1.

Introduo
Relao Massa/Volume

Introduo: FS x planta
Relao massa/volume
Granulometria
rea superficial especfica

Granulometria
rea Superficial Especfica

J. Miguel Reichert, PhD

(Oregon State Univ.; prof. R. Horn-Kiel Univ.;
prof. M.K. Shukla-Arizona St. Univ.; prof. N. Sivakugan, e outros)

CONCEITO FSICO de SOLO

Propriedades Fsicas do Solo

Solo um sistema trifsico

Meio poroso, no rgido, trifsico, formado de

partculas que possuem complexidade de forma,
tamanho e estrutura mineralgica e com algumas
partculas finitamente divididas de maneira a
apresentar uma grande rea superficial.

gua

R
Rc

Ar

Matria
Matria orgnica
mineral

= ngulo de contato

SOLO FISICAMENTE IDEAL

aquele que apresenta:

Boa aerao e reteno de gua;
Bom armazenamento de calor;
Pouca resistncia mecnica ao

Por que medir propriedades fsicas?

Limites fsicos s plantas

Comportamento de ecossistemas
Questes ambientais
Zoneamentos

crescimento radicular.

Propriedades do solo, fatores de

crescimento & produo de plantas

Propriedades do solo
normalmente medidas

Estrutura, densidade do solo,

textura, poros,
perfil e horizontes do solo, etc

Densidade do solo
Porosidade
Umidade do solo
Granulometria
Estrutura (agregao + )

Afetam manejo e
prticas (preparo,
irrigao, etc)

Afetam
diretamente
a produo

gua, aerao,
temperatura,
resistncia mecnica
(Letey, 1985)

Interrelao fatores fsicos

Densidade do solo

1. Introduo

AERAO

TEMPERATURA

Densidade do solo
Distribuio do tamanho
de poros

2. Relao Massa/Volume
Granulometria

GUA NO SOLO
rea Superficial Especfica
Densidade do solo
Distribuio do tamanho
de poros
RESISTNCIA MECNICA
(Letey, 1985)

Objectives

Representao da Relao Massa/Volume

To compute the masses (or weights) and

volumes of the three different phases.
Vazios

Total

Slidos

Macroporos
Mesoporos
Microporos
Frao mineral

>50 m e 50-10 m
10-0.2 m
<0.2 m

Notation
M = mass or weight
V = volume
s = soil grains (particles)
w = water
a = air
v = voids
t = total

Va

air

Vw

water

Ma=0

Vv
Mw
Mt

Vt
Vs

soil

Ms

Phase Diagram

12

Definitions

Definitions

Bulk (Dry )density (b) is the density of the soil in dry

state.

Ds b

MS
VT

Va

air

Bulk density (m) is the density of the soil in the

current state.

Ma=0

Vv
Vw

water

Mt
soil

Va

air

Vw

water

Ma=0

Vv

Mw

Units: Mg/m3, g/cm3, kg/m3 Vt

Vs

MT
VT

Mw

Units: Mg/m3, g/cm3, kg/m3 Vt

Mt
Vs

Ms

Phase Diagram

soil

Ms

Phase Diagram

Definitions
Particle density (p) is the density of the solid
particles in drystate.

Definitions
Saturated density (sat) is the density of the soil
when the voids are filled with water.
Submerged density () is the effective density
of the soil when it is submerged.

Ms
Vs

Va

air

Vw

water

Ma=0

Vv
Mw

Units: Mg/m3, g/cm3, kg/m3 Vt

Mt

= sat - w

Vs

soil

Ms

Phase Diagram

Determinao da
Densidade de Partculas
(PB P)
W P)-(PBW PB ) /d W

dp MV (P

Definitions
Gravimetric Water content (w) is a measure
of the water present in the soil (mass base).

Ug w
-

MW
MS

X 100%

Expressed as percentage
or kg/kg.

Va

air

Vw

water

Ma=0

Vv
Mw
Mt

Vt
Vs

soil

Ms

Range = 0 100+%
or 0 1+ kg/kg.
Phase Diagram

Definitions

Definitions

Volumetric Water content () is a measure of

the water present in the soil (volume base).

V
Uv W
Vt

Va
X 100%

air

Ma=0

Pt n

Vv
Vw

Expressed as percentage

Porosity (n) is also a measure of the void

volume, expressed as a percentage.

water

Mw
Mt

Vt

or m3/m3.

soil

Vs

VV
VT

air

Ma=0

Vw

water

Mw
Mt

Vt
Theoretical range: 0 100%

Ms

Va
Vv

X 100%

soil

Vs

Ms

Range = 2 60%
or

0.02 0.6 m3/m3

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

Definitions

Definitions
Degree of saturation (S) is the percentage of the
void volume filled by water.

