Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Figure 3.1 The ideal diode: (a) diode circuit symbol; (b) iv characteristic; (c) equivalent circuit in the reverse direction; (d) equivalent circuit in the forward direction.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 2
Figure 3.2 The two modes of operation of ideal diodes and the use of an external circuit to limit the forward current (a) and the reverse voltage (b).
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 3
Figure 3.3 (a) Rectifier circuit. (b) Input waveform. (c) Equivalent circuit when vI 0. (d) Equivalent circuit when vI 0. (e) Output waveform.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 4
Figure E3.1
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 6
Figure E3.2
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 7
Carregador de Baterias No circuito abaixo, de um carregador de baterias de 12 V, a tenso vS uma senoide de 24 V de amplitude.
1. 2. 3. Determine a frao de um ciclo durante a qual o diodo conduz. Determine o valor de pico da corrente no diodo. Determine a tenso de pico inverso no diodo.
Lcica com diodos Determine a tabela verdade para cada um dos circuitos abaixo. 0 V corresponde a nvel lgico zero e 5 V corresponde a nvel lgico 1.
Figure 3.5 Diode logic gates: (a) OR gate; (b) AND gate (in a positive-logic system).
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 9
Exemplo 3.2.
Supondo os diodos ideais, determine os valores de I e V.
Figure E3.4
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 11
12
Exerccio 3.5
A figura mostra o circuito de um voltmetro C.A. Ele utiliza um medidor de bobina mvel cujo fundo de escala corresponde a uma corrente igual a 1 mA. O medidor tem uma resistncia igual a 50 . Determine o valor de R de modo que o medidor indique o fundo de escala para uma senoide de entrada com 20 V pico a pico.
Figure E3.5
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 13
IS corrente de saturao
i = I S (e
v nVT
1)
Figure 3.8 The diode iv relationship with some scales expanded and others compressed in order to reveal details.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 15
Equao do diodo
v nVT
i = I S (e
1)
16
Equao do diodo
v nVT
i = I S (e
1)
VT =
kT q
Tenso trmica 25 mV a 20 oC
K constante de Boltzmann = 1,38 x 10-23 joules/kelvin. T = temperatura absoluta em graus kelvins = T(oC) + 273. Q = carga do eltron = 1,60 x 10-19 C n - constante do processo de fabricao. n = 1 diodos em circuitos integrados. n = 2 diodos discretos.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 17
Sejam (I1 ,V1) e (I2 ,V2) dois pontos da caracterstica do diodo, na regio de polarizao direta, ento:
V1 nVT V2 nVT
I1 = I S e
I2 = IS e
18
Figure 3.9 Illustrating the temperature dependence of the diode forward characteristic. At a constant current, the voltage drop decreases by approximately 2 mV for every 1C increase in temperature.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 19
i = I S (e
1)
i I S
A corrente reversa de diodos na verdade muito maior que IS, devido a correntes parasitas que circulam externamente ao diodo. A corrente reversa total dobra de valor para cada 10 oC de aumento da temperatura.
20
Figure E3.9
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 21
ID = ISe
VD nVT
V DD V D ID = R
Figure 3.10 A simple circuit used to illustrate the analysis of circuits in which the diode is forward conducting.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 22
Modelo exponencial
Figure 3.11 Graphical analysis of the circuit in Fig. 3.10 using the exponential diode model.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 23
24
VD0 = 0,65 V rD = 20
Figure 3.12 Approximating the diode forward characteristic with two straight lines: the piecewise-linear model.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 25
Figure 3.13 Piecewise-linear model of the diode forward characteristic and its equivalent circuit representation.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 26
Exemplo 3.5
Determine a corrente ID e a tenso no diodo VD para o circuito da figura com VDD = 5V e R = 1K.
VD0 = 0,65 V rD = 20
Figure 3.14 The circuit of Fig. 3.10 with the diode replaced with its piecewise-linear model of Fig. 3.13.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 27
Figure 3.15 Development of the constant-voltage-drop model of the diode forward characteristics. A vertical straight line (B) is used to approximate the fast-rising exponential. Observe that this simple model predicts VD to within 0.1 V over the current range of 0.1 mA to 10 mA.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 28
Figure 3.16 The constant-voltage-drop model of the diode forward characteristics and its equivalent-circuit representation.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 29
Execcio 3.12
Projete o circuito para fornecer uma tenso de sada igual a 2,4 V. Assuma que o diodo tem uma corrente de 1 mA com uma tenso de 0,7 V e que sua tenso cai de 0,1 V para cada dcada de variao de corrente.
