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Potncia ( kW )

Potncia ( kW )
Torque ( ft .lb ) u Rotao ( rpm )

5252
Torque (kgm) u Rotao ( rpm )

974
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9550
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3
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9
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pe
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FRP R DXPHQWR GD FDUJD SRGH VXELU EDVWDQWH 'HSHQGH GD TXDOLGDGH GD PLVWXUD GR
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Mar
RAC
Mcomb 5HIHULGDVDXPPHVPRLQWHUYDORGHWHPSR

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Com muitas espiras, um campo magntico controlado por meio de um dispositivo de

excitao com corrente contnua, montados em arranjo conveniente, fabrica-se os
alternadores comerciais utilizados nos grupos geradores, bem como os
grandes
alternadores das usinas hidroeltricas. Nas figuras, detalhes dos alternadores produzidos
pela WEG.
Eng Jos Claudio Pereira
Pg. 60
Pg. 61
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FECHAMENTO EM TRINGULO OU DELTA

Fase 3
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Bobinas em paralelo = 220 Volts
Bobinas em srie = 440 Volts
13.4.2 POTNCIA DO ALTERNADOR

Vimos no captulo 4 que a potncia do alternador definida em KVA (potncia aparente) e
que a potncia ativa definida em kW, sendo o fator de potncia (cosM) a relao entre as
potncias ativa e aparente e que kW = cosM . KVA. Vimos ainda que existe a potncia
reativa, que surge nos circuitos eltricos com cargas indutivas, especialmente motores
eltricos.
Na realidade, a potncia aparente (KVA) a soma vetorial das potncias ativa (kW) e
reativa (KVAr). No tringulo de potncias abaixo, pode-se visualizar as relaes que existem
entre as trs potncias:
Das relaes geomtricas do tringulo retngulo,
sabemos que:
(KVA) = (kW) + (KVAr) e que

cosM = (kW) (KVA). fcil perceber que,
mantendo-se constante o valor de (kW), quanto maior

for o valor de (KVAr), menor ser cosM e maior ser
(KVA). Por isso o fator de potncia universalmente
denominado cosM.
Se estabelecssemos uma
comparao com um copo de chope, teramos algo
semelhante figura:
Pg. 67

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GRUPOS GERADORES SISTEMAS DE CONTROLE

O mercado brasileiro no era receptivo aos controles eletrnicos para grupos geradores at
o advento da tecnologia digital neste segmento.
Havia um entendimento geral de que os controles para grupos geradores deveriam ser
simples de operar e oferecer o mximo em termos de facilidades de manuteno. As
inovaes eletrnicas introduzidas pelos fabricantes eram limitadas, j que a maior parcela
do volume das suas vendas era gerada por encomendas sob especificao, as quais
recusavam componentes desconhecidos. Os montadores, buscando competitividade,
ofereciam muitas alternativas, resultando da que os clientes, usurios de muitos
equipamentos, como as empresas de telecomunicaes e outros, no conseguiam um nvel
de padronizao aceitvel para os seus equipamentos, como ainda ocorre atualmente. Na
dcada de 70, comearam a surgir os primeiros controles eletrnicos montados no Brasil e
como havia a proteo de mercado para a industria nacional, praticamente nenhuma
tecnologia importada era acrescentada aos produtos vendidos na poca. Alm disso, as
primeiras unidades lanadas no mercado apresentavam desempenho medocre e falhas
constantes, acabando por cair no descrdito do consumidor. Existia ainda uma certa
rejeio por parte das empresas de telecomunicaes que, como maiores usurios de
grupos geradores, eram formadoras de opinio, tornando os controles eletrnicos aceitveis
por outros clientes apenas em funo de preo, uma vez que eram mais baratos. A despeito
disso, muitas unidades foram vendidas e ainda esto em operao at hoje.
Somente em 1996 os controles eletrnicos para grupos geradores alcanaram o segmento
de telecomunicaes, quando a Embratel adquiriu a sua primeira Unidade de Superviso de
Corrente Alternada eletrnica, fabricada sob encomenda e com a superviso dos
engenheiros do Departamento de Energia da Embratel, resultando da o equipamento
padro Telebrs.
As empresas de telecomunicaes, diante da diversidade de produtos existentes no
mercado, e com o objetivo de padronizar os grupos geradores utilizados por elas,
elaboraram normas tcnicas especficas para serem observadas pelos seus fornecedores,
nascendo da algumas nomenclaturas hoje bastante difundidas entre os usurios de grupos
geradores, tais como:
USCA = Unidade de Superviso de Corrente alternada
QTM = Quadro de Transferncia Manual
QTA = Quadro de transferncia Automtica
QGD = Quadro Geral de Distribuio
QDCA = Quadro de Distribuio de Corrente Alternada e outras siglas aplicveis aos
dispositivos de corrente contnua.
Conceitualmente, h diferenas entre as prticas adotadas nos mercados americano e
europeu. Ns, no Brasil, assimilamos os padres europeus com maior facilidade,
provavelmente porque as nossas normas tcnicas derivam, em muitos casos, das normas
europias e porque somos familiarizados com o sistema mtrico. Assim, definimos os
nossos sistemas em KVA, enquanto nos Estados Unidos, o padro definir as potncias
em kW, independentemente de fator de potncia. Para ns, o entendimento de que o
QUADRO DE COMANDO do grupo gerador um componente parte, afeto parte eltrica
do sistema. Entendemos que o quadro de comando deve ser separado, onde todos os
dispositivos de superviso e controle so instalados, distncia do motor Diesel (Padro
Telecomunicaes). Na maioria dos casos, no aceitvel o que se denomina de QUADRO
Pgina
92
DE COMANDO INTEGRADO ou INCORPORADO, conceito j h muito difundido nos

Estados Unidos e Europa.
Decorrente da prtica ao longo do tempo, para a maioria dos usurios, QUADRO
COMANDO AUTOMTICO ou USCA, inclui a Chave de Transferncia Automtica
Carga. Somente em casos excepcionais, em funo das distncias envolvidas
instalao, visando a economia de cabos, admite-se a utilizao de QTA (Quadro
Transferncia Automtica) distncia, em separado da USCA.
DE
de
na
de
A grande maioria das especificaes tcnicas elaboradas pelas empresas de engenharia

para aquisio de grupos geradores, prev a utilizao de um nico quadro de comando
auto-suportado, onde se encontram controles, instrumentos e chave de transferncia
automtica.
Somente a partir do advento dos controles digitais observa-se a tendncia de mudana
destes conceitos. Por entender que esta tecnologia mais confivel, o consumidor tende
aceitar mais facilmente o Quadro de Comando Integrado. H, ainda, a dificuldade de
aceitao do fato de alguns dispositivos serem inerentes exclusivamente Chave de
Transferncia (em armrio distncia), como os sensores de tenso e freqncia, por
exemplo. Portanto, o conceito de montagem dos grupos geradores importados ainda
encontra algumas resistncias no mercado brasileiro, resultantes de prticas enraizadas no
passado.
de ressaltar, tambm, que durante muitos anos, os grupos geradores, na sua maioria,
eram fornecidos sob encomenda fazendo com que os montadores no pudessem manter
um padro construtivo. Os produtos considerados de linha no correspondiam exatamente
s exigncias dos clientes. Ainda hoje, freqentemente, vemos especificaes tcnicas
que s podem ser atendidas com produtos fabricados especialmente, sob encomenda. So
os que os fabricantes/montadores chamam de grupos geradores engenheirados, que
alguns at declinam de fornecer, por inclurem dispositivos pouco usuais e documentao
tcnica especfica e complicada.
Outra caracterstica do mercado brasileiro, em relao a controles, est diretamente
relacionada ao conhecimento tcnico do produto por parte do comprador/usurio.
H uma parcela significativa de usurios, onde se concentra o maior volume de unidades
vendidas (potncias inferior a 500 KVA), que adquire pelo menor preo sem diferenciar o
produto. O comprador/usurio no distingue entre este ou aquele tipo de controle, marca ou
modelo de motor Diesel e alternador. Para atender estes clientes, so fabricados os
alternadores industriais, com excitao esttica e sem preocupaes tcnicas quanto
distoro harmnica, forma de onda e outras caractersticas. Todos os componentes
utilizados so os de menor custo possvel.
No outro segmento esto os clientes que tem algum conhecimento tcnico ou se
assessoram de consultores para fazer aquisio e instalao do seu grupo gerador,
identificando suas reais necessidades e adquirindo a soluo para o seu problema de
energia e no somente um grupo gerador. Nestes casos, h uma especificao tcnica com
requisitos mnimos a serem atendidos pelo fornecedor do equipamento.
Atualmente, podemos encontrar no mercado brasileiro diversos controles para os grupos
geradores comercializados. Dentre os principais, destacamos os seguintes:
NOTA:
As caractersticas esto sujeitas a alteraes sem aviso prvio pelo fabricante e, em funo de evoluo
tecnolgica, podem estar desatualizadas.
Durante a elaborao deste levantamento, certamente, novos produtos esto sendo desenvolvidos e em breve
sero disponibilizados, trazendo inovaes de conceitos e de tecnologia.
Pgina
93
o
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o
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o
o
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Detector e PowerCommand Cummins Power Generation;