Void ratio (e) is a measure of the void

volume.
Va

V
e V
VS

air

Ma=0

V
S W
VV

Vv
Vw

water

Mw
Mt

Vt

X 100%

Va

air

Ma=0

Vw

water

Vv
Mw
Mt

Vt
Range: 0 100%

Vs

soil

Ms

Phase Diagram

Phase Relations

A Simple Example

Consider a fraction of the soil where Vs = 1.

In this illustration,

n = 50%

Ms

Saturated

Phase Diagram

e=1

soil

Vs
Dry

air

The other volumes can

be obtained from the
previous definitions.

water

The masses can be

obtained from:

S = 50%
soil

air
e

Mass = Density x Volume

Se

volumes

water

soil

Sew

Gsw

masses
Phase Diagram

Phase Relations

Phase Relations

From the previous definitions,

M W Se

M S GS

V
e
n V
VT 1 e

M T GS Se

W
VT
1 e

air

air

e
Se

water

soil

Sew

Gsw

sat

M
G e
T S
W
VT
1 e

e
Se

MS
G
S W
VT
1 e

Phase Diagram

water

soil

Sew

Gsw

Phase Diagram

Inorganic Component
1. Introduo
2. Relao Massa/Volume

Primary Particles

Secondary Particles

3. Granulometria
rea Superficial Especfica

Particle size distribution

Texture

Quantitative

Qualitative

measure of particle

based on feel method

size constituting

-coarse, gritty, fine,

the solid fraction

smooth

Discrete units;

Consist of primary

cannot be further subdivided;

particles;

also known as soil separates

can be further subdivided

sand, silt, clay

into its separates

Distribuio de tamanho de partcula e

Textura
Textura relacionada com as propriedades
plasticidade, pegajosidade e resistncia.
Textura o resultado da distribuio relativa
das fraes granulomtricas.

Particle size is important soil physical properties:

Total porosity, pore size, surface area,

Systems of Classification
1. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
2. International Society of Soil Science (ISSS)
3. American Society of testing materials (ASTM)
4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
5. US Public Road Administration (USPRA)
6. British Standard Institute (BSI)
7. German Standard (DIN)

Classes de tamanho de partculas do solo

Sociedade
Internacional
de Cincia do
Solo

Areia
Argila

Silte

Fina

Grossa

Cascalho

0,002
0,02
0,2
2,0
0,002
0,05
0,10
0,25
0,5
1,0
2,0
Departamento
Muito
Muito
Fina
Mdia
Grossa
de Agricultura
fina
grossa
Argila
Silte
Cascalho
dos Estados
Areia
Unidos
Administrao
Areia
Pblica de
Argila
Silte
Cascalho
Estradas dos
Fina
Grossa
Estados Unidos
0,005
0,05
0,25
2,0
Dimetro de partcula (mm, escala logartimica)

Fractionation is the process of physically separating the

particles into different size fractions

SBCS
FRAO
GRANULOMTRICA

Mataco
Calhau
Cascalho
Areia grossa
Areia fina
Silte
Argila

DIMETRO
(mm)

> 200
200 20
20 - 2
2 0,2
0,2 0,05
0,05 0,002
< 0,002

Sieving or Direct sieving:

Dispersed soil suspension is passed through a nest of
sieves of different seizes:

Methods of fractionation

Approximate size range (mm)

Sieving
Sedimentation
Optical Microscope
Gravity sedimentation
Permeability
Gas absorption
Electron microscope
Elutriation
Centrifugal sedimentation
Turbidimetry

100.0 - 0.05
2.0 - < 0.002
1.0 - 0.001
0.1 - 0.0005
0.1 - 0.0001
0.1 - 0.0001
0.005 - 0.00001
0.05 - 0.005
0.01 - 0.00005
0.005 - 0.00005

Process of determination of particle size fractions is

known mechanical analysis
Dispersion

2 mm, 1mm, 0.5 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.10 mm

Primarily suited for coarse fraction
Sedimentation analysis:

Fractionation

Dispersion is removal of
cementing materials to break
secondary particles into primary
Cementing
material

