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O pneumotrax hipertensivo desenvolve-se a partir da entra- o das vias areas. Optou-se ento por manter o paciente
da de ar no espao pleural atravs de uma vlvula unidirecio- sob intubao traqueal, sedado e com bloqueio neuromus-
nal no pulmo ou parede torcica. Conseqentemente, a cular.
presso interpleural aumenta de forma progressiva, cola- Ao ser admitido na SRPA, foi instalada prtese ventilatria
bando o pulmo ipisilateral e deslocando o mediastino e a tra- com Narcolog em sistema circular com absorvedor de CO 2 ,
quia contralateralmente, comprimindo o pulmo sadio e re- canister duplo, com VC 750 ml, FR 12 irpm, relao I:E de 1: 2
duzindo o retorno venoso e o dbito cardaco, com rpida de- com FAG de 2 l e FiO2 de 1,0 e monitorizado com ECG, oxime-
teriorao dos sinais vitais. Um pneumotrax simples pode tria de pulso e presso arterial no-invasiva. Aps 40 minu-
se transformar em hipertensivo quando instituda a ventila- tos, comeou a apresentar diminuio da saturao arterial
o mecnica com presso positiva 4,6,7 . de oxignio (94%-90%), sudorese, taquicardia, hipertenso
A possibilidade de pneumotrax sempre deve ser considera- arterial (150 x 90 mmHg) e presso inspiratria acima de 40
da aps acesso venoso central, bloqueio de plexo braquial, cmH2 O. A ausculta pulmonar apresentava diminuio do
bloqueio intercostal, fratura de costelas, traqueostomias, murmrio vesicular direita e crepitao em ambas as ba-
nefrectomias e outros procedimentos retroperitoneais ou in- ses; sendo solicitada radiografia de trax em AP, no leito.
tra-abdominais, laparoscopias, e aps trauma pulmonar fe- Houve rpida evoluo do quadro com piora da hipxia antes
chado ou penetrante; sendo que neste caso apresenta 100% da realizao da radiografia. Resolveu-se transportar
de prevalncia 7,8 . imediatamente o paciente para o Setor de Imagens.
O objetivo deste relato apresentar um caso de pneumot- Durante o transporte a monitorizao foi feita por oximetria
rax hipertensivo diagnosticado na SRPA em paciente vtima de pulso e freqncia cardaca, e a ventilao, com oxignio
de leses por arma de fogo na regio supramandibular es- a 100%, 10 l.min-1 , em sistema aberto com vlvula de Ruben.
querda e regio inguinal direita. Houve piora progressiva do quadro clnico, com sudorese in-
tensa, taquicardia, aumento da resistncia da via area (difi-
RELATO DO CASO culdade de ventilao), sada de secreo sanguinolenta
pelo tubo orotraqueal e saturao de oxihemoglobina em tor-
Paciente do sexo masculino, 34 anos, negro, 90 kg, 190 cm, no de 70% a 60%. A tomografia computadorizada de trax
estado fsico ASA I E, vtima de leso por arma de fogo na re- evidenciou hemopneumotrax extenso direita, com desvio
gio supramandibular esquerda e regio inguinal direita; do mediastino contralateral, e projtil localizado na gordura
submetido a laparotomia com explorao cirrgica de artria infra-heptica (Figuras 1A e 1B). Foi realizada imediata dre-
e veia femoral direita, sem diagnosticar leses de vasos nagem do hemitrax direito, com sada de grande
femorais e/ou de vsceras abdominais. quantidade de ar e 100 ml de sangue. Logo aps, o paciente
Na avaliao pr-operatria encontrava-se lcido e orienta- foi transferido para a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.
do, sudorico, normocorado, aciantico, eupnico, hidrata- Ao ser admitido no CTI, o paciente apresentava instabilidade
do, com pulsos perifricos cheios e enchimento capilar satis- hemodinmica, hipxia, hipercarbia e choque hipovolmico.