EMCP II e EMCP II+ - Caterpillar;
DEC340 Decision Maker Kohler;
ST2000 Stemac;
SMART GEN Atos Automao Industrial
LSM2001 Light Service;
M50, M150, S2500, R3000, A400 e MICS Process II SDMO;
RGAM LOVATO;
USCAMAQ Maquigeral;
H606, DPC-560 e DPC-750 Leon Heimer e
Novos Produtos Woodward.
CUMMINS POWER GENERATION
Sistema de Controle Detector12
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Partida Automtica Remota

Componentes de controle projetados para suportar os nveis de vibrao
tpicos de grupos geradores
Controla Partida e Parada do Grupo Gerador
Descrio do Controle Detector 12 Lmpadas (NFPA 110)
Monitor do motor com 12
x Boto de Teste de Lmpadas
lmpadas (Nvel NFPA 110)
x Manmetro do leo Lubrificante
Contato de Alarme Comum
x Partida Remota, 12 V, 2 fios
Termmetro da gua
x Boto de Reset
Controle do ciclo de partida
x Chave
Voltmetro CC
Operando/Desligado/Automtico
Disjuntor do Campo
x Indicador de horas de operao
Sinais Individuais de Rel 1/2 A
Caractersticas Standard
x Parada por Falha na Partida
Potencimetro para Ajuste de at 5%
(Lmpada Vermelha)
da tenso
x Parada por Sobrevelocidade
Ampermetro (Escala dupla)
(Lmpada Vermelha)
Voltmetro CA (Escala dupla)
x Pr-alarme de Alta
Freqencmetro/Tacmetro em dupla
Temperatura da gua
escala
(Lmpada Amarela)
Instrumentos do motor
x Pr-alarme de Baixa Presso
Parada por Alta Temperatura
do leo Lubrificante (Lmpada
(Lmpada Vermelha)
Amarela)
Alarme de Baixa Temperatura
x Indicador de Funcionamento
(Lmpada Amarela)
(Lmpada Verde)
Parada por Baixa Presso do leo
x Dois Contatos de Defeito
Lubrificante (Lmpada Vermelha)
Definidos pelo Cliente
(Lmpada Vermelha)
x Chave Seletora de Fases para
ampermetro e Voltmetro
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Caractersticas Opcionais
Alarme Sonoro
Parada de Emergncia
Alarme de Baixa Tenso da
Bateria
Alarme ou Parada por Baixo
Nvel do Lquido de
Arrefecimento
Conjunto de sinalizao Remota
de Defeito
Potencimetro de Ajuste de
Rotao
Temporizador de Partida/Parada
Parada Por Baixo Nvel de
Combustvel
Alarme de Vazamento no
Tanque de Combustvel
Pgina
94
CUMMINS POWER GENERATION

Controle PowerCommand com Proteo AmpSentry
xRegulador automtico de tenso e governador de rotao do motor integrados
xA Proteo AmpSentry garante a integridade eltrica do alternador e do sistema de
energia eltrica contra os efeitos resultantes de condies de excesso de corrente,
pico/queda de voltagem, queda de freqncia e sobrecarga
x Componentes de controle projetados para suportar os nveis de vibrao tpicos de
grupos geradores
Descrio do Controle Standard
xPainel com iluminao traseira
x% de Corrente (amps.) analgico
xPartida remota, 12 ou 24 V, 2 cabos
xFreqencmetro CA analgico
xTecla de reinicializao (Reset)
xVoltmetro CA analgico
xChave do modo de Funcionamento
x% de Carga (kW)
Automtico/Manual/Desligado
xPainel dianteiro vedado, porta com guarnio
xControle do ciclo de partida
xTela digital de Indicao
xAutodiagnstico
xCaixa para interconexes do cliente em
xBoto de parada de emergncia
separado
xControle de marcha lenta
x Seletor de fase do Voltmetro/Ampermetro
x Tecla de menu
Funes Padro de Proteo
Dados de Desempenho Padro
Alertas
Paradas
Dados do Alternador CA
xParada de Emergncia
xCorrente por Fase
xAlta Temperatura da gua do
Radiador
xFalha na Partida
xQuilowatts
xTenso CC Alta
xAlta Tenso CA
xQuilowatt/Hora
xBaixa Temperatura da gua do
xTemperatura Alta da gua
xFator de Potncia
Radiador
xNvel Baixo do Radiador (alarme) xVoltagem entre Linhas
xTenso CC Baixa
xBaixa Tenso CA
xVoltagem entre a Linha e o Neutro
xBaixa Presso de leo Lubrificante
Dados do Motor
xBaixa Presso de leo
xSobrecorrente
Lubrificante
xVoltagem da Bateria
xFalha do Sensor de Presso de leo
xFalha do Sensor Magntico
xTemperatura do Refrigerante
xContato Seco para comando de
xHoras de Funcionamento do Motor
xSobrevelocidade do motor de
rejeio de Carga, em caso de
partida
xContador de Partidas do Motor
sobrecarga
xSobrecorrente
xPresso de leo
xFalha do Sensor de Temperatura
xSobrevelocidade
xTemperatura do leo
xAt 4 Falhas Definidas pelo Cliente
x RPM
xCurto-circuito
x Bateria Fraca
x Queda de freqncia
CATERPILLAR EMCP II
(Electronic Modular Control Panel)
x
Funes de controle automtico do motor

com segurana programvel para baixa
presso
de
leo
lubrificante,
alta
temperatura do fluido de arrefecimento,
sobre-velocidade, falha na partida e boto
de parada de emergncia, acompanhados
de indicao luminosa por LEDs
intermitentes;
x Ciclo de partida ajustvel de 1 a 60
segundos;
x Chave
de
controle
do
motor
(Automtico/Manual/Teste);
x Boto de teste do display.
x Tempo de resfriamento do motor ajustvel
de 0 a 30 minutos;
x
x
x
x
x
x
Controle energizado para funcionamento ou corte de

combustvel;
Visor de Cristal Lquido (LCD) com leitura de presso de leo
do motor, temperatura do fluido de arrefecimento, rotaes por
minuto do motor, tenso DC do sistema, horas de operao
do motor, cdigos de falhas para diagnstico do sistema,
tenso AC, corrente e freqncia no alternador principal;
Ampermetro e Voltmetro com chave seletora de fases;
Boto de parada de emergncia (de soco, tipo cogumelo);
Potencimetro de ajuste de tenso e
Gabinete fechado NEMA 1, proteo IP 22
Pgina
95
CATERPILLAR EMCP II +
(Electronic Modular Control Panel)
Indicao Digital (LCD)

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Tenso AC 3 fases (L-L e L-N);

Corrente AC (3 fases e total);
KW (total e por fase);
KVA (total);
KVAR (total);
KWh (total);
KVARh (total);
Fator de Potncia (mdio e por fase);
% do nominal (total);
Freqncia
Tenso DC;
Temperatura do fluido de arrefecimento;
Presso do leo lubrificante;
Rotao do motor (rpm);
Horas de operao e
x Diagnstico do sistema.
Indicao luminosa
Controles
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Partida e parada automtica;

Parada de emergncia;
Teste de lmpadas
Ciclo de partida;
Controle de tenso;
Tempo de resfriamento;
Chave seletora de fase;
Rel de demanda de carga e
x Rel programvel sobressalente.
Proteo
x
NEMA 1, IP 22
x Porta/tampa protetora
Rels de proteo
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Baixa presso do leo lubrificante;

Alta temperatura do fluido de arrefecimento;
Sobre-velocidade;
Falha na partida;
Parada por defeito;
Alarme de defeitos;
x 3 lmpadas de reserva e 4 entradas programveis
pelo cliente para parada ou alarmes.
x
Rels programveis:
o Sobre e sub-tenso;
o Rel de potncia inversa;
o Sobre e sub-freqncia e
o Sobre-corrente.
OPCIONAIS:
Controles diversos
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Protees
Governador eletrnico;
Controle de rotao Iscrono;
Divisor de carga (fornecido avulso);
Mdulos de alarme local (com buzina e boto
silenciador);
Controle de freqncia;
Alarme comum (contato seco para qualquer
tenso);
Sinal de alternador gerando (contato seco);
Auxiliar de partida a frio (ter);
Mdulo anunciador de alarme a distncia;
Link de comunicao digital para computador e
Painel luminoso.
x
x
Baixo nvel do fluido de arrefecimento;

