ARTIGO 2 Substantivos: Gnero e Nmero Gnero: 1.

Na maioria dos casos, o feminino formado a partir da adio do sufixo -ess ao substantivo masculino. masculino author baron count heir steward feminino authoress baroness countess heiress stewardess traduo autor(a) baro/baronesa conde/condessa herdeiro(a) comissrio de bordo/aeromoa

1.1 Em alguns casos h mudanas de ortografia. masculino actor ambassador duke emperor god prince waiter feminino actress ambassadress dichess empress goddess princess waitress traduo Ator/atriz Embaixador/ embaixatriz Duque/duquesa Imperador / imperatriz Deus(a) Prncipe / Princesa Garom / garonete

2. Alguns substantivos apresentam formas irregulares. masculino cock/rooster bull brother boy bachelor dad/daddy/papa dog drake drone father fox feminino hen cow sister girl spinster Mum/mummy/mamma bitch duck bee mother vixen Traduo Galo/galinha Touro / vaca Irmo / irm Menino (a) Solteiro / Solteirona papai/mame co/cadela pato(a) zango/abelha pai/me raposa macho/fmea

masculino cock/rooster bull brother boy bachelor friar/monk gentleman grandfather/grandpa grandson horse husband king man Mister (Mr) nephew sir son uncle widower wizard

feminino hen cow sister girl spinster nun lady grandmother/grandma granddaughter mare wife queen woman Misses (Mrs) niece madam daughter aunt widow witch

Traduo Galo/galinha Touro / vaca Irmo / irm Menino (a) Solteiro / Solteirona frade, monge/freira, monja cavalheiro/dama av, vov/av, vov neto(a) cavalo/gua marido, esposo/esposa rei/rainha homem/mulher senhor(a) sobrinho(a) senhor(a) filho(a) tio(a) vivo/viva feiticeiro(a), bruxo(a)

3. Substantivos que apresentam a mesma forma, tanto para o masculino quanto para o feminino. masculino/feminino artist baby child cook traduo artista beb criana/filho(a) cozinheiro(a) masculino/feminino neighbor painter parent person traduo vizinho(a) pintor(a) pai/me pessoa

cousin dancer driver journalist

primo(a) danarino(a) motorista jornalista

prisoner reporter singer teacher

prisioneiro(a) reprter cantor(a) professor(a)

4. Algumas espcies de animais utilizam-se as formas male (macho) e female (fmea) antes deles: espcie elephant bear mouse masculino male elephant male bear male mouse feminino female elephant female bear female mouse traduo elefante/elefanta urso(a) rato(a)/ratazana

Nmero: 1. Na maioria dos casos, o plural em ingls formado a partir da adio de -s ao substantivo. singular plural traduo author authors autor(es) book books livro(s) computer computers computador(es) girl girls menina(s), garota(s) boy boys menino, garoto(s) window windows janela(s) 1.1 Substantivos singulares terminados em -ch, -o, -s, -ss, -x e -z. acrescenta-se -es

singular match tomato (Ref.1) bus kiss fox (Ref. 2) topaz (Ref. 3)

plural matches tomatoes buses kisses foxes topazes

traduo fsforo(s) tomate(s) nibus beijo(s) raposa(s) topzio(s)

( Ref.1) aos terminados em -oo acrescenta-se apenas -s: bamboo / bamboos. ( Ref.2) uma exceo, neste caso, o substantivo ox (boi), cujo plural oxen. ( Ref.3) monosslabos dobram o -z: quiz / quizzes (prova, teste). 1.2 Substantivos terminados em o forma plural com es singular plural traduo

cargo domino echo hero potato tomato

cargoes dominoes echoes heroes potatoes tomatoes

cargo (s) domin (s) eco (s) heri (s) batata (s) tomate (s)

1.3 Substantivos terminados em o forma plural s singular memo photo video kilo piano dynamo solo studio plural memos photos videos kilos pianos dynamos solos studios traduo memorando (s) foto(s) video(s) quilo(s) piano(s) dinamo(s) solo(s) estdio (s)

2. Substantivos que terminam em -y precedido de consoante perdem o -y e acrescenta-se -ies. singular baby country fly lady spy plural babies countries flies ladies spies traduo beb(s) pas(es) mosca(s) senhora(s) espio(es)