fatrio. Apresentava-se hemodinamicamente estvel, com Houve melhora do quadro com reposio volmica com cris-
PA 130 x 90 mmHg, freqncia cardaca de 90 bpm e satura- talides e duas unidades de concentrado de hemcias, e
o arterial de oxignio 96%. No havia nenhum exame ventilao mecnica com aparelho Bird (FiO 2 0,6, 14 irpm,
laboratorial ou radiolgico. PEEP de 5 cmH2O). Dreno de trax mostrou drenagem infe-
A monitorizao constou de eletrocardioscopia contnua, rior a 70 ml.h-1 , no necessitando de nova interveno cirr-
presso arterial no-invasiva, capnometria, capnografia e
dbito urinrio. Foram puncionadas duas veias perifricas
com cateter venoso 16G e iniciada hidratao com soluo de
Ringer com lactato. Optou-se por tcnica anestsica geral
balanceada, com induo em seqncia rpida. Aps
pr-oxigenao, foi iniciada induo venosa com 150 g de
fentanil, pr-curarizao com 5 mg de atracrio, 150 mg de
propofol e 100 mg de succinilcolina. Foi realizada manobra
de Sellick, aps a perda do reflexo ciliar, e procedida a intuba-
o orotraqueal com tubo 8,5 mm com balonete na primeira
tentativa. Amanuteno da anestesia foi feita com enflurano,
atracrio e fentanil. A ventilao foi controlada mecanica-
mente com os seguintes parmetros: VC 750 ml, FR 12 irpm,
relao I:E de 1:2, FAG de 2 l com oxignio a 100%. No hou-
ve instabilidade hemodinmica, nem necessidade de hemo-
transfuso durante todo o procedimento cirrgico. Ao trmi-
no da cirurgia foi revertido o bloqueio neuromuscular com 1
mg de atropina e 2 mg de neostigmina, observando-se a pre-
sena de sangue vivo no tubo orotraqueal durante a aspira- Figura 1A - Tomografia Computadorizada de Trax
and ipsilateral pulmonary tissue collapse, resulting in severe versed with 1 mg atropine and 2 mg neostigmine. At this point,
ventilation-perfusion ratio abnormality, decreased vital ca- blood was observed in the tracheal tube during airways aspi-
pacity, minute volume and venous return, which lead to ration. We then decided to keep the patient with the tracheal
hypoxia by pulmonary shunt increase 6,7 . tube, sedated and under neuromuscular block.
Tension pneumothorax is developed when the air gets to the At PACU admission, ventilatory prosthesis with Narcolog in
pleural space through a unidirectional valve in the lung or circle system was installed with double canister CO2 ab-
chest wall. As a consequence, interpleural pressure is pro- sorber, 750 mL TV, RR 12 irpm, I:E ratio 1:2, 2 l FAG and 100%
gressively increased, collapsing ipsilateral lung and FiO 2 . Monitoring consisted of ECG, pulse oximetry and
contralaterally displacing mediastinum and trachea. The noninvasive blood pressure. Forty minutes later, patient pre-
healthy lung is also compressed. Venous return and cardiac sented decreased arterial oxygen saturation (94%-90%),
output suffer great decrease, with rapid deterioration of vital sweating, tachycardia, hypertension (150 x 90 mmHg) and
signs. A simple pneumothorax may become tension inspiratory pressure above 40 cmH 2 O. Pulmonary
pneumothorax when positive pressure mechanical ventila- auscultation showed decreased left murmur and crepitation
tion is installed 4,6,7 . in both bases; chest X-ray in AP in bed was then requested.
Pneumothorax should always be considered after central ve- Situation has rapidly deteriorated, with worsening of hypoxia
nous access, brachial plexus block, intercostal block, frac- before X-ray. Patient was then immediately transferred to the
tured rib, tracheostomies, nephrectomies and other Imaging Sector.
