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YHUWHOtPSLGDGHWHXVROKRV
HRULVRFODUR
DQXQFLDWHXVSDVVRVWUDQTLORV
EHPYLQGRVVREUHDFDOoDGD
GHHVSDUVDVIROKDVDPDUHODV
HRVWHXVOiELRVVHDEUHP
HPEULVD~PLGD
GHSDODYUDVVXVVXUUDGDV
PHQLQDVWDJDUHODV
OLYUHVUXPRjHVFROD
TXDQGRDPDQKmGHRXWRQR
UHFOLQDRURVWRDLQGDWpSLGR
jWRQDGRDFRQFKHJRGRVOHQoyLV
HPRVWUDRYHQWUHJUiYLGRGHLQYHUQR
RQGHQXWUHUHOkPSDJRVHSDVVHDWDV
HGHVDEULJDV
HpVDEULJR
HXJRVWRGHWLDJRUD
QHVVDPROGXUDRXWRQDO
HHPRXWUDV
VHHPRXWUDVSRVDUHV
VLPSOHVPHQWHVHPDUURXERV
HPSD]
TXHEHPPHID]
DSHQDVVDEHUTXHH[LVWHV
HPHOHPEUDUHVTXHXPGLDSRVVRLU
LQGROHQWH
FRPRVHDPDQKmGHRXWRQR
DQXQFLDVVHD~OWLPDHVWUDGD
HPIROKDVDPDUHODV
HHPUHSRXVDQWHVRQR
YHUWHVVHOtPSLGDGHWHXVROKRV
HHPVRQKR
GHILQLWLYDPHQWH
VHDSDJDVVHQDP~VLFD
GHWHXULVRFODUR


SURQRPLQDLVHGHVLQrQFLDV

LQFHQGLRXVHRVpFXOR
HVREDVFLQ]DV
VHSRVWRXQRVVDXWRSLD

KiEUDVDV
IrQL["
FRQWXGRSRHWD
MiVHXVD
VHLQFHQGLRX
QmRVyQRGLWR
GRERPQHJUR
HGRERPEUDQFR
PDVWDPEpPQDJUDPiWLFD
GRSURIHVVRUHGRDOXQR
HGRPXODWRVDELGR

RPDVFXOLQRSRUpP
LQGDLQFOXLRIHPLQLQR
GHVREULJDDVVLP
DGHVLQrQFLDDGHJrQHUR

IDOWRXQRVDEULJDU
QDSDXWDGHQRVVDOXWD
DFDXVDMXVWD
GHFRQVWDUDIDOD
RJrQHURHDYH]
GDERDQHJUDHGDERDEUDQFD
GDSURIHVVRUDHGDDOXQD
HGDPXODWDVDELGD
GDQDomREUDVLOHLUD


