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Da fenomenologia desconstruo

978-989-8247-13-1

vol. II




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da Universidade de Lisboa




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GolgonaAngheleEduardoPellejero,2010

Ttulo:Foradafilosofia.Dafenomenologiadesconstruo.
Editores:GolgonaAngheleEduardoPellejero

CentrodeFilosofiadasCinciasdaUniversidadedeLisboa
FaculdadedeCinciasdaUniversidadedeLisboa,
CampoGrande,EdifcioC4,3Piso,Sala4.3.24
1749016Lisboa,Portugal
http://cfcul.fc.ul.pt
cfcul@fc.ul.pt

ArranjodaCapa:G. A.
FormataoePaginao:E. P.
Impresso:Publidisa.
Data:Junhode2010.
DepsitoLegaln.:
ISBN:9789898247131


Livro editado pelo Centro de Filosofia das Cincias da


Universidade de Lisboa, apoiado no mbito do Programa de
Financiamento Plurianual das Unidades de I&D da Fundao
paraaCinciaeaTecnologia.
Os textos que compem o presente volume
foram apresentados no contexto do
programa de workshops Fora da
Filosofia, organizado pelo Centro de
Filosofia das Cincias da Universidade
de Lisboa, durante os anos de 2007 e
2008.




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A indefinio dos contornos das coisas

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Nuno Silva


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A indefinio dos contornos das coisas

2 HVWUDQKR p FRQVLGHUD 0HUOHDX3RQW\ TXDQGR PH ROKR QR


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A indefinio dos contornos das coisas

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HQWUH HODV QH[RV PLVWHULRVRV IRUPDP R JUDQGH FDXGDO GR TXH
IRUDPVpFXORVVXFHVVLYRVTXDVHXPPLOpQLRGHVGHD&KDQVRQGH
5RODQG GHOLWHUDWXUDIUDQFHVDDTXHGHYHUHPRVMXQWDUHVFULWRUHV
GHOtQJXDDOHPmDSDUWLUGRSULPHLURURPDQWLVPR UDURVHVFULWRUHV
HVWXGDGRVHVFDSDPDHVWHFDPSR (VVHpRHVSDoROLWHUiULRHVVHQ
FLDOHPTXH%ODQFKRWVHPRYHHpHVVHRWUDEDOKRGHGHFLIUDomRHP
TXHVHFRQFHQWUDPRVVHXVHVIRUoRV$DOJXQVGRVHVFULWRUHVYLVLWD
GRVYROWRXGLYHUVDVYH]HVVHMDTXHDVQRYDVFUtWLFDVUHWRPDVVHPDV
DQWLJDV SDUD DV OHYDUHP PDLV IXQGR VHMDTXH GHVHQOHDVVHP QRYDV
YLVLELOLGDGHV FODULILFDQGR DV SUHFHGHQWHVH OHYDQGRDVPDLV ORQJH
$VVLPUHJUHVVRXREVWLQDGDPHQWHDRVVHXVDXWRUHVFHQWUDLVHL[R H
FHQWURGHVHXHVSDoROLWHUiULRDRVJUDQGHVDXWRUHVSHQVDQWHVTXH
URQGDUDP D HVVrQFLD GD OLWHUDWXUD  3DVFDO /DXWUpDPRQW 6DGH
%DXGHODLUH0DOODUPp9DOpU\3URXVW+|OGHUOLQ1LHW]VFKH.DIND