2.1 Substantivos que terminam em -y precedido de vogal, acrescenta-se s. singular day key boy guy plural days keys boys guys traduo dia (s) chave (s) garoto(s) rapaz(ez)

3. Substantivos terminados em -f ou -fe perdem o -f ou o fe e acrescenta-se ves. singular calf half knife leaf life loaf plural calves halves knives leaves lives loaves traduo bezerro(s) metade(s) faca(s) folha(s) vida(s) po(pes)

self sheaf shelf thief wife wolf

selves sheaves shelves thieves wives wolves

ego(s) monte(s), feixe(s) prateleira(s) ladro(es) esposa(s) lobo(s)

3.1 Substantivos terminados em -f, -fe ou -ff que apenas acrescenta-se -s. singular handkerchief (Ref.1) roof chief gulf cliff safe belief scarf (Ref.2) plural handkerchiefs roofs chiefs gulfs cliffs safes beliefs scarfs traduo leno(s) telhado(s) chefe(s) golfo(s) penhasco(s) cofre(s) crena(s) cachecol (s)

Ref. 1 O plural tambm pode ser handkerchieves. Ref. 2 O plural tambm pode ser scarves.

3.2. . Os substantivos dwarf (ano), scarf (cachecol), wharf (cais) e hoof (casco) podem formar o plural com a sada do f acrescentando-se -ves, ou apenas acrescentando-se o -s: dwarves/dwarfs, scarves/scarfs, wharves/wharfs,hooves/hoofs.

4. Substantivos que apresentam formas irregulares de plural. singular child die foot goose louse man mouse tooth penny plural children dice feet geese lice men mice teeth pence/ pennies traduo crianca(s) dado(s) (jogo) p(s) ganso(s) piolho(s) homem(ns) camundongo(s) dente(s) um centavo centavos

4.1 Substantivos compostos acrescenta-se apenas o s. singular plural traduo

armchair bookshelf handful manservant womanservant

armchairs bookshelves handfuls menservants womenservants

poltrona(s) estante(s) de livros punhado(s) funcionrio(s) funcionria(s)

4.2 Substantivos compostos separados por hfen, o -s acrescentado ao componente substantivo. Singular brother-in-law plural brothers-in-law traduo cunhado(s)

5. Substantivos de origem latina ou grega singular terminao -us cactus fungus radius stimulus singular terminao a alga formula larva vertebra singular terminao um addendum bacterium curriculum datum erratum mdium memorandum singular terminao ex index singular terminao ix plural regular terminao uses cactuses funguses radiuses stimuluses plural regular terminao as algas formulas larvas vertebras plural regular terminao ums addendums bacteriums curriculums datums erratums mediums memorandums plural regular terminao exes indexes plural regular terminao ixes plural latino ou grego terminao i cacti fungi radii stimuli plural latino ou grego terminao ae algae formulae larvae vertebrae plural latino ou grego terminao a addenda bacteria curricula data errata media memoranda plural latino ou grego terminao ices indices plural latino ou grego terminao ices

appendix matrix singular terminao is analysis axis basis crisis diagnosis hypothesis oasis parenthesis synopsis thesis singular terminao on criterion phenomenon

appendixes matrixes plural regular terminao ises analysises axises basises crisises diagnosises hypothesises oasises parenthesises synopsises thesises plural regular terminao nos Criterions Phenomenons

appendices matrices plural latino ou grego terminao es analyses axes bases crises diagnoses hypotheses oases parentheses synopses theses plural latino ou grego terminao a creteria phenomena

6. Substantivos incontveis apresentam apenas forma de singular: singular coffee joy pride news information traduo caf(s) alegria(s) orgulho notcia(s) informao(es)

6.1 Substantivos que terminam em -s, mas esto no singular: singular news measles mumps billiards bowls dominoes draughts athletics ceramics classics economics ethics gymnastics traduo notcia sarampo caxumba bilhar boliche domin seca atleta cermica clssico economia tica ginstica

mathematics phonetics physics politics

matemtica fontica fsica poltica

7. Alguns substantivos so utilizados, tipicamente, apenas no plural: plural clothes (Ref.1) goods ( Ref. 2) jeans people ( Ref.3) police blues fish ( Ref.4) sheep ( Ref.4) contents pants riches scissors trousers cattle clergy dice binoculars glasses pliers scales spectacles braces pyjamas shorts arms customs earnings stairs lodgings traduo roupa(s) mercadoria(s) jeans pessoas polcia tristeza(s) peixe(s) carneiro(s) contedo calas riqueza(s) tesoura calas gado clero dados binculo culos alicate balana culos escuros suspensrios pijama calo arma alfndega salrio escada quarto para aluguel