SUDoDFHQWUDO

PXGDV
QRVVDVERFDVQmRFRQWHP
RVKRPHQVUDVWHMDQWHV
HDOJXPDVPXOKHUHV
QRVEDQFRVSHORFKmR
QDEHODSUDoDFHQWUDO
GHQRVVDPLQKDFLGDGH

FDQWHVHRUHTXLQWH
GDSDLVDJHPYHJHWDO

QmRVHYHMDPFDORVUHFHQWHV
H[SRVWRVQDVPmRV
SHORPDFKDGRUHDO
RXWULQFKD
RVQyVQRVSpVjYLVWD
H[XEHUDQWHVGHVQXGDGRV

FKHLURGHWHUUDDUDGD

WDPEpPjHQ[DGD
TXHSRXFDPiTXLQDKRXYH
jGLVSRVLomR
DTXLVHIDEULFDRtQILPR
HPDLVDPtQJXD

QmRVHREVHUYH
RTXHPHQGLJDDOL
HPYR]EDL[DUiSLGDHVFRQGLGD
SRLVDQWHVEHPSRXFRVHSHGLD

DVPmRVRXSpVJDQKDYDP
RTXHSHUGHUDPKRMH
QRWDFmRGRIHLWRU
GRVFDPSRVRXGRSRGHUPXQLFLSDOGDHVTXLQD

VHID]HPDVYLODV
DVILODVSDUDRDOEHUJXH
RXjUHIHLomR
GRDGD

FDQWDPHQWmR
KLQRVDEDFR
VHFDOHTXHPEHEH
DRRItFLRURXEDGR
HWUDJDVHXSUySULRIHO


DWHXVGHSURILVVmR
RXWURVEULQGDP
VHQKRUHVRUDP
RXGRUPHPDVHVWD

HDSUDoDSOHQD
GHIORUHVRXSODQWDV
HPIRPHDQLPDOVHHVIDFHOD
VHUHYROYHRXVHGHYRUD
jHVSHUD


SLFKDomR

QRHVFXURWtPLGR
DPHQLQDSLFKRX
PDULHMXDQD
QRPXURGDHVTXLQD
GRHVSDoRSULYDWLYR
jVGRVHVGLiULDVGHDXWRULWDULVPR

DWHQWDGRFRQWUDDVD~GH
GDLQVWLWXLomR

HPUHVSRVWDDRIDWR
XP~QLFRDWR
H[SXOVmRGRSDUDtVR

RIDWRFRQWUDRIDOR
WUD]RXWUDPDQKm
HPULVR
HQRVIDFKRVGHOX]
XPQRYRDYLVR
PiULRHMRmR

XPRXWURGLD
XPUDELVFRHVWUDQKR
HRPHVPRPXURDWLoD
DRWpGLRYHQFHDSRHVLD

TXDORDOLPHQWRGRVVRQKRV"


PHLRULRJUDQGHGRVXO

DPHWDGHVXO
GLYLGHDVXEVWkQFLD
DSRVVHDPHQWH
SREUHJHUD
LQGDPDLVPRUWHV
QDSDUWHGHFi
GDPHWDGH
GDPHWDGHVXO

PHWDGHGHVFRQWDGD
RXFDODGD
HPVXDVIURQWHLUDV
FRPDRXWUDSUyVSHUD
HFRPDTXHODVDPpULFD
VRQKDSHVDGHORV
HRVROWmRIRUWH
TXHLPDDVDVDVGHtFDUR

FUHPDDVQRVVDVDWHUUD
DRPHLRGLDRXDSyV
WRUUDDHVSHUDQoD
GHFULDQoDVLQVRQHV
QDKRUDGDVHVWD
VHRXYHPJULWRVWmRUHDLV
jVPHQLQDVPXOKHUHV
GHV OHDLVDVLPHVPDV

HDRVVHXVKRPHQV
IDQWDVPDVSUHVRV
HPFDUWHDGRVFDXVRVJXHUUDV
FDYDORVJDGRVHJDLWDV
PHQLQRV LQ ILpLVDVL
HDHODVPRYLPHQWDP
VHXVPHGRVRXVHXVPHPEURV
HPFDQFKDVUHWDVRXWRUWDV

VHXVGHXVHVHVWmRYHOKRV
RXPRUWRV
PDVVHXVFURPRVVRPRV
VmRPRWHVIXOFURV
HORVPHXV
WHXVQRVVRV
HVVHpQRVVRGRWH
QDVFHUHUHQDVFHU


iYLGDVGHOXPHV
HOHPHVVREUH
RVHSXOFURGHXPGHXV
H[PDFKLQD


IDLQD

VHDUWH
DYDLGDGH
GLVWLQJXH
QDUFLVR
HDSODXGH

VHSROtWLFD
ORQJHGDFKDPD
HDODUGH
GDUXD
H[WLQJXH
HGDQD
DQXOD
p0DUWH

PDVRTXHPDQWpPDYLGD
VHPSUHRFDVR
ILQLWDQDGD
VHQmRDEUHYH
IDPDGRDGD
GDYDLGDGH"

DIDLQDHVVD
WHFHpWUDEDOKR
FRQWtQXR
SURFHVVRVHPDWDOKR
ID]VHSRQWH
IHLDjVYH]HV
QRLWHOHQWDPRUWH
WDPEpPPDV
HPSXUUDDOLQKDGRKRUL]RQWH
DOpPGDVRUWH