27
Antnio Vieira

6mRRVVHXVDXWRUHVSUHGLOHFWRVRVTXHRFRQGX]HP HDROHLWRU 
D HVSDoRV LPSURYiYHLV D HVSDoRV QmR PDLV HXFOLGHDQRV PDV ULH
PDQQLDQRV RQGH D OLWHUDWXUD LQIULQJH R SODQR VLPSOHV H VRIUH
HQURODPHQWRV H YROXWDV TXH QRV S}HP SHUDQWH R LQHVSHUDGR
5HWRPD HQWmR DV VXDV OXWDV GH GHFLIUDomR FRPR VH GHEDL[R GD
HVFULWDTXHWRGRVSRGHPOHUVHGLVVLPXODVVHDOJRDJRWDGHQDGD
TXH IDOWDYD DR PDUTXH ,JLWXU EHEHUDH UHPHWH SDUDR HVVHQFLDO
&RPR R ID]" 3}HVH D URQGDU D REUD HVFROKLGD SDLUD VREUH HOD
GHL[DQRV D IDQWDVLD GH TXH D OHX UDGLFDOPHQWH H GH OpVDOpV TXH
OHXWXGRTXHOHXVHPSUHHSRXFRDSRXFRYDLVHDSUR[LPDQGRGR
TXHpGHFLVLYR/HPEUDXPLQVHFWRDWUDtGRSHODFRURODGHXPDIORU
SDLUDQGRHPVHXUHGRUHPYROWDVGHHVSLUDOHWRPDQGRRVHXFKHL
UR DWp HQWUDU QHOD H OLEDU R VDERU ~QLFR GRV SyOHQV SDUWLQGR D
UHYHOiORjFROPHLDjFRPXQLGDGHLQFRQIHVViYHOTXHROrHVHDOL
PHQWD GD VXD SUySULD HVFULWD 3URFHGH DVVLP SRU FtUFXORV TXH R
OHYDPSRXFRDSRXFRjRULJHPDRXPELJRGDREUDTXHVHOLJDDR
IXQGDPHQWRSULPHLURGDOLWHUDWXUDjPDWUL]FRPXPGRIHQyPHQR
OLWHUiULRHSDUWHHQWmRSDUDDGHPRQVWUDomRPDVIiORDXPULW
PRFUHVFHQWHTXHLPSULPHDRVVHXVHQVDLRVXPYHUGDGHLURGUDPD
WLVPR FRPR VH SRXFR D SRXFR R OHLWRU ILFDVVH KLSQRWL]DGR SHOD
FRLVD D GHVYHQGDU VRE D TXDO WUDQVSDUHFH R SUySULR SHQVDPHQWR
GRFUtWLFRTXHROHYDDOpPGDFUtWLFDjIHQRPHQRORJLDPDLVtQWLPD
GDSDODYUD
8PD YLGD LQWHLUD XPD YLGD VHFUHWD H TXDVH FHQWHQiULD TXDVH
FODQGHVWLQDVHPHVSHFWiFXORVHPHQWUHYLVWDVQHPIRWRJUDILDVVHP
XPDFDUUHLUDXQLYHUVLWiULDQHPRDVVHQWLPHQWRGHFHQiFXORVRXR
DSRLRGHLQWHOHFWXDLVGHHVWDGRQDGDLQWHUSRVWRHQWUHHOHHDOLWH
UDWXUD 8PD YLGD GH UHIOH[mR SRVWD LQWHJUDOPHQWH DR VHUYLoR GD
OLWHUDWXUD HVVH GRPtQLR GD DFWLYLGDGH KXPDQD TXH  HVFUHYHX 
H[FHGH R VtWLR H R PRPHQWR DFWXDLV SDUD VH VLWXDU jSHULIHULD GR
PXQGR H FRPR QR ILQDO GRV WHPSRV /D SDUW GX IHX S  
(PSUHHQGHX D FUtWLFD VLVWHPiWLFD GHVWD HQWLGDGH GHVWH HVSDoR
OLWHUiULRVLWXDGRHQWUHD+LVWyULDHRLPDJLQiULRHQWUHDQDWXUH]D
HRGHVHMRTXHLQGDJDHSHUFRUUHXPDDXPDWRGDVDVGLPHQV}HV
GDVLWXDomRKXPDQD
$VVLPWUDEDOKRXGXUDQWHPDLVGHPHLRVpFXORFRUUHQGRSHODV
JUDQGHVREUDVOLWHUiULDVGHGXDVOtQJXDVRIUDQFrVHRDOHPmR/HL
WXUD H[DOWDQWH VXEVWDQFLRVD H[DVSHUDQWH SDUD PXLWRV D TXHP RV

