Escoamento interno:

Considerações gerais
 Condições de escoamento
 Vamos distinguir entre região de entrada e a plenamente desenvolvida.
 Efeito hidrodinâmico: Asssumindo fluxo laminar com velocidade uniforme na
entrada de tubo circular, temos:

 O perfil de velocidades na região de escoamento plenamente

desenvolvido é parabólico

 Ao lidar com escoamentos internos, é importante ter conhecimento da

extensão da região de entrada, que depende de se o escoamento é
laminar ou turbulento
 Efeitos térmicos: assumindo escoamento laminar com
temperatura uniforme, T(r,o) = Ti, na entrada do tubo circular
com temperatura da superfície uniforme , Ts ≠ Ti , ou fluxo de
calor , q “

A forma do perfil de temperaturas plenamente desenvolvido, T(r,x), difere

em função da condição mantida na superfície, temperatura ou fluxo
térmico uniforme. Entretanto, em ambas as condições superficiais, a
diferente entre a temperatura e a temperatura da entrada aumenta com o
aumento de x.
 Velocidade média e temperatura
Considerando:
u = Velocidade de referência; T = temperatura de referência;
um = velocidade média do fluído na seção transversal; Tm = temperatura média do
fluído na seção transversal

m   um Ac ou m  Ac  u  r , x  d Ac

Portanto:
Ac  u  r , x  d Ac
um 
 Ac

For incompressible flow in a circular tube of radius ro ,

um   0 u  r , x  r dr
2 ro
ro2
Mean Quantities (cont)

• Linkage of mean temperature to thermal energy transport associated with flow

through a cross section:

E t   Ac  uc pT dAc  m c pTm
Hence,
 Ac  uc pT dAc
Tm 
m cp

• For incompressible, constant-property flow in a circular tube,

ro

 u  x, r T  x, r  r dr
2
Tm  2 0
um ro

• Newton’s Law of Cooling for the Local Heat Flux:

qs  h Ts  Tm 

What is the essential difference between use of Tm for internal flow and T
for external flow?
Entry Lengths

Comprimentos de entrada hidrodinâmicos e térmicos

• Entry lengths depend on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent, which, in turn,
depend on Reynolds number.

 um Dh
Re D 

The hydraulic diameter is defined as
4 Ac
Dh 
P
in which case,
 um Dh 4 m
Re D  
 P

For a circular tube,

 um D 4 m
Re D  
  D
Entry Lengths (cont)

– Onset of turbulence occurs at a critical Reynolds number of

Re D, c  2300

– Fully turbulent conditions exist for

Re D  10,000

• Hydrodynamic Entry Length

Laminar Flow:  x fd , h / D   0.05Re D
Turbulent Flow: 10   x fd , h / D   60

• Thermal Entry Length

Laminar Flow: x fd , t / D   0.05 Re D Pr
Turbulent Flow: 10   x fd ,t / D   60

• For laminar flow, how do hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths compare for a gas?
An oil? A liquid metal?
Fully Developed Flow

Fully Developed Conditions

• Assuming steady flow and constant properties, hydrodynamic conditions, including
the velocity profile, are invariant in the fully developed region.

What may be said about the variation of the mean velocity with distance from the
tube entrance for steady, constant property flow?

• The pressure drop may be determined from knowledge of the friction factor
f, where,
 dp / dx  D
f 
 um2 / 2

Laminar flow in a circular tube:

64
f 
Re D

Turbulent flow in a smooth circular tube:

f   0.790 1n Re D  1.64 
2
Fully Developed Flow (cont)

Turbulent flow in a roughened circular tube:

Pressure drop for fully developed flow from x1 to x2:

 um2
 p  p1  p2  f  x2  x1 
2D
and power requirement
 pm
P   p 

Fully Developed Flow (cont)

• Requirement for fully developed thermal conditions:

  Ts  x   T  r , x  
  0
x  Ts  x   Tm  x   fd ,t

• Effect on the local convection coefficient:

  Ts  T  T / r r  r
   o
 f  x
r  Ts  Tm  r  r Ts  Tm
o

Hence, assuming constant properties,

qs / k h
  f  x
Ts  Tm k

h  f  x
Variation of h in entrance and fully developed regions:
Mean Temperature

Determination of the Mean Temperature

• Determination of Tm  x  is an essential feature of an internal flow analysis.
Determination begins with an energy balance for a differential control volume.