VHPVHUFULVWmVRIUH
DSRQWDHFULD
HPFRQMXQomR
HQJDWLQKDRVRQKR
GHJUDQGHSRUWH
OHVWHVXO
HVWHQRUWH
HPERUD
SRQWRGHLQWHUURJDomR


HVSHUD

DYLGDSREUH
SRGHRXQmRSRGH
HVSHUDUHPYmR"

RUiFXORFULVWmR
DPmRHPSUHFH
HIHPLQD

VRQKRRSUD]HU
DFLQWHDRUHDO
DoRLWHVH[XDO

IULGDNDKORHXWX
ROKRVQXVHQRUPHVHOHRQ
DVPDUFDVGHPDU[

QRSDSHOHDomR
WUDEDOKRSDODYUDV
GDUZLQ

RVpFXORYLQWH
PRUUHHQRUPH
IDOWDOKHFDL[mR

VREUDPHQWmR
WHUUDPDU
ELFKRJHQWH

RKRUL]RQWHjIUHQWH
IRJRQRFRUDomR
HQDPHQWH


SURPHVVD

RIHUWDVXPDQHVJDGHULR
DPHXVROKRV
VLJRDURWDVXJHULGD
QXYHQVSHVDGDVVHHVIUHJDP
iJXDVWUrPXODVVXOFDP
JHPLGRVHVERoDPDFLGDGH
VRQKRDRVSpVGRULR
WRUUHVGHOX]HVSHWDPRFpX
FKHLURVHVTXHFLGRV
UHID]HPDQRLWH
VRQVGHiJXDUDVJDP
DSHOHHDSUROH
VHUHQRYD
UHVWDXUDULVRV
RIHUWDVXPQDFRGHULR
QDGDQDGRVHPSUH
SURPHVVDHSRHVLD


OLEHUGDGH

DSDODYUDFKXSDU
VXJDPHXVOiELRV
FRPRVRSD

MiEHLMDU
H[SDQGHPHXVOiELRV
HPEXVFDGRVWHXV

GLVWHQGHyGLR
LQVWDXUDDPRU
FRPRVRSUR

RXGRU

EHLMRSUHVR
ySLROLYUHVROWR
FRPRSDODYUDHERFD


SDUWR

DSHVDUGRVDQJXH
GHWRGRVRVPHVHV
GHWDQWRVSDUWRV
GRVXRU
GHPXLWRVIDUGRV
RXGRDoRLWH
GHYiULRVIHLWRUHV
KiTXHPHVWUDQKH
EURWDUGHEUDVDV
RDWRGHIrPHDV
IDODUGDVHQWUDQKDV
FRPODYDVQDOtQJXD
RIHPLQLQR
GHWRGDVDVSDODYUDV


PRWLYR

GHVGHRSULQFtSLR
HRSULQFtSLRHUDRYHUER
VHUDPDUID]HU
QDGDKiGHQRYRWDOYH]
TXHVHYHQKDDGL]HU
HVVDVSDODYUDVVmRJDVWDV
FRPRDVGHPDLV
HTXHPVDEH
QRYDFRPELQDomRFRPHODV
VHMDLPSRVVtYHOTXHUHU

SRUpPKiVHPSUH
XPQRYRVXMHLWR
XPDGDWDXPIDWR
HDFRUGDRXWUDYH]
DDQWLJDSULPDWD
DVPmRVPRYLPHQWDPRFRUDomR

ID]GDQoDQRSHLWR
pSUHFLVRSDULU
XUJHQWHpFULDU
QDVFHRXWUDORXFD
FLHQWLVWDDWpLD
SURIHVVRUDSRHWD
QmREDVWDID]HUIDODU
HVFUHYHU
pSUHFLVRSLQWDU
FRPRDUWLVWDUXSHVWUH
HPSHGUDSHUJDPLQKR
HPWHODRXSDSHO
UHSHWLGDHQRYDPHQWH
HPGXHWRRXVR]LQKD
RGHVJDVWDGRHQRYR
LQGHIHFWtYHOYHUERDPDU