28
O lado de l, em Maurice Blanchot

SDUiJUDIRV ORQJRV EDUURFRV DGLDQGR D VDWLVIDomR GR VHQWLGR GLV


VXDGHP OHLWXUD HP TXH VH DFHQDP VXVSHQV}HV FRQWUDGLo}HV
ELIXUFDo}HV DPELJXLGDGHV FRQVWDQWHV FRP D LQWHQomR GH GHVFR
EULUUHFHVVRVGHVRPEUDHOXFLGiORVPDVTXHSHODIRUoDGRPHVPR
PRYLPHQWRUXPRjGHFLIUDomRRVUHLQYHVWHGHHQLJPDHRVUHHQYLD
jV VRPEUDV  HVVD OHLWXUD DOLPHQWDQRV H GHL[DQRV DWyQLWRV SUR
S}HPQRV XPD WDUHID VHP WHUPR ( RQGH HQWUHYtDPRV RV IDYRUHV
GDILFomRRGHYDQHLRDSXUDIUXLomRGRLPDJLQiULRGHSDUDPRQRV
FRPDVTXHVW}HVIXQGDPHQWDLVHJUDYHVRVHQWLGRGDYLGDRQmR
VHQWLGR GDKLVWyULD R GHVWLQR GR KRPHP D PRUWHDLPSRVVLELOL
GDGHGDPRUWH
(VWDREUDLPHQVDHGLItFLOHLYDGDGHSHVVLPLVPRHVHPFRQFHV
V}HV /HYLQDV/DSKLORVRSKLHFHVWODSHQVpHVDQVFRPSODLVDQFHV 
OHYDQWDVH VREUH RV LPSDVVHV GR WHPSR SUHVHQWH VHQGR HVFULWD GR
GHVDVWUH SRU H[FHOrQFLD 0XLWRV D DIORUDP KRMH PDV HOD SDUHFH
FRQWHUXPDUHVHUYDLQHVJRWiYHOGHIRUoDVHPODWrQFLD)LOyVRIRVGD
OLQJXDJHPKLVWRULDGRUHVGDOLWHUDWXUDHHQVDLVWDVQmRRXVDPFRQ
YRFiODQDVXDWRWDOLGDGHHYHHPrQFLDQHPSRGHPFDOiODeXPD
YR] TXH VXVFLWD LQGtFLRV DGYHUWrQFLDV H DPELJXLGDGHV XPD YR]
REVWLQDGD TXH VH HOHYD VREUH R VHQWLGR H R GHVWLQR GR VpFXOR
DFWXDOFRPRDGH1LHW]VFKHVHHUJXHUDSUHVVDJLDQGRRVHQWLGRHR
GHVWLQRGRVpFXOR;;0DVHVWDYR]ELIXUFDVHSRUXPODGRFRUUH
DR GHVYHQGDPHQWR GDV JUDQGHV HVFULWDV XPD D XPD PDV SRU
RXWURODGRSURS}HVHQHVVHHVIRUoRFUtWLFRPRVWUDUDVXDSUySULD
ILORVRILD'HUHVWRDRODGRGR%ODQFKRWTXHFRPHQWDHGHFLIUDDV
YR]HVGRVRXWURVSDUDDILUPDURVHXSUySULRSHQVDPHQWRPDQLIHV
WDVHXPRXWUR%ODQFKRWTXHpHOHPHVPRHVFULWRU
1DVXDILFomRQmRPHQRVSHUWXUEDGRUDQHPPDLVDFHVVtYHOGR
TXHRJUDQGHFRUSRGDREUDFUtWLFDGHVHQFDGHLDPVHYR]HVQDUUDWL
YDV REVWLQDGDV TXDVH LPSHUWLQHQWHV IDODV DQyQLPDV WUD]LGDV SHOD
HVFULWDHGDGDVFRPROHLWXUDOLQJXDJHPGLWDHHVFULWDFRPRVHHOH
DHVFXWDUDDHVFUHYHUDHDGHVVHDOHUDOJRTXHYHPGRVRPHYROWD
DRVRPPDVILQDOPHQWHSHUWHQFHDRVLOrQFLRVmRYR]HVVDtGDVGR
GHVFRQKHFLGRHFRQWXGRHPSHQKDGDVHPDOJRTXHQmRVHPRVWUD
YR]HVTXHDUJXPHQWDPGL]HPUD]}HVYmVQXPFHQiULRLQGHILQLGR
FRQYHUVDP HQWUH VL FUX]DPVH UHVSRQGHPVH LQWHUSHODPVH PXU
PXUDP D LQDQLGDGH GDV VXDV SUHVHQoDV WpQXHV  YR]HV HUUiWLFDV
YDJXHDQGRFRPRIRJRVIiWXRVYR]HVLQFRUSyUHDVYRWDGDVjVROLGmR