dqconv  mc p Tm  dTm   Tm   mc p dTm

Integrating from the tube inlet to outlet,


qconv  m c p Tm ,o  Tm ,i  (1)
Mean Temperature (cont)

A differential equation from which Tm  x  may be determined is obtained by

substituting for dq conv  qs  P dx   h Ts  Tm  P dx.

dTm qs P P
  h Ts  Tm   2
dx mc mcp
p

• Special Case: Uniform Surface Heat Flux

dTm qs P
  f  x
dx mc
p

qs P
Tm  x   Tm,i  x
mcp

Why does the surface temperature vary with x as shown in the figure?
In principle, what value does Ts assume at x=0?
Total heat rate:
qconv  qs PL
Mean Temperature (cont)

• Special Case: Uniform Surface Temperature

From Eq. (2), with T  Ts  Tm
d Tm d  T  P
  h T
dx dx m cp
Integrating from x=0 to any downstream location,
Ts - Tm  x   Px 
 exp  - • hx 
Ts - Tm ,i  mcp 
 
1 x
hx   0 hx dx
x
Overall Conditions:
   
To Ts  Tm, o PL hA
  exp   h   exp   s 
Ti Ts  Tm,i    
 mcp   mcp 
qconv  h As T m
To  Ti
T m   3
1n  To / Ti 
Mean Temperature (cont)

• Special Case: Uniform External Fluid Temperature

   
To T  Tm, o U A 1
  exp   s 
 exp   
Ti T  Tm ,i    
 mc p   mc p Rtot 
T m
q  UAs T m 
Rtot

T m  Eq. (3) with Ts replaced by T .

Note: Replacement of T by Ts,o if outer surface temperature is uniform.

Problem: Water Flow Through Pipe in Furnace

Problem 8.17: Estimate temperature of water emerging from a thin-walled

tube heated by walls and air of a furnace. Inner and outer
convection coefficients are known.

Too = 700 K Air Too Tfur = Too

ho = 50 W/m2-K
qcv,o Tt qrad Rcv,o Rrad
Tfur = 700 K Tt
Water

.
m = 5 kg/s
Rcv,i

D = 0.25 m, L = 8 m,  = 1
Tm,i = 300 K Tm,o

KNOWN: Water at prescribed temperature and flow rate enters a 0.25 m diameter, black thin-walled
tube of 8-m length, which passes through a large furnace whose walls and air are at a temperature of
Tfur = T = 700 K. The convection coefficients for the internal water flow and external furnace air are
300 W/m2K and 50 W/m2K, respectively.

FIND: The outlet temperature of the water, Tm,o.

Problem: Water Flow Through Pipe in Furnace (cont)

SCHEMATIC:
Too = 700 K Air Too Tfur = Too
ho = 50 W/m2-K
qcv,o Tt qrad Rcv,o Rrad
Tfur = 700 K Tt
Water

.
m = 5 kg/s
Rcv,i

D = 0.25 m, L = 8 m,  = 1
Tm,i = 300 K Tm,o

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions; (2) Tube is small object with large, isothermal surroundings; (3)
Furnace air and walls are at the same temperature; (4) Tube is thin-walled with black surface,
and (5) Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water: cp ≈ 4180 J/kgK.

ANALYSIS: The linearized radiation coefficient may be estimated from Eq. 1.9 with  = 1,


h rad    Tt  Tfur  Tt2  Tfur
2

where Tt represents the average tube wall surface temperature, which can be estimated from an energy balance
on the tube.

As represented by the thermal circuit, the energy balance may be expressed as

Tm  Tt Tt  Tfur

R cv,i 1/ R cv,o  1/ R rad

The thermal resistances, with As = PL = DL, are

R cv,i  1/ h i As R cv,o  1/ h o As R rad  1/ h rad
Problem: Water Flow Through Pipe in Furnace (cont)

and the mean temperature of the water is approximated as


Tm  Tm,i  Tm,o / 2 
The outlet temperature can be calculated from Eq. 8.45b, with Tfur = T,
 
T  Tm,o  
 exp   1 
T  Tm,i  
 m cp R tot 
 
where
1
R tot  R cv,i 
1/ R cv,o  1/ R rad

with
R cv,i  6.631  105 K / W R cv,o  3.978  104 K / W R rad  4.724  104 K / W

it follows that
Tm  331 K Tt  418 K Tm,o  362 K