, maTi Seswavlis meTodebis specifikurobis
gamo, SeviswavliT operaciaTa gamokvlevis kursSi.
warmodgenil kursSi, misi auditoriis interesebis,
meTodologiuri faqtorebis da koniunqturis gaTva-
liswinebiT, Setanilia maTematikuri programirebis amo-
canebis amoxsnis SedarebiT gavrcelebuli meTodebi,
romelTa efeqturoba dadasturebulia praqtikiT. isini
sxvadasxva wyarodanaa aRebuli, magram gadamuSavebulia
da gamoyenebulia aRniSvnebis erTiani sistema. gasaTva-
liswinebelia erTi garemoebac. radgan maTematikuri
programireba SedarebiT axalgazrda disciplinaa, zog-
jer, erTi da igive cnebis gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba
sxvadasxva termini. Cven vimuSavebT SedarebiT gavrcele-
buli terminebiT da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi mivu-
TiTebT sinonimebs.
aRniSvnebi
n
R _ n-ganzomilebiani namdvili veqtor-striqo-
nebis sivrce;
n
R _ n-ganzomilebiani namdvili veqtor-svetebis
sivrce;
, , , x y z o _ kaligrafiuli mcire asoebi aRniSnaven ska-
larul (ricxviT) sidideebs;
12
x, y, z _ beWduri mcire asoebi aRniSnaven veqtorebs;
1 2
x ( , , , )
n
n
x x x R = . e _ veqtor-striqonis standartuli
Canaweri;
i
x _ x veqtoris i -uri komponenti (koordi-
nati);
( ) ( )
x , y , ,
i i
k j i i
x y _ skalaruli sidide i -ur xarisxSi;
x ( , ) x y = da x ( , , ) x y z = _ organzomilebiani da
samganzomilebiani veqtoris tradiciuli
Canawerebi, ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba magali-
Tebis amoxsnis procesSi;
locmin(i) , an ubralod locmin (locmax, locextr) lokaluri
minimumis (maqsimumis, eqstremumis) werti-
lebis simravle ( i ) amocanaSi;
glmin(i) , an ubralod glmin (glmax, glextr) _ globaluri
minimumis (maqsimumis, eqstremumis) werti-
lebis simravle ( i ) amocanaSi;
x
inf
M
f
e
_ : f M R funqciis infimumi, anu am fun-
qciis mniSvnelobaTa simravlis zusti qveda
zRvari.
x _ x veqtoris evkliduri norma:
( )
1/ 2
2
1
x x
n
i
i=
| |
=
|
\ .
;
(x)
r
B _ Ria birTvi:
{ }
(x) y .
r
B y x r = <
( )
r
B x _ Caketili birTvi:
{ }
(x) y .
r
B y x r = s
R
+
_ arauaryofiT namdvil ricxvTa simravle.
13
ZiriTadi ganmartebebi
ganmarteba. Semdeg Canawers:
(x) min, x , f M e (1.1)
sadac : , f X R X Ria simravlea
n
R -Si da
n
M X R c c ,
ewodeba minimizaciis sasrulganzomilebiani amocana, an
ubralod minimizaciis amocana; f -s ewodeba miznis
funqcia anu kriteriumi, M -s ewodeba dasaSvebi
simravle. (1.1)-is amoxsna niSnavs, rom unda movZebnoT
rogorc minimumis wertilebi anu minimalebi, aseve
miznis funqciis minimaluri mniSvnelobebic.
(1.1)-is amoxsna gulisxmobs ori sakiTxis garkvevas:
arsebobs Tu ara minimumis wertilebi (1.1) amocanaSi, da
Tu arsebobs, rogor movZebnoT isini.
minimumis wertili SeiZleba iyos ori saxis.
ganmarteba. dasaSveb x M e wertils ewodeba
globaluri minimali (1.1) amocanaSi, an ( ) f _ funqciis
globaluri minimumis wertili M -ze (iwereba
x gl min(1.1) e ), Tu sruldeba:
(x) (x), x . f f M s e
magaliTad:

marcxena naxazze funqcias aqvs lokaluri minimumis
wertilic.
2
( ) f x x =

0, x M R = =
x M
globaluri minimumi
14
zogierT amocanaSi globaluri minimali arc arse-
bobs. magaliTad, Tu
3
( ) , . f x x M R = =
SeniSvna. Sinaarsobrivad, samarTliania Semdegi
tolobebi: globaluri = absoluturi, lokaluri =
fardobiTi, minimumis wertili = minimali.
lokaluri minimali (1.1) amocanaSi da iwereba
x locmin(1.1) e , Tu romeliRac 0 c > -isaTvis sruldeba:
( )
(x) (x), x (x) f f M B
c
s e .
sxva sityvebiT, x locmin(1.1) e maSin da mxolod maSin,
rodesac x M e da arsebobs iseTi 0 c > , rom
( )
x M x x c e s da ( )
(x) (x) f f s .
cxadia, x gl min(1.1) e x locmin(1.1) e (am dros
c = +), xolo Sebrunebuli debuleba samarTliani ar
aris, rac Cans Semdeg naxazze:
zogjer, eqstremaluri amocanis formulirebaSi mo-
nawileobas iReben garkveuli parametrebi; magaliTad,
gaCerebis piroba eqstremumis wertilis Ziebis procesSi,
iteraciebis maqsimaluri raodenoba an sizuste, risi
miRwevac sasurvelia mocemul amocanaSi. aseT amocanebs
SevxvdebiT maTematikuri daprogramebis ricxviTi meTo-
debis ganxilvisas.
f(x)
15
zogjer saWiro xdeba mkacri eqstremumis werti-
lebis ganxilva. mkacri minimumis SemTxvevaSi, ganmarte-
bebi igivea rac zemoT, magram niSani s icvleba <-iT da
aRiniSneba, rom utolobaSi x unda gansxvavdebodes x
isagan. magaliTad:
mkacri lokaluri minimali (1.1) amocanaSi, Tu romeliRac
0 c > isaTvis sruldeba:
(x) (x), f f < Tu x x = da
( )
x (x) M B
c
e .
maqsimizaciis
(x) max, x , f M e (1.2)
amocanisaTvis, sadac : , f X R Ra X Ria simravlea
n n
R M X R c c Si da , f s kvlav miznis funqcia
ewodeba, M s kvlav dasaSvebi simravle ewodeba da
(1.2)-is amoxsna niSnavs, rom unda movZebnoT rogorc
maqsimumis wertilebi anu maqsimalebi, aseve miznis
funqciis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebic.
ganmarteba. Semdeg Canawers:
(x) extr, x , f M e (1.3)
sadac : , f X R X Ria simravlea
n
R -Si,
n
M X R c c da
{ }
extr min, max , e ewodeba sasrulganzomilebiani eqstre-
maluri amocana, an ubralod eqstremaluri amocana,
romelSic f aris miznis funqcia, M aris dasaSvebi
simravle. miznis funqciis minimumebs da maqsimumebs
ewodebaT misi eqstremumebi, xolo (1.1) da (1.2) amocanebis
minimalebi da maqsimalebi aris eqstremumis wertilebi
(1.3) amocanisTvis. SevniSnoT, rom Cven ar vxmarobT
termins eqstremali. (1.2) amocanis amoxsna, Cveulebriv,
16
niSnavs eqstremumis wertilebisa da eqstremumebis
moZebnas.
gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom minimizaciis (1.1)
amocana zogadobis TvalsazrisiT ar Camouvardeba (1.3)
amocanas, radgan maqsimizaciis (1.2) amocana igivea, rac
( )
(x) min, x , f M e (1.4)
saxis minimizaciis amocana. magram aq saWiroa jerovani
sifrTxile, radgan SesaZloa minimizaciis meTodi samar-
Tliani iyos miznis funqciebis iseTi klasisaTvis,
romelic araa Caketili niSnis Secvlis mimarT. amis
magaliTebs Cven SevxvdebiT unimodaluri da amozneqili
funqciebis minimizaciis amocanebSi. amdenad, gamoTqma
zogadobis SeuzRudavad ganvixiloT minimizaciis amo-
cana niSnavs Semdegs: rodesac (1.3) ekvivalenturia
minimizaciis ori ((1.1) da (1.4)) amocanisa erTobliobaSi,
maSin, simartivisaTvis da garkveulobisaTvis, mizanSe-
wonilia mxolod minimizaciis amocanebis ganxilva.
gamoyenebiTi Sinaarsis mqone amocanebis umeteso-
bisaTvis
n
M R = . x M e -s ewodeba piroba, an SezRudva,
amitom roca
n
M R = , amboben, rom gvaqvs pirobiani anu
SezRudvebiani amocana. Tu
n
M R = , maSin x M e piroba
avtomaturad sruldeba da Sesabamis eqstremalur
amocanas ewodeba upirobo anu amocana SezRudvebis
gareSe.
SezRudvaTa tipebi
ganvixiloT eqstremaluri amocana:
(x) extr, x f M e . (1.5)
rac ufro martivi saxe aqvs x M e SezRudvas, miT ufro
advili amosaxsnelia (1.5). umartives SemTxvevaSi, roca
17
n
M R = , gvaqvs amocana SezRudvebis gareSe. SemdegSi
Cven SevxvdebiT Semdegi saxis SezRudvebs:
1. tolobis tipis SezRudvebi, rodesac
{ }
1 1
x (x) , , (x)
m m
M f b f b = = = . ,
sadac yoveli :
i n
f R R funqcia, rogorc wesi,
uwyveti maincaa, xolo
1
, ,
m
b b . mocemuli mudmivebia.
tolobis tipis SezRudvebis SemTxvevaSi, (1.5)
eqstremaluri amocanis Cawera xelsayrelia Semdegi
saxiT:
1 1 1
1 1
(x , , x ) extr, (x , , x ) , , (x , , x ) .
n n n
m m
f f b f b = = . . . .
rogorc wesi, imisaTvis, rom Sesruldes M = C,
viRebT m n s .
2. utolobis tipis SezRudvebi, rodesac
{ }
1 1
x (x) , , (x)
m
m
M g b g b = s s . ,
sadac yoveli :
i n
g R R uwyveti funqciaa.
utolobis tipis SezRudvebis SemTxvevaSi (1.5)
amocana iRebs Semdeg saxes, romelsac ewodeba maTema-
tikuri programirebis amocana:
1 1 1
1 1
(x , , x ) extr, (x , , x ) , , (x , , x ) .
n n n
m m
f g b g b s s . . . .
SevniSnoT, rom garkveul SemTxvevebSi sakmarisia
aviRoT
1
0, , 0.
m
b b = = .
3. kombinirebuli SemTxveva, rodesac erTdroulad
gvaqvs tolobisa da utolobis tipis SezRudvebi.
Tumca, Teoriulad 1. da 2. aris 3.-is kerZo SemTxveva,
radgan
( )
(x) 0 ( ) 0 & ( ) 0 f f x f x = s > .
18
savarjiSoebi
SeadgineT eqstremaluri amocana, romelSic:
#1. globaluri minimalebisa da maqsimalebis raode-
noba usasruloa.
#2. miznis funqcia SemosazRvrulia, globaluri
maqsimumi miiRweva, minimumi ara.
#3. miznis funqcia SemosazRvrulia, magram globa-
luri minimumi da maqsimumi ar miiRweva.
#4. miznis funqcia SemosazRvrulia, zogierT wer-
tilSi misi warmoebuli nulis tolia, magram
globaluri minimumi da maqsimumi ar miiRweva.
#5. miznis funqcia SemosazRvrulia, aqvs lokaluri
minimumebi da maqsimumebi, magram globaluri
minimumi da maqsimumi ar miiRweva.
#6. aris erTaderTi lokaluri eqstremumi, romelic
araa globaluri.
#7. aris lokaluri maqsimumebis usasrulo raode-
noba, magram ar aris arc erTi globaluri mini-
mumi.
miTiTeba: miznis funqcia SesaZloa iyos ori cvladis
funqcia.
Semdegi savarjiSoebisTvis SeadgineT Sesabamisi eqs-
tremaluri amocanebi tolobis an utolobis tipis Sez-
RudvebiT.
#8. moZebneT
2
1 x x + + funqciis maqsimumi [-1,1000]
segmentze.
#9. moZebneT
2 2
5 xy x y y + + funqciis minimumi
erTeulradiusian wreze centriT (-1,1)-Si.
#10. moZebneT umoklesi manZili sibrtyis mocemuli
(1,2) wertilidan 2 3 1 x y + = wrfemde.
19
#11. CaxazeT wrewirSi samkuTxedi ise, rom gverdebis
kvadratebis jami iyos minimaluri.
#12. moZebneT sibrtyis is wertili, saidanac sam
mocemul wertilebamde manZilebis jami minima-
luria.
#13. CaxazeT wrewirSi maqsimaluri farTobis mqone
marTkuTxedi.
#14. gayaviT ricxvi 8 or nawilad ise, rom maTi nam-
ravlis namravli maT sxvaobaze iyos maqsimaluri
(tartalias amocana).
#15. ipoveT udidesi farTobis mqone marTkuTxa sam-
kuTxedi, romlis kaTetebis jami tolia moce-
muli ricxvis (fermas amocana).
#16. l sigrZis wiriT SemozRudeT maqsimaluri far-
Tobis mqone marTkuTxedi.
#17. (1.2) amocanisTvis ganmarteT globaluri da
lokaluri maqsimalebi.
20
Tavi 2. globaluri eqstremumis
wertilebis arsebobis
vaierStrasis sakmarisi piroba
pirveli kiTxva, romelic ismeba nebismieri eqstre-
maluri amocanis amoxsnis procesSi, exeba misi amonaxsnis
arsebobas, radgan sakmaod xSirad saukeTeso amonaxsni ar
arsebobs, xolo amonaxsnis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi misi
Zebna drois da energiis fuW xarjvas niSnavs.
sakiTxis didi mniSvnelobis gamo, amJamad ramdenime
efeqturi sakmarisi meTodi arsebobs amonaxsnis arse-
bobis saCveneblad. lokaluri minimalebis arsebobis
damtkiceba, rogorc wesi, xdeba diferencialuri aRric-
xvis saSualebebis gamoyenebiT (magaliTad, mkacri mini-
mumis an maqsimumis arsebobis meore rigis sakmarisi
pirobebi, romlebsac SemdegSi SeviswavliT da gamovi-
yenebT). globaluri eqstremumis wertilebis arsebobis
dasadgenad dResdReobiT isev Seucvleli aris vaier-
Strasis klasikuri Teorema da misi Sedegebi.
amgvarad, vidre daviwyebT eqstremumis wertilebis
Ziebas, gavarkvioT maTi arsebobis sakiTxi.
miznis funqciis wyvetiloba da dasaSvebi simravlis
arakompaqturoba aris ori ZiriTadi faqtori, rac xels
uSlis globaluri minimalis arsebobasac da arsebobis
faqtis dadgenasac.
Teorema /vaierStrasis/. vTqvaT, M aris Caketili
da SemosazRvruli (anu kompaqturi) simravle
n
R -Si,
xolo : f M R uwyvetia. maSin
(x) extr, x f M e , (2.1)
amocanaSi arsebobs globaluri minimali da maqsimali.
damtkiceba. aviRoT
{ }
x
inf (x)
M
k f
e
= da SevniSnoT, rom
k -sTvis dasaSvebia mniSvnelobac. infimumis ganmar-
21
tebis ZaliT arsebobs iseTi mimdevroba
{ }
1
x
i
i
M
=
c , rom
lim (x )
i
i
f k
= . radgan M kompaqturia, am mimdevrobidan

gamoiyofa qvemimdevroba
{ }
1
x
j
j
i
M
=
c , krebadi M is
romeliRac
0
x wertilisaken, rac ( ) f -is uwyvetobis
ZaliT gvaZlevs:
0
lim (x ) (x ).
j
j
i
f f
= (2.2)
amave dros, qvemimdevroba
{ }
1
(x )
j
j
i
f

=
igive zRvriskenaa
krebadi, saiTkenac
{ }
1
(x )
i
i
f

=
, anu
lim (x )
j
j
i
f k
= . (2.3)
zRvris erTaderTobis gamo, (2.2) da (2.3) gvaZlevs
0
(x ) k f = , rac k s ganmartebis Tanaxmad niSnavs:
0 0
(x ) (x), x x gl min(2.1) f k f M = s e e .
zogjer vaierStrasis
Teoremas sityvierad ase
ayalibeben: uwyveti fun-
qcia kompaqtur simrav-
leze aRwevs Tavis glo-
balur minimums da maqsi-
mums.
ganvixiloT ramdeni-
me sailustracio maga-
liTi.
magaliTi 1. [ 2, 2] M = ,
3
( ) f x x = .
am magaliTSi M kompaqtia, ( ) f x funqcia uwyveti,
amitom globaluri maqsimali da minimali miiRweva.
2 0 2

22
vaierStrasis Teorema gvaZlevs globaluri minimalis
da maqsimalis arsebobis sakmaris pirobebs, rac niSnavs,
rom Tu mocemuli pirobebi sruldeba, globaluri mini-
mali da maqsimali arsebobs. magram am pirobebis Sesru-
leba ar aris aucilebeli globaluri minimalis da
maqsimalis arsebobisTvis. sxva sityvebiT, aucilebeli
pirobebi asruleben filtris funqcias, romelic gamo-
ricxavs argumentis apriori araoptimalur mniSvnelo-
bebs da tovebs mxolod
im wertilebs, romlebic
warmoadgens amonaxsns,
an Tavisi garkveuli
TvisebebiT hgavs mas.
magaliTi 2.
( 1, 2] M = ,
2
( ) f x x = .
am magaliTSi, ( ) f x funqcia uwyvetia, xolo M ar
aris kompaqti, magram globaluri minimali da maqsimali
miiRweva.
magaliTi 3.
[ 2, 2] M = ,
| )
| |
2
2
, 2, 0 ,
( )
6, 0, 2 .
x x
f x
x x
e
=

+ e
am magaliTSi M kom-
paqtia, magram ( ) f x ar
aris uwyveti. miuxedavad
amisa, globaluri mini-
mali da maq-simali mainc
miiRweva, rac naCvenebia Sesabamis naxazze.
rogorc vnaxeT, meore da mesame magaliTebSi ar
sruldeba vaierStrasis Teoremis erT-erTi piroba,
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
5

3 2 1 0 1 2 3
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

23
magram globaluri minimali da maqsimali miiRweva. Semdeg
or magaliTSi (4 da 5) vaierStrasis Teoremis erT-erTi
pirobis darRveva iwvevs imas, rom globaluri minimali,
an maqsimali, an orive erTad, ar miiRweva.
magaliTi 4. [ 1,1] M = ,
1/ , 0,
( )
0, 0.
x x
f x
x
=
=

=

am magaliTSi M kom-
paqtia, ( ) f x funqcia ar
aris uwyveti. globaluri
maqsimali da minimali ar
miiRweva.
magaliTi 5.
( 1,1] M = , ( ) f x x = .
M ar aris kompaq-
ti, ( ) f x funqcia
uwyvetia. globalu-
ri maqsimali miiR-
weva, globaluri
minimali _ ara.
CamovayaliboT
vaierStrasis Teoremis erTi mniSvnelovani Sedegi,
romlebSic Sesustebulia SezRudva dasaSveb simravleze,
samagierod, damatebulia SezRudva miznis funqciaze. mas
CamovayalibebT orive tipis eqstremumisaTvis, amasTan,
ZiriTadi versia yalibdeba minimalisaTvis, maqsimalis
SemTxveva ki moyvanilia frCxilebSi.
Sedegi. vTqvaT, M aris Caketili simravle
n
R -Si,
xolo : f M R uwyvetia da
1 0 1
1
x
x
2 1 0 1 2
2
1
1
2

example 5 1

24
x , x ,
lim (x) lim (x)
x x M M
f f
e e
| |
= + =
|
\ .
.
maSin (2.1) amocanaSi arsebobs globaluri minimali
(maqsimali).
damtkiceba. ganvixiloT minimumis SemTxveva; meore
analogiuria.
Tavidanve aRvniSnoT, rom
x
lim (x) f
=
| |
niSnavs
Semdegs: yoveli 0 o > ricxvisaTvis arsebobs ricxvi
0 r > , iseTi rom
( )
x , x (x) M r f o e > > | | . (2.4)
aviRoT: romelime
0
x M e da ricxvi
0
(x ) f o > . axla
romelime 0 r > -isaTvis sruldeba (2.4). SegviZlia aviRoT
0 r > imdenad didi, rom
0
x r s . radgan (0)
r
M B
kompaqturi simravlea, amitom vaierStrasis Teoremis
ZaliT arsebobs x (0)
r
M B e , iseTi rom
`
(x) (x), x (0).
r
f f M B s e (2.5)
kerZod,
0
(x) (x ) f f o s < . garda amisa, (2.4) is ZaliT
( )
( ), , Tu f x x M x r o < e > . (2.6)
(2.5) da (2.6) erTad gvaZlevs, rom
(x) (x), x . f f M s e
erTi cvladis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac 1 n = , piroba
lim (x) ( )
x
f
= + niSnavs, rom lim (x) ( )

x
f
= + da
lim (x) ( )
x
f
= + .
kvlav ganvixiloT magaliTebi.
magaliTi 6. M R = ,
3
( ) f x x = .
25
am magaliTSi M Caketi-
lia, ( ) f x funqcia uwyvetia.
am SemTxvevaSi ar srul-
deba arc
x ,
lim (x)
x M
f
e
= +,
arc
x ,
lim (x)
x M
f
e
= ,
globaluri minimali da
maqsimali ar arsebobs.
magaliTi 7. M R = ,
4
( ) f x x = .
M Caketilia, ( ) f x
funqcia uwyvetia, srul-
deba
x ,
lim (x)
x M
f
e
= +
piroba da amitom arse-
bobs globaluri mini-
mali.
magaliTi 8.
2
M R = ,
( )
2 2
x ( , ) f f x y x y = = + .
am magaliTSi M aris mTeli sibrtye, e.i. Caketili
simravle, ( ) f x funqcia uwyvetia. am SemTxvevaSic
sruldeba
x , x
lim (x)
M
f
e
= +
| |
piroba da amitom arsebobs
globaluri minimali, rac naCvenebia Semdeg naxazze.
2 0 2
2
2

10 0 10
0
50
100
x
4
x
26
f

bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, ra xdeba im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac arsebobs lim (x)
x
f
, magram igi sasruli ricxvia.

es SedarebiT egzotikuri SemTxvevaa, amitom Zalian
mokled SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom rodesac sruldeba
vaierStrasis Teoremis Sedegis analogiuri pirobebi, anu
rodesac M aris Caketili simravle
n
R -Si, : f M R
uwyvetia,
x ,
lim (x)
x M
f k
e
= ,
raime k R e sTvis, da damatebiT cnobilia agreTve, rom
( )
0 0
(x ) (x ) f k f k < > romeliRac
0
x M e -isaTvis, maSin
(2.1) amocanaSi arsebobs globa-
luri minimali (maqsimali).
magaliTi 9. M R = ,
2
( )
x
f x e
= .
M Caketilia, ( ) f x funqcia
uwyvetia, lim ( ) 0,
x
f x
= da
2 0 2
2

27
(0) 1 0 lim ( ).
x
f f x
= < = amitom arsebobs globaluri

minimali, magram ar arsebobs globaluri maqsimali.
magaliTi 10. M R = ,
2
( )
x
f x xe
= .
M Caketilia, ( ) f x funqcia uwyvetia, lim ( ) 0,
x
f x
=
da (0) 0 f = . amasTan ar-
sebobs iseTi
0
x M
'
e , rom
0
(x ) 0 f ' < da arsebobs
iseTi
0
x M
''
e , rom
0
(x ) 0 f '' > , amitom ar-
sebobs globaluri mini-
malic da globaluri
maqsimalic.
savarjiSoebi
amocanebSi #18 #28 vaierStrasis Teoremisa da misi
Sedegebis safuZvelze daadgineT globaluri minima-
lebisa da maqsimalebis arsebobis sakiTxi.
#18. extr, . x x R e
#19.
2
2 3 5 extr, . x x x R + e
#20.
2 1 2
1 extr, .
k k
x x x R
+
+ + + e
#21.
2 2 1
1 extr, .
k k
x x x x R
+ + + + e
#22. extr, . x x R e
#23. extr, 4 1.
xy
e x y + =
#24.
2 2
4 3 extr, 1. x y x y + + s
#25.
2 2 2 8 8 8
extr, 1. x y z x y z + + + + s
#26.
2 2
5 4 extr, 1. x xy y x y + + + =
0
1
1
xe
x
2
x

28
#27.
2 2
3 2 min. x y xy x y + + + +
#28.
2 2
2max{ , } min. x y x y + +
#29. amocanebSi #8 #15 formalizebuli eqstremaluri
amocanebisaTvis gamoikvlieT globaluri minimale-
bisa da maqsimalebis arsebobis sakiTxi vaierStrasis
Teoremisa da misi Sedegebis safuZvelze.
#30. SeadgineT iseTi eqstremaluri amocana, romelSic
ar sruldeba vaierStrasis Teoremis arc erTi pi-
roba, magram globaluri minimali da maqsimali
arsebobs.
#31. aCveneT, rom wrfivi miznis funqciis mqone Semdeg
minimizaciis amocanaSi
( ) min, [ , ] , f x kx x a b R | = + e c
roca 0 k = , arsebobs erTaderTi globaluri mini-
mali da igi aris a an b.
nimuSi. gavarCioT amocana:
2 2
( , ) 2max{ , } min. f x y x y x y = + +
radgan
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1/ 2
2 2 2 2
2
( , ) 2
, 2 , , , 2 ,
f x y x y x y
x y x y x y x y
> + + =
= =

amitom marjvena mxare miiswrafis plius usasrulobi-
saken, roca
( )
, x y . vaierStrasis Teoremis Sedegis
ZaliT arsebobs globaluri minimali.

nawili 2

erT cvladze
damokidebuli miznis
funqcia

30
Tavi 3. erTi cvladis funqciis
lokaluri eqstremumebis Zebna
eqstremaluri amocanebi, romlebSic miznis funqcia
erT cvladzea damokidebuli, miekuTvneba eqstremaluri
amocanebis yvelaze martiv (advilad Sesaswavl) klass.
isini xSirad gvxvdeba, rogorc damoukidebeli amocanebi,
praqtikuli amocanebis amoxsnis dros, da rogorc dam-
xmare amocana, mravali cvladis funqciis eqstremumis
miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobis povnis procesSi. amdenad, maTi
Seswavla aqtualuria. lokaluri eqstremumis wertile-
bis moZebnisTvis gamoiyeneba diferencialuri aRricxvis
elementebi, rac bunebrivad zRudavs eqstremaluri
amocanis zogadobas: miznis funqcia unda iyos gluvi,
xolo dasaSvebi simravle Ria, naxevrad Ria an Caketili.
gavrcelebuli terminologiiT, eqstremalur amoca-
nas ewodeba gluvi, Tu miznis funqcia da dasaSvebi
simravlis ganmsazRvravi funqciebi uwyvetad warmoebadi
aris saWiro rigiT. amocanis sigluve amocanis ganzo-
milebisgan damoukidebuli cnebaa. am TavSi yvelgan,
sadac sawinaaRmdego araa aRniSnuli, vigulisxmebT, rom
miznis funqcia erTi cvladis funqcias warmoadgens,
xolo dasaSvebi simravle aris Ria.
erTi cvladis miznis funqciisTvis, gluvi eqstre-
maluri amocana Ria dasaSveb simravleze ismeba Semdeg-
nairad:
( ) extr, f x x M R e c , (3.1)
sadac M Ria simravlea, anu warmoidgineba Ria interva-
lebis sasruli an Tvladi gaerTianebis saxiT.