PmH

PDPmHGL]PLQKDILOKD
FRPRPLQKDPmHGLVVHjVXD

PLQKDPmHIDODPHXSDL
jPmHGHOH

HDHODFKDPRPmHYHOKD
HjPLQKDVRPHQWHPmH

PDPDPDFODPDREHEr

PmHEREDEUX[DERrPLD
EDL[RDVWUDOPDPmHFRUXMD

HDWpDYR]PiVFXOD
WRPIRUWHHPWRGRVRVPDSDV
PDLVRXPHQRVUHYHUHQWH
FRQFHGHDDOJXpPRVRPPmH

HTXHPQmRGLVVHjYLYDYR]
PmHjVXDPDPmHYLYD
KiGHGL]HUSDUDVL
RXFRQWDUDRXWUDVPmHV
FRPRHPVRQKRVIDODjVXD

GL]HPRVPmH

HHVVDSDODYUDWmRIRUWH
DJUDGDHDEUDoDDQyV
IUiJHLVVHUHVQRH[tOLR
jHVSHUDGHVHXDIDJR


SDUDtVRSHUGLGR

RULRDFROKHDVOX]HV
LULVDGDVGDPDUJHP
WDOYH]HP~OWLPDQRLWH

GHGRVPHFkQLFRV
FHUUDPDVSiOSHEUDV
GDSDLVDJHP

HPEUHYHXPPXURFDLDGR
DFROKHUiRROKDU
VHPOiJULPDV

VHRWHPSRSHGLU
HVSHUDHVROLGmR
QDSUy[LPDYLDJHP

DVDXGDGHDEULUiQRYDMDQHOD
HDOX]GHXPDSiWULD
VHHVSDOKDUiHPRXWUD

TXHVHUHYHOHDRROKDU
RRXURUHIOHWLGRQDViJXDV
HRDIHWRIHLWRHPYLQKRRXEHLMR

RXVHGHVORTXHRFRUSR
QRPiJLFRWDSHWH
GDPHPyULD

RXGRGHVHMR 
HQRYDPHQWHDVOX]HV
QDGDUmRQRULR

ID]HPVHDVPDODVDVDV
VHPXGDPTXDUWRVFDVDV
RVYmRVSRURQGHRVROKRVSDVVDP

ERPVHULDI{VVHPRV
XEtTDVRXDSHQDV
VHQVDWDVDYHVGHDUULEDomR


UHTXLQWH

FRPRSHVVRD
PHHQYROYRQRWDSHWHGDVHWLTXHWDV
HSHoRjKRUDDJi
RJiVDIDULQKDRXyOHR
IRUoDVGRDOPRoR
jIDLQD

DFDVRVDEHV
VHHVFROKHVjODFDUWH
GHVOL]DVHPWDSHWHVUyVHRV
RXGRUPHVDVHVWDYLSB
DWHQVmRGDHVSHUD
GDPDUPLWDRXYLDQGD
IHUPHQWRGRVFRUSRV
WHVmR
RIHUHFLGRjFUX]
GDVKRUDVODERUDGDV"

XPDPXOKHURXRXWUD
DSRVWRV
DWHQWDHPSUHVWDRSHGLGR
jSRUWDRXVREUHRPXUR
VHPUHOHYDU
IRIRFDVRXDPXRV
TXHLVWRSDVVD

PDLVTXHWXGR
YDOHDYLGDHPOXWD
FRQWUDDVHQ]DOD


DQ~QFLR

QRGLDHVFROKLGR
SDUDYLVLWDU/LODH/DUD
FKRYH
IORUHVOLODVHViYLGDV
GDXPLGDGHQDVFHP
QRFDQWRGRMDUGLQ]LQKR
PRGHVWR
jIUHQWHGDFDVD

pRXWRQR/LOD
QDTXHOHGLDGHVHVVHQWDHTXDWUR
WHXFRUSRVHFRQVXPLD
HPGRUHV
HFRPR$QJHOLQDHP5LR*UDQGH
PDLVTXHULDV
VDOYDUWXDEDQGHLUD
TXHDSyOYRUDEDQLD

pRSULPHLURGLD
GHDEULO/DUD
HID]TXDUHQWDDQRV
WHXVILOKRVSpWDODVDOJHPDGDV
SDGHFLDPMXQWR
DRVILOKRVGDSiWULD
PmHJHQWLO
IUHQWHjVDGDJDV