retroperitoneal or intra-abdominal procedures, During transportation, patient was monitored with pulse
laparoscopies and after closed or penetrating lung trauma. In oximetry and heart rate. Ventilation was performed with
the latter, its incidence is 100% 7,8 . 100% oxygen, 10 L.min-1 in an open system with Rubens
This report aimed at presenting a case of tension valve. There was a progressive worsening of symptoms, with
pneumothorax diagnosed in the PACU in a patient with gun- intense sweating, tachycardia, increased airway resistance
shot wound in the left supramandibular and right inguinal re- (difficult ventilation), bloody secretion thru the tracheal tube
gions. and oxygen hemoglobin saturation of approximately 70% to
60%. Chest CT-scan has revealed extensive right
CASE REPORT hemopneumothorax with contralateral mediastinum dis-
placement and a bullet located in infra-hepatic fat (Figures 1A
A 34-year-old black male patient, 90 kg, 190 cm, physical sta- and 1B). Righ hemithorax was immediately drained with re-
tus ASA I E, victim of gunshot injuries in the left moval of large amounts of air and 100 mL blood. Soon after,
supramandibular and right inguinal regions, was submitted to patient was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit.
laparotomy with surgical exploration of right femoral artery At ICU admission, patient presented hemodynamic instabil-
and vein, where no femoral vessels and/or abdominal ity, hypoxia, hypercabia and hypovolemic shock. Situation
viscerae injuries were found. has improved after volume replacement with crystalloids and
At preanesthetic evaluation, patient was lucid, oriented, 2 units of red cells concentrate, as well as mechanical ventila-
sweating, normally rosy, acyanotic, eupneic, hydrated, with tion with Bird device (FiO 2 0.6, 14 irpm, PEEP 5 cmH2 O).
full peripheral pulses and satisfactory capillary filling. He was Chest drain showed drainage below 70 mL.h-1 , with no need
hemodynamically stable, with BP 130 x 90 mmHg, heart rate for further surgery. There was then a progressive improve-
90 bpm and 96% arterial oxygen saturation. There were no
lab or radiological tests at this time.
Monitoring consisted of continuous ECG, noninvasive blood
pressure measurement, capnometry, capnography and uri-
nary output. Two peripheral veins were punctured with 16G
venous catheter and hydration was started with lactated
Ringers solution.
We decided for general balanced anesthesia with rapid se-
quence induction. After pre-oxygenation, intravenous induc-
tion was started with 150 g fentanyl, pre-curarization with 5
mg atracurium, 150 mg propofol and 100 mg succinylcholine.
Sellicks maneuver was performed after loss of ciliary reflex
and tracheal intubation was achieved in the first attempt with
8.5 mm cuffed tube.
Anesthesia was maintained with enflurane, atracurium and
fentanyl. Ventilation was mechanically controlled with the fol-
lowing parameters: TV 750 mL, RR 12 irpm, I:E ratio 1:2 and 2
l of FAG with 100% oxygen. There was no hemodynamic in-
stability or the need for blood transfusion throughout the sur-
gery. At surgery completion, neuromuscular block was re- Figure 1A - Chest CT-Scan
desencadenado, entre otras causas, por una lesin pulmonar con insuficiencia respiratoria, sudoresis, taquicardia e
no diagnosticada inicialmente, o asociado a la ventilacin hipertensin arterial. La tomografa computadorizada de trax
mecnica, presentando alta tasa de mortalidad. El objetivo de evidenci hemoneumotrax a la derecha, siendo
este relato es presentar un caso de pneumotrax hipertensivo inmediatamente drenado. Fue transferido para el Centro de
diagnosticado en la Sala de Recuperacin Ps-Anestsica Terapia Intensiva, present mejora progresiva del cuadro, con
(SRPA). alta hospitalar, sin secuelas, despus de 22 das.
RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo masculino, 34 aos, CONCLUSIONES: El pneumotrax hipertensivo es una
estado fsico ASA I E, vctima de lesiones por arma de fuego. enfermedad letal que puede ser fcilmente reconocida a travs
Fue sometido a laparotoma exploradora y exploracin de del examen clnico y radiolgico; debiendo ser siempre
arteria y vena femoral a derecha, sobre anestesia general sospechado en la presencia de traumatismo torcico, y en este
balanceada con induccin en secuencia rpida, con caso, se debe realizar inmediatamente el drenaje de trax an-
estabilidad hemodinmica durante todo el procedimiento tes de la ventilacin mecnica y de procedimientos quirrgicos.
quirrgico. En la SRPA, present instabilidad hemodinmica,