31
1. mokle reziume
gluvi eqstremaluri amocanis gamokvleva unda
moxdes Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:
1. maTematikuri modelis Sedgena, anu amocanis
formulireba (3.1) saxiT;
2. (3.1) eqstremalur amocanaSi kritikuli werti-
lebis gansazRvris mizniT,
( )
0 f x
'
= gantolebis
amoxsna;
3. kritikuli wertilebis gamokvleva, maTgan eqs-
tremumis wertilebis amorCevis mizniT, vaier-
Strasis Teoremis Sedegebis, ganmartebis, an eqs-
tremalurobis sakmarisi pirobebis safuZvelze.
kritikuli wertilebis simravlis (rasac Cven Cveulebriv
aRvniSnavT K simboloTi) gansazRvra Zalian mniSvnelo-
vania, radgan xSirad es simravle aris sasruli, an am
simravleze miznis funqciis mniSvnelobebis raodenobaa
sasruli. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tu viciT kritikuli
wertilebis K simravle, maSin
( ) extr, f x x M R e c ,
amocana ekvivalenturia
( ) extr, , f x x K e
amocanis, rac (rogorc ukve aRvniSneT), umetes SemTxve-
vaSi gacilebiT advili amosaxsnelia.
2. maTematikuri modelis Sedgena
nimuSad ganvixiloT maragTa marTvis amocanis maTe-
matikuri modeli.
maragTa marTvis amocana ismeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca
aucilebelia Seiqmnas garkveuli produqciis maragi,
drois mocemul intervalze moTxovnis dakmayofilebis
mizniT. maragis uwyveti Sevseba dakavSirebulia drois da
resursebis araracionalurad gamoyenebasTan. didi mara-
32
gis Seqmna (rac maragis periodulad Sevsebas moiTxovs) ki
dakavSirebulia did kapitaldabandebasTan, rac zrdis
misi Senaxvis xarjebs. Cveni mizania, SevarCioT maragis
optimaluri moculoba.
ganvixiloT yvelaze martivi SemTxveva. vTqvaT, moT-
xovna mudmivia da udris erT./wel. erTi SekveTis (misi
sididis miuxedavad) Sesrulebis fasi aris K lari.
saqonlis erTeulis sawyisi fasia c lari. erTeuli
saqonlis Senaxvis fasia h lari/wel. vigulisxmoT, rom
moTxovna kmayofildeba dauyovnebliv da deficiti
akrZalulia (dakavSirebulia did jarimebTan), maSin
maragis donis droSi cvlilebis grafiks aqvs saxe:
vTqvaT, AB gverdis sigrZe warmoadgens A wertilSi
maragis moculobas. igi mcirdeba siCqariT erT./wel.
da iwureba C wertilSi. am dros Semodis saqonlis axali
Sevseba, maragis done aRdgeba da igi isev AB -s tolia.
ABC samkuTxedi, faqtobrivad, warmoadgens maragTa
marTvis erT cikls, romelic meordeba. Cveni mizania,
ganvsazRvroT SekveTis optimaluri moculoba da mara-
gis Sevsebis A da C wertilebs Soris drois optimaluri
intervali. Sesabamisi cvladebi aRvniSnoT Q-Ti da T -Ti.
B
A
C
dro
maragis
moculoba
nax. 3.1
33
radgan T droSi Q maragi icleba siCqariT, amitom
/ T Q = .
unda aRiniSnos, rom roca Q mcirea, maSin T iRebs
mcire mniSvnelobebs . es niSnavs, rom SekveTebis sixSire
izrdeba, rac iwvevs SekveTebis Sesrulebaze xarjebis
zrdas da Senaxvis xarjebis Semcirebas. meore mxriv, roca
Q didia, T izrdeba, rac iwvevs SekveTebis sixSiris
Semcirebas e.i. mcirdeba SekveTebis Sesrulebaze gaweuli
xarjebi da izrdeba Senaxvis xarjebi. unda vipovoT Q-s
optimaluri mniSvneloba, romelsac Seesabameba minima-
luri wliuri xarji.
erTi ciklis ganmavlobaSi maragis Senaxvaze gaweuli
xarji aris T drois ganmavlobaSi saqonlis
2
Q
erTe-
ulis Senaxvaze gaweuli xarjis toli da maTematikurad
samkuTxedis farTobis da h -is namravlis tolia.
erT ciklSi gaweuli xarji aris SekveTebis Sesrule-
baze gaweuli xarjisa da Senaxvaze gaweuli xarjis jami
2
2 2
Q hQ
K cQ hT K cQ
+ + = + + .
amrigad, wliuri danaxarji iqneba erT ciklze gawe-
uli danaxarjebisa da weliwadSi ciklebis raodenobis
namravlis toli (
Q
wels Seesabameba 1 cikli, 1 wels ki

/ Q ). amrigad, Semdeg eqstremalur amocanaSi
( ) extr, f Q Q M e ,
miznis funqciaa ( )
2
K hQ
f Q c
Q
= + + , xolo (0, ) M = + .
34
3. kritikuli wertilebis gansazRvra
Teorema 1 /eqstremalurobis I rigis aucilebeli
piroba/. vTqvaT, M R c aris Ria simravle, : f M R
uwyvetad warmoebadi funqciaa x M e wertilis romeli-
Rac midamoSi da x aris lokaluri eqstremumis wertili
( ) extr, f x x M e (3.1)
amocanaSi. maSin,
( )
0 f x
'
= .
damtkiceba. ganvixiloT lokaluri minimumis Sem-
Txveva. vTqvaT, x aris lokaluri minimumis wertili da
( ) f x funqcia x wertilis midamoSi uwyvetad warmoe-
badia. maSin SegviZlia gavSaloT ( ) f x funqcia teiloris
mwkrivad am wertilis midamoSi:
( )
2
( ) ( ) ( )
df x
f x f x o
dx
c c c + = + + , (3.2)
sadac
2
( ) o c -iT aRniSnulia im wevrebis Gjami, sadac c -is
xarisxi 1-ze metia. Tu x aris lokaluri minimumis
wertili M -Si, maSin gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, arsebobs
x -is c -midamo, iseTi, rom am midamos yoveli x -werti-
lisTvis sruldeba:
( ) ( ) f x f x > . (3.3)
(3.2)-dan da (3.3)-dan gamomdinareobs, rom
( )
2
( ) 0
df x
o
dx
c c + > .
sakmarisad mcire c -Tvis marcxena mxaris niSans gan-
sazRvravs pirveli Sesakrebi, da radgan c -ma SeiZleba
miiRos rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mniSvnelobebi,
utoloba Sesruldeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca
35
( )
0
df x
dx
= .
analogiuria damtkiceba lokaluri maqsimumis Sem-
TxvevaSi.
zemoT moyvanili Teorema ekuTvnis p. fermas. igi
iZleva lokaluri minimalebis da maqsimalebis arsebobis
aucilebel pirobebs, anu, SesaZlebelia Teoremis
pirobebi Sesruldes,
magram funqcias ar
gaaCndes arc maq-
simali, arc minimali.
am SemTxvevis klasi-
kuri magaliTia miz-
nis funqcia
3
(x) f x = ,
romlisTvisac srul-
deba piroba
( )
0 0 f
'
= ,
magram 0 x = ar aris eqs-
tremumis wertili. igi
aris gadaRunvis wer-
tili.
SeniSvna. Cven am Tav-
Si vixilavT gluv fun-
qciebs, magram SesaZle-
belia funqcia ar iyos
warmoebadi da hqondes lokaluri minimali an maqsimali.
magaliTad, (x) f x = . am funqcias 0 x = wertilSi warmoe-
buli ar aqvs, Tumca es wertili aris misi lokaluri
minimali.
ganmarteba. ganxiluli Teoremis pirobebSi,
( ) extr, f x x M e ,
3 0 3
x
3
x
3 0 3
2
4
x
x

36
amocanisTvis kritikuli wertilebis simravle K ganisaz-
Rvreba ase:
( )
{ }
0 K x M f x ' = e = .
magaliTi. ipoveT
4 2
( ) 8 f x x x = + + funqciis eqs-
tremumis wertilebi.
amoxsna. CavweroT amocana standartuli saxiT:
4 2
( ) 8 extr, f x x x x R = + + e . (3.4)
(3.4) amocanisaTvis ganvsa-
zRvroT kritikuli werti-
lebis simravle. amisTvis
amovxsnaT gantoleba
0
df
dx
= , anu
3
4 2 0 x x + = ,
saidanac vpoulobT:
0 x = , anu
{ }
0 . K = Semdeg
punqtebSi avxsniT, Tu rogor xdeba kritikuli werti-
lebis gamokvleva da davasrulebT am magaliTsac.
vaierStrasis Teoremis Sedegis gamoyenebiT
vaierStrasis Teoremis Sedegis gamoyeneba SegviZlia
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca dasaSvebi simravle aris
Caketili. Tu M R = , igi erTdroulad Riac aris da
Caketilic.
vaierStrasis Teoremis Sedegebis gamoyenebiT Tu
davadgenT, rom
( ) extr, f x x R e , (3.5)
amocanaSi glextr(3.5) = C, maSin SegviZlia SemovifargloT
gacilebiT martivi
( ) extr, f x x K e , (3.6)
5 0 5
10
20
30

37
amocanis ganxilviT, romelsac aqvs eqstremumis igive
wertili, rac (3.5) s, radgan
( )
glextr(3.5) glextr(3.6) x K x x e e e da .
analogiurad vmoqmedebT globaluri maqsimalis Ziebis
SemTxvevaSic.
magaliTi. gavagrZeloT (3.4) magaliTis amoxsna:
4 2
( ) 8 extr, f x x x x R = + + e .
rogorc vnaxeT,
{ }
0 . K = radgan
( ) lim
x
f x
= +, amitom glextr(3.4) . =C
radgan K erTelementiania, amitom 0 x = aris globaluri
minimali
( ) extr, f x x K e ,
amocanaSi. e.i. 0 gl min(3.4) e .
ganmartebis safuZvelze
kvlav ganvixiloT (3.5). vTqvaT, sruldeba Teorema
1-is pirobebi da x K e . yoveli x R e warmovadginoT Sem-
degi saxiT: h x x = + da ganvixiloT sxvaoba:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
h . f f x f x f x f x A = + =
f A -is niSnis h -ze damokidebulebis garkveva arsebiTia,
radgan:
1) Tu 0 f A > yoveli SesaZlo hisTvis, maSin
gl min(3.5) xe ;
2) Tu 0 f A s yoveli SesaZlo hisTvis, maSin
gl max(3.5) xe ;
3) Tu 0 f A > yoveli sakmaod mcire hisTvis, maSin
locmin(3.5) xe ;
38
4) Tu 0 f A s yoveli sakmaod mcire hisTvis, maSin
locmax(3.5) xe .
magaliTi. kvlav gavagrZeloT
4 2
( ) 8 extr, f x x x x R = + + e
eqstremaluri amocanis ganxilva. aq
{ }
0 K = aris erTa-
derTi kritikuli wertili. Cvens SemTxvevaSi h x x = +
warmodgena aris 0 x h = + , amitom ganvixiloT sxvaoba:
( ) ( )
0 f h f =
4 2
8 8 h h + + =
4 2
0 h h + > ,
rac x -is nebismierobis ZaliT niSnavs, rom 0 x = aris
globaluri minimali.
safuZvelze
Teorema 2. vTqvaT, x R e wertilSi : f M R
funqciis pirveli rigis warmoebuli nulis tolia, xolo
II rigis warmoebuli gansxvavebulia nulisagan. maSin,
a. Tu
( )
2
2
0
d f x
dx
> , x aris lokaluri minimali.
b. Tu
( )
2
2
0
d f x
dx
< , x aris lokaluri maqsimali.
damtkiceba. gavSaloT ( ) f x funqcia teiloris
mwkrivad x wertilis midamoSi. radgan pirveli rigis
warmoebulebi nulis tolia, amitom miviRebT:

( )
2
2
3
2
( ) ( ) ( )
2
d f x
f x f x o
dx
c
c c + = + (3.7)
(3.7)-is marjvena mxaris niSans, sakmarisad mcire c -isTvis,
gansazRvravs misi pirveli Sesakrebi. Tu
( )
2
2
0
d f x
dx
> ,
39
(3.7)-is marjvena mxaris pirveli Sesakrebi dadebiTia, e. i.
( ) ( ) f x f x c + sxvaobac dadebiTia da x wertili aris
lokaluri minimali. Tu
( )
2
2
0
d f x
dx
< , (3.7)-is marjvena
mxaris pirveli Sesakrebi uaryofiTia da ( ) ( ) f x f x c +
sxvaobac uaryofiTia da x wertili aris lokaluri
maqsimali.
magaliTi. ganxiluli
4 2
( ) 8 extr, f x x x x R = + + e ,
magaliTisTvis davadgineT, rom kritikuli wertilia
0 x = . amovweroT sakmarisi pirobebi.
( )
3
x 4 2 f x x
'
= + da
( )
0 0 f
'
= ,
( )
x 12 2 f x
''
= + da
( )
0 2 f
''
= ,
( )
0 2 f
''
= dadebiTia, e.i. 0 x = warmoadgens lokalur
minimals.
7. gluvi eqstremaluri amocana segmentis
tipis dasaSvebi simravliT
ganvixiloT amocana:
( ) extr, [ , ] f x x a b e . (3.8)
am amocanis gamokvleva xdeba Semdegi sqemis mixedviT:
1) maTematikuri modelis Sedgena;
2) kritikuli wertilebis gansazRvra:

( )
{ }
{ }
( , ) 0 , K x a b f x a b ' = e = ;
3) kritikuli wertilebis gamokvleva:
Tu ( , ) x K a b e , maSin gamokvleva unda Catardes
wina paragrafSi ganxiluli meTodebiT, xolo seg-
mentis boloebisTvis, warmoebulis ganmartebis
Tanaxmad, gvaqvs:
40

( )
0 locmin(3.8) f a a
'
> e ,

( )
0 locmax(3.8) f a a
'
< e ,

( )
0 locmax(3.8) f b b
'
> e ,

( )
0 locmin(3.8) f b b
'
< e .
savarjiSoebi
amoxseniT Semdegi eqstremaluri amocanebi:
#32.
3
6 extr. x x +
#33.
3 2
18 27 extr. x x + +
#34.
( )
2
1 extr. x x
#35.
( 1)
extr.
x x
e

#36.
3
5 4
5 2 extr.
3
x
x x +
#37.
2
3 4 8 extr. x x
#38.
2
2 12 extr. x x + +
#39.
( ) ( )
2
2 1 4 extr. x x +
#40.
3 2
3 6 extr. x x x +
#41.
3 2
6 31 extr. x x +
#42.
2 3
( 2) ( 5) extr. x x
#43.
3
( 1) extr. x x
#44.
3 2
2 1 extr. x x x + +
#45.
2
( 1) extr, x [0,5] x x e
#46.
2
(2 1) ( 4) extr, x [-1,1] x x + e
41
Tavi 4. unimodaluri funqciebis
minimizacia intervalTa
gamoricxvis meTodebiT
am TavSi ganvixilavT unimodaluri funqciebis mi-
nimizaciis e.w. pirdapir meTodebs, romlebic iyeneben
mxolod garkveul wertilebSi gamoTvlili funqciis
mniSvnelobebs. am meTodebisTvis funqciis uwyvetobac
araa aucilebeli.
1. ganmartebebi da intervalTa gamoricxvis
wesi
ganmarteba. ( ) f x funqcias ewodeba unimodaluri
[ , ] a b segmentze, Tu igi uwyvetia [ , ] a b -ze da arsebobs
ricxvebi o da | , a b o | s s s , iseTebi, rom:
1) Tu a o < , maSin , ] a | a segmentze ( ) f x mkacrad
klebadia;
2) Tu b < | , maSin [ , ] b b segmentze ( ) f x mkacrad
zrdadia;
3) Tu [ , ] x o | e , maSin, ( ) min ( )
a x b
f x f x
s s
= .
SevniSnoT, rom Semdegi sami segmentidan:
| |
, a o ,
[ , ] o | , [ , ] b | , erTi an ori SeiZleba gadagvardes wer-
tilSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, unimodaluri funqciis
ganmartebidan gamomdinare, misi lokaluri minimalebis
simravle emTxveva globaluri minimalebis simravles da
is aris an erTi wertili (o | = SemTxvevaSi), an mTeli
[ , ] o | segmenti. qvemoT moyvanilia unimodaluri fun-
qciis ramdenime magaliTi:
42
da erTi araunimodaluri funqciis magaliTi:
arsebobs unimodaluri funqciebis sxva ganmarte-
bebic, romlebic gansxvavdeba aq moyvanilisgan (magali-
Tad [3]). kerZod, xSirad ixsneba uwyvetobis moTxovna.
[ , ] a b -ze unimodaluri funqciebis simravle aRvniS-
noT [ , ] Q a b -Ti. funqciis [ , ] Q a b -sadmi mikuTvnebis da-
sadgenad, xSirad sasargebloa Semdegi ori kriteriumis
gamoyeneba:
a
b

a
b

a
b
a
b

a
b
43
a) Tu ( ) f x funqcia warmoebadia [ , ] a b ze da '( ) f x ar
aris klebadi funqcia, maSin ( ) [ , ] f x Q a b e .
b) Tu ( ) f x funqcia orjer warmoebadia [ , ] a b ze da
''( ) f x > 0, [ , ] x a b e , maSin ( ) [ , ] f x Q a b e .
unimodaluri funqciis minimizaciis ricxviTi meTo-
debi eyrdnobian unimodaluri funqciis Tvisebas, rom
minimalis marjvniv funqcia zrdadia, xolo minimalis
marcxniv _ klebadi. amitom, or gansxvavebul wertilSi
aseTi funqciis mniSvnelobebis SedarebiT SegviZlia
davadginoT, am wertilebiT da segmentis boloebiT Sed-
genil romel intervalSi ar aris moTavsebuli minimali,
gamovricxoT igi da amiT SevamciroT Ziebis intervali.
rodesac unimodaluri funqcia ar aris warmoebadi,
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT Ymxolod pirdapiri meTodebi,
romlebic saWiroeben miznis funqciis mniSvnelobebis
gamoTvlas specialurad SerCeul wertilebSi da ar
saWiroeben warmoebulis mniSvnelobebis gamoTvlas.
praqtikidan wamosul eqstremalur amocanebSi sak-
maod xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac funqciis mniSvnelobis
gamoTvla wertilSi niSnavs garkveuli fizikuri eqspe-
rimentis Catarebas (magaliTad, temperaturuli velis
gazomvas). roca mosaxerxebelia funqciis mniSvnelobebis
gamoTvla N wertilSi erTdroulad da maTi mniSvnelo-
bebis gamoTvla mimdevrobiT dakavSirebulia garkveul
siZneleebTan, gamoiyeneba pasiuri Ziebis meTodi. im
SemTxvevaSi, roca SesaZlebelia wina wertilebSi fun-
qciis mniSvnelobebis gamoyenebiT momdevno wertilebis
arCeva, maSin minimalis Zieba, cxadia, ufro efeqturi
iqneba. aseTi tipis meTodebs mimdevrobiTi meTodebi
ewodeba.
pirdapiri meTodebi bevria, amitom mniSvnelovania
gvesmodes, Tu ras niSnavs erTi pirdapiri meTodis upi-
44
ratesoba meoreze. sakiTxi ismeba ase: Tu gvaqvs saSualeba
mxolod N -jer gamovTvaloT [ , ] a b -ze unimodaluri f
funqciis mniSvneloba, maSin ukeTesia is algoriTmi, ro-
melic am pirobebSi mogvcems minimumis wertilis ukeTes
miaxloebas, anu minimalis Semcvel umcires intervals,
anu umcires maqsimalur cdomilebas. SeiZleba sakiTxi
asec davsvaT: ukeTesia is algoriTmi, romlisTvisac
mocemuli cdomilebiT minimalis miaxloebiTi mniSvne-
lobis sapovnelad, dagvWirdeba miznis funqciis mniSvne-
lobebis naklebi raodenobis gamoTvla.
umartivesi pirdapiri meTodi aris pasiuri Ziebis
meTodi, romlis mixedviTac [ , ] a b iyofa N tol nawilad
wertilebiT
( )
, 1, , 1
i
b a
x a i i N
N
= + = . . gamoiTvleba
miznis funqciis mniSvnelobebi maTSi da segmentis bolo-
ebSi da sadac funqciis mniSvneloba iqneba minimaluri, is
wertili gamocxaddeba minimalis saukeTeso miaxloebad.
am dros maqsimaluri cdomileba ar aRemateba
b a
N

sidides, raSic gvarwmunebs Semdegi Teorema, romelsac
ewodeba intervalTa gamoricxvis wesi.
Teorema /intervalTa gamoricxvis wesi/. vTqvaT,
minimizaciis amocanaSi:
( ) min f x , a x b s s , (4.1)
[ , ] f Q a b e da
1 2
a x x b s < s . maSin:
1. Tu
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x > , maSin
1
gl min(4.1) [ , ] x b c ,
Tu
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x < , maSin
2
gl min(4.1) [ , ] a x c .
2. Tu
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x = , maSin
1 2
gl min(4.1) [ , ] x x = C.
3. Tu
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x s , maSin
2
gl min(4.1) [ , ] a x = C,
Tu
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x > , maSin
1
gl min(4.1) [ , ] x b = C.
45
damtkiceba: ganvixiloT 1. vTqvaT,
1 2
a x x b s < s da
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x > , magram gl min(4.1) xe ekuTvnis
1
, a x | ) s.
maSin, unimodaluri funqciis ganmartebidan gamomdinare,
nebismieri minimalis marjvniv miznis funqcia zrdadia
(mkacrad zrdadobas ar vgulisxmobT). amitom unda
gvqondes
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x s , rac ewinaaRmdegeba
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x >
pirobas. e. i. nebismieri minimali moTavsebulia
1
x -is
marjvniv. 1-is meore nawili analogiurad mtkicdeba.
ganvixiloT 2.
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x = niSnavs, rom an
1 2
, [ , ] x x o | e ,
an
1
[ , ] x a o e da
2
[ , ] x b | e . vTqvaT gl min(4.1) xe iseTia,
rom
1
x x < , maSin, radgan minimalis marjvniv miznis fun-
qcia zrdadia, amitom
1 2
, [ , ] x x o | e (ix. unimodaluri fun-
qciis ganmarteba), amitom
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) , gl min(4.1) f x f x f x x x = = e .
2
x x > SemTxveva analogiuria.
bolos, 3 warmoadgens 1-is da 2-is Sedegs.
intervalTa gamoricxvis wesi safuZvlad udevs mini-
mizaciis mimdevrobiT meTodebs, romlebSic funqciis
mniSvnelobebis gamoTvla xdeba ukve gamoTvlili mniS-
vnelobebis safuZvelze. aRvweroT ori mimdevrobiTi
meTodi, romlebic gamoirCevian efeqturobiT.
2. intervalis sigrZis ganaxevrebis meTodi
es meTodi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom yovel iteraciaze
(garda pirvelisa) gvWirdeba funqciis mniSvnelobis ga-
moTvla or wertilSi da es ori mniSvneloba saSualebas
gvaZlevs orjer SevamciroT Ziebis intervalis sigrZe,
romelSic moTavsebulia erTi globaluri minimali mainc,
romelsac x -iT aRvniSnavT. funqciis mniSvnelobebis
46
N -jer gamoTvlis Semdeg Cven gvrCeba
( )
1
1 2
2
( )
N
b a
(
(

sigr-
Zis monakveTi, romelSic moTavsebulia erTi mainc mini-
mali da gamoTvlilia agreTve funqciis mniSvneloba bo-
lo intervalis Sua
m
x wertilSi, romelsac viRebT x -is
saukeTeso miaxloebad. am meTodisaTvis maqsimaluri
cdomileba ar aRemateba
1
2
1 1
( )
2 2
N
b a
(
(

| |
|
\ .
sidides, rac
bevrad ukeTesi Sefasebaa, vidre gvqonda pasiuri Ziebis
meTodisTvis.
vTqvaT, :[ , ] f a b R unimodaluria. CamovayaliboT
e.w. intervalis sigrZis ganaxevrebis algoriTmi, romlis
saSualebiTac miaxloebiT ganvsazRvravT ( ) min f x ,
| |
, x a b e , minimizaciis amocanis globalur minimals. mxed-
velobaSi unda viqonioT, rom arsebobs agreTve monak-
veTis Suaze gayofis algoriTmi, romelic aq ganxilul-
Tan SedarebiT naklebefeqturia.
meTodis fsevdokodi aseTia:
intervalis sigrZis ganaxevrebis meTodi (a,b,,
( )
f x )
1
2
m
a b
x
+
= ; L b a = ; gamovTvaloT
( )
m
f x ;
2 while(1)
3 {

4

4
l
L
x a = + ;
4
m
L
x b = ; gamovTvaloT
( )
l
f x
da
( )
m
f x ;

5
if ( ) ( ) ( )
l m
f x f x < //gamoiricxeba ( , ]
m
x b
6 {
47
7
m
b x = ;
m l
x x = ;
( ) ( )
m l
f x f x = ;
8 }
9 // jer mxolod intervalis meoTxedis
gamoricxva SegviZlia
10 else
11 {

12 if
( ) ( ) ( )
r m
f x f x < //gamoiricxeba [ , )
m
a x
13 {
14
m
b x = ;
m l
x x = ;
( ) ( )
m l
f x f x = ;
15 }
16
else //gamoiricxeba [ , )
l
a x da ( , ]
r
x b
17 {
18
l
a x = ;
r
b x = ;
19 }
20 }
21
L b a = ;
22 if
( )
2 L c <
23 return
( ) ( ) ( )
,
m m
x x f x f x ~ = ;
24 }
magaliTi: monakveTis ganaxevrebis meTodiT moZeb-
neT
2
( ) (100 ) f x x = funqciis minimali 96 102 x s s Sua-
ledSi. x gansazRvreT 0, 5 c = sizustiT.
amoxsna: vimoqmedoT zemoT aRwerili algoriTmiT da
Sedegebi (iteraciebis mixedviT) warmovadginoT cxrilis
saxiT:
n a
b L
l
x
m
x
r
x
( )
l
f x

( )
m
f x

( )
r
f x

1 96 102 6 97.5 99 100.5 6.25 1 0.25
2 99 102 3 99.75 100.5 101.25 0.063 0.25 1.563
3 99 100.5 1.5 99.375 99.75 100.125 0.391 0.063 0.016
4 99.75 100.5 0.75 99.938 100.125 0.016
48
radgan mesame iteraciis Semdeg miRebuli monakveTis
sigrZe naklebia 2c -ze, amitom
100.125
m
x x ~ = ,
( ) 0, 016 f x ~ . c sizustiT minimalis miaxloebiTi mniS-
vnelobis gamosaTvlelad dagvWirda funqciis mniSvne-
lobis gamoTvla 7-jer. Sedegad miviReT
3
6 0.5 0.75 =
sigrZis intervali.
3. oqros kveTis meTodi
mimdevrobiTi meTodebidan optimaluria fibonaCis
meTodi. masTan SedarebiT gacilebiT martivia oqros
kveTis meTodi, romelic didi N ebisTvis igive Sedegs
iZleva, rasac fibonaCis meTodi, anu aris asimptoturad
optimaluri. oqros kveTis meTodi, miznis funqciis
mniSvnelobebis N jer gamoTvlis Semdeg gvitovebs
1
( )
N
b a t

sigrZis monakveTs, romelic Seicavs minimals.
aq 0, 618 t ~ aris
2
1 t t = gantolebis dadebiTi amonax-
sni
( )
5 1 2.0 0, 61803... t = ~ . t da (1 ) t ricxvebi, gan-
martebis mixedviT, axdenen [0,1] segmentis oqros kveTas.
monakveTis or aratol nawilad iseT dayofas, roca
mTeli monakveTis sigrZis Sefardeba misi didi nawilis
sigrZesTan tolia didi nawilis sigrZis Sefardebisa
mcire nawilis sigrZesTan, ewodeba am monakveTis oqros
kveTa. rac didia N , miT ufro vlindeba oqros kveTis
meTodis upiratesoba zemoT ganxilul meTodebTan
SedarebiT.
kvlav ganvixiloT minimizaciis amocana
( ) min f x (4.2)
[ , ] a b -ze unimodaluri f funqciiT da CamovayaliboT
oqros kveTis meTodis algoriTmi, rac saSualebas mogv-
49
cems mocemuli c sizustiT davadginoT globaluri mini-
malis erT-erTi wertili (4.2) amocanaSi.
oqros kveTis meTodis fsevdokodi aseTia:
oqros kveTis meTodi (a,b,,
( )
f x )

1
( )
5 1 2.0 t = , ( )
l
x b b a t = ; ( )
r
x a b a t = + ;
gamovTvaloT ( )
l
f x da ( )
r
f x ;
2 while(1)
3 {
4 if
( )
( ) b a t c s
5 {
6
return (
l
x x ~ da ( ) ( )
l
f x f x ~ );
7 }
8 else
9 {

10
if
( ) ( ) ( )
l r
f x f x < //gamoiricxeba ( , ]
r
x b
Sualedi
11 {
12
r
b x = ;
r l
x x = ; ( ) ( )
r l
f x f x = ; ( )
l
x b b a t = ,
gamovTvaloT ( )
l
f x ;
13 }
14 else //axla gamoiricxeba [ , )
l
a x
15 {

