Flexo pura

Traduo e adaptao: Victor Franco

Ref.: Mechanics of Materials, Beer, Johnston & DeWolf McGraw-Hill.
Mechanics of Materials, R. Hibbeler, Pearsons Education.
Mecnica dos Materiais
Flexo pura
4 - 2
Flexo pura: Viga que no troo CD est
sujeita a flexo pura devida aos dois
binrios iguais e opostos que actuam no
mesmo plano
4 - 3
Outros esforos que provocam flexo
Foras excntricas: foras axiais cuja
linha de aco no passa no centride da
seco produzem foras internas
equivalentes a uma fora axial e um
momento.
Foras transversais: Foras
concentradas ou distribudas transversais
produzem foras internas equivalentes a
uma fora de corte e um momento.
4 - 4
Vigas sujeitas a flexo e esforos transversos
Flexo pura
4 - 5
4 - 6
4 - 7
Viga simtrica sujeita a flexo pura

= =

= =

= =
M dA y M
dA z M
dA F
x z
x y
x x

0
0
Foras internas:
As foras internas em qualquer seco
transversal so equivalentes a um binrio.
O momento desse binrio o momento flector
M na seco.
y
z
4 - 8
Deformaes devidas a flexo pura
Viga com um plano de simetria em flexo
pura:
Seco da viga mantm-se simtrica
Deforma-se uniformemente formando um arco
circular
Os planos da seco transversal passam pelo centro
do arco e mantm-se planos aps deformao.
O comprimento da superfcie superior diminui e o
da superfcie inferior aumenta
Tem de existir uma superfcie neutra que paralela
s superfcies superior e inferior e para a qual o
comprimento se mantm constante
As tenses e as deformaes so negativas
(compresso) acima da superfcie neutra e positivas
(traco) abaixo da superfcie neutra.
4 - 9
Deformaes devidas a flexo
Considere-se uma viga de comprimento L.
Aps deformao, o comprimento da superfcie
neutra mantm-se L.
Nas outras seces:
( )
( )
max
max
/
/
'

c
y
c
y
y y
L
y y L L
y L
x
x
x
=

=
= = =
= = =
=

linearm.) varia (deform.

4 - 10
Tenses devidas a flexo
Para um material linear e elstico:
linearm.) varia (tenso
max
=
= =
c
y
E
c
y
E
x
m x x
Para equilibrio esttico:

=
= = =
dA y
c
dA
c
y
dA F
x x
max
max
0
0
O primeiro momento de rea em
relao superficie neutra zero.
Assim, a superfcie neutra tem
necessariamente de passar no
centride da seco transversal.
Para equilibrio esttico:
I
y M
c
y
S
M
I
Mc
c
I
dA y
c
M
dA
c
y
y dA y M
x
x
x
=
=
= =

= =

max
max
max
2
max
max
do Substituin
4 - 11
Deformaes numa seco transversal
A deformao devida ao momento flector M
quantificada pela curvatura da superfcie neutra
EI
M
I
Mc
Ec Ec
c
=
= =
=

1
1 1
1
max
max
Embora as seces transversais se mantenham
planas quando sujeitas a flexo, as deformaes no
plano so diferentes de zero:

= =

= =
y
y
x z
x y
Momento de inrcia de uma seco - reviso
4 - 12
Second moments or moments of inertia of an
area with respect to the x and y axes,

= = dA x I dA y I
y x
2 2
Evaluation of the integrals is simplified by
choosing d to be a thin strip parallel to one of
the coordinate axes.
For a rectangular area,
3
3
1
0
2 2
bh bdy y dA y I
h
x
= = =

Raio de girao:
4 - 13
Consider area A with moment of inertia I
x
.
Imagine that the area is concentrated in a
thin strip parallel to the x axis with
equivalent I
x
.
A
I
k A k I
x
x x x
= =
2
k
x
= radius of gyration with respect to
the x axis
Similarly,
A
J
k A k J
A
I
k A k I
O
O O O
y
y y y
= =
= =
2
2
2 2 2
y x O
k k k + =
Teorema dos eixos paralelos
4 - 14
Consider moment of inertia I of an area A with
respect to the axis AA

= dA y I
2
The axis BB passes through the area centroid and
is called a centroidal axis.
( )


+

=
+

= =
dA d dA y d dA y
dA d y dA y I
2 2
2 2
2
2
Ad I I + = parallel axis theorem
Momentos de inrcia de seces
4 - 15
4 - 16
Propriedades geomtricas das seces normalizadas
seco da flexo a resistenci de mdulo
seco da inrcia de momento
max
= =
=
= =
c
I
W
I
W
M
I
c M
f
f

HEA, HEB
IPE
UPN
IPN
Perfis normalizados
4 - 17
4 - 18
4 - 19
4 - 20
4 - 21
4 - 22
4 - 23
4 - 24
4 - 25
4 - 26
4 - 27
4 - 28
Exemplo 4.2
Um componente de ferro-fundido sujeito
a um Momento de 3 kN.m. Sabendo que
E = 165 GPa e desprezando os raios de
concordancia, calcular: (a) as tenses
mximas em traco e em compresso,
(b) o raio de curvatura do componente
deformado.
Resoluo:
Calcular a localizao do
centride da seco e o
momento de inrcia da seco:
( )

+ =

=

2
d A I I
A
A y
Y
x
Calcular as tenses mximas:
I
Mc
=
max
Calcular a curvatura:
EI
M
=

1
4 - 29
Exemplo 4.2 cont.
Localizao do Centride da seco:
mm 38
3000
10 114
3
=

=
A
A y
Y

= =

=
=
3
3
3
3 2
10 114 3000
10 4 2 20 1200 30 40 2
10 90 50 1800 90 20 1
mm , mm , mm Area,
A y A
A y y
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 9 - 4
m 10 868 mm = =
+ + + =
+ = + =