( Ref. 1) Cloth significa tecido e seu plural cloths. ( Ref. 2) No singular, good adjetivo e no tem plural. (Ref. 3) Peoples o plural da palavra people significando povo(s). Neste caso, people singular. (Ref. 4) So geralmente usados para se referir espcie animal; pode-se usar tambm o plural fishes. 7.1 Substantivos que so plural e singular ao mesmo tempo:

association, crew, majority, class, crowd, minority, club, family, public, committee, gang, staff, company, government, team, union, council, group etc. Exerccio 1) ( ITA ) Dadas as afirmaes de que o plural de spy spies foot feet safe safes country countries Constamos que est (o) correta (s): a) apenas a I b) apenas a II c) apenas a III e a IV d) apenas a IV e) todas as afirmaes 2) ( AFA ) Mark the option which contains the right affirmative according to the plural of nouns: a) oasis / radius / memoranda / pence (Two words are in the plural) b) crisis / lice / datum / media (All the words are in the plural) c) cactus / vertebrae / date / fungi (Three words are in the plural) d) fungus / crises / louse / radii (One word is in the plural) 3) ( EFOMM ) Mark the alternative in which the plural form is used correctly. a) tomatoes, photos, countries, wives b) wolfes, babies, pianos, cliffs c) men, women, foots, mice d) gooses, pence, teeth, dynamos e) days, houses, matchs, flys 4) ( AFA ) In the following alternatives, all the nouns are feminine, EXCEPT: a) heiress / jewess / empress / mare b) spinster / niece / vixen / hen c) daughter / cock / witch / aunt d) lioness / gander / ewe / bee

5) ( ITA ) Dadas as afirmaes de que o feminino de I. bachelor spinster II uncle aunt constatamos que est(o) correta(s): a) apenas a I. b) apenas a II. c) apenas a I e a III d) apenas a I e a II. e) todas as afirmaes III. Mister Miss

6) ( ITA ) Dadas as afirmaes de que o plural de

I-ox oxen II-chief chiefs III-roof roves Constamos que est (o) correta (s) a) apenas a afirmao I b) apenas a afirmao II c) apenas a afirmao III d) apenas as afirmaes I e II e) todas as afirmaes

7) ( ITA) Dadas as afirmaes de que o plural de I- BASIS BASIS II- DATUM DATAS III- DIE DICE, Constamos que est ( o ) corretas ( s ) a) apenas a afirmao 1 b) apenas a afirmao 2 c) apenas a afirmao 3 d) apenas a afirmao 1 e 3 e) todas as afirmaes. 8) ( AFA) I'm still doubtful about the characters of the new novel. You probably agree that the suspects reactions were totally unexpected as their explanations didn't make their intentions clear enough in the testimony. We could first deduce that the fake nun was the prime suspect for having poisoned the stallion and the sow. On the other hand, the cunning steward and the wily widower had extravagant posture after the judgement. Considering the underlined words in the text, you could say that: a) Two words are female. b) Three words are female. c) All of words are male. d) Just one word is female. 9) ( AFA ) Mark the option that completes the text correctly: My little boy is just 8 but completely curious about the study of different ________ and theories. He got the surprise of his life when he discovered at school that ________ are the smallest living things. He is enchanted with hundreds of ________ about the universe and surprised for sometimes not finding answers to the ________ and the fantastic development of nature. Therefore, I suppose he knows his ________ can also explain to him some doubts he has about thousand of ________ of the universe and procreation, considering the existence of God, of course. a) formulae / bacteria / mysteries / theses / beliefs / phenomena b) formula / bacteria / mysterys / thesis / believes / phemenon c) formulas / bacterium / mystery / theses / believes / phenomenos d) formulas / bacterias / mysterious / thesis / beliefs / phenomenon 10) ( EFOMM ) Which of the following groups consists of words which do not form their plural in -ves? a) shelf - calf - thief

b) c) d) e)

loaf - wolf - half chief - reef - proof life - knife - leaf elf - dwarf scarf

Gabarito: 1) E, 2) A, 3) A, 4) C, 5) D, 6) D, 7) C, 8) A, 9) A,10) C,