16

l
a x = ;
l r
x x = ; ( ) ( )
l r
f x f x = ; ( )
r
x a b a t = + ,
gamovTvaloT ( )
r
f x ;
17 }
18 }
29 }
aucilebelia yuradReba gavamaxviloT Semdeg momen-
tebze:
50
!) 0,5 t > , amitom
l r
x x < (cxadia, ganvixilavT a b <
SemTxvevas).
!!) Tu
( )
b a t c s , maSin max | |
l
a x b
x x c
s s
s , kerZod ki
| |
l
x x c s . amitom SegviZlia, rom c sizustiT
aviRoT
l
x x ~ .
!!!) Tu striqon 10-Si Sesrulda ( ) ( )
l r
f x f x < , maSin
viTvliT mxolod ( )
l
f x , Tumca axal [ , ] a b -Si (anu
Zvel [ , ]
r
a x -Si) axali
r
x unda agveRo Cveulebrivi
wesiT:
( )
r
a x a t + , Semdeg ki dagveTvala ( )
r
f x .
magram es mogvcemda:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
(1 )( ) ( )
r
l
a x a
a a b a a a b a
a b a b b a x
t
t t t
t t
+ =
= + + = + =
= + = =

(aq garkveuli analogiaa wina meTodis
m
x wertilTan
mimarTebaSi), rac niSnavs rom axali ( )
r
f x SegviZlia
pirdapir gavutoloT Zvel ( )
l
f x s.
magaliTi. oqros kveTis meTodis gamoyenebiT,
0, 5 c = sizustiT ganvsazRvroT globaluri minimalis
wertili
2
( ) (100 ) min f x x = ,
| |
96;102 xe ,
minimizaciis amocanaSi.
amoxsna. visargebloT aRwerili algoriTmiT da
Sedegebi warmovadginoT Semdeg cxrilSi, iteraciis
nomris miTiTebiT:
51
n a
b ( ) b a t
l
x
r
x ( )
l
f x ( )
r
f x
1 96 102 3.708 98.292 99.708 2.917 0.085
2 98.292 102 2.292 99.708 100.584 0.085 0.341
3 98.292 100.584 1.416 99.168 99.708 0.692 0.085
4 99.168 100.584 0.875 99.708 100.043 0.085 0.0018
5 99.708 100.584 0.541 100.043 100.249 0.0018 0.062
6 99.708 100.249 0.334
amitom
100.043
l
x x ~ = , xolo ( ) 0.0018 f x ~ . cxrilSi is-
rebiT miTiTebulia wertilebis transformaciis da maTi
mniSvnelobis SenarCunebis faqtebi. c -sizustiT minima-
lis miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobis gamosaTvlelad dagvWir-
da funqciis mniSvnelobis gamoTvla 6-jer. 6-jer fun-
qciis mniSvnelobis gamoTvliT miviReT
5
6 0.618 0.541 =
sigrZis intervali.
savarjiSoebi
amocanebSi #47 #49 intervalis sigrZis ganaxevre-
bis meTodiT, mocemuli c sizustiT gansazRvreT f fun-
qciis globaluri minimumis x wertili.
#47.
4 3 2
( ) 8 6 72 90 f x x x x x = + + ,
| |
1, 5; 2 x e , 0, 05 c = .
#48.
6 2
( ) 3 6 1 f x x x x = + + ,
| |
1; 0 xe , 0,1 c = .
#49.
4 3 2
( ) 3 10 21 12 f x x x x x = + + ,
| |
0; 0, 5 x e , 0, 01 c = .
#50. ramdenjer unda gamoviTvaloT f funqciis mniSv-
neloba monakveTis sigrZis ganaxevrebis meTodiT,
rom globaluri minimumis wertili vipovoT winas-
war mocemuli c sizustiT?
52
#51. ipoveT b s maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, romlisTvi-
sac
2
( ) 5 6 f x x x = + funqcia iqneba unimodaluri
[ 5, ] b segmentze.
#52. ipoveT as maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac
2
( ) 8 9 f x x x = + funqcia iqneba unimodaluri
[ 10, ] a segmentze.
#53. ipoveT cs maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac
2
( ) 3 15 17 f x x x = + + funqcia iqneba unimodaluri
[0, ] c segmentze.
#54. vTqvaT,
l
x da
r
x aris [ , ] a b monakveTis oqros kveTis
wertilebi. aCveneT, rom
l
x aris [ , ]
r
a x monakveTis
oqros kveTis wertilebidan marjvena (udidesi),
xolo
r
x aris [ , ]
l
x b monakveTis oqros kveTis wer-
tilebidan marcxena (umciresi). ipoveT [ , ]
r
a x da
[ , ]
l
x b monakveTebis sigrZeebi.
#55. risi tolia maqsimaluri SesaZlo cdomileba oqros
kveTis meTodisTvis, Tu miznis funqciis mniSvnelo-
bebi gamoTvlil iqna N -jer?
#56. ramdenjer iqneba miznis funqciis mniSvnelobebis
gamoTvla saWiro, Tu viyenebiT oqros kveTis me-
Tods da gvinda globaluri minimumis wertilis
gansazRvra c sizustiT?
Semdeg amocanebSi oqros kveTis meTodiT gansaz-
RvreT f funqciis globaluri minimumis wertili [ , ] a b
monakveTze c sizustiT.
#57.
4 3
( ) 2 4 1 f x x x x = + + + , [ 1;0] , 0,1 c = .
#58.
4 2
( ) ( 1) 2 f x x x = + , [ 3; 2] , 0, 05 c = .
#59.
5 3 2
( ) 5 10 5 f x x x x x = + , [ 3; 2] , 0,1 c =
53
Tavi 5. unimodaluri funqciebis
minimizacia polinomialuri
aproqsimaciiT da
wertilovani SefasebiT
im ganmartebis mixedviT, romelsac Cveni kursi eyr-
dnoba, unimodaluri funqcia uwyvetia. vaierStrasis
erT-erTi Teoremis Tanaxmad, segmentze uwyveti fun-
qciis aproqsimacia SesaZlebelia polinomis saSualebiT
nebismieri sizustiT:
Teorema /vaierStrasis/. Tu f funqcia uwyvetia
| |
, a b segmentze, maSin yoveli 0 c > -Tvis, arsebobs
algebruli polinomi
( )
p x iseTi, rom
( ) ( ) f x p x c < , yoveli
| |
, x a b e -sTvis.
Tu aproqsimacia sakmaod zustia, miznis funqciis mini-
malad SegviZlia miviRoT polinomis globaluri mini-
mali. garda amisa, isev vaierStrasis Teoremis safuZ-
velze, miaxloebis sizuste SegviZlia gavaumjobesoT
ornairad: ufro maRali rigis polinomis gamoyenebiT an
saaproqsimacio Sualedis SemcirebiT. meore gza ufro
bunebrivia, radgan sawyisi Sualedi sakmaod swrafad
SegviZlia SevamciroT (magaliTad, oqros kveTis meTo-
diT), xolo Semdeg gamoviyenoT kvadratul (an kubur)
aproqsimaciaze dafuZnebuli meTodebi.
1. Sefasebis meTodi, romelic iyenebs
kvadratul aproqsimacias
ganvixiloT
1 3
[ , ] x x segmentze unimodaluri f fun-
qciis minimalis moZebnis amocana mocemuli c sizustiT:
( ) min f x ,
1 3
x x x s s .
54
vTqvaT,
1 2 3
x x x < < da funqciis mniSvnelobebi am wer-
tilebSi aris: ( ), 1, 2, 3.
i i
f f x i = = ganvsazRvroT
0 1 2
, , a a a
koeficientebi ise, rom kvadratuli polinomis
( ) ( ) ( )( )
0 1 1 2 1 2
p x a a x x a x x x x = + +
grafikma gaiaros ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
, , , , , x f x f x f wertilebze.
pirvel rigSi, radgan ( ) ( )
1 1 1 0
f f x p x a = = = , amitom
0 1
a f = . Semdeg, radgan
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
f f x p x a a x x f a x x = = = + = + ,
amitom
2 1
1
2 1
f f
a
x x
.
bolos, roca
3
x x = , gvaqvs:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 1
3 3 3 1 3 1 2 3 1 3 2
2 1
f f
f f x p x f x x a x x x x
x x
= = = + +
,
saidanac
3 1 2 1
2
3 2 3 1 2 1
1 f f f f
a
x x x x x x
| |

=
|

\ .
.
Tu
2
0 a > , maSin vixilavT axal amocanas
( ) min p x ,
1 3
x x x s s , (5.1)
da vipoviT ( ) p x is minimals mocemul segmentze. is
iqneba, an
( ) ( )
1 2 2 2 1
( ) 0 p x a a x x a x x ' = + + = ,
gantolebis amonaxsni
( )
1
1 2
2
1
,
2 2
a
x x x
a
= + (5.2)
an segmentis erT-erTi bolo:
1
x an
3
x .
roca
1
x ,
2
x ,
3
x wertilebi isea SerCeuli, rom
55
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x > ,
3 2
( ) ( ) f x f x > , (5.3)
maSin
2
0 a > da ( ) p x saaproqsimacio mravalwevrs, rome-
lic gadis ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
, , , , , x f x f x f wertilebze aqvs globa-
luri minimali
1 3
[ , ] x x -is SigniT da SegviZlia gamoviyenoT
pauelis meTodi.
Tu (5.3) piroba ar sruldeba, maSin viqceviT Sem-
degnairad: vamcirebT Ziebis intervals (mag, oqros kve-
Tis meTodiT) da vamowmebT (5.3)-s (
2
x -is rolSi SeiZleba
aviRoT oqros kveTis romelime wertili). rogorc ki
Sesruldeba (5.3) piroba, viyenebT kvadratul aproqsi-
maciaze damyarebul meTods. Tu piroba ar Sesrulda da
Ziebis intervali gaxda mocemul c -ze naklebi, maSin
vasrulebT minimalis Ziebas oqros kveTis meTodiT.
magaliTi. kvadratuli aproqsimaciis gamoyenebiT
miaxloebiT gansazRvreT minimali
2
16
( ) 2 min, 1 5, f x x x
x
= + s s
amocanaSi 0.5 c = sizustiT.
amoxsna. aviRoT
1 3 2
1, 5, 3 x x x = = = (
2
x -ad Sua wer-
tils viRebT). gamoviTvaloT funqciis mniSvnelobebi:
1 2 3
18, 23, 33, 53, 2 f f f = = =
da agreTve maaproqsimirebeli polinomis koeficientebi:
1
23, 33 18 8
3 1 3
a

= =
,
2
1 53, 2 18 8 46
5 3 5 1 3 15
a

| |
= =
|

\ .
.
(
0
a , formalurad, ar monawileobs x -is warmodgenaSi).
bolos,
56
( )
1 3 8/ 3
1, 565
2 2 46/15
x
+
= = .
radgan 1<1,565<5, amitom viRebT 1, 565 x ~ (Sedarebi-
saTvis, minimalis zusti mniSvneloba aris 1,5874 x = ).
2. pauelis meTodi
es meTodi mimdevrobiTia da yovel iteraciaze
iyenebs kvadratul aproqsimaciaze dafuZnebul meTods.
vTqvaT,
1 2 3
, , x x x wertilebi isea SerCeuli, rom
1 2 3
x x x < <
da
1 2 3
f f f > s (am utolobebis Sedegad miiReba
2
0 a > ).
meTodis algoriTmis fsevdokodi aseTia:
pauelis meTodi (
1 2 3
, , x x x ,,
( )
f x )
1 while(1)
2 {

3

{ }
min 1 2 3
min , , f f f f = , da
min
x iyos is wertili,
sadac miiRweva
min
f ;

4 {
1 2 3
, , x x x -is mixedviT gamoviTvaloT x , kvad-
ratul aproqsimaciaze dafuZnebuli meTodis
gamoyenebiT; }
5 {
opt
x -iT aRvniSnoT
min
x da x wertilebs Soris
is, romelSic miznis funqcia nakleb mniSvnelobas
iRebs; }
6 if
( )
min min
( ) f f x x x c c < < &&
7 return (
opt
x x ~ , ( ) ( )
opt
f x f x ~ );

8
{
opt
x wertilis orive mxares davalagoT masTan
yvelaze axlos mdgomi ori wertili da gadav-
nomroT es wertilebi zrdadobis mixedviT;}
9 }
57
gavakeToT ramdenime aucilebeli SeniSvna.
1) pirvel iteraciaze
min 2
f f = .
2) zogjer iTxoven, rom SeCerebis piroba zedized
Sesruldes ramdenime momdevno iteraciisaTvis
(magaliTad, samjer), SemTxveviTobis Tavidan asa-
cileblad.
3) pauelis meTods minimalis siaxloves aqvs kvad-
ratuli krebadoba. es aris misi upiratesoba
oqros kveTis meTodTan, magram Tu sawyisi inter-
vali sakmaod didia, kvadratuli polinomiT miax-
loeba SeiZleba aRmoCndes sakmaod uxeSi, rac Seam-
cirebs pauelis meTodis krebadobas.
3. wertilovani aproqsimacia. Sua wertilis
meTodi
Tu unimodaluri miznis funqcia warmoebadic aris,
maSin SegviZlia gamoviyenoT wertilovan Sefasebaze da-
mokidebuli meTodebi. cxadia, Tu [ , ] f Q a b e da a<x<b,
maSin:
a) ( )
0 f x x x ' < > ,
b) ( )
0 f x x x ' > < ,
g) ( )
0 f x x x ' = = ,
sadac x aRniSnavs minimals ( )
min, , f x a x b s s amo-
canaSi.
Sua wertilis meTodis algoriTmis fsevdokodi
aseTia:
Sua wertilis meTodi ( , a b,, ( )
f x )
1 while(1)
2 {
3 gamoviTvaloT ( )
/ 2
m
x a b = + da ( )
m
f x '
;
58
4 if
( )
( )
m
f x c ' s
5 return (
m
x x = ( ) ( )
m
f x f x ~ );
6 if
( ) ( )
0
m
f x
'
<
m
a x = ;
7 if
( ) ( )
0
m
f x
'
>
m
b x = ;
8 }
magaliTi. Sua wertilis meTodiT miaxloebiT gan-
sazRvreT minimali
2
16
( ) 2 min, 1 5, f x x x
x
= + s s
amocanaSi 0, 05 c = sizustiT.
amoxsna.
2
1, 5, ( ) 4 16/ , ( ) 12 0, a b f x x x f a ' ' = = = = <
( ) 20 16/ 5 0 f b ' = > , rac niSnavs, rom minimali x aris [a,b]
segmentis Siga wertili da SegviZlia Sua wertilis
meTodis gamoyeneba.
I iteracia
striqoni 3). 3,
m
x = da ( )
12 16/ 9 10, 22
m
f x ' = = ;
striqoni 4).
( )
m
f x c ' > ;
striqoni 7). ( )
0
m
f x ' > , amitom 1, 3 a b = = ;
II iteracia
striqoni 3). 2
m
x = , ( )
4 2 16/(2 2) 4
m
f x ' = = ;
striqoni 4).
( )
m
f x c ' > ;
striqoni 7). ( )
0
m
f x ' > , amitom 1, 2 a b = = ;
III iteracia
striqoni 3). 3/ 2
m
x = , ( ) ( )
4 3/ 2 16/(9/ 4) 6 7,11 1,11
m
f x ' = = = ;
striqoni 4).
( )
m
f x c ' > ;
striqoni 6). ( )
0
m
f x ' < , e.i. 3/ 2, 2 a b = = ;
59
IV iteracia
striqoni 3). 1, 75
m
x = ,
( )
4 1, 75 16/ 3, 06 7 5, 23 1, 77
m
f x ' = = = ;
striqoni 4).
( )
m
f x c ' > ;
striqoni 7) ( )
0
m
f x ' > , e.i. 1,5, 1,75 a b = = ;
V iteracia
striqoni 3). 1, 63
m
x = ,
( )
4 1, 63 16/ 2, 64 6, 52 6, 06 0, 46
m
f x ' = = = .
striqoni 4).
( )
m
f x c ' < , amitom 1, 63 x ~ , xolo ( )
40, 45 f x ~ .
savarjiSoebi
#60. amocanebSi #47 #49 da #57 #59, moZebneT minimali
kvadratuli aproqsimaciis gamoyenebiT da SeadareT
adre miRebul Sedegebs.
#61. Sua wertilis meTodis gamoyenebiT gansazRvreT f
funqciis minimali [a,b] segmentze 0, 5 c = sizustiT:
4
2
( ) 8 12, 0 2
4
x
f x x x x = + + s s .
#62. amocanebSi, #47 #49 da #57 #59, moZebneT minimali
Sua wertilis meTodis gamoyenebiT da SeadareT
adre miRebul Sedegebs.
60
Tavi 6. lifSicuri funqciebis
minimizacia texilTa meTodiT
Tu unimodaluri funqciebisTvis rekomendirebul
meTodebs gamoviyenebT araunimodaluri funqciebisa-
Tvis, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi (uwyveti funqciebisaTvis) mi-
viRebT lokaluri minimalis miaxloebiT mniSvnelobas.
amave dros, unimodaluri funqciebis simravle aris Za-
lian viwro klasi uwyveti funqciebis simravlidan.
texilTa meTodi saSualebas iZleva miviRoT glo-
baluri eqstremumis wertilebis miaxloebiTi mniSvnelo-
bebi lifSicuri funqciebisaTvis. gavixsenoT
ganmarteba. vambobT, rom f funqcia akmayofilebs
lifSicis pirobas [a,b] monakveTze, Tu arsebobs iseTi
0 L > mudmivi, rom
( ) ( ) , , [ , ] f x f y L x y x y a b s e . (6.1)
umciress im L mudmivebs Soris, romlebic akmayofileben
(6.1) s, uwodeben lifSicis mudmivs (igi damokidebulia f -
ze da [a,b] ze), xolo f s uwodeben lifSicuri funqcias
([a,b] ze).
geometriulad (6.1) niSnavs, rom f funqciis grafikis
nebismieri ori wertilis SemaerTebeli qordis sakuTxo
koeficientis moduli ar aRemateba Ls. (6.1)-dan gamom-
dinareobs, rom lifSicuri funqcia uwyvetia [a,b] -ze,
amitom, vaierStrasis Teoremis ZaliT, igi aRwevs Tavis
globalur minimums da maqsimums [a,b] -ze.
araa aucilebeli, rom lifSicuri funqcia iyos war-
moebadi. magaliTad, ( )
, 1 1 f x x x = s s . magram Tu
funqcia warmoebadia monakveTze da warmoebuli Semosaz-
Rvrulia, maSin igi lifSicuria.
61
winadadeba. vTqvaT f funqcia warmoebadia [a,b] -ze
da ( )
f x ' , a x b s s , SemosazRvruli funqciaa. maSin f
funqcia [a,b]-ze akmayofilebs lifSicis pirobas
( )
sup
a x b
L f x
s s
' = mudmiviT.
damtkiceba. nebismieri , [ , ] x y a b e wertilisaTvis
sasrul sxvaobaTa formula gvaZlevs:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
f x f y f y y x y x u ' = + ,
romeliRac [0,1] u e -isaTvis. aqedan da f ' -is Semosaz-
Rvrulobidan gamomdinareobs winadadebis daskvna.
vTqvaT, f aris lifSicuri funqcia [a,b] monakveTze
lifSicis L mudmiviT. cxadia, igive iqneba samarTliani f
funqciisaTvis. amitom, lifSicuri funqciebisaTvis Seg-
viZlia zogadobis SeuzRudavad ganvixiloT mxolod
minimizaciis amocana:
( )
min, [ , ] f x x a b e , (6.2)
da vigulisxmoT L>0 (L=0 niSnavs f=const).
nebismierad aviRoT
0
[ , ] x a b e da ganvsazRvroT
funqcia:
( )
0 0
( ) , p x f x L x x a x b = s s .
cxadia, es aris ori monakveTisagan Sedgenili texili,
( )
0 0
( ) p x f x = da misi monakveTebis sakuTxo koeficien-
tebia L ) . texilTa meTodi efuZneba im faqts, rom ps
grafiki [a,b]ze moTavsebulia fis grafikis qvemoT.
marTlac, (6.1) is ZaliT, roca a x b s s , gvaqvs:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
f x p x f x f x L x x f x f x L x x = + > + =
( ) ( )
( )
1
0 0 0
0 L f x f x x x x x
= > .
62
texilTa meTodi geometriulad niSnavs texilTa ise-
Ti mimdevrobis agebas, romelic qvemodan uaxlovdeba f-is
grafiks da nebismieri texilis nebismieri mdgenelis
sakuTxo koeficienti aris an +L, an L. am texilebis
wveroebis erTi nawilis koordinatebis damaxsovreba
xdeba e.w. kritikuli wertilebis simravleSi, romelic
yovel iteraciaze erTi elementiT izrdeba. algoriTmis

aRweramde, moviyvanoT damxmare faqtebi. Tu
( ) ( )
, a f a
wertilidan gavatarebT monakveTs L sakuTxo koefi-
cientiT da
( ) ( )
, b f b wertilidan gavatarebT monakveTs
+L sakuTxo koeficientiT (cxadia, orives grafiki fis
grafikis qvemoTaa), maSin maTi gadakveTis wertili aris
( )
* *
1 1
, x p , sadac:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
* *
1 1
1 1
,
2 2
x f a f b L a b p f a f b L a b
L
= + + = + + ( (

,
anu esaa pirveli texilis yvelaze qveda wertili (ix. na-
xazi 1).
*
1
x
f
a
b
1
p
-

nax. 1
63
texilTa meTodis algoriTmi Semdegia.
biji 1).
( )
* *
1 1
, x p wyvili gamoviyvanoT kritikuli werti-
lebis simravlidan da mis nacvlad SeviyvanoT
ori axali wyvili
( )
1 1
, x p ' ,
( )
1 1
, x p '' (ix. nax. 2)
Semdegnairad:
( )
* * * *
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
, ,
2
x x x x p f x p
(
' '' = A = + A = +

,
sadac
( )
* *
1 1 1
1
.
2
f x p
L
(
A =

biji 2). miRebuli ori
( )
1 1
, x p ' ,
( )
1 1
, x p '' wyvilidan avir-
CioT is, romlis meore koordinati minimaluria
aRvniSnoT igi
( )
* *
2 2
, x p -Ti da gamovricxoT kri-
tikuli wyvilebis simravlidan (cxadia, mocemul
bijze
( )
* *
2 2
, x p -ad SegviZlia aviRoT nebismieri am
ori wyvilidan).
( )
* *
2 2
, x p -is nacvlad, kritikuli
wyvilebis simravleSi davamatoT ori axali
nax. 2
1
p
*
2 1
x x' =
*
1
x
a
b
1
x'

f
64
wyvili
( )
2 2
, x p ' ,
( )
2 2
, x p '' , romelTa komponentebi
iTvleba formulebiT:
( )
* * * *
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
, ,
2
x x x x p f x p
(
' '' = A = + A = +

,
sadac
( )
* *
2 2 2
1
2
f x p
L
(
A =

.
am bijis Sedegad, kritikuli wyvilebis simrav-
leSi aris sami wyvili (ix. nax. 3).
- - -
biji n). wina bijebis Sedegad, kritikuli wyvilebis sim-
ravleSi aris n cali ( )
, x p saxis wyvili. maTgan
avirCioT is, romlis meore komponenta minima-
luria. aRvniSnoT igi
( )
* *
,
n n
x p -Ti, gamovricxoT
igi kritikuli wyvilebis simravlidan da mis
nacvlad, kritikuli wyvilebis simravleSi, da-
vamatoT ori axali wyvili
( )
,
n n
x p ' ,
( )
,
n n
x p '' , ro-
melTa komponentebi iTvleba formulebiT:
*
3
x
a
b
f
2
x'

2
x''

2
p
nax. 3
65
( )
* * * *
1
, ,
2
n n n n n n n n n
x x x x p f x p
( ' '' = A = + A = +

, (6.3)
sadac
( )
* *
1
2
n n n
f x p
L
(
A =

.
Cveulebriv, rodesac
( )
*
n
f x sakmaod axlosaa
( )
*
min
a x b
f f x
s s
= sididesTan, maSin viRebT
*
n
x x ~ da
( )
*
* n
f f x ~ .
*
f -Tan siaxlovis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoi-
yeneba Sefaseba:
( )
*
*
0 2 .
n n
f x f L s s A (6.4)
e.i., roca sruldeba (6.4), maSin sruldeba Ziebis procesi.
SeniSvna. warmoebadi funqciisTvis
( )
0 f x
'
= , ami-
tom miznis funqciis mniSvnelobebi ufro swrafad midis
minimumisken, vidre
*
n
x dauaxlovdeba x -s. algoriTmis
gaCerebis pirobad (6.4)Tan erTad SeiZleba
*
n
x x -is
simciris moTxovnac.
magaliTi. texilTa meTodiT [10;15] Sualedze
0.01 c = sizustiT moZebneT
( )
( )
sin x
f x
x
= funqciis glo-
baluri minimumi
*
f da globaluri minimali x .
amoxsna. radgan
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
cos sin
cos sin
1
( ) 0,11
x x x
x x x
x
f x
x x x
+
+
' = < < s
roca [10;15] xe , amitom SegviZlia aviRoT 0,11 L = (Tumca
es metobiTaa).
Tavidan vpoulobT
* *
1 1
12, 056, 0, 281 x p = = . Semdeg
aRwerili sqemis mixedviT (6.3) formulebiT vatarebT
gamoTvlebs. gamoTvlebis Sedegebi moyvanilia Semdeg
cxrilSi.
66
n
gamosaricxi
wyvili (x, p)

2
n
LA
dasamatebeli wyvilebi
*
n
x
*
n
p
n
x'

n
x''

n
p
1 12,056 -0,281 0,240 10,963 13,149 -0,161
2 10,963 -0,161 0,070 10,646 11,280 -0,126
3 13,149 -0,161 0,203 12,227 14,071 -0,096
4 10,646 -0,126 0,038 10,474 10,818 -0,107
5 11,280 -0,126 0,041 11,094 11,466 -0,106
6 10,474 -0,107 0,024 10,364 10,584 -0,095
7 10,818 -0,107 0,160 10,745 10,891 -0,099
8 11,094 -0,106 0,016 11,020 11,168 -0,098
9 11,466 -0,106 0,028 11,338 11,594 -0,092
10 10,891 -0,099
0,008 <

cxrilis mixedviT,
*
10,891, (10,891) 0, 091 x f f ~ = = . Sev-
niSnoT, rom miznis funqcia ar aris unimodaluri, amitom
adre ganxiluli meTodebi ar gamogvadgeboda.
savarjiSoebi
#63. daamtkiceT, rom [a,b] segmentze lifSicuri funqcia
uwyvetia amave segmentze.
#64.
( )
3 2
1
2 5 6
3
f x x x x = + + funqcia lifSicuri aris
[0,1] da [0,10] Sualedebze. orive SemTxvevaSi moZeb-
neT umciresi lifSicis mudmivebs Soris.
Semdeg amocanebSi, texilTa meTodiT ipoveT f fun-
qciis minimali da globaluri minimumi [a,b] segmentze
mocemuli sizustiT:
#65. ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4
0, 9 1,1 , [0,8;1, 2], 0, 05 f x x x x c = + e = .
#66.
2
cos
( ) , 7 11, 0, 01
x
f x x
x
c = s s = .
#67.
( )
2
1 1 f x x = funqcia aris Tu ara lifSicuri
[2,2]-ze? Tu aris, CaatereT pirveli 6 iteracia te-
xilTa meTodiT.

nawili 3

mraval cvladze
damokidebuli miznis
funqcia
68
Ria dasaSvebi simravliT
gamoyenebiT amocanebSi, TiTqmis yovelTvis, miznis
funqcia mravali cvladis funqcias warmoadgens. am tipis
amocanebSi yvelaze advilad gamosakvlevi aris Ria da-
saSvebi simravlis SemTxveva.
Teorema 1 /eqstremalurobis I rigis aucilebeli
piroba/. vTqvaT,
n
M c R aris Ria simravle, : f M R
uwyvetad warmoebadi funqciaa
( )
1 n
x , , x x M = e . werti-
lis romeliRac midamoSi da x aris lokaluri eqstre-
mumis wertili
(x) extr, x f M e
amocanaSi. maSin,
( )
( )
x
x 0 0, 1, ,
x
i
f
f i n
c | |
' = = =
|
c
\ .
. .
damtkiceba. vTqvaT 1 i = . Tu
( )
1 n
x , , x x = . aris f
funqciis lokaluri eqstremumis wertili, maSin
1
x iqneba
( )
1 1 2
( , , , )
n
g x f x x x . erTi cvladis funqciis lokaluri
eqstremumis wertili, amasTan, radgan
1 2
( , , , )
n
f x x x .
funqcia gansazRvrulia Ria simravleze, amitom
( )
1
g x
funqciac gansazRvrulia Ria simravleze da misTvis
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT fermas Teorema
( )
1
0 g x ' = , anu
( ) ( )
1 1
1 2 1 2
1 1
, , , , , ,
0
n n
x x
f x x x df x x x
x dx
=
c
= =
c
. .