Temperatura do leo lubrificante.
Pgina
96
USCAMAQ
MAQUIGERAL
Disponvel nas verses standard e STR, para transferncia de carga em transio fechada em rampa.
A verso standard oferece as funes de USCA microprocessada, certificada pela Anatel para aplicaes em
telecomunicaes, dotada de interface serial RS-232 e RS-485, protocolo de comunicao aberto e
gerenciamento remoto via Internet.
A verso STR tem mdulo de comando microprosessado com as funes:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Transferncia em rampa bidirecional sem interrupo das cargas;

Tempo de transferncia entre as fontes menor que 15 segundos;
Comunicao serial RS-232 e RS-485;
Superviso remota atravs de PC com softwares comerciais;
Protocolo de comunicao aberto (modbus opcional);
Controle de demanda;
Operao automtica em picos de demanda (peak shave);
Freqncia 50/60 Hz e
Transferncia em baixa ou mdia tenso.
KOHLER DEC340 DECISION

MAKER
No tem configurao padronizada. O cliente escolhe o nvel de tecnologia que deseja adquirir. Oferece uma
famlia de opes que permite configurar o controle conforme as necessidades da instalao. A partir de um
sistema econmico bsico at as mais sofisticadas funes de monitoramento distncia, as opes incluem
funes para:
x
x
x
x
Monitorar as funes do motor e todas as sadas do alternador;

Armazenar e mostrar o histrico do sistema do grupo gerador;
Monitorar grupos geradores, chaves de transferncia automtica e quadros de distribuio
remotamente, comunicando-se por meio de software de computador pessoal e
Rede para at 128 grupos geradores a partir de um stio de monitoramento.
Pgina
97
Srie SMART GEN Atos Automao Industrial

SUPERVISIONA:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Tenso Alta, Baixa e Falta de fase da rede e

do GMG atravs da leitura do sinal analgico
das trs fases;
Freqncia Alta e Baixa do GMG atravs do
sinal de rotao do alternador;
Sobrecarga atravs do contato (NA ou NF)
de trmico externo;
Presso Baixa de leo lubrificante atravs de
contato (NA ou NF) de pressostato externo;
Temperatura alta da gua de arrefecimento
do motor atravs de contato (NA ou NF) de
termostato externo;
Sobrevelocidade atravs do sinal de rotao
do alternador;
Falha na partida (motor no parte aps
numero pr-programado de tentativas de
partida);
Falha na parada (motor no para depois de
terminada temporizao correspondente);
Nvel anormal de combustvel atravs de
contato (NA ou NF) de dispositivo externo.
Modos de Operao
OPERAO AUTOMTICA
Rede Normal:
Se o grupo estiver desligado e com a tenso da rede
normal, o mesmo permanece desligado sendo
ativado o sinal para fechar o contator da rede.
Rede Anormal:
Se o grupo j estiver ligado e em carga, ao passar
para automtico o mesmo permanecer ligado se a
tenso de rede estiver anormal. Caso contrrio
desativado o sinal de fechamento do contator do
grupo e ativado o sinal de fechamento do contator da
rede, o grupo entra na temporizao de
arrefecimento. Caso a tenso da rede fique fora da
faixa permitida, a rede retirada de carga
imediatamente
sendo
ento
iniciada
uma
temporizao de Confirmao de rede Anormal
(TCRA). Finda esta temporizao, caracterizada a
condio de REDE ANORMAL, sendo iniciada a
seqncia de partida do grupo. So efetuadas 3
tentativas de partida com intervalo de 15 segundos
entre cada tentativa. Caso o grupo no parta,
sinalizado USCA ANORMAL.
Aps o grupo partir iniciada uma temporizao de
Espera de Estabilizao do grupo (TEG).
Ao final desta temporizao, o grupo colocado em
carga. Quando a tenso da rede retornar a condio
normal, iniciada uma temporizao de Retorno de
rede Normal (TRRN).
Finda esta temporizao, transferida a carga do
grupo para rede sendo iniciada uma temporizao de
Arrefecimento do grupo gerador (TARR).
Se durante a temporizao de arrefecimento a tenso
da rede voltar a ficar anormal, a carga transferida
da rede para o grupo sendo a temporizao de
arrefecimento cancelada.
Finda a temporizao de arrefecimento, o grupo
desligado.
O Smart Gen permite que o operador efetue o ajuste de
algumas destas temporizaes.
O valor default de cada temporizao mostrado
abaixo :
Tempo de Arrefecimento: 180 segundos;
Tempo de Confirmao de Rede Anormal: 5 seg
Tempo de Retorno de Rede Normal: 60 segundos;
Tempo de Estabilizao: 30 segundos;
Tempo de Espera de Parada do GMG: 30 segundos;
OPERAO MANUAL:
Ao se ativar o modo de operao manual atravs do
teclado do painel frontal, o Smart Gen entra no processo
de espera de comando do operador.
Neste modo de operao o operador tem total controle
sobre o sistema, podendo ligar ou desligar o grupo,
colocar rede ou GMG em carga.
Os sensores ficam ativos, retirando a rede de carga
automaticamente caso esta fique anormal, e desligando
o grupo caso este apresente algum defeito.
Reposio de alarmes:
Tanto em modo Manual ou Automtico, caso acontea
alguma falha grave por ex. temperatura alta, o grupo
ser desligado.
Para que o grupo possa partir novamente preciso que
a falha tenha sido eliminada, e que o operador pressione
a tecla de Reposio de Alarmes, dando assim cincia
do ocorrido . A partir deste momento o SmartGen
aceitar comando de partida do grupo (modo Manual) ou
partir o grupo automaticamente (modo automtico) .
Pgina
98
STEMAC ST2000
Opo MANUAL
Sistema de controle microprocessado para grupos geradores de operao manual, com medies de tenso,
corrente e freqncia; proteo contra sobrecorrente com atuao sobre a bobina de disparo do disjuntor
principal.
STEMAC ST2000
Opo AUTOMTICO
Disponvel nas opes ST2000A, ST2000B, ST2000S, ST2000P e ST2000C. Para aplicaes em
telecomunicaes, a STEMAC oferece a unidade Stelecom, para atender os requisitos das normas Telebrs.
Na verso ST2000A, encontram-se:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Superviso de rede;
Partida, parada e transferncia automtica;
Indicao digital de tenso (L-L e L-N), freqncia,
nmero de partidas, horas de operao,
temperatura do fluido de arrefecimento do motor,
horas para manuteno e tenso de bateria;
Proteo contra alta temperatura, baixa presso de
leo, tenso/freqncia anormais, falha na
partida/parada;
Controle do pr-aquecimento;
Funcionamento manual/automtico/teste e
Comunicao serial (opcional).
A opo ST2000P tem a mesma configurao da

opo ST2000S acrescida das funes de:
x
x
x
x
x
A opo ST2000C destinada a sistemas de

paralelismo e conta com:
A opo ST2000B, alm das funes acima, inclui x

indicao digital para potncia ativa e fator de potncia x
e protees contra sobrevelocidade, sobrecorrente e
sobrecarga.
A opo ST2000S, alm das funes encontradas nas
anteriores, acrescenta:
x
x
x
x
Indicao digital de potncia reativa e Watt-hora;
x
Proteo contra baixo nvel do combustvel x
(opcional);
x
Seis entradas/sadas analgicas e digitais
configurveis pelo cliente e comunicao serial
opcional.
Operao automtica em horrio de ponta,

paralelismo com outras unidades e/ou com a rede;
Transferncia ininterrupta em rampa;
Controle de demanda (rejeio/incluso de
cargas);
Operao automtica em picos de demanda (peak
shave) e
Regulagem eletrnica digital de velocidade
Funcionamento em manual/automtico/teste;
Operao gerenciada atravs de PLC mestre para
paralelismo com outras unidades, paralelismo com
a rede e transferncia de carga em rampa (para
uma ou mais chaves de transferncia e/ou
entradas de rede);
Comunicao serial;
Controle automtico do pr-aquecimento;
Regulagem eletrnica digital de velocidade e
Possibilidade de controle de quantidade de grupos
e demanda, bem como monitoramento remoto.
Pgina
99
LSM 2001 LIGHT SERVICE
MDULO DE SUPERVISO LSM2001
MDULO DIGITAL DE MEDIO DE

