Appendix B The Fluxes and the Equations of Change §B.1 Newton's law of viscosity §B.2._Fourier’s law of heat conduction §B.3_ Fick's (first) law of binary diffusion §B4 The equation of continuity §B.5 The equation of motion in terms of + §B.6 The equation of motion for a Newtonian fluid with constant p and 1 §B.7 The dissipation function ®, for Newtonian fluids §B.8 The equation of energy in terms of q §B.9 The equation of energy for pure Newtonian fiuids with constant p and k §B.10 The equation of continuity for species a in terms of j, §B.11 The equation of continuity for species A in terms of «, for constant (4 §B.1 NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY [r= —p(0v + (Wy!) + Gy — KV WB) Cartesian coordinates (x,y, 2): 2) | ay — eve " eo ul 2%] + Gu ANT) a4) 221s au wit -w) B12 Fy > al 2 Z| + Ga — WT -W) 1-2) a, + | 14) 2 , +e B15) a, 2.2 ors in which ay , a, gee 17 * When the fuid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (¥- v) may be omitted. For monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity x is zero. 843844 Appendix B Fluxes and the Equations of Change §B.1 NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY (continued) Cylindrical coordinates (r, 8,2) + Gu ~ KW v) (B.-8" »I Le <9) a0-n aise 1-10" (B.1-11) (B.1-12) (B13) in which 1-14) * When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (V-v) may be omitted, For ‘monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity « is zero. Spherical coordinates (r, 0, 6): eo af | + Gu 00 -¥) w1sy = 1% |v, 2, " t= ~ wl FS + 2) + Gu — -w) 1-167 + uy cot 0 )| + Ga KV +) (81-177 148) 1419) 6.12 in which @ y= 4S) +5 Ze, sin ae 1-21) © When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (Vv) may be omitted. For monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity «is zero.§B2__ Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction §B.2 FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION* Iq = -KVTI 845, Cartesian coordinates (x,y, 2: 21) B22) (B23) Cylindrical coordinates (r, 6, 2): (B24) (B25) (B26) Spherical coordinates (0,4) (82-7) B28) (B29) + For mixtures, the term 3,(F,/M,)j, must be added to q (see Eq. 19.3-3).846 Appendix B Fluxes and the Equations of Change §B.3 FICK’S (FIRST) LAW OF BINARY DIFFUSION* lin= AD ap Veo] Cartesian coordinates (x,y, 2): (83.4) B32) B33) Cylindrical coordinates (r, 8,2): B34) 635) (B36) Spherical coordinates (r, 0, b): in = 08a eae ino = 0a 5 Q oo 639) To get the molar fluxes with respect to the molar average velocity replace jp, and w by Ji, and xy §B.4_ THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY* [ap/at + (V- pv) = 0] Cartesian coordinates (x,y, 2}: ~L a jae Hit ay OP + Fy OR) * 5, (or) =0 (B41) Cylindrical coordinates (r, 0,2): 4 14 18 4 Gp) = Gt Ta rd +S on) + F ov =0 B42) Spherical coordinates (r, 8, 8) a 8 ory 1 1 BT ar OPO) * Fin gab OM SO + SH 3g PO C2 * When the fluid is assumed to have constant mass density p, the equation simplifies to (Vv) = 0§B.5 The Equation of Motion in Terms oft 847 §B.5 THE EQUATION OF MOTION IN TERMS OF 7 [pDv/Dt = -Vp - V+] + pgl Cartesian coordinates (x, y,2):* %, 2 5 oy 2 og tag tot Bry] +g, (852) G0, | Hey Oe ale : AGE a Ge Be +f | pg. (B53) “These equations have been written without making the assumption that + is symmetric. This means, for ‘example, that when the usual assumption is made thatthe stress tensor is symmetric, ry and r,, may be interchanged. Cylindrical coordinates (, 8,2)? (5-4) B55) B56) ® These equations have been written without making the assumption that + is symmetric This means, for example, that when the usual assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric 5 ~ fy = 0 Spherical coordinates (. 