analogiuria mtkiceba 2, , i n = . -Tvis.
69
ganmarteba. ganxiluli Teoremis pirobebSi,
(x) extr, x f M e ,
amocanisTvis kritikuli wertilebis simravle K gani-
sazRvreba Semdegnairad:
( )
{ }
x x 0 K M f ' = e = .
magaliTi. ipoveT
2 2
2 x y xy x y + + funqciis eqs-
tremumis wertilebi.
amoxsna. CavweroT amocana standartuli saxiT:
( )
2 2
2
( , ) 2 extr, , f x y x y xy x y x y = + + eR . (7.1)
(7.1) amocanisaTvis ganvsazRvroT kritikuli wertilebis
simravle. am mizniT SevadginoT da amovxsnaT sistema
/ 0, / 0 f x f y c c = c c = . e.i.:
2 2 0,
2 1 0,
f
x y
x
f
y x
y
c
= =
= + =
c

saidanac vpoulobT:
( ) { }
1, 0, 1, 0 . x y K = = = anu
Semdeg punqtebSi avxsniT, Tu rogor xdeba kritikuli
wertilebis gamokvleva da davasrulebT am magaliTsac.
vaierStrasis Teoremis Sedegebis
gamoyenebiT
vaierStrasis Teoremis Sedegebi saSualebas gvaZlevs
gavarkvioT, Tu romeli kritikuli wertili aris globa-
luri eqstremumis wertili.
vaierStrasis Teoremis Sedegebis gamoyenebiT Tu
davadgenT, rom
(x) extr, x f M e , (7.2)
70
amocanaSi gl min(7.2) =C, maSin SegviZlia Semovifar-
gloT gacilebiT martivi
(x) extr, x f K e , (7.3)
amocanis ganxilviT, romelsac aqvs igive minimali, rac
(7.2) s, radgan
( )
x x gl min(7.2) x gl min(7.3) K e e e da .
analogiurad vmoqmedebT globaluri maqsimumis Ziebis
SemTxvevaSic.
magaliTi. gavagrZeloT Semdegi magaliTis amoxsna:
( )
2 2
2
( , ) 2 extr, , f x y x y xy x y x y = + + eR .
rogorc vnaxeT,
( ) { }
1, 0 . K = radgan
( , )
( , ) , gl min(7.1) . lim
x y
f x y
= + = C amitom
radgan K erTelementiania, amitom (1,0) aris globaluri
minimali
( )
( , ) extr, , f x y x y K e amocanaSi.
am meTodSi ZiriTadi sirTule mdgomareobs absolu-
turi eqstremumis wertilis arsebobis dadgenaSi. Cvens
magaliTSi, radgan
( )
2 2
2
2 2
0 2
2 2
x y
x y x y xy xy > + > + > ,
amitom
2 2
2
( , ) 2 , ( , )
2 2
x y
f x y x y x y > + + eR . (7.4)
axla cxadia, rom
( , )
( , ) , lim
x y
f x y
= + radgan (7.4)Si
kvadratuli wevrebis koeficientebi dadebiTia.
71
kvlav ganvixiloT (7.2). vTqvaT, sruldeba Teorema
1-is pirobebi da x K e
. yoveli x M e warmovadginoT
Semdegi saxiT: x x h = +
da ganvixiloT sxvaoba:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x h x x x . f f f f f A = + =
f A -is niSnis h -ze damokidebulebis garkveva arsebiTia,
radgan:
5) Tu 0 f A > yoveli SesaZlo h-isTvis, maSin
x gl min(7.2) e ;
6) Tu 0 f A s yoveli SesaZlo h-isTvis, maSin
x gl max(7.2) e ;
7) Tu 0 f A > yoveli sakmaod mcire h-isTvis, maSin
x locmin(7.2) e ;
8) Tu 0 f A s yoveli sakmaod mcire h-isTvis, maSin
x locmax(7.2) e ;
magaliTi. kvlav gavagrZeloT
( )
2 2
2
( , ) 2 extr, , f x y x y xy x y x y = + + eR
eqstremaluri amocanis ganxilva. aq
( ) { }
1, 0 K = aris
erTaderTi kritikuli wertili. Cvens SemTxvevaSi
x x h = +
warmodgena aris
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
, 1, 0 h ,h 1 h ,h x y = + = + ,
amitom ganvixiloT sxvaoba:
( ) ( )
, 1, 0 f x y f =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 h h 1 h h 2 1 h h 1 2 = + + + + + + =
72
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1
h h h h h h 0
2
(
= + > + >
(

,
rac
( )
, x y -is nebismierobis ZaliT niSnavs, rom
( )
x 1, 0 =

aris globaluri minimali. SevniSnoT agreTve, rom bolo
formulidan martivad Cans
( , )
( , ) , lim
x y
f x y
= + rac
arsebiTia vaierStrasis Teoremis tipis SedegebiT sar-
geblobisas.
safuZvelze
winaswar moviyvanoT ramdenime faqti, rac aucile-
belia am meTodis gamoyenebisas.
ganmarteba. vTqvaT, mocemulia kvadratuli
( )
, 1
a
n
i j
i j
A
=
= matrica. am matricas ewodeba:
a) dadebiTad gansazRvruli, Tu nebismieri aranu-
lovani
( )
1
y y , , y
n
= . veqtorisaTvis sruldeba:
T j
1 1
y y a y y
n n
i
i j
i j
A
= =
=
0 > .
b) uaryofiTad gansazRvruli, Tu nebismieri aranu-
lovani
( )
1
y y , , y
n
= . veqtorisaTvis sruldeba:
T j
1 1
y y a y y
n n
i
i j
i j
A
= =
=
0 < , anu Tu A aris dadebiTad

gansazRvruli.
silvestris cnobili Teorema (ix. [1]), romelsac aq daum-
tkiceblad moviyvanT, gvaZlevs advilad Sesamowmebel
kriteriums kvadratuli matricis gansazRvrulobis dad-
genisTvis. SevniSnoT, rom silvestris Teoremis sxva,
ufro informatiuli versiebic arsebobs.
73
Teorema /silvestris/. kvadratuli, simetriuli A
matricis dadebiTad gansazRvrulobisaTvis aucilebe-
lia da sakmarisi, rom misi yvela mTavari minori iyos
dadebiTi, anu yoveli 1, 2, , k n = . -isaTvis unda Sesrul-
des
( )
det 0
k
A > , sadac
( )
, 1
a
k
k i j
i j
A
=
= .
savarjiSo. CamoayalibeT kriteriumi A matricis
uaryofiTad gansazRvrulobisaTvis.
miTiTeba. A -s uaryofiTad gansazRvruloba igivea,
rac A -s dadebiTad gansazRvruloba.
SemdegSi,
( )
x f ''
-iT, Cveulebriv, aRvniSnavT : f M R
funqciis meore warmoebulebisgan Sedgenil, anu heses
matricas x wertilSi:
( )
2 2
1 2 1 n
2 2
n 1 n 2
(x ) x x
x
x x (x )
f f
f
f f
( c c
(
c c c
(
'' =
(
c c
(
(
c c c

. .
.
Teorema 2 /eqstremalurobis II rigis sakmarisi
piroba/. vTqvaT
n
M c R aris Ria simravle, : f M R
funqcias aqvs meore rigis uwyveti kerZo warmoebulebi.
maSin, imisaTvis rom
( )
1 n
x x , , x M = e . iyos mkacri loka-
luri maqsimali (minimali) amocanaSi
(x) extr, x f M e ,
sakmarisia Semdegi pirobebis Sesruleba:
( ) ( )
x 0 x da f f
' ''
= uaryofiTadaa gansazRvruli
( ( ) ( )
x 0 x da f f
' ''
= dadebiTadaa gansazRvruli).
74
damtkiceba. damtkicebis idea martivia. radgan samar-
Tliania teiloris formula:
(x) (x) f f =
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
2 T 1
x x x x x x x x
2
f f o
' ''
+ + ,
amitom roca x, x sakmaod axlos arian erTmaneTTan,
marjvena mxareSi, pirveli wevri nulia, xolo mesamis
ugulebelyofa SegviZlia (ufro maRali rigis usas-
rulod mcirea), amitom marcxena mxaris niSani emTxveva
marjvena mxareSi meore wevris niSans, rac amtkicebs
Teoremas.
axla davasruloT Teorema 2-is damtkiceba lokalu-
ri minimalisaTvis. radgan
( )
x f ''
dadebiTadaa gansaz-
Rvruli, amitom
( )
x A f '' = matricis yvela mTavari
minori dadebiTia: ( )
det 0
k
A > , 1, 2, , k n = . . determi-
nanti aris matricis elementebis uwyveti funqcia, xolo,
Tavis mxriv, matricis elementebi
( )
2
x
x x
i j
f c
c c
aris x -is
uwyveti funqciebi indeqsebis yoveli , i j wyvilisaTvis.
amgvarad, mTavari minorebi aris x M e -is uwyveti
funqciebi da es funqciebi dadebiTia x -Si. amitom x -is
raRac midamoSi isini SeinarCuneben niSans. Tu 0 o > ise
aris SerCeuli, rom x -is x x o < midamoSi ( )
x f ''
-is
mTavari minorebi inarCuneben niSans, maSin
x x o < (x) f '' dadebiTadaa gansazRvruli.
0 o > imdenad mcire SegviZlia aviRoT, rom agreTve
Sesruldes
x x o < x M e .
teiloris formulis Tanaxmad, roca x x o < , gvaqvs
75
(x) (x) f f =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
T 1
x x x x x x x x
2
f f u ' '' = + + , (7.5)
sadac [0,1] u e damokidebulia x-ze. SevniSnoT, rom
teiloris formulis es saxe samarTliania mxolod
ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis mqone funqciebisaTvis. pirobis
Tanaxmad,
( )
x 0 f ' = , xolo radgan
( )
x x x x x x u u o + = s (

,
amitom
( ) ( )
x x x f u '' + dadebiTadaa gansazRvruli, anu
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
T
x x x x x x x 0 f u '' + > .
amgvarad (7.5) gvaZlevs:
x x (x) (x) 0 (x) (x) f f f f o < > > .
savarjiSoebi
amoxseniT Semdegi eqstremaluri amocanebi:
#68.
2 2
5 4 16 12 extr. x xy y x y +
#69.
2 2
3 4 8 12 extr. x xy y x y +
#70.
2 2
2 extr. x xy y + +
#71.
( )
( )
2
2
2
1 10 extr. x y x +
#72.
3 2 2
3 6 extr. x y z yz x y + + + +
#73.
2 3 2
2 extr. x xy y z + +
#74.
2 2 2
2 extr. x y z xy x z + + +
#75.
3 2
2 10 extr. x xy y +
#76.
( )
( )
2
2
2
1 extr. y x x +
76
#77.
50 20
extr. xy
x y
+ +
#78.
2 2
4 6 extr. x y x y +
#79.
2 2 2
27 extr. x y z xy x + + +
#80.
3 3
3 extr. x y xy +
#81.
( )
( )
2 3
2 2
8 6 3 extr.
x y
e x xy y
+
+

77
tolobis tipis SezRudvebiT
1. mokle reziume
vTqvaT, yoveli :
i n
f R R , 0,1, , i m = . aris uwyvetad
warmoebadi funqcia. Semdeg eqstremalur amocanas
0 1
(x) extr, (x) 0, , (x) 0
m
f f f = = . , (8.1)
ewodeba gluvi amocana tolobis tipis SezRudevebiT.
aq,
0
f aris miznis funqcia, xolo
{ }
1
x (x) (x) 0
n m
M R f f = e = = =
aris dasaSvebi simravle. cxadia, M aris Caketili.
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, x aris lokaluri minimali (8.1) Si
(e.i. x locmin(8.1) e ), Tu romelime 0 c > ricxvisaTvis
( )
1 0 0
x x & (x) (x) 0 (x) (x).
m
f f f f c s = = = s
(8.1) amocanisTvis SemoviRoT lagranJis funqcia:
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 1 1
(x, , ) x x x
m m
f f f = + + + L ,
sadac ( )
1
, ,
m
= . ,
( )
1
x x , , x
n
= . ,
j
-ebs ewodebaT
lagranJis mamravlebi,
0
-s ewodeba lagranJis mTavari
mamravli. uSualod ganmartebebidan gamomdinareobs, rom
(8.1) amocanis dasaSveb simravleze miznis funqcia da
lagranJis funqcia erTmaneTis tolia mudmivi Tanamam-
ravlis sizustiT, anu
( )
0 0 0
(x, , ) x f = L , roca ( ) ( )
1
x 0, , x 0.
m
f f = = .
am paragrafSi Cven davasabuTebT, rom tolobis tipis
SezRudvebiani gluvi amocanis gamokvleva xdeba Semdegi
TanmimdevrobiT:
1. maTematikuri modelis Sedgena, anu amocanis formu-
lireba (8.1) saxiT;
78
2. lagranJis funqciis Sedgena (8.1)) amocanis monace-
mebis mixedviT:

( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 1 1
(x, , ) x x x
m m
f f f = + + + L ;
3. (8.1) eqstremalur amocanaSi kritikuli wertilebis
(anu iseTi wertilebis, romlebic SesaZloa warmoad-
gendnen (8.1)-is amonaxsns) gansazRvris mizniT ganto-
lebaTa sistemis Sedgena

0
0
(x, , )
0, 1, , ,
x
(x, , )
0, 1, , .
i
j
i n
j m

= =
= =
c
.
.

L
L
(8.2)
4. (8.1) amocanisaTvis kritikuli wertilebis simrav-
lis ganisazRvra:
( )
0 1
0
, ,
( , , )
m
n
R
K x
x

+

e

= e
`

)

R

arsebobs aranulovani iseTi
rom aris (8.2)-is amonaxsni
;
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, rom
{ }
locmin(8.2), locmax(8.2) . K c
5. kritikuli wertilebis gamokvleva maTgan eqstre-
mumis wertilebis amorCevis mizniT.
SevniSnoT, rom amocanis gamokvleva moxdeba igive
sqemiT, Tu yvela funqcia: miznis funqcionali da Sez-
Rudvebi gansazRvrulebi arian raime Ria simravleze.
sailustraciod, ganvixiloT piradi moxmarebis neo-
klasikuri amocana. vTqvaT, kerZo pirma an firmam (zoga-
dad momxmarebeli) piradi moxmarebis mizniT unda Sei-
Zinos n sxvadasxva dasaxelebis produqtis
1 2
x , x , , x
n
.
raodenobebi ise, rom sargeblianobis
( )
1 2
U x , x , , x
n
.
79
funqciam, romelic aRwers momxmareblis gemovnebas,
miiRos maqsimaluri mniSvneloba. simartivisTvis vgulis-
xmobT, rom TiToeuli saxis produqtis erTeuli aris
usasrulod danawilebadi (praqtikulad aseTia 1 kg. Saqa-
ri an milioni wyvili fexsacmeli) da rom valis aReba
SeuZlebelia. es ori daSveba garantias gvaZlevs, rom
yoveli
| )
0,
i
x e . cnobilia produqtebis fasebi
1 2
, , ,
n
p p p . da Tanxa I , romelic gaaCnia momxmarebels.
formalurad, moxmarebis neoklasikuri amocana aris
amocana utolobis tipis SezRudvebiT:
( )
1 2
U x , x , , x max
n
. , (
1 2
1 2
x x x
n
n
p p p I + + + s da
yoveli x 0
i
> ).
Tu davukvirdebiT amocanis Sinaarss, davrwmundebiT rom
igi sinamdvileSi ufro martivia. arsebiTia is garemoeba,
rom funqcia
( )
1 2
U x , x , , x
n
. , romelic aRwers momxmareb-
lis gemovnebas, ver iqneba nebismieri. arsebobs bunebrivi
SezRudvebi, romelsac akmayofilebs momxmareblis ge-
movneba. am SezRudvebs moxmarebis TeoriaSi aqsiomebs
uwodeben. aRvweroT ori maTgani.
1. Tu x =y , 1,... 1, 1,...,
i i
i j j n = + da x >y
j j
, maSin
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
U x ,..., x , x ,x ,..., x U ,..., x , ,x , , x
j j j n j j j n
x y
+ +
> .
anu, Tu erTi produqtis raodenoba imatebs, xolo
danarCeni produqtebis raodenoba fiqsirebulia,
maSin krebulis sargeblianoba izrdeba. maTemati-
kurad, es niSnavs, rom
( )
1 2
U x , x , , x
n
. funqcia
zrdadia TiToeuli argumentis mimarT:
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
j
U x , x , , x U x , x , , x 0
n n
j
x
c
'
= >
c
. . , 1,..., j n = .
80
ekonomikaSi amas uwodeben zRvruli sargebliano-
bebis dadebiTobis kanons.
2. Tu x =y , 1,... 1, 1,...,
i i
i j j n = + da x >y
j j
, maSin
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
j j
U x ,..., x , x ,x ,..., x <U ,..., x , ,x , , x
j j j n j j j n
x y
+ +
' ' .
anu, Tu erTi produqtis raodenoba imatebs, xolo
danarCeni produqtebis raodenoba fiqsirebulia,
maSin im erTi produqtis zRvruli sargeblianoba
mcirdeba:
( )
2
1 2
2
U x , x , , x 0
( )
n
j
x
c
<
c
. , 1,..., j n = .
ekonomikaSi amas uwodeben kanons zRvruli sargeb-
lianobis klebadobis Sesaxeb.
am Tvisebebidan gamomdinareobs, rom zRvruli sar-
geblianoba yovelTvis dadebiTia, Tumca klebadia.
es niSnavs, rom
( )
1 2
U x , x , , x
n
. funqcia zrdadia,
magram misi zrdis tempi mcirdeba argumentebis
gazrdasTan erTad.
1 2
1 2
x x x
n
n
p p p I + + + s biujetur SezRudvaSi SeiZ-
leba mxolod toloba gvqondes, radgan Tu Tanxa darCa,
misi daxarjviT SeiZleba raime produqtis mcire dozis
SeZena mainc da amgvarad sargeblianobis gazrda. e.i.
moxmarebis neoklasikur amocanaSi realurad sruldeba
tolobis tipis SezRudva
1 2
1 2
x x x
n
n
p p p I + + + = . maSa-
sadame, moxmarebis amocanas aqvs saxe:
( )
1 2
U x , x , , x max
n
. ,
1 2
1 2
x x x
n
n
p p p I + + + = , x 0
i
> .

81
imisaTvis, rom tolobis tipis SezRudvebian eqstre-
malur amocanaSi
0 1
(x) extr, (x) 0, , (x) 0
m
f f f = = . (8.3)
ganvsazRvroT kritikuli wertilebi, unda Camovayali-
boT da davamtkicoT eqstremalurobis pirveli rigis
aucilebeli piroba. amisaTvis, winaswar davamtkicoT
erTi damxmare faqti, romelsac damoukidebeli mniSvne-
lobac aqvs.
lema 1. vTqvaT, , , :
m n
W M g W M c c R R da
: f M R funqciebi uwyvetebia da x aris lokaluri eqstre-
mumis wertili
(x) extr, x f M e (8.4)
amocanaSi. maSin yoveli iseTi w W e , romlisTvisac sruldeba
(w) x g = piroba, warmoadgens lokaluri eqstremumis wertils
(w) extr, w h W e (8.5)
amocanaSi, sadac h f g = .
damtkiceba. vTqvaT, x locmin(8.4) e . arsebobs
1
0 c > iseTi,
rom sruldeba:
( )
1
x x & x (x) (x). M f f c s e s (8.6)
radgan g uwyvetia w -Si, am
1
c -isaTvis arsebobs 0 c > iseTi, rom
( )
1
w w & w (w) (w) . W g g c c s e s
es ki (w) x g = tolobisa da (4.11) is Tanaxmad niSnavs, rom
( ) ( )
w w & w (x) (w) W f f g c s e s ,
anu w locmin(8.5) e . SemTxveva w locmax(8.5) e analogiuria.
Teorema 1 /eqstremalurobis pirveli rigis auci-
lebeli piroba/. vTqvaT, x aris dasaSvebi wertili (8.3)
amocanaSi da yoveli
i
f , 0,1, , i m = . , uwyvetad war-
82
moebadia x -is raRac midamoSi. Tu x aris lokaluri
eqstremumis wertili (8.3) amocanaSi, maSin arseboben
erTdroulad nulis aratoli lagranJis mamravlebi
( )
1

, ,
m
= . da
0
, iseTebi rom
0

(x, , )
0, 1, , ,
x
i
i n
c
= =
c
.
L
(8.7)
anu
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 1 1

x x x 0
m m
f f f ' ' ' + + + = . (8.7
1
)
damtkiceba. garkveulobisTvis aviRoT x locmin(8.3) e .
Teorema davamtkicoT induqciiT SezRudvebis raodenobis, anu
m is mimarT. rodesac 0 m= , maSin Teorema samarTliania wina
paragrafis Teoremis /eqstremalurobis pirveli rigis aucile-
beli pirobis/ ZaliT. axla, davuSvaT Teoremis samarTlianoba
1 m raodenoba SezRudvebisTvis da davamtkicoT m isTvis.
zogadobis SeuzRudavad SegviZlia vigulisxmoT, rom
( )
1
x f
'

aranulovania (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aviRebdiT
1
1 = , danarCen
mamravlebs ki nulis tols da Teoremis daskvna trivialurad
Sesruldeboda). vigulisxmoT agreTve, rom
( )
1
1
x
0.
x
f c
=
c
maSin,
1 n
1
(x , , x ) 0 f = . gantoleba, romelic sruldeba
1 n
x (x , , x ) = .
wertilSi mainc, amoixsneba
1
x cvladis mimarT. es niSnavs iseTi
1
x =
2 n
(x , , x ) g . funqciis arsebobas, romelic gansazRvrulia
2 n
(x , , x ) . wertilis raime midamoSi, amave midamoSi yvelagan
sruldeba
( )
2 n 2 n
1
(x , , x ), x , , x 0 f g . . (8.8)
da
1 2 n
x (x , , x ) g = . .
Canawerebis simartivis mizniT, gamoviyenoT Semdegi aRniS-
vnebi:
83
-
x
i
j
f c
c
Ti aRvniSnoT kerZo warmoebuli
1 n
x (x , , x ) = . wer-
tilSi, 1, , i m = . , 1, , j n = . .
-
x
j
g c
c
Ti aRvniSnoT kerZo warmoebuli
2 n
(x , , x ) . wer-
tilSi, 2, , j n = . .
maSin, rTuli funqciis gawarmoebis wesis Tanaxmad, (8.8)is gawar-
moeba iuri cvladis mimarT gvaZlevs:
1 1
1
0
x x x
i i
f f g c c c
+ =
c c c
anu
1
1 1
1
x x x
i i
f f g

c c c
| |
=
|
c c c
\ .
. (8.9)
lema 1is ZaliT, (8.3) SegviZlia gadavweroT Semdegi saxiT:
2 n 2 n 2 n
0 2
(x , , x ) extr, (x , , x ) 0, , (x , , x ) 0
m
F F F = = . . . . , (8.10)
sadac
( )
2 n 2 n 2 n
(x , , x ) (x , , x ), x , , x
i i
F f g = . . . .
(8.10) amocanaSi SezRudvebis raodenoba saSualebas gvaZlevs
gamoviyenoT induqciuri daSveba. amitom, arseboben erTdroulad
nulis aratoli lagranJis mamravlebi
0 2

, , ,
m
. da, iseTebi
rom yoveli 2, , i n = . -isTvis sruldeba:
2 n 2 n 2 n
0 2
0 2
(x , , x ) (x , , x ) (x , , x )

0
x x x
m
m
i i i
F F F

c c c
+ + + =
c c c
. . .
. (8.11)
(8.11) igivea, rac:
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
c
c
i i i i
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
2
1
1
1 1
1
2
2
0
1
1
1 1
1
0
0

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
c
c
+

i
m
i
m
m
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
1
1
1 1
1

=
0 1 2
0 1 2

x x x x
m
m
i i i i
f f f f

c c c c
+ + + +
c c c c
= 0, (8.12)
sadac
1 1 1
0 1 2 1 1
1 0 2
1 1 1 1 1 1

x x x x x x
m
m
f f f f f f

c c c c c c
| | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
c c c c c c
\ . \ . \ .
.
cxadia, (8.12) amtkicebs Teoremas.
84
es Teorema Zalian mniSvnelobania rogorc Teoriuli,
aseve gamoyenebiTi TvalsazrisiT, amitom misi gaazrebis-
Tvis sasargeblo iqneba, Tu yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT
Semdeg faqtorebze.
SeniSvna 1. (8.7
1
) niSnavs, rom n ganzomilebiani veq-
torebis
{ } 0 1
(x), (x), , (x)
m
f f f
' ' '
. (8.13)
sistema wrfivad damokidebulia. amgvarad, es Teorema
(eqstremumis I rigis aucilebeli piroba) amtkicebs, rom
tolobis tipis SezRudvebis SemTxvevaSi, lokaluri eqs-
tremumis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens (8.13) sistemis
wrfivad damokidebuleba. am kuTxiT, es Teorema warmoad-
gens fermas Teoremis mravalganzomilebiani analogis
ganzogadebas, radgan roca 0 m= , maSin
{ } 0
(x) f
'
-is wrfi-
vad damokidebuleba niSnavs, rom
0
(x) 0 f
'
= .
SeniSvna 2. roca m n > , maSin n ganzomilebiani veq-
torebis (8.13) sistema wrfivad damokidebulia da Teo-
remis daskvna trivialurad sruldeba. amitom, xSirad
amocanis dasmaSi gulisxmoben xolme, rom m n < .
SeniSvna 3. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tvlidnen, rom
rodesac x locmin(8.3) e an x locmax(8.3) e , maSin
0
(x) f
'

gamoisaxeba
{ } 1
(x), , (x)
m
f f
' '
.
sistemis veqtorebis wrfivi
kombinaciis saxiT raime damatebiTi pirobebis gareSe.
amitom iyenebdnen mxolod mamravlebs
1

, ,
m
. . Semdeg
moiZebna magaliTebi (ix. Semdegi SeniSvna), romlebic
gviCveneben, rom eqstremumis aucilebel pirobas war-
moadgens (8.13) sistemis wrfivad damokidebuleba, magram
85
SesaZloa am dros
{ } 1
(x), , (x)
m
f f
' '
.
sistemac wrfivad damo-
kidebuli iyos. amitom lagranJis funqciis argumentebs
daemata
0
cvladic, oRond boloSi:
0
(x, , ) L , rac
arRvevs argumentebis mimdevrobas.
SeniSvna 4. lagranJis Semdeg Zalian didxans Tvlid-
nen, rom yovelTvis sruldeba
0
1 = . es umetes SemTxve-
vebSi marTlac asea, magram Tu SezRudvebi aris gadagva-
rebuli, maSin aRmoCndeba xolme
0
0 = . magaliTad, gan-
vixiloT:
2 2
min, 0 x x y + = .
am amocanaSi aris erTaderTi dasaSvebi wertili (M
gadagvarda wertilSi) da, maSasadame, igi aris amonaxsnic:
( ) ( )
, 0, 0 x y = . meore mxriv, Tu lagranJis funqciaSi
( )
2 2
0 1
x x y + + aviRebT
0
1 = da SevadgenT sistemas
kritikuli wertilis gansazRvrisaTvis, vnaxavT rom igi
araTavsebadia:
1
1
2 2
1 2 0,
2 0,
0.
x
y
x y
+ =
+ =

radgan
( ) ( )
0
0
0
x x
(x, , )
, 1, , ,
x x x
m
m
i i i
f f
i n

c c
c
= + + =
c c c
.
L

da
( )
0
(x, , )
x , 1, , ,
j
j
f j m

c
= =
c
.
L

amitom Teorema 1, lagranJis funqciis terminebSi,
amtkicebs Semdegs: Tu x warmoadgens lokaluri eqs-
tremumis wertils (8.3) amocanaSi, maSin arsebobs erT-
86
droulad nulis aratoli ricxvebi
0 1

, , ,
m
. , iseTebi
rom
0

(x, , ) sameuli (sadac
( )
1

, ,
m
= . ) warmoadgens
Semdegi sistemis amonaxsns:

0
0
(x, , )
0, 1, , ,
x
(x, , )
0, 1, , .
i
j
i n
j m

= =
= =
c
.
.