GRANDEZAS MMG2001
Na frontal da USCA existe um mdulo de medio com as x Comando Teste de Leds e Display.
seguintes funes e comandos:
x Comando Manual de Seleo de
Grandeza.
x Tenso de Linha da Rede.
x Barra mnima para a operao do
x Tenso de Linha de Grupo.
conjunto contendo:
x Freqncia do Grupo.
- Indicao de tenso presente do Grupo.
x Corrente de Carga R.S.T.
- Indicao de tenso presente da Rede.
x Tenso de Bateria.
- GMG alimentando.
SINALIZAES E COMANDOS:
BOTOEIRAS:
x Interruptor geral tipo cogumelo
O LSM2001 um modulo de comando e

superviso frontal a USCA que tem como
funo comandar e supervisionar o Grupo
Gerador.
MENSAGENS VIA TELA DE CRISTAL LQUIDO:

n) Emergncia Acionada.
o) GMG em Automtico.
p) GMG em Manual.
q) GMG Operando.
r) GMG em Resfriamento.
s) Relgio.
t) Vago.
u) Indicao de Grupo Parando.
v) Indicao de Troca de leo Lubrificante e
Filtros do Lubrificante e Combustvel (250
hs).
w) Indicao de Troca ou Limpeza do Filtro
de Ar (500 hs).
x) Potncia Inversa.
COMANDOS VIA MDULO LSM2001:
a) Falha Partida.
b) Tenso anormal do Grupo.
c) Presso Baixa.
d) Temperatura Alta.
e) Sobrevelocidade.
f) Falha na Parada.
g) Fluxo de gua Industrial (opcional).
h) Nvel de gua (opcional).
i) Sobrecarga/Sobrecorrente de neutro.
j) Freqncia Anormal do Grupo.
k) Vago.
l) Vago.
m) Falha no Retificador.
CARACTERSTICAS TCNICAS:
xDimenses................................96 x 96mm
x Alimentao...................... 12 Vcc ou 24 Vcc
x Relgio de tempo real
x Sada a transistor com protees.
x Entradas OPTO-ACOPLADAS
x Listagem de eventos e alarmes com data e horrio
x Conexo externa por meio de conector e pinagem ajustvel
x Teclado de contato por membrana
x Frontal em policarbonato
x Display em cristal lquido com:
- Duas linhas com 16 caracteres cada
- Display iluminado, verde.
x Partida Manual.
x Parada Manual.
x Reposio de defeitos.
x Silencia Alarme
Pgina
100
RGAM - LOVATO
Controle microprocessado para grupos geradores, produzido pela LOVATO electric da Itlia e vendido no
mercado brasileiro aos diversos montadores que no dispem de tecnologia prpria. totalmente programvel e
disponvel em 12 ou 24 Volts e em trs verses:
o
RGAM Standard;
RGAM 12RC ou 24RC Verso com porta serial RS-485, em 12 ou 24 VDC e
RGAM SW Verso completa, com microcomputador e software para operao remota atravs de porta
de comunicao RS-232/RS-485 ou modem (comum ou GSM).
Inclui as funes de superviso de funcionamento do grupo gerador e da rede e nas verses com recursos de
comunicao inclui a funo Autocall, para servios de mensagens SMS (Short Message Service) e e-mail via
Internet.
Supervisiona as trs fases da rede e comanda a partida do grupo gerador e transferncia automtica de carga
em caso de falha da rede.
Leitura digital de tenso, freqncia e corrente da rede e do grupo gerador, tenso da bateria e horas de
operao. Dimenses de 144 x 144 mm e peso aproximado de 1,1 kg.
dotado de controles e alarmes para as seguintes funes:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Baixa presso de leo lubrificante;

Superaquecimento do motor;
Baixo nvel de combustvel;
Falha na partida;
Tenso da bateria baixa;
Tenso da bateria alta;
Falha no alternador de carga da bateria;
Falha de tenso do alternador;
Freqncia do alternador alta;
Freqncia do alternador baixa;
Sobrecarga no alternador;
Falha de parada do motor;
Parada inesperada;
Manuteno requerida;
Falha no contator/disjuntor principal do alternador e
Quatro alarmes definidos pelo cliente.
Pgina
101
LEON HEIMER
DPC-560
Mdulo de controle digital para instalao no quadro de comando. Comandos externos para:
Controla partida, parada, transferncia e retransferncia. Como
x Desligado, automtico, manual,
padro, instalado na porta frontal do quadro de comando, onde
partida e reposio (reset).
tambm se encontra a chave de transferncia.
Tem funes de proteo com sinalizao luminosa e alarme Caractersticas principais:
contra:
x Alimentao de 12 a 38 VDC;
x Rede anormal;
x Freqncia de operao em 50 ou
x Falha de tenso do grupo gerador;
60 Hz;
x Presso de leo baixa;
x Consumo de corrente mximo de
x Temperatura alta;
200 mA;
x Falha de carga da bateria de 0 a 35
x Sobrecarga;
Volts (ajustvel via software);
x Rotao anormal;
x Entrada de superviso de freqncia
x Falha na partida;
de 10 a 130 VAC;
x Sadas: Coletor aberto de transistor
Avisos luminosos para:
NPN, 100 mA mximo;
x Carga de bateria;
x Temperatura de operao de 10 a
x Proteo ativada;
60C;
x Grupo gerador operando.
x Dimenses: (A x L x P) 50 x 98 x
130 mm e
x Peso de 0,30 kg.
LEON HEIMER
H606
Quadro de Comando com
monitorao distncia.
O mdulo de controle H606 tem comandos externos para as

funes de PARADA/REPOSIO, PARTIDA, AUTOMTICO,
TESTE, e SILENCIA ALARME. Informaes de status e defeitos
so por meio de um visor de cristal lquido com duas linhas de 21
dgitos, em ingls. Tem indicao luminosa do status dos
contatores de rede e grupo, do lado esquerdo, e indicao
luminosa de defeitos, do lado direito. Junto ao LCD, abaixo,
ficam as teclas de navegao do menu de opes.
Na parte posterior existem 6 (seis)

conectores, com um total de 88 pinos para
entradas e sadas de sinais. Suas
dimenses so de (L x A x P) 298 x 216 x
105 mm. Tem duas entradas RS-232 (uma
macho e uma fmea) para utilizao de
software de telemetria em microcomputador
remoto. Uma sada RS-485, atualmente no
utilizvel, podendo ser implementada em
desenvolvimentos futuros.
Pgina
102
Est dotado das funes e controles abaixo:

AVISOS (Condies de alarmes no crticas):
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Falha de carga da bateria;

Baixa tenso da bateria;
Tenso alta da bateria;
Baixo nvel de combustvel;
Nvel alto de combustvel;
Circuito aberto do sensor de combustvel;
Falha de carga do gerador (alternador);
Falha de carga da rede;
Interruptor de presso de leo;
Entradas auxiliares;
DESARMES ELTRICOS
x
x
x
Sobre-corrente no alternador;
Potncia reversa no alternador e
Entradas auxiliares (configurveis pelo cliente)
PARADA DO MOTOR:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Falha na partida;
Baixa presso do leo;
Alta temperatura da gua do motor;
Sobrevelocidade;
Subvelocidade;
Alta freqncia do alternador;
Baixa freqncia do Alternador;
Circuito aberto do sensor de
presso de leo;
x Falta de aterramento do alternador e
x Entradas auxiliares (configuradas
pelo cliente).
Para todas as condies de parada acima
possvel configurar um pr-alarme, para
aviso antes da parada do motor.
O LCD configurado em pginas selecionveis por meio das teclas de navegao, podendo-se ter acesso :
PGINA DE STATUS:
x
PGINA DE EVENTOS:
a pgina padro e indica, motor operando, controle em x

automtico ou manual, etc.
PGINA DE ALARME:
Mostra
os
eventos
registrados,
permitindo visualizar o histrico de
operao do sistema.
CONFIGURAO DAS PGINAS:

Mostra a natureza de alguma condio de alarme na qual
tenha ocorrido, como, por exemplo, parada por baixa presso x O LCD mostra as vrias configuraes
de leo.
de pginas usadas para ajustar o
mdulo. As configuraes no podem
PGINA DE INSTRUMENTAO:
ser alteradas pelo operador.
x Mostra os vrios parmetros mensurveis conforme
configurado, permitindo ao operador a monitorao da
performance do grupo gerador.
x
LEON HEIMER
DPC-750
Mdulo de controle digital compatvel com a prtica TELEBRS. Dotado de um teclado alfanumrico de 24
teclas e um LCD de duas linhas de 40 dgitos. As mensagens so em portugus, ao contrrio do modelo
anterior. Conecta-se ao sistema por meio de 7 conectores padronizados de 8 pinos e no inclui recursos de
comunicao.
Alm dos itens tradicionais, tais como presso de leo, temperatura do motor e parmetros eltricos de rede e
grupo, supervisiona bomba de pr-lubrificao, ventilao da sala, ruptura de correias, fluxo de gua industrial,
temperatura do alternador, fusveis principais e secundrios de rede e grupo, rel taquimtrico (controle do
motor de partida) e bomba dgua do trocador de calor externo.
Permite configurao e calibrao de medies pelo operador, via teclado.
Pgina
103
SDMO
MICS Process II
O controle MICS Process II standard na linha POWER 2000 e opcional para as outras linhas de produtos
SDMO.
O controle bsico inclui as teclas F1 a F6 (esquerda) programveis de acordo com as necessidades do cliente.
O painel de controle constitudo pelas teclas 1 a 13 (centro) com as funes:
1 Modo Automtico
2 Modo Manual
3 Modo Fora de Servio
4 Partida do Motor
5 Parada do Motor
6 Carga de teste
7 Comando para fechamento do disjuntor principal
8 Comando para abertura do disjuntor principal
9 Teste com Carga
10 Silenciar alarme
11 Reposio (reset)
12 Teste dos LEDs
13 Mostrar eventos no display
O teclado numrico seleciona os parmetros e as teclas ao lado so de visualizao (navegao) do display.
O painel anunciador (direita) tem 12 indicadores luminosos (LEDs) programveis pelo cliente. O controle
modular, permitindo a adio de duas placas com as funes conforme a seguir:
Mdulo CARNAC (Opcional):
Protees adicionais:
x
Corrente, tenso, freqncia, potncias ativa e reativa, controle de isolao e

micro-interrupes (rels de mnima impedncia, variao de freqncia e vetor
de pulso).
Comunicaes:
x
Barramento de comunicao serial (CAN Controller Area Network) padro

ISO, protocolo ICs, desenvolvido pela ROBERT BOSCH.
Mdulo CARANTEC (Opcional):

Medio
x
Freqncia, tenso, potncia ativa total e por fase, potncia reativa total e por
fase, fator de potncia total e por fase, medio de energia ativa, medio de
energia reativa, indicao das defasagens de fases, tenso e freqncia.
Regulao
x
De tenso, nos alternadores Leroy-Somer, Stamford Newage, AVK, ABB,

Siemens, Magnetek e KATO.
x
De potncia, nos motores equipados com governadores dotados de atuadores

MDEC, MDEC III, GAC, Woodward, Barber Colman, Heinzmann, American
Bosch, Etc..
Pgina
104
SDMO
MICS TELYS
Para os grupos geradores de menor porte e potncias acima de 40 KVA, a SDMO est oferecendo o controle
microprocessado MICS TELYS, com at 150 parmetros configurveis, tenso de 208 a 600 Volts, dotados das
funes de superviso e controle do grupo gerador, porm de construo menos sofisticada e menor custo do
que o MICS Process II.
Para os grupos geradores das linhas PACIFIC, MONTANA, ATLANTIC e NEVADA a SDMO oferece os controles
M50, M150, S2500, R3000 e A400, cujas figuras podem ser vistas a seguir. So controles opcionais, com
funes de superviso e controle pr-definidas, aplicveis em funo de marca e modelo do motor, a escolha do
cliente, conforme suas necessidades. Os modelos M50 e M150 so controles manuais. A partir do controle
S2500, a SDMO emprega tecnologia digital e a partida automtica opcional no S2500 e standard nos demais
modelos, que podem ser implementados com diversos opcionais, cobrindo todas as necessidades de
monitoramento do grupo gerador.
M50
M150
R3000
S2500
A400
Pgina
105
Alm dos controles vistos anteriormente, a WOODWARD, no decorrer do ano de 2001, disponibilizou para os
montadores de grupos geradores a sua nova famlia de controles digitais que, de se esperar, ir contribuir
para que alguns montadores optem por utilizar estes produtos em detrimento da fabricao prpria.
WOODWARD
GCP-11
Controle digital para unidades isoladas, prov completo controle sobre o motor e alternador bem como
controle lgico sobre um contactor principal. Supervisiona partida e parada do motor e protege contra
sobrevelocidade, temperatura, presso, tenso, corrente, freqncia, sobrecarga e outras falhas. Inclui 12
entradas digitais, 2 entradas de sinal do motor, 1 entrada para pick-up magntico e 9 sadas de rel
configurveis pelo cliente.
WOODWARD
GCP-12
Controle digital para grupos geradores com as mesmas funes do GCP-11, para aplicaes em grupos
geradores de emergncia. Acrescenta as funes de superviso da rede e controle automtico para dois
contatores principais (rede e grupo). Alm das funes de proteo do GCP-11, monitora tenso e freqncia
da rede e do grupo gerador. Inclui 12 entradas digitais, 2 entradas de sinal do motor e 8 sadas de rels
configurveis pelo cliente.
WOODWARD
GCP-20
Controle digital para grupos geradores de emergncia, mas com as funes de atuao sobre o governador
de rotaes e o regulador de tenso para propiciar transferncia de carga sem interrupo entre grupo
gerador e rede e vice-versa. Monitora rede e grupo gerador e protege contra falhas de tenso, corrente,
freqncia, potncia ativa e reversa, desbalanceamento de carga e sobrecarga. Inclui 14 entradas digitais, 4
entradas de sinal do motor, 1 entrada de pick-up magntico e 4 sadas de rel configurveis pelo cliente.
Como opcionais, oferece controle remoto analgico de tenso e freqncia (rotao do motor).
Pgina
106
WOODWARD
GCP-21
Controle digital para grupos geradores com as funes dos modelos anteriores, porm, adicionalmente, com a
capacidade operao em paralelo com a concessionria, podendo ser utilizado em aplicaes de peak
shaving. Inclui proteo de seqncia de fases, um total de 14 entradas digitais, 4 entradas de sinal do motor,
1 entrada de pick-up magntico e 4 sadas de rels configurveis pelo cliente. Como opcionais, oferece
entradas e sadas adicionais, bem como ajuste remoto de tenso e freqncia.
WOODWARD
GCP-22
Controle digital para grupos geradores, como o modelo GCP-21, porm dotado da capacidade adicional de
controlar dois contatores principais, deteco de falha da concessionria e controle de chave de transferncia
automtica. Inclui tambm a capacidade de transferncia com transio fechada em rampa.
WOODWARD
GCP-31 e GCP-32
o controle eletrnico digital mais poderoso da famlia GCP Woodward. As unidades GCP-31 e GCP-32 so
similares aos controles GCP-21 e GCP-22, porm com a adio das funes de divisor de carga, capacidade
de alimentao de reativos e para operao de unidades mltiplas, em paralelo. Tambm adicionam um
sincronoscpio no painel frontal. Como padro, disponibilizam 16 entradas digitais, 7 entradas de sinal do
motor ou alternador, 1 entrada de pick-up magntico e 7 sadas de rels configurveis pelo cliente.
Opcionalmente, pode incluir entradas e sadas adicionais, ajustes remotos, grupo gerador remoto e ajustes
analgicos de tenso e freqncia remotos. Tambm disponvel relgio em tempo real e histrico de eventos.
Pgina
107
WOODWARD
Rels multifuno MFR-1
Uma famlia composta por 5 modelos de rels com as funes de proteo de rede e gerao distribuda.
Cada um dos 5 modelos disponveis protege contra determinada falha, monitora e exibe os sinais de corrente
alternada da rede ou do grupo gerador. Inclui um rel de alarme ANSI 74, 3 sadas de contatos secos e so
facilmente configurveis via interface RS-232.
O modelo MFR-13/GP protege o grupo gerador contra sub e sobre-tenso, sub e sobre-freqncia, potncia
inversa, sobrecarga, desbalanceamento de carga, perda de excitao, fator de potncia e sobre-corrente
independente de tempo.
O modelo MFR-15/SYN oferece proteo similar ao modelo MFR-13/GP, mas adiciona controles de
sincronizao para atuar um contactor nos casos de potncia ativa, fator de potncia e diviso de cargas ativa
e reativa. Tem ponto de ajuste externo e 3 sadas analgicas configurveis.
Modelo MFR-12/CP proteo para o alternador contra sobre-corrente independente de tempo, corrente de
tempo inverso e falta de terra calculada.
Modelo MFR-11/MP Proteo da rede contra sub e sobre-tenso, sub e sobre-freqncia falta assimtrica
de fase.
Modelo MFR-11/G59 inclui as protees do modelo MFR-11/MP e adiciona proteo de seqncia de fase.
WOODWARD
SPM-D
SINCRONIZADOR DIGITAL
O sincronizador incorpora controle lgico para um contator, exibio de dados de corrente alternada no painel
frontal, um teclado do usurio, um sincronoscpio interno e configurao via interface RS-232. Tambm tem
proteo da concessionria para sub e sobre-corrente, sub e sobre-freqncia e seqncia de fases. Proteo
do alternador para sobre e sub-tenso, sobre e sub-freqncia, sobrecarga, potncia inversa e carga reduzida.
Pgina
108
WOODWARD
EGCP-2 e EGCP-3
(Engine Generator Control Package)
CONTROLADOR DIGITAL PARA GRUPOS
GERADORES
O EGCP-2 um controlador digital para grupos geradores feito para trabalhar com um regulador de tenso de
ajuste remoto e um regulador de velocidade Woodward. Disponvel para geradores que operem com motores
Diesel ou gs. Executa controle do motor, sincronizao do grupo, seqenciamento automtico, controle de
carga ativa real (kW), controle de carga reativa (KVAr), proteo do gerador, proteo do motor e
comunicao serial Modbus.
Controle do Motor
Controle de Potncia Reativa (KVAr)
x
x
x
x
x
x
Controle para pr-aquecimento do motor;