Dispersing
agent

Based on rate of fall of particles through liquid and

depends on particle size and properties of liquid

Organic matter

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Oxides of Fe and Al

Oxalic acid, sodium sulfide

G.G. Stokes (1851) law

Electrolytes

Leaching with dilute acids

Cohesion/adhesion

Rehydration by boiling in H2O,

shaking, titration, ultrasound
vibration

Resistance offered by a liquid to a falling rigid spherical

particle varies with the radius of the particle and not with
its surface

Grain Size Distribution

Sedimentao Lei de Stoke

Fora cisalhante

Fr 6Rv

Determination of GSD:

Fora gravitacional

In coarse grain soils ... By sieve analysis

In fine grain soils
... By hydrometer analysis
hydrometer

Fr
Fa

stack of sieves
sieve shaker
soil/water suspension
Sieve Analysis

Hydrometer or Pipette Analysis

Fg

4R 3
g
Fg ms g d F
3
Empuxo

4R 3
Fa ml g dl
g
3
Velocidade constante de
Sedimentao

Fi 0 Fg Fa Fr
Resultante

v (d F d L )

Lei de Stokes
h d g D p D f

t
18

2R 2 g
9

Lei de Stoke - Assunes

d = dimetro de partculas efetivo;

Assumptions of
Stokes Law:

h = distncia;
t = tempo;
g = acelerao da gravidade = 9,81 Newton por quilograma
(9,81 N/kg);
= viscosidade da gua a 20 C = 1/1000 Newtonsegundo por m2
(103 N.s/m2);
Dp = densidade das partculas slidas, para muitos solos =
2,65 x 103 kg/m3;

1. Particles are spheres

2. Particles are of
uniform density
3. Particles settle
independently
4. Laminar fluid flow
5. No thermal flow

Df = densidade do fluido (gua) =

1,0 x 103 kg/m3.

Por qu medir DTP?

Predio do comportamento
do solo com base numa
nica medida
(funes de
pedotransferncia)

Como apresentar os dados:

1. Classes texturais

Como apresentar os dados:

2. Grfico DTP

ARGILA

30

70
60

40

Clay

50
Silty
60
clay
Silty clay
Clay loam
70
loam

50
Sandy
40 clay
30 Sandy
clay loam
Sandy loam

80
Loam

Silt
loam

10
Loamy
sand sand
90 80

Areia
Argila
Silte

28%
20%
52%

90

SILTE
70

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Silt

AREIA

100

% menor que (por peso)

20

80

20

% menor que (por peso)

10

90

60 50 40 30 20
Percent by weight sand

10

tamiz
hidrmetro
pipeta

areia

argila
1

Como apresentar os dados:

3. Uniformidade

0,1

0,01

0,001

0,0001

Tamanho de partcula (mm)

Como apresentar os dados:

3. Uniformidade

Uniformity Coefficient
% Finer

ndice de uniformidade (engenharia)

= D60/D10

60

IU = d60/d10
For uniform particle size
UC = 1
For nonuniform
UC>1

10
0.1 D10

D60

Distribuio (grading) perfeita I 1000

Segregao (sorting) perfeita I = 1

10

Diameter, mm

Como apresentar os dados:

3. Uniformidade

Indices for Particle Shape:

% menor que (por peso)

1. Roundness : measure of the sharpness of corners

2. Sphericity: how close to a sphere

100
Curvas acentuadas indicam
segregao (sorting) de
tamanhos de partculas

80

40

ri
n
Roundness R
i 1 n

20

ri radius of corner

60

R- radius of maximum circle

0,1

0,01

0,001

0,0001

Tamanho de partcula (mm)

Sphericity

Dd
Dc

Dd diameter of a circle with an

area equal to that of the particle
projection as it rests on flat surface
Dc- diameter of smallest
circumscribing circle

Particle Shape

Depends on :

(micrograph)

- Size of particle (coarser more irregular)

- Parent material
- Degree of weathering

Dc
Coarse fractions such as
sand and silt are often
angular or zigzag in
shape

r1
Soil Shapes:

Clay particles: plate or

tubular shape

Well rounded

rounded

subrounded

subangular

angular

very angular

Angularity (a shape having one

or more sharp angles) reflects
degree of weathering
- Inverse relationship
- Highly angular particles
are less weathered
- Become rounded with
progressive weathering
by water and wind

100 m

Sand mostly quartz, feldspar and mica (fragments)