L
L
(8.14)
es niSnavs, rom (8.3) sistemis eqstremumis wertilebi unda
veZeboT (8.14)is iseT amonaxsnebs Soris, romelTa
lagranJis mamravlebi erTdroulad nulis toli ar
xdeba. nebismierad aRebuli lagranJis mamravlebisaTvis
lagranJis funqcia dasaSveb simravleze (da kerZod
eqstremumis wertilebSi) miznis funqciis tolia mudmivi
Tanamamravlis sizustiT, xolo Tu lagranJis mamravlebi
SerCeulia (8.14) sistemis amonaxsnebis saSualebiT, maSin
aseTi lagranJis funqciis kerZo warmoebulebi nulis
toli xdeba eqstremumis wertilebSi. (SevniSnoT, rom
(8.14) sistemaSi gvaqvs n m + gantoleba da 1 n m + +
ucnobi) Tu dasaSvebi simravle Ria araa, TviTon miznis
funqciis warmoebuli SesaZloa ar gaxdes nulis toli
eqstremumis wertilebSi. rogorc vxedavT, lagranJis
meTodi (eqstremumis wertilebis gansazRvra (8.14)is
amonaxsnebis saSualebiT) warmoadgens SezRudvaTa mox-
snis saSualebas eqstremalur amocanaSi tolobis tipis
SezRudvebiT. amitom, Teorema 1is pirobebSi, (8.3) amo-
canisaTvis kritikuli wertilebis simravle ganisazRvre-
ba Semdegnairad:
( )
0 1
0
, ,
( , , )
m
n
K x
x

+

e

= e
`

)

R
R

arsebobs aranulovani iseTi
rom aris (4.18)-is amonaxsni

.
87
agebis Tanaxmad,
{ }
locmin(8.3), locmax(8.3) . K c
magaliTi. amovxsnaT amocana:
2 2
extr, 1. xy x y + =
amocanas mivceT standartuli saxe:
( )
0
, f x y xy = , ( )
2 2
1
, 1 f x y x y = + da
( )
2 2
1 0 0 1
( , , , ) 1 x y xy x y = + + L .
kritikuli wertilebis gansazRvris mizniT Sevad-
ginoT sistema:
0 1
0 1
2 2
1
2 0,
2 0,
1 0.
y x
x
x y
y
x y

c
= + =
c
= + =
c
= + =

L
L
L
(8.15)
aq sami gantolebaa oTxi ucnobiT. radgan gantolebebi
0 1
, cvladebis mimarT erTgvarovnebia, amitom cvla-
debis ricxvis Semcireba SegviZlia ori SesaZlo Sem-
Txvevis cal-calke ganxilvis xarjze.
a). davuSvaT
0
0 = . maSin
1
0 0 x y = = = rac ewinaaR-
mdegeba (8.15) sistemis mesame gantolebas. e.i. es Sem-
Txveva kritikul wertils ar iZleva.
b). ganvixiloT
0
0 = SemTxveva. SegviZlia
0
-ze gavyoT
(8.15)-is pirveli ori gantoleba, ris Semdegac
1
0

SegviZlia CavTvaloT erT cvladad da is aRvniSnoT
1
-iT. (8.15) sistema miiRebs saxes:
88
1
1
2 2
2 0,
2 0,
1.
y x
x y
x y
+ =
+ =
+ =
(8.16)
Tu SevkrebT I da II gantolebebs, miviRebT
( )( )
1
2 1 0 x y + + = , saidanac
1
1/ 2 = , an x y = .
jer ganvixiloT
1
1/ 2 = . maSin (8.16)- is I da II
gantoleba gvaZlevs x y = , xolo III gantolebidan
miviRebT:
2
.
2
x y = =
e.i. (8.15)is amonaxsnebia
( )
2 2 1
, 1
2 2 2
, , da radgan
( )
1/ 2,1 0 = , amitom
( )
2 2
2 2
, K e . Tu x y = , wina SemTxvevis msgavsad
miviRebT
( )
2 2
2 2
, K e ) , radgan
( )
2 2 1
, 1
2 2 2
, , ) aris
(8.15)is amonaxsnebi.
geometriulad, ( )
0
, f x y xy = -is grafiki warmo-
adgens zedapirs samganzomilebian sivrceSi, xolo
( )
2 2
1
, 1 0 f x y x y = + = SezRudva wrewirs amave siv-
rceSi.

89
gavixsenoT, rom
( )
f x funqciis donis wirebi ewodeba
Semdegi saxis simravleebs:
{ ( )
}
, L x f x R
o
o o = = e .
sibrtyeze gamovsaxoT dasaSvebi simravle
( )
1
, f x y =
2 2
1 0 x y = + = , romelic warmoadgens erTeulradiusian
wrewirs centriT koordinatTa saTaveSi da miznis fun-
qciis ( )
0
, f x y xy = donis wirebi, romlebic warmoadgenen
hiperbolebs.

Tu
( )
0
f x warmoebadi funqciaa, maSin
( )
0
f x
'
gradients
aqvs funqciis uswrafesi zrdis mimarTuleba, xolo anti-
gradients uswrafesi klebis mimarTuleba. (ix. punqti
funqciis uswrafesi cvlilebis mimarTulebis gansaz-
Rvris Sesaxeb). Cvens amocanaSi ( ) ( )
0
, f x y x
'
= (ix. wina na-
xazi). geometriulad, am amocanis amoxsna niSnavs dasaSveb
simravleze (anu
2 2
1 x y + = wrewirze) im wertilebis pov-
nas, romlebic Seesabamebian minimaluri (maqsimaluri) o
mniSvnelobis mqone L
o
donis wirebs. (donis wiris yovel
wertilSi miznis funqciis mniSvneloba erTi da igivea).
naxazidan Cans, rom, magaliTad pirvel meoTxedSi, miT
metia miznis funqciis mniSvneloba, rac ufro Sors aris
donis wiri koordinatTa saTavidan da maT Soris yvelaze
Sors myofi da Tan iseTi, romelsac saerTo wertili aqvs
90
dasaSveb simravlesTan, aris is wiri, romelic exeba wre-
wirs (ix. naxazi). Sexebis wertilis koordinatebi SeiZleba
vipovoT Semdegnairad: Sexebis wertilSi hiperbolis da
wrewiris mxebebis sakuTxo koeficientebi emTxvevian
erTmaneTs. Tu ganvixilavT y -s rogorc x -is aracxad
funqcias da gavawarmoebT
2 2
1 x y + = da xy o = gantole-
bebs miviRebT
2 2 0 x yy
'
+ = , 0 y xy
'
+ = .
Tu maT davumatebT amocanis SezRudvas, saZiebeli
wertilisTvis miviRebT Semdeg sistemas:
2 2
2 2 0,
0,
1.
x yy
y xy
x y
' + =
'
+ =
+ =

2 2
,
1.
x y
y x
x y
+ =

miviReT igive kritikuli wertilebi:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
, , , , , , , .
vaierStrasis Teoremisa da misi Sedegebis
gamoyenebiT
es midgoma Zalze zogadia, amitom ganvixiloT kon-
kretul magaliTze.
magaliTi.
2 2
extr, 1. xy x y + = /amoxsnis gagrZe-
leba/. rogorc zemoT miviReT,
( ) ( ) { }
2 2 2 2
, ,
2 2 2 2
, K = ) ,
anu gvaqvs oTxi kritikuli wertili.
2 2
1 x y + = simravle
gansazRvravs wrewirs, rac kompaqturi simravlea, xolo
0
f xy = uwyveti funqciaa. maSasadame, vaierStrasis Teo-
remis ZaliT, Cvens amocanaSi arsebobs globaluri maqsi-
malebi da minimalebi.
91
radgan glextr locextr K c c , amitom K Si aris ro-
gorc globaluri maqsimali, aseve globaluri minimali.
Semdegi Casmebi:
( ) ( )
0 0
2 / 2, 2 / 2 1/ 2, 2 / 2, 2 / 2 1/ 2, f f = = )
gviCveneben, rom miznis funqcia dasaSveb simravleze
Rebulobs mxolod or gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas.
amitom,
( )
2 / 2, 2 / 2 gl max, e
( )
2 / 2, 2 / 2 gl min =e ) .
5. kritikuli wertilebis gamokvleva uSualod
gamovikvlioT, magaliTad,
( )
2 / 2, 2 / 2 . warmovadgi-
noT
2
R -is nebismieri ( )
, x y wertili Semdegi saxiT:
( )
( ) ( )
1 2
, 2 / 2, 2 / 2 h , h x y = + anu
1 2
2 / 2 h , 2 / 2 h x y = + = + .
Tu ( )
, x y wertili akmayofilebs
2 2
1 x y + = SezRudvas,
maSin
1 2
h , h agreTve izRudebian, rasac male vnaxavT. jer
SevafasoT:
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
1 2
0 0 0
, 2 / 2, 2 / 2 2 / 2 h 2 / 2 h 2 / 2 2 / 2 f f x y f A = = + + =
=
( )
1 2 1 2
h +h 2 / 2 h h + . (8.17)
(8.17) mxolod im SemTxvevaSi mogvcems saWiro informa-
cias, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
2 2
1 x y + = SezRudvas:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 / 2 h 2 / 2 h 1 h h 2 / 2 h h 0 + + + = + + + =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
h h 2 / 2 h h
(
+ = +
(

,
ris safuZvelzec (8.17) gvaZlevs:
92
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
0
1 1
h h 2h h h h 0
2 2
f
(
A = + = s
(

,
e.i.
( )
2 / 2, 2 / 2 gl max e .
eqstremalurobis meore rigis sakmarisi
pirobis safuZvelze
kvlav ganvixiloT amocana tolobis tipis SezRud-
vebiT
0 1
(x) extr, (x) 0, , (x) 0
m
f f f = = . ,
sadac
0 1
, , ,
m
f f f . funqciebi orjer uwyvetad warmoe-
badia. aRvniSnoT M iT dasaSvebi simravle
{ }
1
x (x) (x) 0 .
n m
M f f = e = = = R
vidre Teoremas (eqstremalurobis meore rigis sakmaris
pirobas) CamovayalibebT da davamtkicebT, moviyvanoT
ramdenime martivi faqti.
yoveli sasrulganzomilebiani ( )
1
, ,
m
= . veqto-
risaTvis ganvsazRvroT funqcia
0
1
(x) (x) (x), x ,
m
i i n
i
l f f R
=
= + e

romelsac, M simravlis gansazRvris Tanaxmad, aqvs Sem-
degi mniSvnelovani Tviseba
0
(x) (x), x . l f M = e (8.18)
Tu x
aris eqstremumis wertili, an Tundac kriti-
kuli wertili, xolo ( 1) m+ -cali lagranJis mamravli
1
1, , ,
m

. isea SerCeuli, rom veqtori
( )
1
1
x , , x , , , ,1
n
m

. .
akmayofilebs kritikuli wertilis (8.11) pirobas, maSin
93
0
1
(x) (x) (x), x ,
m
i i n
i
l f f
=
= + e

R
funqcia, garda (8.18)isa, akmayofilebs agreTve ( )
x 0 l' =

tolobas.
Teorema 2 /eqstremalurobis meore rigis sakmarisi
piroba/. vTqvaT, :
i n
f R R funqciebs, 0,1, , , i m = . aqvT
uwyveti meore rigis kerZo warmoebulebi, x M e da
sruldeba Semdegi ori piroba:
a)
( )
1

, ,
m
- = . , iseTi, rom ( )
x 0 l' = , sadac
0
1
(x) (x) (x), x ;

m
i i n
i
l f f
=
= + e
R
b)
( ) ( )
( )
h x h 0 h x h 0
T T
l l '' '' < > sruldeba yoveli iseTi
aranulovani h
n
eR veqtorisaTvis, romelic akmayo-
filebs SezRudvebs:
( )
( )
1
x
x h 0, 1, , h 0, 1, , .
x
n
j T k
j
k
k
f
f j m j m
=
c
'
= = = =
c
. .
maSin, x aris mkacri lokaluri maqsimali (minimali)
Semdeg eqstremalur amocanaSi:
0 1
(x) extr, (x) 0, , (x) 0
m
f f f = = . .
damtkiceba. davamtkicoT mkacri lokaluri maqsi-
malis arseboba. lokaluri minimalis arseboba analogiu-
rad mtkicdeba.
davuSvaT sawinaaRmdego. vTqvaT, Teoremis pirobebi
sruldeba, magram x araa mkacri lokaluri maqsimali.
maSin, arsebobs veqtorTa mimdevroba { }
1
x
i
i
M
=
c iseTi,
rom
94
0 0
(x ) (x),
i
f f i > eN (8.19)
da limx x
i
i
= . SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi:
( )
1
x x , h x x , .
i i i i
i
i q
q
= =
rogorc vxedavT, x x+ h , .
i i i
i q = cxadia, yoveli h
i

veqtori Zevs erTeulovan sferoze, romelic kompaqturi
simravlea da amitom arsebobs
{ }
1
h
i
i
=
mimdevrobis qvemim-
devroba, krebadi romeliRac h -isaken. radgan
n
R -is
norma uwyvetadaa damokidebuli veqtorebze, h 1 = . zo-
gadobis SeuzRudavad SegviZlia vigulisxmoT, rom Tvi-
Ton
{ }
1
h
i
i
=
aris krebadi h -isaken.
teiloris formulis Tanaxmad,
{ }
, 1, , i j m e e N .
ricxvebisTvis gvaqvs:
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
x h x x h h
T
j i i j j i i i i
f f f o q q q
'
+ = + . (8.20)
pirobis Tanaxmad, ( ) ( )
x 0, x 0,
j j i
f f = = amitom (8.20)
igivea, rac
( )
( )
0 x h
T i
j i
i
o
f
q
q
'
= + . (8.21)
Tu (8.21)Si gadavalT zRvarze roca i , miviRebT:
( )
x h 0, 1, , ,
T
j
f j m
'
= = .
anu am h -isaTvis SegviZlia gamoviyenoT Teoremis b)
piroba, romlis ZaliTac ( )
h x h 0
T
l'' < . aRvniSnoT
( ) ( )
h x h 0
T
l o '' = < da / 2 c o = . radgan ( )
x 0 l' = , tei-
loris formula gvaZlevs:
95
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
2 1
x x h x h h
2
T
i i i i i i i
l l l o q q q '' = + .
radgan h
i i i
q q = , amitom
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2
x x h x h 2
i
T
i i i
i i
o
l l l
q
q q
'' = + . (8.22)
radgan limh h
i
i
= , amitom arsebobs nomeri
0
i , iseTi rom
( )
h x h / 2.
T
i i
l o c
''
< + Cven SegviZlia aviRoT
0
i imdenad
didi, rom roca
0
i i > , Sesruldes
( )
2
2
2
2
i
i
o q
c
q
< (radgan
( )
2
2
lim 0
i
i
i
o q
q
= ).
sabolood, (8.22)dan vRebulobT, rom yoveli
0
i i > -
isaTvis
( ) ( )
2
2
x x 0
i
i
l l o c
q
< + < (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
x x 0 x x
i i
l l f f < <
rac ewinaaRmdegeba (8.19)s.
magaliTi. davasruloT
2 2
extr, 1 xy x y + = amo-
canis ganxilva, romelSic
( ) ( ) { }
2 2
2 2
, ,
2 2
2 2
, K = ) .
( )
2 2
,
2 2
wertilisaTvis gvqonda
0 1

1, 1/ 2 = = , ami-
tom
( )
( )
1 2 2
2
, 1 l x y xy x y = + . matrica
( )
2 2
,
2 2
l '' =
1 1
1 1
(
(
(

araa gansazRvruli arc dadebiTad, arc uaryofiTad.
( )
2 2
1
, 1 f x y x y = + ,
( )
2 2
,
1
2 2
2, 2 f
| |
|
\ .
'
= .
96
ganvsazRvroT
( )
1 2
h h , h = veqtorebi ( )
1
x h 0
T
f
'
=
pirobidan:
( )
1
1 2
2
h
2, 2 0 h h ,
h
(
= =
(

anu
( )
h , , 0. o o o = = dasasrul, radgan
( )
2
1 1
, 4 0, 0,
1 1
o
o o o o
o
( (
= < =
( (

amitom
( )
2 2
,
2 2
locmax e .
kritikuli wertilebis meore wyvilisaTvis:
( )
2 2
,
2 2
) , gvqonda
0 1

1, 1/ 2, = = amitom
( )
( )
1 2 2
2
, 1 l x y xy x y = + +
,
( )
2 2
,
2 2
l
''
= )
1 1
1 1
(
(
(

da verafers vambobT gansazRvrulobaze.
( )
2 2
1
, 1 f x y x y = +
,
( )
2 2
,
1
2 2
2, 2 f
| |
= |
\ .
'
) ) .
Semdeg,
( )
1
1 2
2
h
2, 2 0 h h ,
h
(
= =
(

)
anu CvenTvis saintereso veqtorebs aqvT saxe:
( )
h , , 0. a o o = = dasasrul,
( )
2
1 1
, 4 0, 0,
1 1
a
o
o o o
o
( (
= > =
( (

amitom
( )
2 2
,
2 2
locmin e ) . rogorc vxedavT, II rigis piro-
bebis gamoyeneba mxolod lokalur informacias gvaZlevs
kritikuli wertilebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, es yve-
laze mZlavri meTodia da xSirad gamoiyeneba.
97
7. lagranJis mamravlebis maTematikuri da
ekonomikuri interpretaciebi
ganvixiloT minimizaciis amocana
0 1 1
(x) min, (x) , , (x) ,
m m
f f b f b = = .
anu standartuli saxiT:

0 1 1
(x) min, (x) 0, , (x) 0
m m
f b f b f = = . . (8.23)
cxadia, (8.23)is yoveli amonaxsni damokidebulia
( )
1
b , ,
m
b b = . parametr veqtoris mniSvnelobaze. magali-
Tad, Tu
( ) ( )
0 1
, f x f x x x = = eR, maSin
0 1
( ) min, ( ) f x f x b =
amocanas aqvs trivialuri amonaxsni . x b =
davuSvaT, , 1 ,
i
f i m = . , funqciebi aris imdenad kar-
gi, rom b veqtoris yoveli SesaZlo mniSvnelobisaTvis
( )
b B e , (8.23) amocanas aqvs erTaderTi amonaxsni ( )
x b , da
rom calsaxad ganisazRvrebian lagranJis mamravlebi
( ) ( )
1
1, b , , b
m
. , romelTaTvisac Teorema 1is ZaliT
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1
x b b x b 0
m
i i
i
f f
=
' '
=
. (8.24)
radgan TviTon lagranJis funqcia am mamravlebiT aris
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1
x b x
m
i i i
i
f b f
=
+
,
amitom yoveli xisaTvis, romelic akmayofilebs (8.23)-is
SezRudvebs
(x) 0, 1, ,
i i
b f i m = = . , (8.25)
sruldeba
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
1
x x b x
m
i i i
i
f f b f
=
= +
.
kerZod, roca ( )
x=x b , gvaqvs
98
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
1
x b x b b x b
m
i i i
i
f f b f
=
= +
. (8.26)
gavawarmooT (8.26)is orive mxare
j
b -Ti:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k
0 0
1
x b x b
x b
x
n
k
k
j j
f f
b b
=
c c
c
= +
c c c
( )
( ) ( )
1
j
b
x b
b
m
i
i i
i
b f
=
c
(
+

c

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
k
1 1
x b
x b
b
x
m n
i
i
i
k
i k
j j
f
b
b b
= =
(
c
c
c
+ =
(
c c c
(

(marjvena mxareSi meore wevri nulis tolia (8.25)is gamo)
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
k
0
1 1
x b x b
x b
b b
x x
n m
i
j i
k k
k i
j
f f
b

= =
(
c c
c
= + =
(
c c c
(

= ((8.24) is ZaliT) ( )
b
j
= .
amgvarad,
( ) ( )
( )
0
x b
b , 1, , .
j
j
f
j m
b

c
= =
c
. (8.27)
rogorc vxedavT, lagranJis optimaluri mamravlebi
gviCveneben, Tu ramdenadaa mgrZnobiare miznis funqciis
mniSvneloba SezRudvis parametrebis cvlilebis mimarT.
magaliTad, Tu lagranJis romelime mamravli nulis toli
aRmoCnda, Sesabamisi parametris mcire cvlileba gavle-
nas ar iqoniebs miznis funqciis eqstremalur mniSvnelo-
baze.
lagranJis mamravlebis interpretacia gansakuTre-
biT Sinaarsiania ekonomikur amocanebSi. maragis ganawi-
lebis ekonomikur amocanebSi miznis funqcias aqvs Rire-
bulebis ganzomileba (Rirebuleba aris fasis namravli
99
produqciis moculobaze), xolo SezRudvebis saSua-
lebiT dgindeba produqciis gansazRvruli moculoba.
(8.27)is mixedviT, lagranJis mamravls aqvs fasis ganzo-
mileba. am mizezis gamo, lagranJis mamravlebs uwodeben
Crdilovan fass mocemul produqciaze.
8. funqciis uswrafesi cvlilebis
mimarTulebis gansazRvra
vTqvaT,
n
O R c
simravlea; x O e da
: f OR aris war-
moebadi funqcia x -
Si. Cveni amocanaa x
wertilSi f fun-
qciis uswrafesi cvlilebis mimarTulebebis gansazRvra.
Cveulebriv, mimarTuleba ewodeba
n
R -is erTeulovani
sferos elementebs. mag. Tu h
n
R e aris erT-erTi
mimarTuleba (e.i 1
T
hh = ) maSin sakmaod mcire 0 >
ricxvebisaTvis x h O + e da h mimarTulebiT f is
cvlilebis siCqare x -Si aris:
| |
0
1
lim (x h) (x) f f
+
+ ,
radgan f warmoebadia x -Si, amitom es sidide aris
( )
x
T
f h
'
. amgvarad, Cven gvainteresebs is mimarTulebebi,
romlisTvisac
( )
x
T
f h
'
iRebs eqstremalur mniSvnelobas.
ganmarteba: x wertilSi f-is uswrafesi cvlilebis
mimarTulebebi, warmoadgenen Semdegi eqstremaluri
amocanis
O
x
x h +

x h +

100
( )
x
T
f h extr
'
, 1
T
hh = , (8.28)
eqstremumis wertilebs.
amocana rom aratrivialuri iyos, unda vigulisxmoT
( )
x f ' 0 (aranulovani veqtoria). axla amovxsnaT (8.28).
SevadginoT lagranJis funqcia:
( )
1 0 0 1
( , , ) ( ) 1
T T
h f x h hh
'
= + L .
amovweroT sistema kritikuli wertilebis gansazRvri-
saTvis:

1
0 1
1 1
0 1
0 1
(x)
2 h 0,
h x
(x)
2 h 0,
h x
(x)
2 h 0,
h x
hh 1,
i
i i
n
n n
T
f
f
f

c c
= + =
c c
c c
= + =
c c
c c
= + =
c c
- - -
- - -
L
L
L

anu veqtorulad
0 1
(x) 2 h 0,
hh 1.
T
f
'
+ =
(8.29)
SevamciroT cvladebis ricxvi SemTxvevaTa ricxvis zrdis
xarjze.
1. vTqvaT
0
0 = maSin
1
0 0 h = = rac araa Tavsebadi
hh
T
=1-Tan.
2. ganvixiloT
0
0 = SemTxveva. SegviZlia
0
-ze gavyoT
(8.29)is pirveli gantoleba, ris Semdegac
1
/
0
,
SegviZlia CavTvaloT erT cvladad da is aRvniSnoT
101
1
-iT. (8.29) sistema iRebs saxes (=0 gamoiwvevda
( )
x 0 f ' = -s):
1
(x) 2 h 0,
hh 1,
T
f
'
+ =

saidanac,
( )
2
2
1
x 1
4
f
' = anu
( )
1
1
x
2
f
'
= ,
e.i (8.29)-is amonaxsnebia
( )
( )
( )
x
1
, x ,1
x 2
f
f
f
| |
'
'
|
|
'
\ .
, rom-
lebic gvaZleven or kritikul wertils:
K=
( ) ( )
{ }
x / x f f ' ' .
gamovikvlioT es wertilebi. vaierStrasis Teoremis
gamoyeneba SegviZlia, radgan erTeulovani sfero kom-
paqturia, xolo miznis funqcia _ uwyveti. amitom kri-
tikul wertilebs Soris erTi aris globaluri minimali,
meore globaluri maqsimali. miznis funqciaSi Casma gvaZ-
levs, rom gradientis mimarTuleba, anu
( ) ( )
x / x f f
' '
aris globaluri maqsimali (8.28)- Si, anu f-is uswrafesi
zrdis mimarTuleba, xolo antigradientis mimarTuleba
( ) ( )
x / x f f ' ' aris f-is uswrafesi klebis mimarTuleba
x -Si.
savarjiSoebi
#82.
2 3
min, 0 y x x y + = .
#83.
2 2
4 extr, 1 x y x y + + =
#84.
2 2
extr, 4 3 1 x y x y + + =
#85. extr, 1
xy
e x y + =
102
#86.
2 2
5 4 extr, 1 x xy y x y + + + =
#87.
3 2
min, 0 x x y =
#88.
2 2 4 4
extr, 1 x y x y + + =
#89. erTeulovan wreSi CavxazoT udidesi farTobis mqone
marTkuTxedi.
#90. x x extr, x 1
T
A = , Tu cnobilia, rom
( )
, 1
x ,
n
n i j
i j
A a
=
e = R -simetriuli matricaa.
#91. ricxvi 8 gayaviT or nawilad ise, rom maTi namravlis
namravli maT sxvaobaze iyos maqsimaluri (tartalia).
#92. CaxazeT erTeulovan wreSi samkuTxedi, romlisTvisac
gverdebis kvadratebis jami aris maqsimaluri.
#93. sibrtyeze mocemulia sami wertili
1 2 3
x , x , x . moZebneT
iseTi x wertili, saidanac
1 2 3
x , x , x wertilebamde man-
Zilebis kvadratebis jami aris minimaluri.