x Diviso de carga reativa emtre os gerradores para
Controle da vlvula de combustvel;
operao isolada;
Controle de partida;
x Controle de fator de potncia atravs da referncia
interna e
Controle de marcha lenta/nominal;
x
Controle de potncia reativa ajustvel atravs de
Monitorao de presso de leo;
sinal externo.
Monitorao da temperatura da gua de
refrigerao;
Seqncia automtica de partida
x Monitorao da tenso da bateria e
x Partida automtica baseada na demanda de carga
x Monitorao da proteo de sobre-velocidade.
ou processo;
Sincronismo
x Configurao de partida e parada conforme
x Processamento digital dos sinais imune
necessidade de carga temporizada e
interferncia de harmnicos, ajuste de fase de x Seqncia de prioridade de geradores configurvel
tenso e de tempo de sincronismo;
via painel do EGCP ou remotamente por
x Identificao de barra desenergizada e
computador PC.
sincronismo automtico;
x Sincronizao com outros geradores e com a Proteo do gerador
concessionria;
x Proteo de subtenso (27);
x Programao de vrias tentativas de sincronismo x Proteo de sobretenso (59);
com tempo ajustvel e
x Proteo de sub e sobrefreqncia (81);
x Operao manual com ajuste de tenso e x Proteo de potncia reversa (32P);
velocidade para sincronismo.
x Proteo de perda de excitao;
x Proteo de sobrecorrente;
Controle de Potncia Ativa (kW)
x Proteo de perda da concessionria;
x Clculo de potncia real (RMS);
x Proteo de escorregamento de velocidade e
x Rampa de tomada e retirada de carga
freqncia e
programvel;
x Proteo de surto de potncia no gerador
x Operao em iscrono ou base de carga com at
Proteo do Motor
8 geradores em paralelo dividindo carga;
x Controle em base de carga com mxima x Proteo de baixa e alta temperatura da gua de
eficincia de controle de combustvel;
refrigerao;
x Controle em base de importao e exportao x Proteo de baixa e alta presso do leo;
para
operao
em
paralelo
com
a
x Proteo de sobrevelocidade e
concessionria;
x Proteo de falha na partida.
x Transferncia de carga suave e sem interrupo
Comunicao
com a concessionria;
x Possibilidade de ajuste externo para operao x Protocolo aberto ModBus ou DDE comunicao
em carga de base ou controle de processo com
atravs de porta serial padro RS-422 e
taxas de variao independentes e
x Rede de comunicao remota de upload/download
x Operao em droop disponvel para operao e
via computador PC interface programvel.
controle de carga manual.
Pgina
109
CHAVES DE TRANSFERNCIA AUTOMTICA

Sistemas de Baixa Tenso
Toda instalao onde se utiliza o grupo gerador como fonte alternativa de energia necessita,
obrigatoriamente, de uma chave reversora ou comutadora de fonte. Somente nos casos
onde o grupo gerador utilizado como fonte nica de energia, pode-se prescindir da
utilizao deste dispositivo. Tem a finalidade de comutar as fontes de alimentao dos
circuitos consumidores, separando-as sem a possibilidade de ligao simultnea. Para isso,
as chaves comutadoras de fonte so construdas de diversas formas e dotadas de recursos
que vo desde o tipo faca, manual, at as mais sofisticadas construes com controles
eletrnicos digitais, comandos e sinalizaes locais e remotas, passando pelos tipos de
estado slido, de ao ultra-rpida.
A concepo mais simples de chave reversora seria o contato reversvel, conhecido como
SPDT (Single Pole Double Trhrow) utilizado nos rels. Nos grupos geradores, a chave
reversora, geralmente, de trs plos (nos grupos geradores trifsicos). A opo manual,
tipo faca, aberta, fabricada para operao sem carga, ainda encontra aplicaes, seguindose os modelos para montagem em painel e as de acionamento eltrico, automticas,
constitudas por pares de contatores ou disjuntores motorizados com comandos distncia
para abertura e fechamento.
As chaves reversoras com comandos eltricos, na sua extensa maioria, so constitudas por
pares de contatores ou disjuntores motorizados. As chaves dedicadas, isto , construdas
com a finalidade especfica de efetuar a comutao das fontes, no so muito conhecidas,
especialmente no Brasil, onde no h fabricante que oferea esta opo aos montadores de
grupos geradores.
A no utilizao da chave reversora pode causar srios riscos s instalaes e s pessoas,
da seguinte forma:
a) Queima de equipamentos, no momento do retorno da energia fornecida pela
concessionria, caso o grupo gerador esteja funcionando sem chave reversora e o
disjuntor geral encontrar-se INDEVIDAMENTE ligado;
b) Riscos para as pessoas e possibilidades de incndios provocados por descargas
eltricas sobre materiais combustveis, como conseqncia do evento citado no item
anterior;
c) Energizao indevida da rede eltrica da concessionria, podendo vitimar eletricistas
que estejam trabalhando na rede ou no quadro de medio;
d) O acionamento da chave reversora (se manual) somente deve acontecer com os
equipamentos desligados (sem carga).
Todas as concessionrias de energia exigem que as chaves reversoras sejam dotadas de
intertravamento mecnico. Adicionalmente, nas chaves com acionamento eltrico, so
utilizados contatos auxiliares para fazer o intertravamento eltrico.
Para os sistemas com reverso de carga em transio fechada (em paralelo com a rede) h
exigncias especficas que devem ser atendidas, conforme estabelecido nos contratos de
fornecimento e de uso e conexo, firmados entre as concessionrias e as unidades
consumidoras.
As concessionrias de energia determinam que os circuitos de emergncia supridos por
grupos geradores devem ser instalados independentemente dos demais circuitos, em
eletrodutos exclusivos. No permitida qualquer interligao destes circuitos com a rede
Pgina 110
alimentada pela concessionria. Os grupos geradores devem ser localizados em reas

arejadas, protegidos de intempries e isolados do contato com pessoas leigas,
principalmente crianas. Recomendam, ainda, a observncia s normas tcnicas, em
especial a NBR-5410 da ABNT, em conformidade com o Decreto 41019 de 26/02/57 do
Ministrio das Minas e Energia e resoluo N 456 da ANEEL sobre as condies gerais de
fornecimento de energia.
O conceito bsico :
Fonte 1 = Rede
Consumidores
Fonte 2 = gerador
Abaixo, um diagrama tpico de instalao do grupo gerador:

DISTRIBUIO PRIMRIA
DISTRIBUIO SECUNDRIA
R
S
NEUTRO
T
TRANSFORMADOR
CHAVE
GERAL
NEUTRO
ATERRAMENTO
R
S
Chave reversora manual de trs

posies:
T
CHAVE
REVERSORA
0 = (Centro) desligada
I = Fonte 1
II = Fonte 2
GRUPO GERADOR
ATERRAMENTO
Na maioria das aplicaes, o grupo gerador utilizado como fonte de emergncia para
atender apenas cargas essenciais, casos em que h um circuito de emergncia em
separado dos consumidores no essenciais:
Rede da
Concession ria
Medio e
Protees
Grupo
Gerador
Chave reversora ou
de transferncia
Consumidores
no essenciais
Consumidores essenciais
(Circuito de Emergncia)
Pgina 111
Tambm podemos dividir o circuito de emergncia, de forma que, havendo disponibilidade

de energia da fonte de emergncia, estabelecemos prioridades para os circuitos
alimentados.
Rede da
Concession ria
Consumidores essenciais
(Circuito de Emergncia)
Medio e
Protees
Grupo
Gerador
Chaves reversoras
ou de transferncia
Consumidores
no essenciais
Prioridade 1
Prioridade 2
Prioridade 3
Usualmente, adota-se como base do sistema de transferncia a soluo do par de