Figure E3.12
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 30
ID = ISe
VD nVT
Figure 3.17 Development of the diode small-signal model. Note that the numerical values shown are for a diode with n = 2. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 31
v D (t ) = V D + v d (t )
i D (t ) = I D e
e x 1 + x para x 0
nVT ID
i D (t ) I D (1 +
vd ) nVT
Para:
vd << 1 nVT
rd =
32
Exemplo 3.6
A fonte V+ tem um valor mdio igual a 10 V e um sinal sinal senoidal superposto de 1V de amplitude e frequncia igual a 60Hz. Calcule a tenso contnua nos terminais do diodo e a amplitude da senoide que aparece em seus terminais. O diodo apresenta uma queda de tenso de 0,7V em 1 mA e n = 2. R = 10 K.
Figure 3.18 (a) Circuit for Example 3.6. (b) Circuit for calculating the dc operating point. (c) Small-signal equivalent circuit.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 33
Exemplo 3.7
Trs diodos so utilizados para fornecer uma tenso constante de 2,1 V. Calcule a variao da tenso de sada causada por: 1. 2. Um variao de 10% na tenso da fonte de alimentao. Conexo de uma carga de 1K.
Assuma n = 2.
O Diodo Zener
Caracterstica i v do diodo
VZ = VZ 0 + rz I Z
Figure 3.21 The diode iv characteristic with the breakdown region shown in some detail.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 36
VZ = VZ 0 + rz I Z
Exemplo 3.8 O diodo Zener da figura tem VZ = 6,8 V em IZ = 5 mA, rz = 20 e IZK = 0,2 mA. A fonte V+ igual a 10 V e pode variar de 1 V.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Determine VO sem carga e V+ nominal. Determine a variao de VO devido a uma variao de V+ de 1 V. Determine a variao de VO resultante da colocao de uma carga que solicita 1 mA. Determine o valor de VO quando RL = 2 K. Determine o valor de VO quando RL = 0,5 K.
Figure 3.23 (a) Circuit for Example 3.8. (b) The circuit with the zener diode replaced with its equivalent circuit model.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
38
Soluo
39
Circuitos Retificadores
Figure 3.25 (a) Half-wave rectifier. (b) Equivalent circuit of the half-wave rectifier with the diode replaced with its battery-plus-resistance model. (c) Transfer characteristic of the rectifier circuit. (d) Input and output waveforms, assuming that rD <<R.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 41
Figure 3.26 Full-wave rectifier utilizing a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding: (a) circuit; (b) transfer characteristic assuming a constant-voltage-drop model for the diodes; (c) input and output waveforms.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
42
Retificador em Ponte
Figure 3.27 The bridge rectifier: (a) circuit; (b) input and output waveforms.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 43
Figure 3.28 (a) A simple circuit used to illustrate the effect of a filter capacitor. (b) Input and output waveforms assuming an ideal diode. Note that the circuit provides a dc voltage equal to the peak of the input sine wave. The circuit is therefore known as a peak rectifier or a peak detector.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 44
IL =
Vp R
t vo (t ) = V p e RC T V p Vr = V p e RC
IL Vr = fC
Figure 3.29 Voltage and current waveforms in the peak rectifier circuit with CR @ T. The diode is assumed ideal.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 45
V p cos( wt ) = V p Vr
2Vr Vp
1 cos( wt ) 1 ( wt ) 2 2
Intervalo de conduo do diodo
wt =
iCav = i Dav I L
i Dav = I L (1 +
2V p Vr
i Dmx = I L (1 + 2
2V p Vr
46
Vr =
Vp 2 fCR
i Dav = I L (1 +
Vp 2Vr
i Dmx = I L (1 + 2
Vp 2Vr
Figure 3.31 The superdiode precision half-wave rectifier and its almost-ideal transfer characteristic. Note that when vI > 0 and the diode conducts, the op amp supplies the load current, and the source is conveniently buffered, an added advantage. Not shown are the op-amp power supplies.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 48
Circuitos limitadores
Figure 3.33 Applying a sine wave to a limiter can result in clipping off its two peaks.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 50
52
Figure E3.27
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 53
Figure 3.36 The clamped capacitor or dc restorer with a square-wave input and no load.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 54
O dobrador de tenso
Figure 3.38 Voltage doubler: (a) circuit; (b) waveform of the voltage across D1.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 56
Figure 3.39 Simplified physical structure of the junction diode. (Actual geometries are given in Appendix A.)