103
tolobisa da utolobis tipis
SezRudvebiT
1. mokle reziume
gluvi amocana tolobisa da utolobis tipis SezRud-
vebiT ewodeba Semdeg eqstremalur amocanas:
0 1 1
(x) extr, (x) 0, , (x) 0, (x)=0, , (x)=0.
k m
g g g f f s s . . (9.1)
sadac yoveli : , : , ( 0, , 1, , )
j n i n
g f j k i m = = R R R R . .
aris sakmarisad gluvi funqcia. radgan eqstremumis gan-
martebaSi monawileoben utolobebi, amitom miznis fun-
qcia da utolobebis ganmsazRvreli funqciebi erTi da
igive simboloTia aRniSnuli. (9.1)-is amomwurav analizs
Cven ar moviyvanT, radgan Tavisi sirTulisa da specifi-
kis gamo es ufro speckursis Temaa. praqtikuli amocane-
bis amoxnisas xelsayrelia (9.1)-is nacvlad ganvixiloT
ori minimizaciis amocana (erTgan
0
( ) min g x , meoregan
ki
0
( ) min g x ), radgan minimizaciisa da maqsimizaciis
amocanebisaTvis algoriTmebi gansxvavdeba mcire deta-
lebiT, rac advilad iwvevs Secdomas. amitom zogadobis
SeuzRudavad, SemdegSi ganvixilavT minimizaciis gluv
amocanas:
0 1 1
(x) min, (x) 0, , (x) 0, (x)=0, , (x)=0.
k m
g g g f f s s . . (9.2)
am amocanaSi miznis funqciaa
0
g ( ) x , xolo dasaSvebi sim-
ravle aris:
{ }
1 1
M= x (x) 0, , (x) 0, (x)=0, , (x)=0.
n k m
g g f f e s s R . .
am paragrafSi Cven davasabuTebT, rom tolobis da
utolobis tipis SezRudvebis mqone gluvi amocanis
gamokvleva unda moxdes Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:
104
1. maTematikuri modelis Sedgena, anu amocanis formu-
lireba (9.2) saxiT;
2. (9.2) amocanisaTvis lagranJis funqciis Sedgena:
0
0 1
( , , , ) ( ) ( )
k m
j j i i
j i
x g x f x
= =
= +

L , (9.3)
sadac
i
da
j
R e

lagranJis mamravlebia, xolo
1
( , , )
k
= . ,
1
( , , )
m
= . .
3. (9.2) amocanisaTvis kritikuli wertilebis simravlis
gansazRvra:
0, 1,..., ,
x
(x) 0, 1,... ,
(x) 0, 1,..., ,
i
j j
S
i n
g j k
f s m
= =
= =
= =
L
(9.4)
gantolebaTa sistemis
0
(x, , , )

amonaxsnebs Soris
SevarCioT iseTebi, rom Sesruldes:
a)
0
( , , ) 0, =

b)
0
( , ) 0, >

g)
{ }
1, , (x) 0,
j
g k j s e . .
aseTi
0
(x, , , )

amonaxsnebis x
-ebis simravle aR-
vniSnoT K -Ti da mas vuwodoT (9.2) amocanis kriti-
kuli wertilebis simravle. lagranJis principis Ta-
naxmad locmin(9.2) Sedis K -Si.
4. kritikuli wertilebis gamokvleva im mizniT, rom
maTgan amovarCioT minimumis wertilebi.
105
sailustraciod, ganvixiloT fasiani qaRaldebis
portfelis Sedgenis amocana.
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocana, romlis gadaW-
rac uwevT sainvesticio firmebs (bankebs, fondebs, sadaz-
Rvevo kompaniebs) aris fasiani qaRaldebis optimaluri
portfelis Sedgenis amocana. portfeli niSnavs sxvada-
sxva saxis fasian qaRaldebSi (obligaciebi, aqciebi, saban-
ko sadepozito sertifikatebi da sxva) Cadebuli Tanxebis
moculobebis erTobliobas. am amocanis gadasaWrelad,
misi maTematikuri sirTulisa da ekonomikuri mniSvnelo-
bis gamo, damuSavebulia sxvadasxvanairi modelebi.
vigulisxmoT, rom damdeg sainvesticio periodSi
SeiZleba naRdi C kapitalis Cadeba n saxis fasian qaRal-
debSi. vTqvaT, x
j
aris j -uri saxis fasian qaRaldSi Cade-
buli kapitalis moculoba (dolarebSi), 1, , j n = . . maSin,
cxadia, rom
1 2
x x x , x 0, 1, ,
n j
C j n + + + s > = . .
vTqvaT, arsebobs statistikuri monacemebi bolo T
wlis ganmavlobaSi TiToeuli saxis kapitaldabandebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic asaxaven am periodSi fasebis meryeobas
da dividendebis gacemas. am monacemebis saSualebiT,
SesaZlebelia Sefasdes kapitaldabandebebidan miRebuli
Semosavali fasiani qaRaldis yoveli saxisTvis. vTqvaT,
( )
j
r t aris t welSi j saxis fasian qaRaldSi dabandebuli
erTi dolarisgan miRebuli mTliani Semosavali. maSin:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
j j j
j
j
p t p t d t
r t
p t
( + +

= ,
106
sadac
( )
j
p t aris j saxis fasiani qaRaldis fasi wlis
(zogadad, sainvesticio periodis) dasawyisSi,
( )
j
d t t
welSi miRebuli jamuri dividendebi.
SevniSnoT, rom
( )
j
r t SesaZloa Zlier icvlebodes
wlidan wlamde da SeiZleba hqondes nebismieri niSani.
imisaTvis, rom Sefasdes j saxis fasian qaRaldSi daban-
debis mizanSewoniloba, unda Sefasdes j saxis fasian
qaRaldSi dabandebuli erTi dolarisgan miRebuli Semo-
savlis saSualo anu mosalodneli mniSvneloba:
( )
1
1
T
j j
t
r t
T
=
=

.
mosalodneli Semosavlis mTliani sidide iqneba:
1
x x
n
j T
j
j
E
=
= =
,
sadac
( )
1
, ,
n
= . ,
( )
1
x x , , x
n
= . .
(SevniSnoT, rom ar aris kavSirSi amave asoTi aRniSnul
lagranJis mamravlTan).
modeli 1. am amocanisTvis SedarebiT martivad gamo-
sakvlev (Sesabamisad, naklebad adekvatur) maTematikur
models aqvs saxe:
1
x max
n
j
j
j
z
=
=
,
im pirobiT, rom
1
x , x 0
n
j j
j
C
=
s >
.
sxva sityvebiT, gvinda movaxdinoT mTliani mosalodneli
mogebis maqsimizacia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SezRu-
dulia investiciebis mTliani moculoba da valis aReba
ar daiSveba. amave models SeuZlia damatebiT gaiTvalis-
107
winos sxva SezRudvebi. ganvixiloT SedarebiT gavrcele-
buli ori maTgani.
sainvesticio firmebis umravlesoba zRudavs kapi-
taldabandebaTa moculobas Cveulebrivi aqciebisTvis,
radgan maTgan Semosavals axasiaTebs mniSvnelovani rxe-
vebi (anu Zlieri cvlilebebi). aseTi SezRudva SeiZleba
Caiweros formuliT:
1
1
j
j J
x b
e
s
,
sadac
1
J Sedgeba Cveulebrivi aqciebis sxvadasxva saxee-
bis indeqsebisgan, xolo
1
b aRniSnavs Cveulebriv aqciebSi
maqsimalur dasaSveb kapitaldabandebas.
mravali sainvesticio firmis mmarTveloba aucileb-
lad miiCnevs kapitalis nawilis SenarCunebas naRd fulad
an mis ekvivalentur raime formad, meanabreTa moTxovni-
lebebis dakmayofilebis mizniT. es SezRudva SeiZleba
Caiweros formuliT:
2
2
j
j J
x b
e
>
,
sadac
2
J simravlis indeqsebi Seesabameba fasian qaRal-
debs, romlebic naRdi fulis ekvivalenturia (magaliTad,
Semnaxvel angariSebs, mimdinare angariSebs);
2
b aris auci-
lebeli naRdi saSualebebis minimaluri raodenoba.
am martivi modelis ZiriTadi nakli imaSi mdgomare-
obs, rom investiciebTan dakavSirebuli riskis gaTvalis-
wineba ar xdeba. fasiani qaRaldebis portfeli, romelsac
SevadgenT am modelis gamoyenebiT, SeiZleba gvpirde-
bodes maRal saSualo mosalodnel Semosavals, magram
investiciebTan dakavSirebuli riskic aseve maRali
iqneba. maRali riskis gamo, realuri Semosavali SesaZloa
gacilebiT dabali aRmoCndes, vidre Teoriulad mosa-
lodneli.
108
modeli 2. am modelSi xdeba fasiani qaRaldebis
TiToeul saxesTan dakavSirebuli riskis gaTvaliswineba.
zogierTi fasiani qaRaldis, e.w. spekulaciur aqciebs
aqvT tendencia Zlieri rxevebisadmi, rac zrdis riskis
faqtors, Tumca saSualo mosalodneli mogebac maRalia,
radgan aseTi qaRaldebis kursma SesaZloa Zlier aiwios.
meore mxriv. usafrTxo investiciebi, rogoricaa mim-
dinare angariSebi an sabanko depozituri sertifikatebi,
iZleva nakleb Semosavals.
sainvesticio riskis zomad gamoiyeneba Semosavlis
gadaxra misi saSualo mniSvnelobidan bolo T wlis
ganmavlobaSi. aRvniSnoT
jj
o -Ti j saxis fasiani qaRaldis
dispersia (sainvesticio riski) romelic gamoiTvleba
formuliT:
( )
2
1
1
T
jj j j
t
r t
T
o
=
( =

.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom fasiani qaRaldebis romelime
jgufis kursi SesaZloa damokidebuli iyos ekonomikis
garkveuli sferos mdgomareobaze; am sferos Cavardna
gamoiwvevs am jgufis fasiani qaRaldebis kursis dacemas.
iseTi fasiani qaRaldebis magaliTebs, romelTa kursebi
erTdroul rxevas eqvemdebareba, warmoadgenen saavto-
mobilo da sanavTobo firmebis aqciebi, komunaluri mom-
saxurebis sawarmoTa aqciebi da sxva. msgavsi riskis Sesam-
cireblad, investiciebi unda ganawildes fasiani qaRal-
debis sxvadasxva jgufebze. aseT ganawilebaSi gamoiyeneba
Semosavlis doneTa Tanafardobis Sefasebebi fasiani
qaRaldebis yoveli wyvilisTvis. es Tanafardoba gamoisa-
xeba kovariaciis
ij
o koeficientebiT, romlebic gamoiT-
vleba bolo wlebis statistikuri monacemebis safuZ-
velze:
109
( ) ( )
1
1
T
ij i i j j
t
r t r t
T
o
=
( = (

.
SevniSnoT, rom roca i j = , es sidide gadadis j saxis
fasiani qaRaldis dispersiaSi. amgvarad, sainvesticio
riskis sazomad SegviZlia gamoviyenoT sidide:
1 1
x x x x
n n
i j T
ij
i j
V Q o
= =
= =
,
sadac
( )
ij
Q o = aris kovariaciis n n zomis matrica,
Sedgenili n saxis fasiani qaRaldisaTvis.
portfelis gansazRvris procesSi fasiani qaRalde-
bis mflobeli SesaZloa dainteresebuli iyos garkveuli
moculobis saSualo mosalodneli mogebis miRebiT mini-
maluri riskis pirobebSi. Sesabamis optimizaciis amoca-
nas aqvs saxe:
x x min
T
V Q = ,
im pirobiT, rom
1
x , x 0, x
n
j j T
j
C R
=
s > >
,
sadac R aris mogebis minimaluri saSualo mosalodneli
mniSvneloba portfelis arCevis dros. modelSi, SesaZ-
loa, agreTve iyos firmis politikasTan dakavSirebuli
SezRudvebi, rogorc wina modelSi iyo ganxiluli.
Semdeg Teoremas, romelic warmoadgens minimumis pir-
veli rigis aucilebel pirobas minimizaciis
0 1 1
(x) min, (x) 0, , (x) 0, (x)=0, , (x)=0.
k m
g g g f f s s . . (9.5)
amocanaSi, tradiciulad uwodeben lagranJis mamravlTa
wess gluvi amocanebisTvis tolobis da utolobis tipis
SezRudvebiT.
110
Teorema 1 /minimumis pirveli rigis aucilebeli
piroba/. vTqvaT,
j
g da
i
f funqciebi ( 0, , , 1, , ) j k i m = = . .
uwyvetad warmoebadebia x
n
eR wertilis raime midamoSi,
xolo x aris lokaluri minimumis wertili (9.2) amoca-
naSi. maSin arsebobs erTdroulad nulis aratoli lag-
ranJis mamravlebi
1 1 0

, , , , , , ,
m k
. .

romelTaTvisac
sruldeba Semdegi pirobebi:
a) x -is mimarT lagranJis funqciis stacionalurobis
piroba:
( )
( )
( )
0
1 1
(x, , , )

0, 1, , , , , , ,
x
m k
i
i n

c
= = = =
c
. . .
L
;
b) niSnebis SeTanxmebis piroba: yoveli { }
0, , j k e . -sTvis
0
j
> ;
g) (x)=0, 1, , .
j j
g j k = .
damtkiceba. Tu aRvniSnavT:
( )
x
i i
b g , maSin x aris
lokaluri minimali Semdeg amocanaSi:
0 1 1 k 1

(x) min, (x) , , (x)=b (x)=0, , (x)=0.
k m
g g b g f f = . .
amitom SegviZlia gamoviyenoT wina paragrafis analo-
giuri Teorema da davaskvnaT, rom arsebobs erTdroulad
nulis aratoli lagranJis mamravlebi
1 1 0

, , , , , , ,
m k
. .

romelTaTvisac sruldeba x -is mimarT lagranJis fun-
qciis stacionalurobis piroba:
0
(x, , , )
0, 1, ,
x
i
i n
c
= =
c
.
L
.
amgvarad, dasamtkicebeli rCeba b) da g). simartivisTvis,
maT davamtkicebT kerZo SemTxvevisTvis, romelic, prin-
cipSi, srulad amowuravs Teoremis praqtikul gamoyene-
bebs.
111
davuSvaT, sruldeba igive pirobebi, rac sakmarisia
lagranJis mamravlebis ekonomikuri Sinaarsis gasarkve-
vad da vigulisxmoT, rom ( )
1
b , ,
m
b b = . parametr veqto-
ris yoveli mniSvnelobisTvis, romelic mcired ganxvav-
deba
( )
1

b , ,
m
b b = . -sgan, Semdeg amocanas
0 1 1
(x) min, (x) 0, , (x) 0, (x)=0, , (x)=0,
k m
g g g f f s s . .
aqvs erTaderTi amonaxsni ( )
x b . yoveli
{ }
1, , j k e . sTvis
SesaZlebelia ori SemTxveva:
0
j
b = (e.i.
( )
x 0
j
g = ) an
0
j
b < (e.i.
( )
x 0
j
g < ). pirvel SemTxvevaSi erTdroulad
sruldeba Semdegi ori faqti: erTi mxriv,
( )
0
x
j
j
g
b

c
=
c
,
xolo meore mxriv erTi cvladis funqcia
( ) ( )
0
x
j
g b , gan-
xiluli
(

,
j j
b b q
(

naxevradRia SualedSi sakmaod mcire
q -sTvis, maqsimums aRwevs
j
b -Si; amitom, 0
j
> . meore
SemTxvevaSi,
( ) ( )
0
x
j
g b , ganxiluli
( )

,
j j
b b q q + Ria Sua-
ledSi sakmaod mcire q -sTvis, maqsimums aRwevs
j
b -Si da
amitom, 0
j
= .
magaliTi. erTeulovan wrewirSi CavxazoT maqsima-
luri farTobis mqone marT-
kuTxedi.
amoxsna. x -iT aRvniSnoT
horizontaluri gverdis
naxevari, y -iT vertikalu-
ris naxevari, maSin farTobi
aris 4xy , SezRudvebi aris
y
x
nax. 1
112
2 2
x +y 1 = da x 0, y 0 > > . amgvarad, gvaqvs:
0
1
2
2 2
1
( , ) min,
( , ) 0,
( , ) 0,
( , ) 1 0.
g x y xy
g x y x
g x y y
f x y x y
=
= s
= s
= + =
(9.6)
esaa gluvi eqstremaluri amocana tolobis da uto-
lobis tipis SezRudvebiT. SevadginoT misTvis lagranJis
funqcia:
2 2
1 2 0 0 1 2
( , , , , , ) ( 1) x y xy x y x y = + + L .
amovweroT gantolebebi, romlebic gansazRvraven kriti-
kul wertilebs:
0 1
0 2
1
2
2 2
/ 2 0,
/ 2 0,
0,
0,
1.
x y x
y x y
x
y
x y

c c = + =
c c = + =
+ =

L
L
(9.7)
es aris arawrfivi sistema xuTi gantolebiTa da eqvsi
cvladiT.
movZebnoT kritikuli wertilebi. am mizniT Cven ve-
ZebT (9.7)-is iseT
1 2 0
( , , , , , ) x y

amonaxsnebs, romlebic
akmayofileben zemoT aRweril a), b), g) SezRudvebs.
visargebloT lagranJis funqciis erTgvarovnebiT mam-
ravlebis mimarT da SevamciroT cvladebis raodenoba
((9.7)-Si SemTxvevaTa ricxvis gazrdis xarjze):
1) jer ganvixiloT
0
0 = . (9.7) miiRebs saxes:
2 2
1 1 2 2
2 0 1, 2 0 x x x y y y = = + = = = ,
113
e.i.
2 2
1 2
2 0, 2 0, x x y y = = = = saidanac
2 2
2 ( ) 0 x y + =
da radgan
2 2
x +y 1, = amitom 0 = .
1 2
0, = = e.i. Tu
0
0 = , rogori
1 2
( , , , , , 0) x y
amonaxsnic ar unda
hqondes (9.7)-s, yovelTvis
1 2
( , , , 0) 0 =
, rac winaaR-
mdegobaSia a) SezRudvasTan. e.i
0
0 = SemTxveva arc
erT kritikul wertils ar iZleva.
2) aviRoT
0
1 = . axla SevecadoT (9.7)-Si movxsnaT
( , ) 0
j j
g x y = saxis arawrfivobebi. amisaTvis cal-
calke unda ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi 0
j
= da 0
j
>
(b) pirobis ZaliT meti SemTxveva ar aris).
1
0 = Tu
maSin
2
2
2 2
2 ,
2 ,
0,
1
y x
x y
y
x y
+ =

axla, Tu
2
0 > , maSin
0 y =
,
2
0 x = <

da winaaRmde-
gobaa g)-sTan. e.i.
1
0 = -is dros
2
0 = qveSemTxveva dag-
vrCa gansaxilveli.
aviRoT
2
0 = . maSin
( )
2 2
2 , 2 , 1 x y y x x y = = + =
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 , 4 , 1 4 , x y y x x y x y = = = + = +
e.i.
2
=1/4, da
2 2
x =y , anu x y = (g)is ZaliT).
114
sabolood,
2 2
x +y 1 = gvaZlevs 1/ 2 x y = = , e.i.
(9.7)-is amonaxsnia
( )
1/ 2,1/ 2,1/ 2, 0, 0,1 , romlisaTvisac
sruldeba:
a) (1/ 2, 0, 1) 1 =
b) (0, 0,1) 0 >
g) 1/ 2 0, 1/ 2 0 s s .
amitom
( )
1/ 2,1/ 2 K e .
amiT
2
0 = qveSemTxvevis ganxilva dasrulda.
1
is SemTxvevebi simetriulia ganxilulisa da iZle-
va igive kritikul wertils. sabolood, Cvens amocanaSi
aris erTaderTi kritikuli wertili:
( ) { }
1/ 2,1/ 2 K = .
rodesac eqstremaluri amocana Seicavs utolobis
tipis SezRudvebs, misi kritikuli wertilebis gamokvle-
va rTulia. ZiriTad instruments warmoadgens vaierStra-
sis Teorema da misi Sedegebi, xolo, ukidures SemTxve-
vaSi, ganmartebis Semowmeba unda vcadoT. Tu funqciebs
aqvT damatebiTi Tvisebebi (amozneqiloba), maSin Cndeba
damatebiTi SesaZleblobebic.
magaliTi /gagrZeleba/.
2 2
min, 0, 0, 1 xy x y x y s s + = da ukve viciT,
rom kritikuli wertili erTaderTia
( ) { }
1/ 2,1/ 2 K = .
rogorc vxedavT, miznis funqcia
0
g xy = uwyvetia,
xolo dasaSvebi simravle
115
( )
{ }
2 2
2
, 1, 0, 0 M x y x y x y = e + = > > R
aris erTeulovani wrewiris
Caketili erTi meoTxedi, anu
kompaqturi simravle. amitom
amocanaSi arsebobs globalu-
ri minimali da igi moTavse-
bulia kritikul wertilebs
Soris. magram kritikuli wer-
tili erTaderTia, amitom
( ) { }
1/ 2,1/ 2 gl min(9.6) = .
pasuxi: maqsimaluri farTobi aqvs kvadrats, romlis
gverdis sigrZea 2 .
es magaliTi sakmaod martivia, amitom uSualod
ganmartebis safuZvelzec SegviZlia gamovikvlioT
( )
1/ 2,1/ 2 kritikuli wertili. amisTvis ganvixiloT
1 2
0 0 0
(1/ 2 h ,1/ 2 h ) (1/ 2,1/ 2) g g g A = + + =
( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
(1/ 2 h )(1/ 2 h ) 1/ 2 1/ 2 h h h h ; = + + + = + (9.8)
magram wertili
1 2
(1/ 2 h ,1/ 2 h ) + + unda akmayofileb-
des SezRudvebs:
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2
(1/ 2 h ) (1/ 2 h ) 1 (h ) (h ) 2 (h h ) 0 + + + = + + + = ,
saidanac
1 2 1 2 2 2
1
h h ((h ) (h ) )
2
+ = + . rac gvaZlevs:
( )
2
1 2
1 2 2 2 1 2
0
1 h h
(h ) (h ) h h 0
2
2 2
g
| |
A = + = >
|
\ .
.
amitom,
( ) { }
1/ 2,1/ 2 gl min(6.7) = .
nax. 2
116
5. lagranJis meTodis geometriuli
interpretacia
rodesac 1 n = , maSin eqstremaluri amocanisaTvis
TvalsaCino geometriuli interpretaciis micema advi-
lia, radgan dasaSvebi simravle da miznis funqcia gamoi-
saxebian sibrtyeze,
rogorc nax. 3 ze.
rodesac 2 n = ,
geometriuli inter-
pretaciisaTvis viye-
nebT xoy sibrtyes,
sadac dasaSvebi sim-
ravle Cveulebriv
gamoisaxeba, miznis
funqcias ki gamovsa-
xavT donis wirebisa da uswrafesi zrdis mimarTulebis
saSualebiT.
ganmartebis mixedviT,
2
: g R R funqciis donis
wiri (igives niSnavs ganurCevlobis wiri) ewodeba sib-
rtyis iseTi wertilebis erTobliobas, sadac am funqciis
mniSvnelobebi erTi da igivea, anu simravles
( ) { }
2
, ( , ) const x y g x y e = R ,
romelsac xSirad aigiveben mis ganmsazRvrel ganto-
lebasTan:
( , ) const g x y = .
amasTan, gansxvavebuli konstantebi warmoSoben gansxva-
vebuli donis wirebs. donis wirebis kargad cnobil
magaliTebs warmoadgenen erTi da igive simaRlis doneebi
topografiul rukaze da erTi da igive barometruli
wnevis wirebi amindis rukaze. es magaliTebi, kerZod,
gviCveneben rom erTi da igive c konstanta SeiZleba gan-
sazRvravdes mraval donis wirs.
x
dasaSvebi simravle
miznis funqcia
nax. 3
117
c
1
c
2
c
3
1 x =

3
2

x (x) g' +

y =

nax. 4
rac Seexeba funqciis uswrafesi zrdis mimarTulebas,
Cven ukve viciT, rom igi emTxveva gradientis
1
(x) (x)
(x) , ,
x x
n
g g
g
c c
| |
' =
|
c c
\ .
.
mimarTulebas yoveli xisaTvis.
geometriulad, pirobiTi maqsimumis amocanis amoxsna
niSnavs iseTi wertilis an wertilTa jgufis moZebnas
dasaSveb simravleSi, romelzec gadis yvelaze maRali
donis wiri, ganlagebuli yvelaze Sors uswrafesi zrdis
mimarTulebiT. nax. 4ze naCvenebia

2
( , ) extr, ( , ) 3 0 g x y xy f x y y x = = + = (9.9)
maqsimizaciis amocanis amonaxsni, romelSic donis wire-
bis konstantebi
1 2 3
, , c c c izrdebian g-s uswrafesi zrdis
mimarTulebiT, xolo (0, 3) da
( )
3, 0 wertlebze gama-
vali parabola warmoadgens dasaSveb simravles.
rogorc vxedavT, dasaSvebi simravle da
2
c donis
wiri, romelic dasaSveb simravleSi miznis funqciis
uswrafesi zrdis mimarTulebiT yvelaze Sors aris
moTavsebuli, erTmaneTs exebian x (1, 2) = maqsimalSi
(termini wirebis Sexeba Cven jer ar gvaqvs ganmar-
tebuli, magram
mas male mivani-
WebT azrs).
vaCvenoT,
rom dasaSvebi
simravlisa da
donis wiris Se-
xeba maqsimumis
wertilSi (to-
lobis tipis Sez-
118
Rudvebis SemTxvevaSi minimalisTvisac igive mdgomareo-
baa) aris zogadi faqti
( , ) max, ( , ) 0 g x y f x y = (9.10)
saxis amocanebSi da es faqti warmoadgens lagranJis
meTodis geometriul Sinaarss.
imisaTvis, rom dasaSvebi simravle da donis wiri
marTlac wirebs warmoadgendnen, unda moviTxovoT
(x) 0, (x) 0 g f ' = = , raTa Sesruldes aracxadi funqciis
Sesaxeb Teoremis pirobebi.
davuSvaT sawinaaRmdego, rom arsebobs (9.10) saxis
amocana (ix. nax. 5), iseTi, rom x maqsimalSi ikveTeba
dasaSvebi simravle
( ) { }
2
, ( , ) 0 M x y f x y = e = R da x -ze
gamavali donis wiri
2
( , ) g x y c = . maSin, f da g funqcie-
bis sigluvis gamo,
iarsebebs
1
c donis wi-
ri (x) g' antigradi-
entis mimarTulebiT
x -dan, romelic sak-
maod axlosaa
2
c do-
nis wirTan da kveTs
M-s, da arsebobs
3
c
donis wiri (x) g' gra-
dientis mimarTulebiT x -dan, romelic sakmaod axlosaa
2
c donis wirTan da aseve kveTs M-s. cxadia,
1 2 3
c c c < < da
amitom
3 2
(x) (x) g c c g = > =
, sadac x
aris
3
c donis wirisa
da Mis gadakveTis wertili. amgvarad, miviReT winaaR-
mdegoba daSvebasTan, e.i. donis wiri da dasaSvebi
simravle maqsimalSi ar kveTen erTmaneTs. rodesac or
x

x (x) g' +

M
c
1

c
2

c
3

x

nax. 5
119
gluv wirs aqvs saerTo wertili, magram isini ar kveTen
erTmaneTs, es niSnavs, rom isini exebian erTmaneTs.
(9.9) amocanaSi, x maqsimalis gansazRvrisaTvis lag-
ranJis meTodi iZleva pirobas (x) (x) 0 g f ' ' + = , rac
niSnavs, rom (x), (x) g f ' ' veqtorebi moTavsebulia erT
wrfeze, anu, dasaSvebi simravle da
2
c donis wiri ki ar
kveTs erTmaneTs x -Si, aramed exeba.
rodesac SezRudvebi tolobis tipisaa, -s niSani
SezRuduli ar aris, (x) g' da (x) f ' SeiZleba mimarTuli
iyos rogorc erTsa da imave, aseve sxvadasxva mxares.
sxva mdgomareobaa utolobis tipis SezRudvis Sem-
TxvevaSi, ris geometriul axsnasac axla moviyvanT (ix.
nax. 6).
simartivisaTvis vigulisxmoT, rom
0
( , ) g x y aris
wrfivi funqcia,
1
( , ) g x y ki kvadratuli, iseTi rom
1
( , ) 0 g x y = warmoad-
gens elifss, romlis
SigniT (gareT)
1
g Rebu-
lobs uaryofiT (dade-
biT) mniSvnelobebs, ra-
sac miuTiTebs Sesaba-
misad ganlagebuli + da
niSnebi. am pirobebSi,
ganvixiloT amocana
0 1
( , ) min, ( , ) 0. g x y g x y s (9.11)
vTqvaT, x locmin(9.11) e . maSin, lagranJis meTodis
Tanaxmad,
0
0 > ,
1
0 > da amitom (x) g' da (x) f ' gra-
dientebi erT wrfeze sxvadasxva mxaresaa mimarTuli
0
x (x) g' +

g(x,y)=const
1
x (x) g' +
nax. 6
120
(sxvadasxva niSani aqvT). amaTgan, x Si modebuli
1
(x) g'

veqtori aucileblad elifsis gareT aris mimarTuli,
radgan
1
(x) g' uswrafesi zrdis mimarTulebaa, elifsi
nulovani donea, dadebiTi doneebi ki mxolod elifsis
gareTaa. x Si modebuli
0
(x) g veqtori aseve gareT rom
yofiliyo mimarTuli, maSin
0
g miiRebda ufro mcire
mniSvnelobebs elifsis SigniT.
savarjiSoebi
gansazRvreT kritikuli wertilebi da amoxseniT Sem-
degi amocanebi:
#94.
2 2
min, 1. xy x y + s
#95.
2 2
extr, 50. xy x y + s
#96.
2 2
min, 2 - 5, 3 x y x y x y + s + = .
#97.
4 4 6 6
extr, 1. x y x y + + s
#98.
4 4 2 2
#99.
2 2 6 6
#100.
2 2 2 4 4 4
extr, 1. x y z x y z + + + + s
#101.
4 4 4 2 2 2
extr, 1. x y z x y z + + + + s
#102.
6 6 6 2 2 2
extr, 1. x y z x y z + + + + s
#103.
2 2 2
extr, 1. xyz x y z + + s

nawili 4

amozneqili miznis
funqcia

122
Tavi 10. gluvi amozneqili
eqstremaluri amocanebi
simravliT
1. amozneqili simravleebi da funqciebi
ganmarteba. vTqvaT X aris wrfivi sivrce da
M X c . vityviT, rom M aris amozneqili simravle, Tu
igi Tavis yovel or wertilTan erTad Seicavs maT
SemaerTebel monakveTsac, anu:
(
x, y M e da
| |) ( )
0,1 1 x y M o o o e + e .
mag.: pirveli sami figura amozneqilia, meoTxe _ ara.