contatores montados lado a lado:
Rede
R
Gerador
T
K1
K2
Trava mecnica
L1 L2 L3
Sistema desenergizado, contatores abertos.
A trava mecnica impede que os dois contatores possam ser fechados simultaneamente.
Alm disso, as bobinas dos contatores K1 e K2 so intertravadas eletricamente por meio de
contatos ou rels auxiliares, de forma que impossibilite a alimentao de uma se a outra
estiver energizada. Adicionalmente, podemos acrescentar lmpadas de sinalizao para
indicar o estado da chave de transferncia:
Pgina 112
Rede
R
Gerador
T
K1B
Liga
T
K2B
Desliga
K1
Rede
Alimentando
Liga
Desliga
K2
K2A
K1A
Gerador
Alimentando
Trava mecnica
L1 L2 L3
Nos sistemas automticos, as funes liga e desliga rede e gerador so executadas por
contatos de rels comandados pelo sistema de controle.
Na entrada do grupo gerador indispensvel um meio de desconexo e protees contra
curto-circuito. As empresas de telecomunicaes exigem que, tanto o lado da rede quanto o
do grupo gerador sejam protegidos com blocos de fusveis de ao retardada. Os
disjuntores termomagnticos, quando utilizados, devem ter tempo de desconexo de 5 Hz,
ou seja, cerca de 80 ms.
Para tornar o sistema automtico, devemos acrescentar um dispositivo sensor da rede,
capaz de perceber as falhas de tenso ou freqncia e fechar um contato para comando da
partida do grupo gerador. Este(s) sensor(es) deve(m) ter seus parmetros ajustveis,
incluindo um tempo de confirmao da falha, para evitar partidas do grupo gerador em
decorrncia de picos instantneos de tenso. Deve monitorar o retorno da rede
normalidade e acionar um contato para retransferncia da carga, devendo, a partir da, o
sistema de controle permitir o funcionamento do grupo gerador em vazio para resfriamento,
antes de acionar o dispositivo de parada. Quando no includos no sistema de controle,
sensores de tenso e freqncia para o grupo gerador tambm devem ser previstos. O
monitoramento ideal sobre as trs fases, sendo freqente o uso de sensores monofsicos
no lado do grupo gerador, principalmente. Em geral, ajusta-se os sensores para variaes
de 20% de tenso e 5% de freqncia, para mais ou para menos, e um tempo de
confirmao de dois a cinco segundos.
Por definio, os sensores de tenso e freqncia executam as seguintes funes de rels
ANSI:
N ANSI
Funo
27
Subtenso. Rel que atua quando a sua tenso de entrada inferior a um

valor predeterminado.
59
Sobretenso. Rel que atua quando a sua tenso de entrada for maior que
um valor predeterminado.
81
Rel de freqncia. Dispositivo que opera quando a freqncia (ou sua taxa
de variao) est fora de limites determinados.
A maioria dos fornecedores de grupos geradores utiliza estes dispositivos como parte
integrante dos seus sistemas de controle ou USCAs, de fabricao prpria. No mercado,
podem ser encontrados diversos fornecedores destes dispositivos, tanto analgicos quanto
digitais, alguns dotados de mltiplas funes integradas.
Pgina 113
Rede
S T
Gerador
R S T
27 59 81
27 59 81
K2B
K1B
Liga
Liga
Desliga
Desliga
K1
Comandos
(desconexo,
partida, etc.)
K2
K2A
Normal
Falha
Comandos
(desconexo,
parada, etc.)
K1A
Normal
Ligado
Ligado
Falha
L1 L2 L3
Eventualmente, a funo 81 poder no ser utilizada para a rede, baseando-se no

pressuposto de que no ocorrem variaes de freqncia da rede. Entretanto, dependendo
do local da instalao, estas variaes podem ocorrer.
Em muitas aplicaes, so utilizados disjuntores com comandos motorizados em
substituio aos contatores. Alguns fornecedores disponibilizam conjuntos montados, com
opo de adio de componentes definidos pelo cliente.
Acessrios
EXECUO FIXA:
EXECUO EXTRAVEL:
INCLUSOS NO MODELO BSICO
INCLUSOS:
x
Alavanca de Carregamento manual das molas.
x
x
Boto mecnico de fechamento.
Prolongador dos trilhos

para a extrao dos
disjuntores.
x
Boto mecnico de desligamento.
x
x
Indicador mecnico de molas carregadas.
Alavanca suplementar para

extrao do disjuntor.
x
Rel de fechamento.
x
Rel de abertura.
x
Motor eltrico com redutor para carregar as molas de fechamento.
x
Micro-switch para telessinalizar o carregamento das molas de

abertura.
x
Contatos auxiliares.
x
Bloqueio da chave at que o defeito seja sanado, s podendo voltar

a operar assim que seja dado o RESET manual.
x
Dispositivo eletrnico de retardo (200 ms).
x
Rel antibombeamento.
OPCIONAL (A PEDIDO):
x
Indicador eltrico de
posio do disjuntor
(inserido, teste e extrado).
OPCIONAIS OFERECIDOS A PEDIDO

x
Rel de subtenso.
x
Bloqueio mecnico tipo Yale e cadeado.
x
Bloqueio da chave at que o defeito seja sanado, s podendo voltar

a operar assim que seja dado RESET eltrico.
x
Contador mecnico de manobra.
x
Proteo terra 51N Ground Sensor.
Pgina 114
FUNES DO SISTEMA DE TRANSFERNCIA AUTOMTICA
1
Falha da
Rede
8
Parar o grupo
gerador
7
Transferncia
para a rede
2
Detectar
Falha
3
Dar partida
no grupo
gerador
4
6
Checar tenso e
Retorno da Rede
Checar tenso e
freqncia
freqncia
5
Transferncia da
carga para o
gerador
Nos controles digitais, estas funes inclusas e apenas os pontos de ligao dos contatos
de comando so acessveis.
Considerando a possibilidade de manuteno ou reparos no sistema de transferncia,
conveniente a instalao tambm de uma chave de bypass. Esta chave, permite que as
cargas sejam alimentadas diretamente pela rede ou pelo grupo gerador, sem utilizar a
chave de transferncia, permitindo que esta possa ser desativada temporariamente ou
removida para reparos. A utilizao deste componente requer detalhamento do projeto junto
ao usurio para definir a seqncia de operao desejada, a fim de eliminar os riscos de
paralelismo acidental das fontes. possvel estabelecer o bypass s para a rede, para o
grupo gerador ou para ambos alternativamente, dependendo da configurao desejada. No
caso das chaves dedicadas, o bypass pode ser com ou sem interrupo da alimentao das
cargas de emergncia. Alguns fornecedores disponibilizam este item como opcional.
CHAVES DEDICADAS
Entende-se como chaves de transferncia dedicadas quelas construdas especificamente
para comutao entre duas fontes de energia, diferentemente da concepo anterior com
base em contatores ou disjuntores. Basicamente, um mecanismo que combina as aes
de massa e campo magntico para impulsionar os contatos no sentido de uma das fontes
ao mesmo tempo em que desconecta a outra, sem possibilidade de paralelismo acidental.
As concepes utilizadas variam de um para outro fabricante. A Cummins Power
Generation, uma das mais conceituadas marcas, utiliza um atuador linear bi-direcional para
a mudana de contatos entre as fontes, alm de prever o intertravamento eltrico dos
comandos e oferecer diversos recursos de superviso e controle microprocessados.
Pgina 115
A Hubbell oferece um tipo de chave dedicada similar, porm com o mecanismo de

