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f ( x) = u.v
f ( x) = u.v.w
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f ( x) = a u
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u. ln a
f ' ( x) =
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f ( x) = sen u
f ' ( x) = u '.sen u
f ' ( x) = u ' cos u
f ( x) = tg u
f ' ( x ) = u '.sec 2 u
f ( x) = cot u
f ( x) = sec u
f ( x) = cos sec u
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f ( x) = u v
f ( x) = arcsen u
f ' ( x) =
f ( x) = arc cos u
f ' ( x) =
f ( x) = arctg u
f ' ( x) =
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f ' ( x) = u v (v' ln u + .u ' )
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dx
a 2x + b2y + c2
( 1)
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a) O determinante
a1
b1
a2
b2
diferente de zero
a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0
)?
x = u + dx = du
y = v + dy = dv
Hiperblicas
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b) O determinante
9
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Exatas:
M ( x , y )dx + N( x , y )dy = 0
Fator integrante:
R (x) =
)?
1 M N
N y x
F( x ) = e
R ( x ) dx
R ( y) =
1 M N
M y x
F( y ) = e
R ( y ) dy
Lineares:
B %62(
)
P
dy = C
Mdx + N
y
M N
=
y x
)?
:;7 R(
= sen >&'(
=@
a x + b1y + c1
dy
= F 1
dx
m(a1x + b1y) + c2
)?
>23 (
b1
igual a zero:
b2
:;DER(
a1
a2
>%62(
23 (
%62 (
= 23 (
23 (
%62(
= %62 (
:;7R(
V
:;7R(
V
dy
+ P( x ) y = Q ( x )
dx
)
)
23 (
x= ey= .
Bernoulli:
dy
+ P( x ) y = Q ( x ) y n
dx
y1 n = t
Pdx
Pdx
y = e e .Q.dx + C
kex cos x
kex senx
Ricatti:
dy
= P ( x ) y 2 + Q( x ) y + R ( x )
dx
y = y0 + z
yp=y1(x).u1 + y2(x).u2+...+yn(x)yn
u1 =
y = C1e x + C2 e x + C3 e x + ... + Cn e x
1
W ( x).r ( x)
W1 ( x).r ( x)
W ( x).r ( x )
dx , u 2 = 2
dx , .... u n = n
dx
W ( x)
W ( x)
W ( x)
y = ( C1 + C2 x + C3 x 2 + ... + Cn x n 1 )e x
e x ( C1 cos x + C 2 sen x )
Razes
complexas conjugadas (a bi )
W ( y1 , y 2 ,..., y n ) =
y2
y 2'
L
L
n 1
1
n 1
2
L
M
L y nn 1
y1
y1'
y
yn
y n'
= W ( x)
ax + b = ae t
dt
= e t
dx
dy
dy
= e t
dx
dt
d 2 y d 2 y dy 2 t
=
.e
dx 2 dt 2 dt
W1 =
0
M
'
2
y
M
yn
y1
L
L
'
n
'
1
y
M
y 2n 1 L y nn 1
Operador inverso
Operador direto
Anuladores:
polinmio
complexas conjugadas (a bi )
y ( x ) = x [ C1 cos( b ln x ) + C 2 sen ( b ln x )]
a
Ce x
kex
K cos x
Ksenx
1 L y nn 1
M
y1n 1
n1
y2
y 2'
L 0
L 0
M
L M
y 2n 1 L 1
C n x + C n 1 x
n 1
+ ... + C1 x + C0
C1 cos x + C2 senx
1, x , x 2 ,K , x n 1 .
Ento, um
x( D ) .
2 x
( D )n
e , xe , x e ,K , x
n 1 x
[ D 2D + ( 2 + 2 )] n
kx ( n = 0 ,1,...)
y
, ...., Wn =
M
y1
y1'
0 L
M L
'
n
c0 + c1x + c2 x + K + cn1x
O operador diferencial
Dn
2
O operador diferencial
Termo em r(x)
yn
1
u = e ax e ax .u.dx , a .
Da
du
( D a )u = Du a .u =
au , a .
dx
potencia de
Razes
y1n 1
O operador diferencial
y ( x ) = ( C 1 + C 2 ln( x )) x m
y
M
, W2 =
0 L
y ( x ) = C1 x m + C 2 x m
y2
d3y d3y
d2y
dy
=
3
+ 2 .e 3t
3
3
2
dx
dt
dt
dt
1 , 2 , K , n
Denomina-se soluo geral aquela que contm funes arbitrrias e soluo completa a que contm
constantes arbitrrias.
p=
seja k1, k2, , kn os autovetores correspondentes. Ento a soluo geral do sistema no intervalo
(, ) dada por:
X = c1 k1e t + c 2 k 2 e t + K + c n k n e t
1
z
x
q=
z
y
MTODO DE CHARPIT:
AUTOVALORES COMPLEXOS
dp
dq
dx dy
dz
=
=
=
=
=0
F F
F
F
F F
F F
p
+q
+
p
+
q
p q
p
q
x z
y z
Seja A a matriz dos coeficientes, com elementos reais do sistema X=AX, e sejam k1, o autovetor
correspondente ao autovalor complexo
1 = + i ,
com
reais. Ento
X 1 = k1e t
1
X 2 = k1e t
1
MTODO DE LAGRANGE:
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
dz = pdx + qdy
Pp + Qq = R
X 1 = k1e 1t
SEPARAO DE VARIVEIS
z( x , y ) = u( x )v( y )
X 2 = k1te t + k2 e t
1
onde k2 deve ser determinado. No caso de autovalores de multiplicidade m, tem-se m solues para o
sistema:
X m = k1
m 1
z
z
= u' v ,
= uv'
x
y
m2
t
t
e 1t + k 2
e 2 t + K + k m e m t
(m 1)!
(m 2)!
( A 1 I ) K = 0
dX
= A(t ) X + F (t )
dt
(*)
y 2
= uv"
u = C1 cos k x + C2 sen k x
v = C3e k y + C4 e k y
X ' p = AX p + f (t )
X p = (t ) 1 (t ) F (t ) dt
2u
Caso 2: k < 0
VARIAO DE PARMETRO
= u" v ,
u = C1e k x + C2 e k x
v = C3 cos k y + C4 sen k y
( A 1 I ) P = K
COEFICIENTES INDETERMINADOS
2z
Caso 1: k > 0
u = C1 + C2 x
v = C3 + C4 y
2z
x 2
+B
2z
2z
z
z
+C
+D +E
+ Fz = 0
2
xy
y
y
se B 2 4 AC < 0