2000 m

traces of heavy metal, low surface area

Areia

Silt mineralogical composition is similar to sand,

intermediate surface area

Areia
grossa
Argila

Clay reactive fraction of soil, colloidal, large surface

area, high charge density

63 m
Silte

Silte
Areia
fina

10 m

2 m
Argila

Soil Separates

Important properties of clay fraction

1. Easy hydration because of high affinity to water

Property

Sand

Silt

Clay

2. High swell/shrink capacity because of expanding

nature of clay lattice

Size
Shape
Feel
Plasticity
Cohesion
Surface area
Mineralogy
Heat of wetting
Secondary particles
Water holding capacity
Hardness
Ion exchange capacity

2-0.02 mm
jagged
gritty
not plastic
not cohesive
very low
primary
none
no
none/slight
5.5--7 (mhos scale)
5.5
none

0.02-0.002 mm
0.02slightly irregular
smooth, floury
slightly plastic
slightly cohesive
moderate
primary minerals
minimal
few
moderate
5.5--7.0
5.5
very low

<0.002 mm
platy/tube like
sticky
plastic
cohesive, gelatinous
very high
secondary minerals
high
forms aggregates
high, hygroscopic
-high to very high

3. High plasticity as it can retain shape when moist

4. Develops cracks when shrinks
5. Forms a cake when swells (cohesive forces)
6. High density of negative charge, which leads to the
formation of electrostatic double layer when fully
hydrated

Por que medir rea Superficial Especfica - ASE?

Predio do comportamento do solo com base numa
nica medida
(funes de pedotransferncia)

1. Introduo
2. Relao Massa/Volume

Interaes qumicas e fsicas ocorrem somente

na superfcie de uma partcula
A razo Superfcie/Volume uma propriedade
importante do solo.
Definio:
As

3. Granulometria
4. rea Superficial Especfica

am

m 2/g
m 2/cm3

av

Specific Surface

Specific surface surface / volume

Specific surface surface / mass
Preferred
Surface related force
Surface related forces: van der
Waals forces, capillary forces, etc.
Gravational force

smaller the grain, higher the specific surface

e.g., soil grain with specific gravity of 2.7

Example:

1 11 cm cube, 2.65g / cm 3
Ss

spec. surface = 222.2 mm2/g

As
Vs

Definition

surface area per unit mass (m2/g)

6 1cm 2
2.3 104 m 2 / g
1 cm 3 2.65 g / cm 3

1 11m cube, 2.65g / cm 3

1 mm cube

10 mm cube

Ms

Ss

spec. surface = 2222.2 mm2/g

Ss is inversely
proportional to
the particle size

6 1m 2
2 .3 m 2 / g
1m 3 2.65 g / cm 3
58

Estimativa da ASE

Typical Values
Montmorillonite

50-120 m2/gm

Procedimento

(external surface)

700-840 m2/gm

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(including the interlayer surface)

Interlayer surface

Illite
65-100 m2/gm

Solo seco
Satura o solo com substncia inerte
Evacua solo (evaporao da substncia)
Mede diferena de massa
Assume uma nica monocamada da
substncia inerte cobridno as partculas de
solo

as

Kaolinite
10-20 m2/gm

Glicerol (G)
etileno glycol (EG)
etileno glicol-monoetil ter (EGME)

wa
wd w g

wa = massa de lquido adsovido (g)

wd = massa de solo seco (g)
wg = fator = massa necessria
por m2

59

10

Estimativa da ASE

Estimativa da ASE

silte
d
areia

Adsoro (Boer, 1953)

Q
a ki P exp a
RT
por
sa: quantidade de gs adsorvida
unidade de superfcie
Ki: constante;
R: constante universal dos gases
P: presso
T: temperatura
Q: calor de adsoro

REA SUPERFICIAL ESPECFICA

Influenciada por
Tamanho da partcula afeta:
atrito, adsoro, tenso superficial.
Forma da partcula
Natureza da partcula:
MO, decomposio, ASE
Composio da partcula:
atividade, superfcie interna

Analiticamente

argila

Assuma uma forma de partcula

2

am

A6s
4 R
4 R
3
6
m2/g

3
s 4 / 3 R
s R s d
M
s sd s V

av

4 R 2
3 6
6As
m2/cm3

3
V
R d
ds 4 / 3 R

REA SUPERFICIAL ESPECFICA

Relacionada com

CTC, reteno de gua e nutrientes;

reteno e liberao de poluentes;
expanso / contrao;
propriedades mecnicas:
coeso, resistncia, plasticidade.

rea superficial especfica

11

Prximo assunto:
Argilas e eletroqumica

12