acionamento diferente.
1. Contatos da entrada de rede

2. Contatos da entrada de grupo
gerador;
3. Terminais de ligao da entrada de
gerador;
4. Terminais de sada para a carga;
5. Conexes de campo;
6. Controle de transferncia;
7. Contatos auxiliares de grupo
gerador;
8. Rel de controle de transferncia;
9. Conjunto de acionamento;
10. Contatos auxiliares de rede;
11. Dispositivo de teste (opcional);
12. Conexes de campo;
13. Terminais de entrada da rede
Pgina 116
PROBLEMAS DA TRANSFERNCIA
Cada circuito consumidor tem caractersticas prprias, resultantes dos dispositivos
alimentados. Um edifcio comercial difere fundamentalmente de uma indstria com a mesma
capacidade instalada. Enquanto no edifcio predominam cargas de iluminao, elevadores,
pequenos no-breaks, computadores e ar condicionado, na indstria a carga predominante,
provavelmente, ser de motores eltricos.
Quando ocorre uma falta de energia, o grupo gerador de emergncia dotado de sistema de
transferncia automtica acionado e no intervalo mdio de 10 a 15 segundos assume as
cargas. Este intervalo suficiente para que os motores em funcionamento parem de girar e
todos os circuitos se desenergizem. Entretanto, quando do retorno da concessionria, o
sistema aciona o desligamento do gerador e o ligamento da rede, um aps o outro, num
intervalo mdio de 100 a 200 ms. Isto faz com que, ao ser religada a rede, os motores, por
inrcia, ainda esto girando praticamente na mesma rotao. O mesmo ciclo acontece nas
transferncias onde se utilizam grupos geradores nos horrios de ponta, quando no incio se
transfere a carga da rede para o gerador e no final, quando ocorre a transferncia inversa.
Os motores em movimento, sem receber energia, geram tenso que percorre o circuito em
sentido inverso, no intervalo de transferncia, que ir se contrapor fornecida pela fonte
que assume a carga, produzindo um surto capaz de trazer perturbaes e queima de
equipamentos. Quando h este tipo de problema, a soluo fazer a transferncia num
intervalo de tempo programado, desligando-se uma fonte e aguardando um tempo suficiente
para que todos os motores parem, antes de efetuar o ligamento da fonte substituta. A isto,
habitualmente chamamos de transferncia com transio programada.
Para os edifcios comerciais com muitos elevadores, uma alternativa freqentemente
adotada incluir no sistema um rel programado para fechar um contato durante o tempo
suficiente para que todos os elevadores sejam desligados no andar trreo (ou no mais
prximo de onde se encontram), permanecendo desligados at que a transferncia se
realize. Esta providncia interessante porque, no caso da transferncia da rede para o
gerador, permite que os elevadores sejam acionados um aps o outro, reduzindo assim o
surto de corrente de partida que ocorreria com a partida simultnea de todos os elevadores
ao mesmo tempo. Esta funo um item opcional nas chaves Cummins Power Generation.
Uma outra forma de efetuar a transferncia sem perturbaes a transio fechada, em
paralelo com a concessionria, que pode ser instantnea ou com rampa de carga. Para
adotar esta soluo, necessrio consultar a concessionria e, conforme o caso, aditar o
contrato de conexo e uso, para prever esta funo. a forma mais conveniente para quem
utiliza grupos geradores para gerao nos horrios de ponta.
A transferncia instantnea significa aplicao de carga brusca e a rampa de carga s pode
ser utilizada nas transferncias com as duas fontes presentes e normais. No caso de uma
falta de energia, a entrada do grupo gerador na condio de emergncia feita em
barramento morto, assumindo todas as cargas que estiverem ligadas, instantaneamente.
Existem chaves que efetuam a transferncia em transio fechada com um tempo de
paralelismo menor do que 5 graus eltricos (0,00023 seg). Como as protees normalmente
exigidas pelas concessionrias tm tempos de atuao de 100 ms, estas se tornam
desnecessrias, porm, podem ser exigidas, a seu critrio, por condies contratuais.
Pgina 117
Chave de transferncia automtica ASCO

srie 7000 microprocessada e com bypass
de isolao, montagem extravel.
Transferncia em transio fechada dentro
do intervalo de 5 graus eltricos.
N
N
L
E
E
Podem ser exigidas as seguintes protees ANSI, alm de outras consideradas desejveis
pela concessionria:
N ANSI
FUNO
27
Rel de Subtenso Rel que atua quando a sua tenso de entrada menor
do que um valor predeterminado
32
Rel Direcional de Potncia Rel que atua quando um fluxo de potncia

circula no sentido contrrio ao predeterminado.
47
Rel de Seqncia de Fase de Tenso Rel que atua para um valor de

tenso polifsica na seqncia de fase estabelecida.
59
Rel de Sobretenso Rel que atua quando sua tenso de entrada for
maior do que um valor predeterminado.
81
Rel de freqncia Dispositivo que opera quando a freqncia (ou taxa de

variao) est fora de limites predeterminados.
Os contatores ou disjuntores recebem a designao ANSI 52 Disjuntor de Corrente

Alternada = Dispositivo de manobra e proteo capaz de estabelecer, conduzir e
interromper correntes alternadas em condies normais do circuito, assim como
estabelecer, conduzir por tempo especificado e interromper correntes alternadas em
condies anormais especificadas do circuito, tais como as de curto-circuito.
CHAVES ESTTICAS
Resultado da tecnologia dos semicondutores, atualmente so comercializadas chaves de
transferncia sem contatos mveis, baseadas em retificadores controlados de silcio (SCR).
So utilizadas, principalmente, nos sistemas UPS (Uninterruptible Power Suppliers) ou nobreaks estticos e atualmente comeam a encontrar aplicaes nas instalaes de grupos
geradores. A transferncia com chave esttica ocorre em transio aberta, isto com
Pgina 118
interrupo de 2 a 4 ms. Esta interrupo imperceptvel e no detectada pelos

equipamentos consumidores.
O SCR um diodo que opera como um circuito aberto quando nenhuma corrente aplicada
ao GATE. Um sinal aplicado ao GATE fecha o circuito e faz com que ele se mantenha
fechado, conduzindo do ANODO para o CATODO, enquanto permanecer o sinal. Uma vez
removido o sinal, ele ir parar de conduzir quando a corrente circulante atingir o valor zero.
Usando esta propriedade, possvel construir um sistema com controle eletrnico gerando
o sinal para o gate e montar uma chave comutadora de fontes onde possvel determinar o
momento em que uma ou outra fonte ser ativada ou desativada.
GATE
ANODO
FONTE 1
CARGA
CATODO
FONTE 2
Sistemas microprocessados adicionados aos controles adotados, implementam a utilizao

desta soluo. Entretanto, neste tipo de transferncia a carga aplicada subitamente, na
sua totalidade, ao grupo gerador.
TRANSFERNCIA COM RAMPA DE CARGA
feita na condio de transio fechada, em paralelo com a rede, durante um tempo
programado. O sistema de transferncia necessita monitorar, por meio de transformadores
de corrente, a energia circulante e atuar sobre o sistema de combustvel do motor. Sua
utilizao requer protees definidas pela concessionria local.
DISTRIBUIO PRIMRIA
DISTRIBUIO SECUNDRIA
R
S
NEUTRO
T
TRANSFORMADOR
CHAVE
GERAL
NO ESSENCIAIS
NEUTRO
R
S
T
52U
ATERRAMENTO
EMERGNCIA
NEUTRO
R
S
T
52G
COMANDO
TCs
EXCITAO
GRUPO GERADOR
COMBUSTVEL
(GOVERNADOR)
SISTEMA DE CONTROLE
ATERRAMENTO
Pgina 119
A transferncia com rampa de carga feita sincronizando o grupo gerador com a rede e, em
seguida, comandando o fechamento das chaves de paralelismo (52). O paralelismo, feito
por um sincronizador automtico, controla tenso e freqncia do grupo gerador e verifica a
seqncia de fases. No caso de falha da rede e entrada do grupo gerador na condio de
emergncia, teramos a seqncia:
Potncia no
grupo gerador
Sincronismo
com a Rede
Abre
52G
Parada
Partida
Falha da
Rede
Tempo
Retorno Transferncia
da Rede da carga
Carga
Resfriamento
do motor
No caso da partida do grupo gerador com a rede presente (horrio de ponta):
Potncia no
grupo gerador
Abre
52U
Fecha
52U
Fecha
52G
Abre
52G
Parada
Partida
Tempo
Sincronismo Transferncia
com a Rede
da Carga
Sincronismo Transferncia
da carga
com a Rede
Resfriamento
do motor
O sistema deve supervisionar o fluxo de corrente e manter a dosagem do combustvel para

que, no momento do fechamento de 52G o grupo gerador no entre em carga nem seja
motorizado pela rede. Uma vez fechado 52G, tem incio o processo de transferncia de
carga numa taxa programada com incremento em kW por segundo e o limite no pode
exceder a potncia do grupo gerador.
Pgina 120
Em geral, o mesmo sistema pode ser utilizado para suprimento de energia em regime de
peak shaving. Isto , o grupo gerador permanece em paralelo com a rede suprindo a
energia que exceder demanda prefixada para a rede. As configuraes de operao so
oferecidas em diversas modalidades e praticamente todos os fornecedores atualmente
dispem de sistemas digitais que podem ser configurados para atender s necessidades do
cliente.
O grupo gerador poder tambm ser utilizado em paralelo com a rede para gerao de
potncia reativa (KVAr). Neste caso, o sistema de controle dever ser programado para
operar sob fator de potncia constante e fazer variar a excitao do alternador, gerando
mais ou menos potncia reativa. Para a gerao de potncia ativa o sistema atua sobre o
governador de rotaes, fornecendo mais ou menos combustvel, mantendo a rotao
constante e variando a quantidade de kW fornecidos s cargas.
Pgina 121

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