QHVWHDEULO
QmRFROKHUHLDVIORUHVOLODVHV
GHPHXSiWLR
OLYUHVPLQ~VFXODVHODVFDQWDP
QRFDQWRGRMDUGLP
RKLQRQDVFHQWH
GHXPWHPSR~PLGR
HPWUDEDOKRGHSDUWR


IDOOXMD

DOXDFKHLDWUDQVS}HDVIURQWHLUDV
GDVYHQH]LDQDV
LQYDGHDFDVD
ODQoDPDLVOX]HVVREUHDFDPD
RQGHGRUPH
MiSRUVLWUDQVO~FLGD
DFULDQoD
HPPRUHQRVRQKR
EDODQoDQDVIROKDVEUDQFDV
GDVSODQWDVGRMDUGLP
UHYHUEHUDHPPLP
LQFDQGHVFHPLQKDVOiJULPDV
HDWLoDPDLVDOXWDSHODOX]

QRRULHQWHWDPEpP
KiOXDFKHLD
PLQJXDQGRFRPRDTXL
PDVOiVHDIRJDHPWULOKDV
GHIRJRHVDQJXH
HLQFHQGHLD
RVRQRGDVFULDQoDV
QHFURVDVHXVFRUSRV
HDUUDVDRVMiWmRUDVRVVRQKRV
GRVLGRVRVGDVPXOKHUHV
QHPDIDJD
DVSHOHVOLVDVRXUXJRVDV

FRUSRVVHDUUHSLDP
QRVXVWRGDPRUWH
PHVPRRQRUWHSHGH
QRZDU
VDQJXHSHORyOHRQmR

DSD]VHWHFHVREERPEDV"

DOXDOiDPDQKHFH
PDVQmRVHGHVID]

DTXLpPHLDQRLWH
OXDFKHLD
MiPLQJXDQGR

DTXLHOiDOXD
JDQKHDUXD
HDOXPLHRVFDEHORVGDVFULDQoDV


DVFmVRVRQR
RXDLQV{QLDMRYHP
HPOHQoyLVEUDQFRV
VRQKHHIDoD
DSD]


DSUHQGL]DJHP

DPmRPiJLFD
HVHUHQDGDFULDQoD
YHQFHDFDQHWD
HID]
DLPHQVDSDODYUDSHTXHQD
SD]
HDPDLRUHVSHUDQoDGRSODQHWD
VHUHID]
HPUHYHUrQFLD


DPHUF~ULR

PHHQFDQWD
TXHPHVFDPD
HYLVFHUD
IDWLD
WHPSHUD
HFR]H
RSRHPD
HRUHS}HFRPSOHWR
LQWHLUR
QDEDL[HOD
jPHVD

HYHPMXQWR
VHDOLPHQWD
IHVWHMD


LPSUHVFLQGtYHLV

RTXHWHGDQD$OIRQVLQD"
WDPDQKDH[SDQVmRGRDPRU
WXDDUJrQWHDSDODYUD
ULVDGDWmRHVFDUODWH
WDQWRyYXORH[SORVLYR
WXGRHQWUHJDVWHDRPDU

RTXHDOXFLQD6tOYLD"
RTXHWRUWXUD9LUJtQLD"
RTXHSHUWXUED&ULVWLQD"

TXHGHVHQFRQWURVWHDELVPDP
0DGDOHQD
%RYDU\
+HGGD*DEOHU
$QD.DUHQLQD
QRPHVPRSRQWRGHHQFRQWUR"