6, 8):° feed FP, 5 DIY | Ve ay a ar 7 20 rsin 3b - [1409+ 4 ey sin 9 + 5 [Bee paaleOe sO cas een a0 5 2s , Medte , Ye dey , Vey cot 0 ao a0 rein bap > rio 1a, 5 Fain 0.49 (Tm sin O+ on oad “ (B.5-8) R04 _ 040, + BpBy cot 8) _ eu 2) aeteea tanto) +b Korey sin 0) + Arye t (859) y sin 900° rsin 80g" : These equations have been written without making the assumption that + is symmetric, This means, for example, that when the usual assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, ry848 Appendix B Fluxes and the Equations of Change §B.6 EQUATION OF MOTION FOR A NEWTONIAN FLUID WITH CONSTANT p AND [pDv/Dt = —Yp + wVv + pgl Cartesian coordinates (x,y, 2): ea Bot Fe | TP BoD oN | It, | Ge, | a)_ [de Fe, | Hy Aa oe Us oe tay + Ge, + oy =) [f+ oe (662) vay a) ay a ag a0, #2) _ _ 7) = (86-3) Cylindrical coordinates (r 0,2): av, 80, Fa, , Po, A 2 +0, 42a) + 424% B64) 204, as of +0 665) oe, dv, AZ + 66 ‘Spherical coordinates (r, 8, 6): 30, , , HH, , team, Lar + ar * 7 90 * sin 8 38 + of 4 & 300) + wor Ch eee a rain dap 7] * 196 14(2%)\,1a(1_a 1_# , 2% 43 ( 3) (age ono) Pa ey HIV, Uy Ay 1%” HH sin 6 db sin a6 0) 1a( 1a, 1% SR) 25am smo * Fein®o ag! * Fin 6 240, + UyBy cot ‘) cat #9 “The quantity in te traces in By BAT or what oe wold expert rom Bq or Voli Tube A, baune we ave ded tag I tz eqpn or noo), whch ooo rs cnsant De garam aap cn§B.8 The Fquation of Energy in Terms ofq 849 §B.7_ THE DISSIPATION FUNCTION &v FOR NEWTONIAN FLUIDS (SEE EQ. 3.3-3) Cartesian coordinates (x, y, 2) 20,9, (44), (0, 4 (2) (3) Va) |* la 87-1) Cylindrical coordinates (0,2 of (YF, (120, YP , (ave ay aA) + a) +B ml 2}1a 100% , ov. 3b go 3] er Spherical coordinates (0, _ of (arr, (14%, &P 1 Wy |v, + v4 cot 0? A) ae (873) §B.8 THE EQUATION OF ENERGY IN TERMS OF q [pC,DT/Dt = (V+ q) — (@ np/d In TD),Dp/Dt — Nv) Cartesian coordinates (x,y, 2) 2 (AT 4» TE 4 y Ty y 1) [te , Ae, Me) _ (91m 0) Dp _ = (Eo onde A)- [eS] oo an Cylindrical coordinates (r, 6, 2}: ‘7, a, wat, aT\_ fia 19% a) (etn) BP - (2 +9243 21) = [}2ea+ ro0* d|~ (aint), De (B8-2y Spherical coordinates (, 0, 8): 14) _ (ain p\ Dp _ waa (23) be) @say “The viscous dissipation term, ~(z:Vv), is given in Appendix A, Tables A.7-1, 2,3. This term may usually be neglected, except for systems with very large velocity gradients. The term containing (In p/@ in 1) is Zer0 for uid with constant.850 Appendix B Fluxes and the Equations of Change §B.9 THE EQUATION OF ENERGY FOR PURE NEWTONIAN FLUIDS WITH CONSTANT’ p AND k [eC,DT/Dt VT + wb.) Cartesian coordinates (x, 2): (1, 14,7, , 7) _ {AT _ . eG onE FB) ]E-E-A]-vo for Cylindrical coordinates (r, 8, 2) fdter edly tral ean) teal wan en ere eT : aE ooE 8 D202) AA ve, a8 Spherical coordinates (r, 8, 8 A seis e(2 aaa at) 1a 1 2) 7 rare) RECS) + egal 0 03) wo “This form of the energy equation is also valid under the less stringent assumptions k = constant and (@ In p/2 In T),Dp/ Dt = 0. The assumption p = constant is given in the table heading because itis the assumption more often made, The function ®, is given in §B.7. The term 2® is usually negligible, except in systems with large velocity gradients. §B.10 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR SPECIES a IN TERMS* OF j, [pDw,/Dt = (0 +},) + ral Cartesian coordinates (x, y, 2) do, oy Cylindrical coordinates (r, 8,2): (6.10.2) %) "To obtain the corresponding equations in terms of Jf make the following replacements: [2.200 + hp Blin sn oe] +1, 09) Replace pV by cox ese§B.11 The Equation of Continuity for Species A in Terms of w, for Constant (,y 851 §B.11_ THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR SPECIES A IN TERMS OF #4 FOR CONSTANT" paz UpDeog/Dt = pO gaV¥04 * 14) Cartesian coordinates (x, y, 2): dey 0, dee, de, Fo, Pas Pay 34 9 BH 4 9 BA 4 32 i: a1 of 32 +0 222 +0, 8A =) aay 2+ 2a] cae Colina coordinates 78,2 do, ay, thdag doy 12 (,%) 17%, a] , : of 2 + 0 Sat 5 ee 0 8 aaa (r Ba) +4 2 s said Spherical coordinates (r, 8, 6): un tu, , Wyden , 8 804 a ae A238 2 4 2a a) aulg ar) * sin 0.00\ 9" ae) * 113) To obtain the corresponding equations in terms of x, make the following replacements: Replace =p by com ¥