advili dasamtkicebelia, rom nebismieri raodenoba
amozneqili simravleebis TanakveTa amozneqilia. sakmaod
Zneli dasamtkicebelia,
rom
n
R -Si ori TanaukveTi
amozneqili simravlis gan-
caleba SeiZleba hipersib-
rtyiT (nax. 2).
ganmarteba. amozne-
qil M simravleze gansaz-
Rvrul : f M R funqcias ewodeba amozneqili fun-
qcia, Tu sruldeba e.w iensenis utoloba:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 x y 1 x y f f f o o o o + s + ,
x, y , M e
| |
0,1 o e . (10.1)
Tu x, y M e da
| |
0,1 o e -isTvis sruldeba
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 x y 1 x y f f f o o o o + > + ,
nax. 1
nax. 2
123
maSin f -s ewodeba Cazneqili funqcia.
zogjer saWiro xdeba mivuTiToT, Tu romel sim-
ravlezea funqcia amozneqili an Cazneqili. magaliTad,
sin( ) x araa arc amozneqili da arc Cazneqili R -ze, magram
R -is garkveul qvesimravleebze aris amozneqili an Caz-
neqili.
SevniSnoT, rom f -is amozneqiloba M simravleze
gulisxmobs (ganmartebis Tanaxmad), rom M TviTon aris
amozneqili.
amozneqil funqciebs aqvT didi praqtikuli da ga-
moyenebiTi mniSvneloba, magram amozneqilobis Semowmeba
xSirad sakmaod rTulia. amitom mniSvnelovania amozne-
qiloba-Cazneqilobis garkvevisaTvis sxvadasxva krite-
riumebis gamoyeneba. Semdegi winadadeba, romelic daum-
tkiceblad mogvyavs (Tumca misi damtkiceba rTuli araa),
garkveul geometriul warmodgenas gviqmnis sakiTxze.
winadadeba 10.1. vTqvaT, M amozneqilia da
: f M R. maSin, f -is amozneqilobisaTvis aucilebelia
da sakmarisi misi grafikszeda simravlis
( ) {
, x | x , M e ( )}
x f | >
amozneqiloba, xolo f -is CazneqilobisaTvis aucile-
belia da sakmarisi misi grafiksqveda simravlis
( ) {
, x | x , M e ( )}
x f | s
amozneqiloba.
124
f
( )
1 x y o o +
y
x
( ) ( )
1 f x y o o +
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 f x f y o o +
nax. 3
iensenis utoloba niSnavs, rom funqciis grafikis
nebismieri ori wertilis SemaerTebeli monakveTi auci-
leblad grafikis zemoT aris moTavsebuli, radgan o
nebismieria
| |
0,1 -dan (ix. nax.3).
gluvi funqciebis Semowmeba amozneqilobaze xdeba
Semdegi Teoremebis safuZvelze.
Teorema 1. /gluvi funqciis amozneqilobis I rigis
aucilebeli da sakmarisi piroba/. vTqvaT, M aris Ria
amozneqili simravle
n
R -Si da : f M R aris warmoe-
badi funqcia. maSin f -is amozneqilobisTvis aucile-
belia da sakmarisi Semdegi pirobis Sesruleba
( ) ( ) ( )| |
y x x y x ,
T
f f f ' > x, y M e . (10.2)
damtkiceba. vTqvaT, warmoebadi f funqcia amozneqi-
lia M -ze. gamoviyenoT amozneqilobis ganmarteba da
aviRoT Zalian mcire dadebiTi o parametri, romelic
aRvniSnoT dt -Ti:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 x y 1 x y , f dt dt dt f dt f + s +
125
anu
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x y x x y x , f dt f dt f f + s
radgan 0, dt > amitom
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x y x x
y x
f dt f
f f
dt
+
s
da roca 0 dt + es utoloba f -is warmoebadobis ZaliT
iZleva (10.2)-s.
vTqvaT axla, rom warmoebadi : f M R-isaTvis sru-
ldeba (10.2). nebismierad aviRoT x, y M e da
| |
0,1 o e . or-
jer gamoviyenoT (10.2), , x ( )
x y x o + da y, ( )
x y x o +
wertilebisaTvis:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
x x y x x y x x y ,
T
f f f o o o
'
+ > +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
y x y x 1 x y x x y ,
T
f f f o o o ' + > +
pirveli gavamravloT
( )
1 o -ze, meore o -ze da Sevkri-
boT. miviRebT
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 x y x x , f f f y o o o + > +
x y
( )( )
f x y x '
( ) ( )
f y f x
nax. 4
f
126
rac amtkicebs amozneqilobas, radgan
( ) ( )
x y x 1 x y. o o o + = +
ganmarteba. vTqvaT, A aris n n zomis kvadratuli
simetriuli matrica. vityviT, rom A aris
1) dadebiTad naxevradgansazRvruli, Tu h h 0,
T
A >
h ,
n
eR
2) uaryofiTad naxevradgansazRvruli, Tu h h 0,
T
A s
h
n
eR .
Teorema 2. /gluvi funqciis amozneqilobis II rigis
aucilebeli da sakmarisi piroba/. vTqvaT, M aris Ria
amozneqili simravle
n
R -Si da : f M R aris orjer uw-
yvetad warmoebadi. maSin f -is amozneqilobisTvis M -ze
aucilebelia da sakmarisi, rom heses matrica ( )
x f ''
iyos
dadebiTad naxevradgansazRvruli yoveli x M e -isTvis.
damtkiceba. aucileblobis dasamtkiceblad, nebis-
mierad aviRoT x M e , aranulovani h
n
eR da vaCvenoT,
rom ( )
h h 0
T
f x '' > .
radgan M Riaa da
amozneqili, arsebobs
0, > iseTi rom
0 x h . M o o s s + e
amitom, Teorema 1-is Za-
liT
( ) ( ) ( )
0 x h x x h .
T
f f f o o ' s +
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT f -is sigluves da gamoviyenebT
teiloris formulas, gveqneba:
x h +

x+h
M
x h o +

x
nax. 5
127
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2
x h x x h h x h h
2
T T
f f f f o
o
o o o ' '' + = + (

| | ,
sadac
( )
2
2 2
0
h
lim 0.
h
o
o
o
o
+
=
| |
| |
(10.3)
amitom
( )
( )
2
2
0 h x h h
2
T
f o
o
o '' s + (

| |
anu yoveli
| (
0, o e -sTvis sruldeba
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2 h
0 h x h h
h
T
o
f
o
o
'' s + (

| |
| |
| |
,
rac (10.3)-is ZaliT gvaZlevs, rom
( )
h x h 0
T
f '' > (

.
axla vaCvenoT sakmarisoba. vTqvaT, yoveli x M e da
h
n
eR -isTvis sruldeba
( )
h x h 0
T
f '' > (

da vaCvenoT
f -is amozneqiloba. Tu x, y , M e teiloris formulis
Tanaxmad arsebobs iseTi | |
0,1 u e , rom sruldeba
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
y x y x y x x y x y x
2
T
f f f x f u
( ' ''
= +

(10.4)
(teiloris formula am saxiT, damatebiTi daSvebebis
gareSe, samarTliania mxolod im SemTxvevaSi roca f -is
mniSvnelobebi namdvili ricxvebia). (10.4)-is marjvena
mxare arauaryofiTia, amitom arauaryofiTia marcxena
mxarec, rac Teorema 1-is ZaliT niSnavs f -is amozneqi-
lobas.
magaliTi 1. SevamowmoT, amozneqilia Tu ara sim-
ravle
( ) { }
2
, | 2 1 . H x y x y = + s
128
amoxsna. nebismierad aviRoT
| |
0,1 o e da
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
, , , , x y x y H e
rac H -is gansazRvris Ta-
naxmad, niSnavs
2
2 1, 1, 2.
i i
x y i + s =
vaCvenoT rom
( )( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
1 , , x y x y H o o + e .
naxazi gviCvenebs, rom pasuxi
dadebiTi unda iyos. amitom amozneqilobis Semowmeba
unda gavagrZeloT. veqtorebze operaciebis gamoyenebiT,
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
1 , , 1 , 1 . x y x y x x y y o o o o o o + = + +
am veqtorisTvis SevamowmoT H -is ganmsazRvreli piroba:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 2
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1
1 2 1 2 4 1
x x y y
x x y y y y
o o o o
o o o o o o
+ + + = ( (

= + + + + =

(davamatoT da davakloT saWiro wevrebi)
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 x y x y o o o o ( ( = + + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
2 1 1 2 4 1 y y y y y y o o o o o o
(
( + + + s

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 y y y y o o o o o o ( s + + + =

( )| |
2
1 2
1 2 1 1 y y o o = s ,
rac niSnavs, rom H amozneqilia.
magaliTi 2. SevamowmoT amozneqilia Tu ara sim-
ravle
( ) { }
, | 1, 4, 0, 0 . H x y xy x y x y = > + < > >
amoxsna. SevecadoT H warmovadginoT amozneqili
simravleebis TanakveTis saxiT, rac misi amozneqilobis
tolfasi iqneba. cxadia,
y
1
nax. 6
x
129
( ) { } ( ) { }
, | 1, 0, 0 , | 4, 0, 0 . H x y xy x y x y x y x y = > > > + < > >
ganvixiloT meore, ( ) { }
2
, | 4, 0, 0 H x y x y x y = + < > > , ro-
melic samkuTxedis Siga na-
wils warmoadgens. cnobi-
lia, rom samkuTxedi amoz-
neqili figuraa, magram ax-
la SevamowmoT es faqti.
vTqvaT,

| |
0,1 o e da
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 2
, , , x y x y H e .
o -s Sesabamisi wertili
( )
1 1
, x y da
( )
2 2
, x y boloebis mqone monakveTisa aris:
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
1 , , 1 , 1 x y x y x x y y o o o o o o + = + +
da radgan
( )
1 2
1 0, x x o o + >
( )
1 2
1 0, y y o o + >
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
1 1 1 4 1 4, x x y y x y x y o o o o o o o o + + + = + + + < + =
amitom
2
H amozneqilia.
axla ganvixiloT
( ) { }
1
, | 1, 0, 0 H x y xy x y = > > > sim-
ravle. geometriuli suraTi
gviCvenebs, rom
1
H amozneqilia,
amitom CavataroT formaluri
Semowmeba, nebismierad aviRoT
| |
0,1 o e da ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1
, , , ; x y x y H e
e.i. 0, 0
i i
x y > > da 0,
i i
x y >
1, 2. i =
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
1 , , 1 , 1 x y x y x x y y o o o o o o + = + +
veqtoris komponentebi dadebiTia, amitom saCvenebeli
rCeba rom maTi namravli metia erTze.
nax. 7 y
4
x
o
4
y
x
nax. 8
130
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
1 2 1 2
2
2
1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
1 1
1 1
x x y y
x y x y x y x y
o o o o
o o o o
+ + =
= + + + >

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 2 2 1
1 2 1 1 2 1. x y x y o o o o o o o > + + > + + =
2. amozneqili amocanebis specifika
minimizaciis amocanas
( )
x min, f x , M e (10.5)
sadac
n
M R c amozneqili simravlea, xolo : f M R
amozneqili funqciaa ewodeba (minimizaciis) amozneqili
amocana.
Tavisi Sinaarsis gamo, Semdeg Tvisebas uwodeben
globalur-lokalur Tvisebas.
winadadeba 1. gluv amozneqil amocanaSi lokaluri
minimali amave dros aris globaluri minimali.
damtkiceba. vTqvaT (10.5) aris amozneqili amocana,
xolo x locmin(10.5) e es niSnavs, rom raRac 0 c > ric-
xvisTvis sruldeba implikacia:
( ) ( ) ( )
x & x x x x . M f f c e s s (10.6)
axla nebismierad aviRoT
dasaSvebi
0
x M e wertili.
sakmaod mcire
| |
0,1 o e -
Tvis, Tu aRvniSnavT
( )
0
x 1 x x M o o + e ,
maSin

x x c s
radgan M amozneqilia, xo-
lo x x roca 0 , o +
x

x

0
x

M
nax. 9
131
amitom (10.6)-is Tanaxmad ( ) ( )
x x . f f s axla gaviTvalis-
winoT x -is saxe da gamoviyenoT iensenis utoloba:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
x 1 x x 1 x x , f f f f o o o o s + s +
anu ( ) ( )
0
x x f f s , rac
0
x M e -is nebismierobis ZaliT
amtkicebs, rom ( ) ( )
x x f f s , x M e , e.i.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) loc min 10.5 gl min 10.5 loc min 10.5 gl min 10.5 . c =
winadadeba 2. gluv amozneqil amocanaSi minimumis
wertilebis simravle amozneqilia.
damtkiceba. vTqvaT
1 2
x , x minimalebia (10.5)-Si. wina
Sedegis ZaliT, ( ) ( )
0 1 0 2
x x . f f = axla aviRoT
| |
0,1 o e :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2
1 x x 1 x x x x f f f f f o o o o + s + = =
e.i. minimalebis amozneqili kombinaciac minimalia.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania SemTxveva, rodesac
amozneqili amocana imavdroulad aris gluvic, radgan am
dros minimumis aucilebeli pirobebi xdeba sakmarisic.
winadadeba 3. vTqvaT, M aris Ria amozneqili sim-
ravle, : f M R aris warmoebadi da amozneqili fun-
qcia. maSin yoveli x M e wertili, sadac ( )
x 0 f ' = , war-
moadgens minimals (10.5)-Si.
damtkiceba. nebismierad aviRoT x M e . amozneqilo-
bis I rigis aucilebeli da sakmarisi pirobis Tanaxmad, da
( )
x 0 f ' = - is gaTvaliswinebiT,
( ) ( ) ( )( )
x x x x x 0
T
f f f ' > = .
e.i. ( ) ( )
x x f f > .
132
3. qunisa da Taqeris Teoremis Camoyalibeba da
ganxilva
ganvixiloT zogadi saxis amozneqili amocana utolo-
bis tipis SezRudvebiT:
( )
0
x min, g ( )
x 0
i
g s , 1,..., i k = ,
0
x X e , (10.7)
sadac
0
X aris romeliRac X wrfivi sivrcis amozneqili
qvesimravle da yoveli :
i
g X R, 0,1,..., i m = aris amoz-
neqili funqcia.
radgan
0
g -is amozneqilobidan ar gamomdinareobs
0
g -is amozneqiloba, amitom arsebiTia rom (10.7) aris
minimizaciis amocana.
(10.7) amocanaSi dasaSvebi simravlis gansazRvraSi
monawileoben
1
,...,
k
g g funqciebi da
0
X amozneqili sim-
ravle. dasaSvebi simravle aq aris:
{
0
x | x M X X = e e da
( ) ( ) }
1
x 0,... x 0
k
g g s s .
i
g -s amozneqilobidan martivad gamomdinareobs
( ) { }
x | x 0
i
X g e s simravlis amozneqiloba. amitom M
SegviZlia warmovadginoT amozneqili simravleebis Ta-
nakveTis saxiT:
( ) { } ( ) { }
0 1
x x 0 ... x | x 0
k
M X X g X g = e s e s .
zogadi saxis amozneqili amocanisaTvis Cveulebrivad
ganisazRvreba lagranJis funqcia:
( ) ( )
0
0
x, , x
k
i i
i
g
=
=
L , sadac ( )
1
,...,
k
= ;
aRsaniSnavia, rom igi ver iTvaliswinebs
0
x X e Sez-
Rudvas.
Semdegi Teorema damtkicebulia 1951 wels. igi mra-
valmxrivaa saintereso, aRsaniSnavia, rom Teoremis piro-
133
bebSi mxolod amozneqilobis cneba monawileobs, araa
laparaki normirebul sivrceebsa da uwyvet da warmoebad
asaxvebze.
saqme imaSia, rom arsebobs Sinagani kavSirebi uwyve-
tobasa da amozneqilobas, warmoebadobasa da amozneqi-
lobas Soris. magaliTad, Tu
| |
: , g a b R amozneqilia,
igi uwyvetia
( )
, a b -ze, xolo amozneqil :
n
g R R asax-
vas yovel wertilSi gaaCnia mimarTulebiTi warmoe-
bulebi.
Teorema /quniTaqeri/. 1). vTqvaT, X aris wrfivi
sivrce,
0
X amozneqili qvesimravlea X -Si da :
i
g X R,
0,1,..., i k = amozneqili funqciebia X -ze.
Tu x aris minimali (10.7) amocanaSi, maSin moiZebneba
iseTi erTdroulad nulis aratoli lagranJis mamrav-
lebi
1 0
, , ,
k
. rom:
a)
( ) ( )
0
0 0
x
min x, , x, ,
X

e
= L L (minimumis principi);
b) 0,
i
> 0,1,..., i k = (arauaryofiTobis piroba);
g) ( )
x 0
i i
g = , 1,..., i k = .
2) Tu
0
0, > maSin a)g) pirobebi sakmarisia, raTa da-
saSvebi x wertili iyos minimali (10.7)-Si;
3) imisaTvis rom
0
0, > sakmarisia moiZebnos iseTi
0
x X e , romlisTvisac Sesruldeba (sleiteris) piro-
bebi: ( )
x 0
i
g < 1,..., i k = .
am Teoremis damtkiceba Cvens gegmaSi ar Sedis, TviT
quniTaqeris Teoremac mimoxilvis mizniT mogvyavs, mag-
ram saWirod migvaCnia ramdenime sasargeblo SeniSvnis
gakeTeba.
134
(i) a) piroba niSnavs, rom lagranJis mamravlebis
SerCevis xarjze zogadi saxis amozneqili amocana, ro-
melic Seicavs utolobis tipis SezRudvebs, miiyvaneba
amozneqil amocanaze utolobis tipis SezRudvebis
gareSe:
( )
0
min x, , min L ,
0
x X e . (10.8)
sxva sityvebiT, lagranJis funqciis gamoyenebiT SegviZ-
lia movxsnaT utolobis tipis SezRudvebi, rac arse-
biTia, radgan (10.8)-is amoxsna gacilebiT advilia, vidre
(10.7)-isa; magaliTad, Tu
0 n
X X = = R da
i
g warmoebade-
bic arian, maSin a) miiRebs Cveul saxes
( )
0
x
0
x
m
i
i
j
i
g
=
c
=
c
,
( )
0
1,..., x 0
m
i i
i
j n g
=
' = =
,
radgan
( )
0
x, , L amozneqilia
n
R -ze x -is mimarT (Teo-
remis pirobebSi) da amitom misTvis upirobo minimumis
aucilebeli piroba aris sakmarisic.
(ii) roca
0
0, > SegviZlia yvela mamravli erTdro-
ulad gavyoT
0
0, >
0
-ze da mivaRwioT
0
1 = -s.
0
0 =
migviTiTebs dasaSvebi simravlis gadagvarebaze. marT-
lac, Tu sleiteris piroba Sesrulda, maSin dasaSvebi
simravle araa gadagvarebuli da
0
0 > .
(iii) Teoremis damtkiceba efuZneba amozneqili ana-
lizis erT-erT ZiriTad Sedegs _ gancalkevebis Teo-
remas, romlis formulirebas erT kerZo SemTxvevaSi axla
moviyvanT.
Teorema /simravlis da wertilis gancalkevebis
Sesaxeb sasrulganzomilebian SemTxvevaSi/. vTqvaT, M
amozneqilia
n
R -Si da 0 M e . maSin moiZebneba iseTi
1
,...,
n
o o ricxvebi, rom
135
1
x 0
n
i
i
i
o
=
>
,
( )
1
x x ,..., x
n
M = e
(sxva sityvebiT, 0-ze gamavali hipersibrtye
1
x 0
n
i
i
i
o
=
=
mTlian
sivrces hyofs or nawilad, romelTagan erTSi sruladaa moTav-
sebuli M ).
savarjiSoebi
#104. daamtkiceT, rom amozneqili simravleebis nebis-
mieri raodenobis TanakveTa amozneqilia.
#105. arsebobs Tu ara funqcia, romelic erTdroulad
amozneqilia da Cazneqilic.
#106. vTqvaT, f amozneqilia. ra SegviZlia vTqvaT f
funqciaze?
#107. aCveneT (geometriulad mainc), rom
| |
, a b mona-
kveTze amozneqili funqcia uwyvetia
( )
, a b -ze.
#108. miiReT am paragrafis Sedegebis analogebi Cazne-
qili amocanisaTvis.
#109. vTqvaT : g X R amozneqilia. aCveneT rom
( ) { }
| 0 x X g x e s aris amozneqili simravle.
#110. aCveneT, rom amozneqili simravleze gansazRvru-
li amozneqili funqciebis jami arauaryofiTi
koeficientebiT aris amozneqili funqcia.
#111. SeamowmeT, amozneqilia Tu ara simravle
2
H R c :
a).
( ) { }
2 2
, | 5 . H x y x y = + <
b). ( ) { }
, | 1, 0, 0 . H x y xy x y = > > >
g).
( ) { }
, | .
x
H x y e y = <
136
d).
( ) { }
2 2
, | 2, 4 . H x y x y x y = s + <
e).
( ) { }
, | 2 2, 2 2, 0 . H x y x y x y y = + s > >
#112. aCveneT Semdegi funqciebis amozneqiloba:
a).
( )
2 2 2
, , 3 2 2 2 2 2 6 4 2 f x y z x y z xy xz yz x y z = + + + ,
( )
3
, , x y z R e .
b).
( )
x
f x e = , x R e ,
g).
( )
2 2
, 2 sin( ) f x y x y x y = + + + , x R e .

137
Tavi 11. gluvi amozneqili funqciebis
minimizaciis ricxviTi
meTodebi
ganvixiloT minimizaciis amocana:
( )
x min, x
n
f R e , (11.1)
sadac f aris amozneqili funqcia, romelsac aqvs pir-
veli an meore rigis uwyveti kerZo warmoebulebi. eqs-
tremalurobis aucilebeli da sakmarisi pirobebis gamo-
yenebiT, rig SemTxvevebSi xerxdeba (11.1) amocanis amoxsna,
magram, xSirad, saWiro xdeba minimalebis povna ricxviTi
meTodebis gamoyenebiT. nebismieri ricxviTi meTodi gu-
lisxmobs misi maxasiaTeblebis (miznis funqciis, dasaSve-
bi samravlis ganmsazRvravi funqciebis, maTi warmoebu-
lebis) zusti an miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobebis gamoTvlas,
da Semdeg, am informaciis safuZvelze amocanis amonax-
snis ( x minimalis an minimalebis wertilTa simravlis)
miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobis povnas.
iseve, rogorc erT cvladze damokidebuli miznis
funqciis mqone eqstremaluri amocanebis SemTxvevaSi,
aqac, ganasxvaveben nulovani, pirveli, meore rigis
(minimalis Zebna xdeba, Sesabamisad, mxolod funqciis
mniSvnelobebis, pirveli da meore rigis warmoebulebis
gamoyenebiT), agreTve, pasiur da mimdevrobiT ricxviT
meTodebs.
mimdevrobiTi ricxviTi meTodiT minimizaciis amo-
canis amoxsna niSnavs Semdegi formuliT
k+1
x , 0, , 0,1,
k k k k k
x h R k o o o = + > e = .
wertilTa iseTi mimdevrobis agebas, romelic krebadia
x
minimalisken. amasTan, sxvadasxva algoriTmi ermaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba sawyisi miaxloebis
0
x wertilis,
k
h veqto-
ris,
k
o ricxvebis arCeviT, da agreTve gaCerebis pirobiT.
138
sawyisi miaxloebis
0
x wertilis arCevis raime zoga-
di wesi ar arsebobs. magram Tu amocanis specifikis an
Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT cnobilia minimalis SesaZlo
ganlageba, maSin sawyisi miaxloeba, bunebrivia, masTan
axlos unda aviRoT.
k
h veqtori gansazRvravs ( k+1)-e bijis mimarTule-
bas, xolo
k
o ricxvi _ bijis sigrZes.
konkretuli ricxviTi algoriTmis aRsawerad unda
gvqondes gaCerebis piroba. praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba gaCe-
rebis Semdegi pirobebi:
1 1 k k
x x c
+
s ,
1 2
( ) ( )
k k
f x f x c
+
s ,
1 3
( )
k
f x c
+
'
s .
gamoTvlebis dawyebamde unda davasaxeloT c da gaCe-
rebis erTi an ori piroba.
vityviT, rom meTodi krebadia, Tu
,
k
x x k ,
sadac x aris
( )
x min, x
n
f R e amocanis amonaxsni.
meTodis efeqturoba xasiaTdeba krebadobis siC-
qariT.
vityviT, rom
k
x krebadia
x -sken wrfivad, Tu
0
(0,1), 0 q k - e > , rom
1

k k
x x q x x
+
s ,
0
k k > .
vityviT, rom
k
x krebadia
x -sken zewrfivad, Tu
1 1
,
k k k
x x q x x
+ +
s 0 ,
k
q k
+
.
vityviT, rom
k
x krebadia
x -sken kvadratulad, Tu
0
0, 0 C k - > > , rom
139
2
1

k k
x x C x x
+
s ,
0
k k > .
am TavSi, ganvixilavT minimizaciis mimdevrobiT me-
Todebs: gradientul meTodebs, niutonis meTods, gra-
dientis proeqciis meTods, agreTve, SemTxveviTi Ziebis
meTods.
1. gradientuli daSvebis meTodi
vTqvaT, f aris amozneqili, uwyveti kerZo warmoe-
bulebis mqone funqcia, da vTqvaT
x
n
R e aris minimali
(11.1) amocanaSi, romlis moZebnac warmoadgens Cvens
mizans.
nebismierad aviRoT sawyisi miaxloeba
0
x M e da
avagoT mimdevroba
{ }
1
x
k
k
M
=
c Semdegnairad:
( )
1
x x x , 0,1, ,
k k k k
f k o
+
' = = . (11.2)
aq,
k
h veqtoris rolSi aviReT antigradienti, radganac
antigradientis mimarTuleba
( )
x
k
f
'
mocemul wertilSi
(roca
( )
x 0
k
f
'
= ) emTxveva funqciis uswrafesi klebis
mimarTulebas (ix. Tavi 8).
k
o sidideebi (bijis sigrZe)
SeiZleba avirCioT imdenad mcire, rom Sesruldes piroba
( ) ( )
1
x < x , 0,1,
k k
f f k
+
= .. (11.3)
im SemTxvevaSi, roca (11.3) piroba ar sruldeba, vana-
xevrebT
k
o sidides da axlidan veZebT
1
x
k +
miaxloebas.
gaCerebis pirobad, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba piroba
( )
x
, 1, ,
x
k
i
f
i n c
c
s =
c
. , (11.4)
140
sadac c winaswar mocemuli mcire ricxvia. Tu (11.4)
sruldeba, viRebT: ( ) ( )
x x , x x
k k
f f ~ ~ .
magaliTi 1. gradientuli daSvebis meTodiT 0, 05 c =
sizustiT amoxseniT minimizaciis amocana:
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
, 2 min, ,
x y
f x y x y e x y
+
= + + eR .
amoxsna. aviRoT: ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
x , 0, 0 , 1 x y o = = = , avagoT
(11.2) mimdevroba da Sedegebi CavweroT cxrilSi:
k
k
x
k
y ( ) x
k
f