3
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2
10 868
18 1200 40 30 12 1800 20 90
I
d A bh d A I I
x
Momento de inrcia da seco:
4 - 30
Exemplo 4.2 cont.
Tenses mximas em compresso e em traco:
4 9
4 9
max
m 10 868
m 038 . 0 m kN 3
m 10 868
m 022 . 0 m kN 3

= =

= =
=
I
c M
I
c M
I
Mc
B
B
A
A

MPa 0 . 76 + =
A

MPa 3 . 131 =
B

Curvatura:
( )( )
4 9 -
m 10 868 GPa 165
m kN 3
1

=
=
EI
M

m 7 . 47
m 10 95 . 20
1
1 - 3
=
=

4 - 31
As tenses devidas a um carregamento axial
descentrado, calculam-se sobrepondo a tenso
normal axial com a distribuio linear causada
pelo momento flector
( ) ( )
I
My
A
P
x x x
=
+ =
flexo axial normal

Carrregamento axial descentrado
Fora descentrada
Pd M
P F
=
=
Esta sobreposio s vlida em regime
elstico e para pequenas deformaes, com
efeito desprezvel na geometria.
4 - 32
Exemplo 4.8
A tenso admissivel para a pea
em ferro fundido representada
na figura, de 30 MPa em
traco e 120 MPa em
compresso.
Determinar a maior fora P que
pode ser aplicada pea.
4 9
2 3
m 10 868
m 038 . 0
m 10 3

=
=
=
I
Y
A
4 - 33
Exemplo 4.8
Fora descentrada e momento flector:
flector momento
a descentrad fora
m
= = =
=
= =
P Pd M
P
d
028 . 0
028 . 0 010 . 0 038 . 0
Tenses crticas e foras mximas:
kN 77 MPa 120 1559
kN 6 . 79 MPa 30 377
= = =
= = + =
P P
P P
B
A

kN 0 . 77 = P
Mxima fora P admssivel:
Sobreposio das tenses:
( )( )
( )( )
P
P P
I
Mc
A
P
P
P P
I
Mc
A
P
A
B
A
A
1559
10 868
038 . 0 028 . 0
10 3
377
10 868
022 . 0 028 . 0
10 3
9 3
9 3
=

= =
+ =

= + =

4 - 34
Concentrao de tenses
I
c M
K =
max
Tenso mxima:
4 - 35
4 - 36
4 - 37
Unsymmetric Bending
Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
Will now consider situations in which the
bending couples do not act in a plane of
symmetry.
In general, the neutral axis of the section will
not coincide with the axis of the couple.
Cannot assume that the member will bend
in the plane of the couples.
The neutral axis of the cross section
coincides with the axis of the couple
Members remain symmetric and bend in
the plane of symmetry.
4 - 38
Unsymmetric Bending
Wish to determine the conditions under
which the neutral axis of a cross section
of arbitrary shape coincides with the
axis of the couple as shown.

couple vector must be directed along

a principal centroidal axis
inertia of product I dA yz
dA
c
y
z dA z M
yz
m x y
= =

= =
0 or
0
The resultant force and moment
from the distribution of
elementary forces in the section
must satisfy
couple applied M M M F
z y x
= = = = 0

neutral axis passes through centroid

= =
dA y
dA
c
y
dA F
m x x
0 or
0

defines stress distribution

inertia of moment I I
c
I
dA
c
y
y M M
z
m
m z
= = =

= =
M or

4 - 39
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
sin cos M M M M
y z
= =
Superpose the component stress distributions
y
y
z
z
x
I
y M
I
y M
+ =
Along the neutral axis,
( ) ( )

tan tan
sin cos
0
y
z
y z y
y
z
z
x
I
I
z
y
I
y M
I
y M
I
y M
I
y M
= =
+ = + = =
4 - 40
Example 4.08
A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to a
rectangular wooden beam in a plane
forming an angle of 30 deg. with the
vertical. Determine (a) the maximum
stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the
neutral axis forms with the horizontal
plane.
SOLUTION:
Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
sin cos M M M M
y z
= =
Combine the stresses from the
component stress distributions.
y
y
z
z
x
I
y M
I
y M
+ =
Determine the angle of the neutral
axis.
tan tan
y
z
I
I
z
y
= =
4 - 41
Example 4.08
Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
psi 5 . 609
in 9844 . 0
in 75 . 0 in lb 800
along occurs to due stress nsile largest te The
psi 6 . 452
in 359 . 5
in 75 . 1 in lb 1386
along occurs to due stress nsile largest te The
in 9844 . 0 in 5 . 1 in 5 . 3
in 359 . 5 in 5 . 3 in 5 . 1
in lb 800 30 sin in lb 1600
in lb 1386 30 cos in lb 1600
4
2
4
1
4 3
12
1
4 3
12
1
=

= =
=

= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
y
y
z
z
z
z
y
z
y
z
I
z M
AD M
I
y M
AB M
I
I
M
M

The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading

occurs at A.
5 . 609 6 . 452
2 1 max
+ = + = psi 1062
max
=
4 - 42
Example 4.08
Determine the angle of the neutral axis.
143 . 3
30 tan
in 9844 . 0
in 359 . 5
tan tan
4
4
=
= =
y
z
I
I
o
4 . 72 =
4 - 43
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Consider a straight member subject to equal
and opposite eccentric forces.
The eccentric force is equivalent to the system
of a centric force and two couples.
Pb M Pa M
P
z y
= =
= force centric
By the principle of superposition, the
combined stress distribution is
y
y
z
z
x
I
z M
I
y M
A
P
+ =
If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may
be found from
A
P
z
I
M
y
I
M
y
y
z
z
=