ULRVGHVRPEUDVQRVGHYRUDP
DUUDQKDFpXVWUDPSROLQV
YHQHQRVSXQKDLVQDVYHLDV
JiVERPEDVJXLOKRWLQDV
WUHQVIDQWDVPDVVHPGHVWLQR
IRUFDHVSROHWDQRSHLWR

HQTXDQWRHVWDQFRDVJRWHLUDV
RXTXDQGRDFDVDFRFKLOD
XPDHPLQrQFLDSDUGD
PHSHQHLUDPHOLPLWD
PHDSDJDIHFKDPHXVOLYURV
PHXY{RGHVHTXLOLEUD

VHXPDGHQyVYDFLOD
KiGHIHQGHUDDOTXLPLD
TXHDWRGDVQRVXQLILFD
/LVtVWUDWDDLQGDUXWLOD
HPULVRHUDLYD
GH$WHQDVDRVQRVVRVGLDV


OX[R

VDFRV
HVFUDFKDP
RVGHVSRMRV
QDVUXDV
SRURQGHSDVVDP
RVSpV
HDVLGpLDV

DVSDSLODV
HDVPmRV
HVFDUYDP
H[SORUDP
REUDP
GmRFLrQFLD
GRTXHVRPRV

EDUDWDV
jNDIND
LQGDTXH
HXIrPLFRV


pWHPSR

pWHPSRGHPmRVDRDOWR
WUDJLFRPpGLDVjPHVD
PHGXVDHPQRVVDVFDEHoDV
DXVrQFLDGHXYDVQRVSDOFRV

WHPSRGHWHWRVGHHVWUHODV
PXLWRGHXVPXLWDVHQ]DOD
JXHUUDVELUUDVEROHWDV
UDVDSROtWLFDRXUDUD

IDOWDDUFKLVSDDWUDomR
WHPSRGHEDUULJDVRFDV
HGHQHXURDVSLUDomR

GHDYLDUDFRQWUDPmR
PXVLFDUDVYR]HVURXFDV
HJULWDUHPFRURQmR


VRODPEtJXR

DPDGUXJDGDGHUUDPD
LQV{QLDHPQRVVRVROKRV

RVMRUQDLVPDWXWLQRV
PDTXLODPDVROKHLUDV
GRVEHLUDLVGRVpFXOR
FRUSRVFDOFLQDGRV
FRPRIDQWDVPDV
VDOWDPGRSDVVDGR
DFDGDSiJLQDIROKDGD

DHItJLHYHUGH
SURIDQD
ULRVIORUHVWDVELFKRV
RELFKRKXPDQR
GHXVHVEUDQFRVGDQoDP
SURYRFDPFKXYDGHHQ[RIUH
VREUHDYLGDLQFHUWD

DPDQKmYHVWHOXWR
DSDUHQWHPHQWHQmRKiSRHVLD
FULDQoDVHPXOKHUHV
DUUDQFDPWRGDYLD
YLJRUGRVRODPEtJXR
VDEHPGHFRU
DSDUWLWXUDGHVXDVOiJULPDV