( ) x
k
f
x
c
c

( ) x
k
f
y
c
c

k
o
SeniSvna
0 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 3,145
0
1 o = -saTvis
(11.3) piroba ir-
Rveva, amitom vana-
xevrebT mas
0 0 0 1 1 1 0,5
1 0,5 0,5 1,118
(11.3) piroba isev
irRveva, amitom
isev vanaxevrebT
0
o -s
0 0 0 1 1 1 0,25
1 0,25 0,25 0,794 0,106 0,393 0,25
(11.3) piroba sru-
ldeba, (11.4) ar
sruldeba.
2 0,2766326 0,1516326 0,774 0.0983 0,0451 0,25
(11.3) piroba sru-
ldeba, (11.4) ar
sruldeba.
3 0,3012259 0,1629096 0,772 0,0262 0,023
(11.3), (11.4) pi-
robebi sruldeba
sizuste miRweu-
lia.
amgvarad, ( ) ( )
x 0, 301, 0,163 , x 0, 772 f ~ ~ .
2. uswrafesi daSvebis meTodi
uswrafesi daSvebis meTodi imiT gansxvavdeba gra-
dientuli daSvebis meTodisagan, rom
k
o amjerad SeirCeva
pirobidan
141
( ) ( )
0
min
k k k
o
o o
>
= , (11.5)
sadac
( ) ( ) ( )
x x
k k k
f f o o ' = . amgvarad, yovel bijze
ixsneba minimizaciis erTganzomilebiani amocana. radga-
nac f amozneqili funqciaa, romelsac aqvs pirveli rigis
uwyveti kerZo warmoebulebi, amitom
( )
0
k k
o
'
= ganto-
lebis amonaxsni warmoadgens (11.5) amocanis amonaxsns. am
faqts aqvs lamazi geometriuli gaazreba: yoveli k
sTvis ( )
x
k
f '
da ( )
1
x
k
f
+
'
veqtorebi urTierTmarTo-
bulni arian (es gamomdinareobs
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
x x ( ( )) x ( )
k k k k k k k
f f f x f f x o o
+
' ' ' ' ' '
= =
pirobidan).
magaliTi. uswrafesi daSvebis meTodiT 0, 05 c =
sizustiT amoxseniT Semdegi amocana:
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
, 2 min, ,
x y
f x y x y e x y
+
= + + eR

2
x
k +

1
x
k +

( )
x x
k k
f '

x
k

f(x)=const
142
amoxsna.
biji 1). aviRoT ( )
0
0, 0 x = . maSin
( ) ( )
0
x 1;1 f ' = , ( ) ( )
2 2
0
0 , 0 3 f e
o
o o o o

= = + ,
da
0
funqciis minimumis mosaZebnad, dadebiT o
ebs Soris, gamoviyenoT gadarCevis meTodi (es si-
martivisaTvis, radgan aseTi martivi saxis fun-
qciis mniSvnelobebis gamoTvla problema araa)
o -dan dawyebuli bijiT 0,2:
o
0 . . . 0,18 0,20 0,22 0,24 0,26
( )
0
o 1 . . . 0,7949 0,7903 0,7892 0,7916 0,7973
e.i. o=0,22, saidanac
( ) ( ) ( )
1
x 0;0 0, 22 1;1 0, 22; 0, 22 = = .
biji 2). ( ) ( )
1
x 0, 204; 0, 236 , f ' =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1
0, 22 0, 204 2 0, 22 0, 236 o o o = + + +
0,44 0,032
e
o +
+ . movaxdinoT
1
-is minimizacia:
o
. . . 0,28 0,30 0,32 0,34 0,36
( )
1
o . . . 0,77401 0,77384 0,77380 0,77387 0,77408
e.i. o=0,32 da
( ) ( ) ( )
2
x 0, 22; 0, 22 0, 32 0, 204; 0, 236 0, 2853; 0,1445 = = .
biji 3). ( ) ( )
2
2
x 8, 007;7, 268 10 , f

' =
( )
( )
2
2
2
0, 2853 9, 007 10 o o

= +
( )
2
2
2 0,1445 7, 268 10 o

+ +
2
0,420 15,27510
e
o

,
2
-is minimizacia gvaZlevs:
143
o
. . . 0,20 0,22 0,24 0,26 0,28
( )
2
o . . . 0,77273 0,77241 0,77240 0,77241 0,77244
e.i. o=0,24,
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3
x 0, 3045; 0,1619 , x 1,821; 2, 051 10 f

' = = ,
amitom
3
x x = da ( ) ( )
3
x x f f = .
gavakeToT ramdenime SeniSvna.
1
) o
k
-s arCeva sakmaod Sromatevadi procesia, amitom
sasurvelia erTxel SeirCes o-s romelime mniSvne-
loba, romelic ar iqneba damokidebuli iteraciis
nomerze da gamodgeba yovel iteraciaze.
2
) rodesac x
k
Zalian axlos aris x -sTan, gradien-
tuli meTodebis krebadobis siCqare neldeba. am
dros, rekomendebulia ufro faqiz meTodze ga-
dasvla, magaliTad iseTze, romelic iyenebs fis
kvadratul aproqsimacias.
3. niutonis meTodi
Tu amozneqili :
n
f R R funqcia orjer uwyvetad
warmoebadia, xolo
( )
x f
'
, ( )
x f ''
-s gamoTvla ar aris
Zneli. maSin SesaZlebelia meore rigis mimdevrobiTi
meTodebis gamoyeneba. vTqvaT, ukve gansazRvruli gvaqvs
x
k
miaxloeba. x
k
-s midamoSi f -is nazrds aqvs saxe:
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
2 1
x x x x x x x x x x x x
2
T T
k k k k k k k
f f f f o ' '' = + + .
ganvixiloT nazrdis kvadratuli nawili:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
1
x x x x x x x x x
2
T T
k k k k k k
f f ' '' = + (11.6)
da ganvsazRvroT
1
x
k +
miaxloeba pirobidan:
144
( ) ( )
n
1
x
x min x
k k k

+
e
=
R
. (11.7)
(11.7)is amosaxsnelad gamoiyeneba rogorc anali-
zuri, aseve miaxloebiTi (specialurad kvadratuli fun-
qciebisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli) meTodebi.
radganac
( )
x ( )
k k
f x
'' ''
= ,
( )
x f -s amozneqilobis ga-
mo,
( )
k
x f
''
dadebiTad naxevradgansazRvrulia, amitom
( )
x
k
amozneqili funqciaa. minimumis aucilebel da
sakmaris pirobas (11.7)-Tvis aqvs saxe:
( ) ( ) ( )
x x x x 0
k k k
f f '' ' + = .
Tu amovxsniT am sistemas da mis amonaxsns CavTvliT
1
x
k +

miaxloebad, miviRebT
( ) ( )
1
1
x x x x .
k k k k
f f

+
' '' = (

(11.8)
unda aRiniSnos, rom (11.7) amocanis amoxsna SeiZleba
aRmoCndes sakmaod rTuli da gamoTvlebis sirTulis
gaTvaliswinebiT, sawyisi amocanis sadari. amitom niuto-
nis meTods iyeneben maSin, roca
( )
x f
'
, ( )
x f ''
-is gamoTvla
da (11.7) gantolebis amoxsna ar aris dakavSirebuli
siZneleebTan. niutonis meTodis Rirsebad iTvleba misi
krebadobis maRali siCqare, magram am meTods aqvs
mniSvnelovani naklic, misi krebadobisTvis sawyisi
miaxloeba sakmarisad axlos unda iyos minimalTan,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, meTodi SeiZleba ar aRmoCndes
krebadi.
SevniSnoT, rom (11.8)-Si rogorc mimarTuleba, aseve
bijis sigrZe fiqsirebulia. niutonis meTodis sxvadasxva
modifikacia mimarTulia iqiTken, rom am meTodis Ziri-
Tadi Rirsebis (krebadobis maRali siCqare) SenarCunebiT,
Semcirdes misi Sromatevadoba, rac dakavSirebulia
145
( )
x f
'
, ( )
x f '' -s gamoTvlasTan da (11.7) gantolebis amox-
snasTan da Sesustdes moTxovna sawyisi miaxloebis
amorCevaze.
niutonis meTodi bijis regulirebiT mdgomareobs
SemdegSi:
( ) ( )
1
1
x x x x .
k k k k k
f f o

+
' '' = (

roca
k
1 o = , is emTxveva niutonis meTods.
k
o koefi-
cientebis arCeva xdeba an mocemuli mimarTulebiT fun-
qciis minimizaciis pirobidan, an bijis dayofiT (11.2)
pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
magaliTi. magaliTi 1is pasuxi aviRoT sawyis miax-
loebad da niutonis meTodiT ganvsazRvroT minimali
Semdeg amocanaSi:
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
, 2 min, ,
x y
f x y x y e x y
+
= + + eR
amoxsna. magaliTi 1is Sedegebis mixedviT, gvaqvs:
( )
0
x 0, 3012259, 0,1629096 = ,
( ) ( )
2
0
x 2, 622655; 2, 296005 10 f

= ,
( )
0
0, 39319151 0, 62967835
x
0, 62867835 0, 22329787
f
(
'' =
(

.

aqedan:
( )
2
1
0
2
0, 39319151 5, 3404226 10
x
5, 3404226 10 0, 22329787
f

(
'' = (
(

,
da (11.2) is Tanaxmad:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1
x , 0, 3012259; 0,1629096 10 2, 622655; 2, 296005 x y

= =

( )
2
2
0, 39319151 5, 3404226 10
0, 3127641; 0,1563821
5, 3404226 10 0, 22329787
(
=
(

.
146
radgan
( )
( )
6 6
1
x 7, 9 10 ;7, 9 10 ; f

=
amitom sasurveli sizuste miRweulia da
( )
x 0, 3127641; 0,1563821 = .
4. gradientis proeqciis meTodi
ganvixiloT minimizaciis amocana:
( )
x min, x f M e , (11.9)
sadac
n
M c R aris amozneqili Caketili simravle, xolo
f aris amozneqili warmoebadi funqcia M ze.
Caketili M is SemTxvevaSi uSualod gradientuli
meTodis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba, Tu
n
M = R , radgan zo-
gierTi x
k
SeiZleba gavides M idan. gradientuli pro-
eqciis meTodis yoveli iteracia iTvaliswinebs Semdegi
formuliT gansazRvruli gradientuli daSvebis miax-
loebebis
( )
1
x x x
k k k k
f o
+
' = ,
dabrunebas dasaSveb M simravleSi, Tu
1
x
k
M
+
e . aseTi
dabruneba xdeba
1
x
k +
-is M ze proeqtirebis saSuale-
biT, anu
1
x
k +
icvleba M simravlis im wertiliT, romelic
misgan yvelaze axlosaa moTavsebuli.
ganmarteba. x
n
eR wertilis proeqcia
n
M c R sim-
ravleze ewodeba iseT ( )
x
M
P wertils M idan, romelic
akmayofilebs pirobas:
( )
y
x x min y x
M
M
P
e
= .
rogorc vxedavT, marjvena mxare gamoxatavs manZils x-dan
M mde.
147
cxadia, Tu x M e , maSin ( )
x x
M
P = , xolo roca x M e ,
maSin M is Caketilobis gamo (vaierStrasis Teoremis Se-
degis ZaliT) ( )
x
M
P arsebobs da M is amozneqilobis
ZaliT ki ( )
x
M
P erTaderTia (savarjiSos saxiT, sasargeb-
loa am faqtis geometriul SinaarsSi garkveva).
amgvarad, gradientis proeqciis meTodSi (11.9) amo-
canis x minimalis mimdevrobiTi miaxloebebi aigeba Sem-
degi wesiT:
( ) ( )
1
x x f x , 0,1, 2,
k M k k k
P k o
+
' = = .. (11.10)
k
o -s SerCeva aqac sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba; Sesa-
bamisad miiReba gradientis proeqciis meTodis sxvadasxva
varianti. maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebuli aris Semdegi
ori.
1)
k
o SeirCeva iseve, rogorc uswrafesi daSvebis me-
TodSi Ria M isTvis, anu SeirCeva Semdegi piro-
bidan:
( ) ( )
0
min
k k k
o
o o
>
= ,
sadac
( ) ( ) ( )
x x
k k k
f f o o ' = .
2)
k
o SeirCeva ise, rom Sesruldes monotonurobis pi-
roba
1 k k
f f
+
< . amisTvis Tavidan irCeven raime 0 o >
da (11.10)-Si iReben
k
o o = . Semdeg, amowmeben monoto-
nurobis pirobas da Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi,
yofen mas am pirobis Sesrulebamde.
unda aRiniSnos, rom roca x M e , maSin ( )
x
M
P -is
gansazRvra xdeba minimizaciis Semdegi amocanis
( )
y x y min, y g M = e ,
148
amoxsnis Sedegad. zogierTi kerZo saxis M simravlisaTvis
(magaliTad, birTvi, naxevarsibrtye da zogierTi sxva) es
amocana ixsneba analizurad lagranJis meTodis safuZ-
velze.
magaliTi 1. ipoveT z
n
eR wertilis proeqcia
( )
z
M
P , Tu simravles aqvs saxe:
{ }
2
2 2
x xx x
T
n
M r r = e s s R
(esaa Caketili birTvi
n
R -Si 0 centriT da r radiusiT).
amoxsna. ( )
z
M
P aris Semdegi amocanis amonaxsni:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
0
1
2
2
1
1
x x z min,
x x 0.
n
j j
j
n
j
j
g
g r
=
=
| |
= s
|
\ .

romelic SeiZleba SevcvaloT ekvivalenturi amocaniT:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
0
1
2
2
1
1
x x z min,
x x 0.
n
j j
j
n
j
j
g
g r
=
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
(11.11)
ganvixiloT aratrivialuri SemTxveva z , 0 M r e > . Se-
vadginoT lagranJis funqcia:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
T 2
0 0
x, , x z x z xx
T
L r = +
da amovweroT pirobebi kritikuli wertilis gansaz-
RvrisaTvis:
( )
( )
0
T 2
2 x z +2 x=0
x
xx =0
L
r

(11.12)
149
0
0 0 x 0 = = = iZleva winaaRmdegobas II gantole-
baSi:
2
0 r = . e.i.
0
1 = . axla ganvixiloT ori SemTxveva
-s mimarT.
a) Tu 0 x z = = , anu ( )
z, 0,1 aris (11.12) is amonaxsni,
magram maSin igi ar gansazRvravs kritikul wertils,
radgan
2
2
zz z
T
r = > (radgan z M e ).
b) Tu 0 = . maSin (11.12) iRebs saxes:
( )
T 2
x z + x=0
xx r

e.i.
( )
( )
2
2
z
1 1
x z zz 1 x z
1 z
1
T
r
r
r

= = + = =
+
+
.
miviReT, rom x z
z
r
= aris erTaderTi kritikuli wer-
tili da, vaierStrasis Teoremis Sedegis ZaliT, igi aris
agreTve globaluri minimali (11.11) Si.
magaliTi 2. gradientis proeqciis meTodiT amox-
seniT Semdegi amocana:
( )
2 2 2
, min, 1 g x y x y x y = + + s .
gamoTvlebi SewyviteT, Tu Sesruldeba
( )
x 0, 01
k
g' s , an
1
x x 0, 01
k k +
s .
amoxsna. aviRoT ( )
0
x 0;0, 5 M = e , sadac
( )
{ }
2 2
2
, 1 M x y x y = e + s R .
aviRoT (11.10) Si ( )
0, 75 0,1
k
o = e . axla SegviZlia avagoT
mimdevrobiTi miaxloebebi.
150
biji 1). ( ) ( )
0
x 1;1 g' = , amitom (11.10) gvaZlevs:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 0
x x x 0;0,5 0, 75 1;1 0, 75; 0, 25 .
M M M
P g P P o ' = = =
radgan ( )
0, 75; 0, 25 M e , amitom ( )
1
x 0, 75; 0, 25 = .
saWiro sizuste jer ar aris miRweuli, radgan
( ) ( )
1
x 1; 0, 5 g' = da
1 0
x x 1, 06 0, 01 = > .
biji 2). ( ) ( )
1
x 1; 0, 5 g' = ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
x 0, 75; 0, 25 0, 75 1; 0,5 1,5;0,125
M M
P P = = ,
magram ( )
1, 5;0,125 M e , radgan
( )
2
2 2
1,5;0,125 1,5 0,125 2, 266 1 = + = > .
radgan M aris Caketili birTvi centriT 0-Si da
radiusiT 1 r = , SegviZlia gamoviyenoT wina maga-
liTis Sedegi da aviRoT:
( )
( )
( )
2
1,5;0,125
x 1,5;0,125 0, 9965;0, 08304
2, 266
M
P = = = .
saWiro sizuste jer kidev ar aris miRweuli,
radgan
2 1
x x 0, 298 0, 01 = > . Semdegi bijebis Se-
degebi moyvanilia cxrilSi.
k x
k 1
x x
k k +

( )
x
k
g'
( )
x x
k k
g o '
2 (0,9965;0,08304) 0,298 (-1;0,1661) (1,7465;-0,0415)
3 (0,9997;0,0238) 0,107 (-1;-0,0476) (1,7497;0,0119)
4 (0,99998;0,00679) 0,031 (-1;0,0136) (1,74998;-0,00339)
4 (0,9998;0,00194) 0,0087 sizuste miRweulia
rogorc vxedavT,
( ) ( ) ( )
5 5
x x 0,9998;0,00194 , x x 1 g g ~ = ~ = .
SevniSnoT, rom am amocanis zusti amonaxsni aris
( ) ( )
x 1;0 , x 1 g = = .
151
savarjiSoebi
#113 #115 amocanebSi ganaxorcieleT gradientuli
daSvebis erTi biji da SeadareT erTmaneTs ( )
0
x f da
( )
1
x f .
#113. ( ) ( )
2 2
2
, 2 min, x ,
x y
f x y x y e x y
+
= + + = eR ,
( )
0
x 1;1 = ,
a)
0
0,1 a = , b)
0
0, 265 a = , g)
0
0, 5 a = ;
#114. ( ) ( )
2 2
2
, 2 min, , f x y x y xy x y x y = + + + + eR ,
( )
0
x 0;0 = ,
a)
0
0,1 a = , b)
0
0, 5 a = , g)
0
1 a = ;
#115.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
3
, , min, , ,
x
f x y z e x y z x y z = + + + + eR ,
( )
0
x 1;1;1 = ,
a)
0
0,1 a = , b)
0
0, 21268 a = , g)
0
1 a = .
#116 #117 amocanebSi, ipoveT
0
x wertilidan uswra-
fesi daSvebis meTodis bijis sigrZe
0
a .
#116. ( ) ( )
2 2
2
, 2 min, , f x y x y xy x y x y = + + + + eR ,
( )
0
x 0;0 = ,
#117. ( ) ( )
4 2 2
3
, , min, , , f x y z x y z xy yz x y z = + + + + eR ,
( )
0
x 0;1;0 = .
#118 #120 amocanebSi, moaxdineT kvadratuli miznis
funqciebis minimizacia da daasruleT gamoTvlebi maSin,
rodesac Sesruldeba piroba
( )
x
0, 01, 1, 2,
x
k
j
f
j n
c
s =
c
. .
152
#118. ( ) ( )
2 2
2
, 4 4 6 17 min, , f x y x xy y x x y = + + eR ;
#119. ( ) ( )
2 2
2
, 10 3 10 min, , f x y x xy y y x y = + + eR ;
#120. ( ) ( )
2 2
2
, 2 6 min, , f x y x xy y x y x y = + + eR ;
#121 #124 amocanebSi, moZebneT z
n
eR wertilis
( )
z
M
P proeqcia Semdegi saxis M simravleze:
#121. nganzomilebiani sivrcis arauaryofiT oqtantze:
{ }
x x 0, 1, ,
i
n
M i n = e > = R .
#122. nganzomilebian paralelepipedze:
{ }
x x , 1, ,
i
n i i
M a b i n = e s s = R . ;
#123. Caketil r radiusian birTvze centriT
0
x -Si:
( )
2
2
0
1
x x x
n
i i
n
i
M r
=

= e s
`
)
R .
#124. naxevarsivrceze:
( )
1
1
x a x , a a , , a 0
n
i i n
n
i
M b
=

= e > = =
`
)
R .
amocanebSi #125 #128, gamoiyeneT wina amocanebis
pasuxebi da gradientis proeqciis meTodiT amoxseniT
minimizaciis amocanebi:
#125.
2 2
4 3 2 16 min, 0, 0 x y xy x y x y + + + + > > .
#126.
2 2
9 12 3616 min, 1 4, 1 2 x y x y x y + s s s s .
#127. ( ) ( )
2 2
2 min, 4 2 1 x y x y + + s .
#128. ( ) ( )
2 2
2
, 4 17 5 min, , f x y x xy y y x y = + + + eR .

153

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. .. , .. , ...
. , , 1984.
2. . . .
, , 1985.
3. G.V. Reklaitis, A. Ravindran and K.M. Regsdell. Engineering
optimization, Wiley, New York , 1983.
4. .. , .. , .. .
. . , , 1981.
5. a. gagniZe, k. gelaSvili. optimizaciis meTodebi da
TamaSTa Teoria. Tbilisi, 2002.
6. . .. .
, , 1990.
7. .. .
. , , 1980.
8. .. . MathCad 13 . .: , 2005.
9. M. Minoux. Mathematical Programming: theory and algorithms.
Wiley, New York, 1986.
154
pasuxebi

#1. ( ) sin( ) f x x =
#2.
2
1
( )
1
f x
x
=
+

#3. ( ) ( ) f x arctg x =
#4.
3
( ) ( ) f x arctg x =
#5. ( ) sin( ) ( ) f x x arctg x =
#6.
2
2 2
( ) 2
x
f x x y e
= +
#7.
2
( ) sin( ) f x y x =
#8.
2
1 max,
1 1000.
x x
x
+ +
s s

#9.
2 2
2 2
5 min,
( 1) ( 1) 1.
xy x y y
x y
+ +
+ + =

#10.
2 2
( 1) ( 2) min,
2 3 1.
x y
x y
+ =

#11.
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 3
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) min,
1, 1, 2, 3.
i i
x x y y x x y y x x y y
x y i
+ + + + +
+ = =

#12.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) min,
( , ) , , , , mocemuli wertilebia.
i i
x x y y x x y y x x y y
x y i
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 3

#13.
2 2
max,
1,
0, 0.
xy
x y
x y
+ =
> >

#14.
( ) max,
8.
xy x y
x y

+ =

155
#15.
max,
,
0, 0.
xy
x y const
x y
+ =
> >

#16.
max,
,
2
0, 0.
xy
l
x y
x y
+ =
> >

#18. gl min , gl max . =C =C
#19. gl min . =C
#21. gl min . =C
#22. gl min . =C
#23. gl max . =C
#26. gl min . =C
#27. gl min . =C
#28. gl min . =C
#29. yvelgan arsebobs amonaxsni.
#30.
| )
2
2
( 10, 0),
( ) ( 10, ).
1
10, .
1
x
xe x
f x M
x
x
= = +
e +
+

#32. K . =C
#33. 0 locmin, 12 locmax. e e
#34.
1
1 locmin, locmax.
3
e e
#35.
1
locmin gl min.
2
e =
156
#36.
2 29 2 29
locmin, locmin.
25 25
+
e e
#37.
2
locmin gl min.
3
e =
#38.
1
locmax gl max.
4
e =
#39.
5 1
locmin, locmax.
2 2
e e
#40.
1 10 1 10
locmin, locmax.
3 3
+
e e
#41. 4 locmin, 0 locmax. e e
#42.
16
locmin, 2 locmax.
5
e e
#43.
1
locmin gl min.
4
e =
#44.
1
1 locmin, locmax.
3
e e
#45.
1
0;1 locmin, ;5 locmax.
3
e e
#46.
1
1;1 locmin, locmax.
2
e e
#47. 1.6030, ( ) 2.1376. x f x = =
#48. 0.7549, ( ) 3.6347. x f x = =
#49. 0.3684, ( ) 2.4154. x f x = =
#50.
1
2 1
2ln (ln ) .
2 b a

c

#51. 2.5. b =
#52. 4. a =
#53. 2.5. c =
#57. 0.6823, ( ) 0.5814. x f x = =
#58. 2.3247, ( ) 7.7290. x f x = =
157
#59. 2.2340, ( ) 61.1806. x f x = =
#62.
3
( ) 1.393 10 . f x

~
#63.
2
( ) 1.152 10 . f x

~
#68. (20, 46) locmin. e
#69. ( 16, 26) K. e
#70. (0, 0) locmin. e
#71. (1,1) locmin. e
#72. (1, 4, 2) locmin, ( 1, 4, 2) K. e e
#73.
2 2
( , , 0) locmin, (0, 0, 0) K.
3 3
e e
#74.
2 1
( , ,1) locmin.
3 3
e
#75.
25 125
( , ) locmin, (0, 0) K.
3 3
e e
#76. (1,1) locmin. e
#77. (5, 2) locmin. e
#78. (2,3) locmin. e
#79.
2 1
( , , 0) locmin.
3 3
e
#80. (1,1) locmin, (0, 0) K. e e
#81.
1 1
(0, 0) locmin, ( , ) K.
4 2
e e
#82.
8 2
(0, 0) locmin, ( , ) locmax.
27 3
e e
#83.
4 1 4 1
( , ) gl min, ( , ) gl max.
17 17 17 17
e e
#84.
4 3
( , ) gl min.
25 25
e
#85.
1 1
( , ) locmax.
2 2
e
158
#86.
1 3
( , ) gl min.
2 2
e
#87. ar aqvs amonaxsni.
#88.
1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4
(0, 1), ( 1, 0) gl min, ( 2 , 2 ), ( 2 , 2 ) gl max.

e e )
#89.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( , ), ( , ) gl min, ( , ), ( , ) gl max.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
udidesi farTobi aqvs kvadrats.
e e

#90. umciresi (udidesi) sakuTrivi ricxvis Sesabamisi sakuT-
rivi veqtori funqcionals aniWebs minimalur (maqsima-
lur) mniSvnelobas.
#91.
4 4
(4 , 4 ) gl max.
3 3
+ e
#92. wesieri samkuTxedi.
#93.
1 2 3
1 2 3
x x x
x , x , x Tu mocemuli wertilebia , maSin amonaxsnia .
3
+ +

#94.
2 2 2 2
, , , min.
2 2 2 2
gl
| | | |
e
| |
| |
\ . \ .

#95.
( ) ( )
5, 5 , 5, 5 min. gl e
#96.
3 3
, min.
2 2
gl
| |
e
|
\ .

#97. ( ) ( ) ( )
0, 0 min, 0, 1 , 1, 0 max. gl gl e e
#98. ( ) ( ) ( )
0, 0 min, 0, 1 , 1, 0 max. gl gl e e
#99.
( )
1 1
6 6
0, 0 min, 2 , 2 max. gl gl
| |
e e
|
\ .

#100.
( )
1 1 1
4 4 4
0, 0, 0 min, 3 , 3 , 3 max. gl gl
| |
e e
|
\ .

159
#101.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0, 0, 0 min, 1, 0, 0 , 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 1 , max. gl gl e e
#102.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0, 0, 0 min, 1, 0, 0 , 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 1 , max. gl gl e e
#103.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , , , , , , , , , min,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , , , , , , , , , max.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
gl
gl
| | | | | | | |
e
`
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . )
| | | | | | | |
e
`
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . )

#105. wrfivi funqcia.
#111. amozneqilia a), b), d), e).
#113.
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
(0.0611; 0.1389) ( ) ( )
( 1.4881; 2.0187) ( ) ( )
( 3.6945; 4.6983) ( ) ( )
a)
b)
g)
x f x f x
x f x f x
x f x f x
= <
= =
= >

#114.
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
( 0.1; 0.1) ( ) ( )
( 0.5; 0.5) ( ) ( )
( 1; 1) ( ) ( )
a)
b)
g)
x f x f x
x f x f x
x f x f x
= <
= =
= >

#115.
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
( 0.1437; 0.4; 0.4) ( ) ( )
( 1.4323; 0.2761; 0.2761) ( ) ( )
( 10.4366; 5; 5) ( ) ( )
a)
b)
g)
x f x f x
x f x f x
x f x f x
= <
= =
= >

#116.
0
0.25 a =
#117.
0
0.236 a =
#118. (2.55; 0.85), ( ) 21.675. x f x = =
#119. ( 0.9677; 6.4516), ( ) 32.2581. x f x = =
#120. (0.5;0), ( ) 0.25. x f x = =
#121.
{ }
1
( ) ( , , ), max 0, , 1, , . sadac
n j j
M
P z z z z z j n = = = . .
160
#122.
1
, ,
( ) ( , , ), , , 1, , .
, ,
Tu
sadac Tu
Tu
j
j j
n j j
M j j
j
j j j
a z a
P z z z z b z b j n
z a z b
<
= = > =
s s
. .

#123.
0
0
0
, ,
( ) ( )
, .
Tu
Tu
M
z z M
P z r z x
x z M
z x
e
+ e

#124.
{ }
( ) max 0, .
T
M
a
P z z b az
a
= +

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koba gelaSvili

= . radgan M kompaqturia, am mimdevrobidan

= + niSnavs, rom lim (x) ( )

, magram igi sasruli ricxvia.

= < = amitom arsebobs globaluri

wels Seesabameba 1 cikli, 1 wels ki

0 < , anu Tu A aris dadebiTad

(x) (x) (x), x ;

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