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 57
Ligaes covalentes
Figure 3.40 Two-dimensional representation of the silicon crystal. The circles represent the inner core of silicon atoms, with +4 indicating its positive charge of +4q, which is neutralized by the charge of the four valence electrons. Observe how the covalent bonds are formed by sharing of the valence electrons. At 0 K, all bonds are intact and no free electrons are available for current conduction.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 58
Ionizao trmica
n = p = ni
Figure 3.41 At room temperature, some of the covalent bonds are broken by thermal ionization. Each broken bond gives rise to a free electron and a hole, both of which become available for current conduction. Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
59
Concentrao intrnseca
ni2
E G BT 3e kT
60
Corrente de Difuso
J p = qD p
dp dx
dn J n = qDn dx
Figure 3.42 A bar of intrinsic silicon (a) in which the hole concentration profile shown in (b) has been created along the x-axis by some unspecified mechanism.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 61
Corrente de Drift + + + + + + L E -
V i = q ( n n + p p ) A L
1 q ( p p + n n )
Relao de Einstein
Dn
Dp
= VT
62
Semicondutores Dopados Material tipo n: dopado com substncias doadoras. Ex: fsforo
nn0 N D
nn0 p n0 = ni2
ni2 p n0 = ND
Figure 3.43 A silicon crystal doped by a pentavalent element. Each dopant atom donates a free electron and is thus called a donor. The doped semiconductor becomes n type.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 63
Semicondutores Dopados Material tipo p: dopado com substncias aceitadoras. Ex: boro
p p0 N A
Figure 3.44 A silicon crystal doped with a trivalent impurity. Each dopant atom gives rise to a hole, and the semiconductor becomes p type.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 64
ID = IS qx p AN A = qx n AN D
xn N = A xp ND
V0 = VT ln(
N AND ni2
Wdep = x n + x p =
2 S q
1 1 + N A ND
V0
Figure 3.45 (a) The pn junction with no applied voltage (open-circuited terminals). (b) The potential distribution along an axis perpendicular to the junction.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 65
Figure 3.46 The pn junction excited by a constant-current source I in the reverse direction. To avoid breakdown, I is kept smaller than IS. Note that the depletion layer widens and the barrier voltage increases by VR volts, which appears between the terminals as a reverse voltage.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 66
Capacitncia de transio
Cj =
dq j dV R
V R =VQ
Figure 3.47 The charge stored on either side of the depletion layer as a function of the reverse voltage VR.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 67
Figure 3.49 The pn junction excited by a constant-current source supplying a current I in the forward direction. The depletion layer narrows and the barrier voltage decreases by V volts, which appears as an external voltage in the forward direction.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 68
Figure 3.50 Minority-carrier distribution in a forward-biased pn junction. It is assumed that the p region is more heavily doped than the n region; NA @ ND.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 69
Figure P3.2
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 70
Figure P3.3
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 71
Problema 3.4
Em cada circuito, vI uma senoide de 10 V de amplitude e frequncia de 1 kHz. Esboce a forma de onda de vo supondo os diodos ideais.
Problema 3.4
Em cada circuito, vI uma senoide de 10 V de amplitude e frequncia de 1 kHz. Esboce a forma de onda de vo supondo os diodos ideais.
Problema 3.5
Figure P3.5
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 74
Problema 3.6
Figure P3.6
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 75
Problema 3.9
Supondo os diodos ideais, determine as correntes e tenses indicadas.
Figure P3.9
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 76
Problema 3.10
Assumindo os diodos ideais, utilize o teorema de Thevenin para simplificar os circuitos e ento determine os valores das tenses e correntes indicadas.
Figure P3.10
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 77
Problema 3.16
Figure P3.16
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 78
Problema 3.23
Figure P3.23
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 79
Problema 3.25
Na figura, ambos diodos tem n=1, mas D1 tem 10 vezes a rea de juno de D2. Qual o valor de V ? Qual deve ser o valor de I2 para obter V = 50 mV.
Figure P3.25
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 80
Problema 3.26
Os diodos so idnticos conduzindo 10 mA com 0,7 V e 100 mA em 0,8 V. Determine o valor de R para V = 80 mV.
Figure P3.26
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 81
Problema 3.28
Figure P3.28
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 82
Problema 3.54
Figure P3.54
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 83
Problema 3.56
Problema 3.57
Figure P3.57
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 85
Problema 3.58
Figure P3.58
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 86
Problema 3.59
Figure P3.59
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 87
Problema 3.63
Figure P3.63
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 88
Problema 3.82
Figure P3.82
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 89
Problema 3.91
Figure P3.91
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 90
Problema 3.92
Figure P3.92
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 91
Problema 3.93
Figure P3.93
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 92
Problema 3.97
Figure P3.97
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 93
Problema 3.98
Figure P3.98
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 94
Problema 3.102
Figure P3.102
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 95
Problema 3.103
Figure P3.103
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 96
Problema 3.105
Figure P3.105
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 97
Problema 3.108
Figure P3.108
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 98