HUHFRPS}HPDVLQIRQLD
GRVULVRV


RXWRQR

V
D
K

R
I

DR

R
W
Q
H
Y

 PH
DFUHVFHQWR
 H

R
{
Y


GHVHQFRQWUR

DPRoDHUD
WRGDFRUGHURVD

FRPRIRVVHSRXFR
OLEHUWRXGDEROVD
XPEDWRP
HXPHVSHOKR
DPERVURVDV
HUHWRFRX
DUyVHDERFD

HHXVyTXHULD
XQVWRQVYHUPHOKRV
YHUGHVHUR[RV
XPDUFRtULV

SUDTXHUHU
DPRoD


FULFULFURQROyJLFR

DPDQKHFHLQYHUQR
HDQHEOLQD
PDLVHVFRQGHTXHUHYHOD

RVILRVHVEHOWRV
GDFKXYD
HVSLDPSHODMDQHOD

RFDFKHFROYHVWHRIULR
HRYHQWR
DVVDOWDRVSHGHVWUHV

FRPVHXVGHGRVHVJXLRV
DWDFD
OLYURVHSHOHV

LUURPSHPGDVFKDPLQpV
UHQGDV
TXHVREHPDRVFpXV

RWDSHWHDRSpGDODUHLUD
HYRFD
DFDPDQDDUHLD

FRPRVHIRVVHPDEHOKDV
RVROKRV
GDQoDPFRDVODEDUHGDV

HVFRUUHPSHUIXPHVQDVYHLDV
DVFKDPDV
ERUGDPIDYRVYHUPHOKRV

FDQVDRFRUSRHQDPRUDGR
HVHHQODoD
QRPDQWRGRDFROFKRDGR

JRVWDURXQmRHLVRDVVXQWR
TXHVHSRQWXD
HPERPVHULDJR]DUMXQWRV

pSHUGDIDODUQRWHPSR
SUHJD
TXHPSHQVDDRDYHVVR

LQGDTXHHQFDQWHRUHYHUVR


HQTXDQWR
QmRPHWHQWDRYHUVR

DRWUXtVPRHQILPPHUHQGR
HFRQYHUVR
FRPRKRVSHGHLUDGRWHPSR


GHOLFDGH]DV

DSHGUDU~VWLFD
VHHPEHEHGDGHQHEOLQD
HPHUJXOKDHPOiJULPDV


DUWH

DiJXDODYUDDSHGUD
HDVVLQDHPEDL[R
FRPRDUWLVWDUXSHVWUH


RPHQLQRHDVEDQGHLULQKDV

HLV9ROSLDFRPHPRUDU
EDQGHLULQKDVQRVYDUDLV
REHErMiYDLFKHJDU
PDPmHHQVDLDVHXVDLV

ROHLWHFRORVWURGRSHLWR
RULVRRFRORRQLQDU
SDSDLVyTXHUVHSHUIHLWR
SRURUDQHPYDLVXUIDU

YRY{JXDUGDVHXVSDQIOHWRV
WLWLDWUHLQDGHVHQKRV
pXPDJUDOKDDJUD]LQDU

YRYyFHUUDROLYURHDQLQKD
REHErTXHIXQGDXPSDtV
UHSOHWRGHEDQGHLULQKDV


DGROHVFHU

REDODQoRGDSUDoD
PRYHVH
HPYDLHYHP

RYHQWR
YHPHYDL
EHPQDVIROKDV
GDDPRUHLUD
PHXEHP

PHXVROKRVYrHP
DVDPRUDV
RHPEDOR
RYHQWRQDIROKDJHP
HWHXVROKRV

TXHYmRHYrP
DRHQFRQWURGRVPHXV


Y{R

RY{RGDDQGRULQKD
SODQDQRHVSDoRFODUR
GHVDERWRDVHGLDQWHGDMDQHOD
HVFDQFDUDGDGDVDODGHDXOD

RVGRLVROKRVLQWHLURVGDPHQLQD
YRDPOLYUHVDRFRPSDVVRGDVDVDV
HGHFRODPHWHUQDPHQWHGRSDSHO
RQGHHVWmRSUHVRVRVGHYHUHVGDHVFROD
TXDOVHWDDJXGDDFREUDUXPDOYR

HRFiOFXORVHWHQWDYH]HVVHWH
DGRUPHFHLUUHVROXWR
QRFDGHUQRDEHUWR


VRQHWLOKR

DVIORUHVDLQGDVHDVVDQKDP
DVIUXWDVGRXUDPRVPDPLORV
EUDoRVHSHUQDVVHHQODoDP
WURFDPRUJDVPRHDEULJR

RFRUSRHQFRVWDDVFRUWLQDV
DQGDDDOPDGHVFDOoD
RVROQDUXDFRQYLGD
DPHQWHJXDUGDDJUDYDWD

DFKXYDID]ILRVSUDWHDGRV
DWHUUDGiURVDjIDFH
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