29
Antnio Vieira

SXUDV DOXFLQDo}HV TXH DVVHGLDP R OHLWRU IHLWDV RUD GH GHVHVSHUR


RUD GH GHVDPSDUR SHUDQWH D H[LVWrQFLD RUD GH WpGLR H TXH SDUH
FHP HFRV GH YR]HV UHDLV TXH HPERUD VHP SURMHFWR QmR VH H[WLQ
JXHP
'RWH[WR/DIROLHGXMRXU S $VSDODYUDVIDODYDPVR]LQKDV
2VLOrQFLRHQWUDYDQHODVUHI~JLRH[FHOHQWHSRUTXHQLQJXpPSDUD
DOpPGHPLPRDSHUFHELD$UHFRPHQGDomRFRQWLGDHP/DWWHQWH
ORXEOL S 'HYHPRVVHPSUHIDFHDFDGDLQVWDQWHFRQGX]LUQRV
FRPRVHHOHIRVVHHWHUQRHHVSHUDVVHGHQyVWRUQDUVHSDVVDJHLUR$
SURFXUD GD LGHQWLGDGH HP /H GHUQLHU KRPPH SS   ( TXHP
IDOD"6HUiVWX"6HUHLHXHPWL"6HUiRUXPRUTXHVHPFHVVDUSDVVD
HQWUHQyV H FXMRV HFRV GLIHUHQWHVQRV FKHJDP GH XPD H GH RXWUD
PDUJHQV")RXFDXOWQRVHXEHORHQVDLR/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUVHVFULWR
HPHVWLORTXDVHEODQFKRWLDQR FRLVDFRPXPDRVOHLWRUHVFRQWXPD
]HVGRJUDQGHFUtWLFR DVVXPHTXHHVWHGHKRUVHVWHODGRGHOiHP
0DXULFH %ODQFKRW p D DQXODomR TXH DWLQJH R DXWRU QR DFWR GD
HVFULWD LOXVWUDGD SHODV YR]HV EUDQFDV DQyQLPDV LQGLIHUHQWHV H
QHXWUDV GD ILFomR GDTXHOH %ODQFKRW  HVFUHYH )RXFDXOW  PDLV
TXHHVFRQGLGRSHORVVHXVWH[WRVHVWiDXVHQWHGDVXDH[LVWrQFLDH
DXVHQWH SHOD IRUPD PDUDYLOKRVD GD VXD H[LVWrQFLD 2S FLW S
 
(VWDVYR]HVHVWDVPXUPXUDo}HVVLWXDPVHGHIRUDGDYLGDHGH
IRUD GD PRUWH H SRU YH]HV %ODQFKRW OHYDQWD XP YpUWLFH GR YpX
VREUHDVXDLUUHDOLGDGHFRPRQRWH[WR/DOLWWpUDWXUHHWOHGURLWjOD
PRUWeRTXHRXWUDVUHOLJL}HVFKDPDUDPDPDOGLomRGRVUHQDVFL
PHQWRV PRUUHVH PDV PRUUHVH PDO SRUTXH VH YLYHX PDO pVH
REULJDGR D UHYLYHU H UHYLYHVH DWp TXH WRUQDGR LQWHLUDPHQWH
KRPHPHVVHKRPHPVHWRUQHDRPRUUHUXPKRPHPIHOL]YHUGD
GHLUDPHQWH KRPHP .DIND SRU YLD GD &DEDOD H GDV WUDGLo}HV
RULHQWDLVKHUGRXHVVHWHPD2KRPHPHQWUDQDQRLWHPDVDQRLWH
FRQGX] DR GHVSHUWDU H HLOR YHUPH 2X HQWmR R KRPHP PRUUH
PDVQDYHUGDGHYLYHYDLGHWHUUDHPWHUUDDUUDVWDGRSHORVULRV  
e XPD FRQGLomR HVWUDQKD HVTXHFHXVH GH PRUUHU 0DV RXWUR
VXS}HYLYHUSRUTXHHVTXHFHXDPRUWHHRXWURVDEHQGRVHPRUWR
OXWDHPYmRSRUPRUUHUDPRUWHpOiDRIXQGRRJUDQGHFDVWHOR
LQDWLQJtYHO /D SDUW GX IHX S  $VVLP VH UHXQHP RV PLWRV
SURGLJLRVRVG2&DVWHORHG2FDoDGRU*UDFFKXV2GHKRUVRODGRGH
IRUDDQXQFLDVHFRPRIDWDOLGDGHHDGYHUWrQFLD

30
O lado de l, em Maurice Blanchot

(VWHGHKRUVpRTXHVHQGRLQDOFDQoiYHORFDVWHORDLPDJHPGH
(XUtGLFHQDQRLWHDEVROXWDGH2UIHXDSDVVDJHPSDUDDPRUWHGR
FDoDGRU*UDFFKXVVHGX]LQFDQVDYHOPHQWHRVJUDQGHVHVFULWRUHVH
RVOHYDDROLPLDUGHVVHSRQWRGHWUDQVJUHVVmRSHODYLVWDTXHVHULD
VXILFLHQWHHP VL PDV TXH VHPSUH VHQHJD >9DOpU\ 9RLU VXIILW HW
VDYRLU TXH ORQ YRLW 0RQ )DXVW S  @ 0DV QmR WHPRV ROKRV
SDUDSHQHWUDUDWpDRIXQGRGHVVHVHVSDoRVeDOJRFRPRDLQFLWDomR
D SHUVFUXWDU D RSDFLGDGH GR PXQGR GRV YLYHQWHV GRV KXPDQRV
GDPDWpULDGDPRUWHDOJRVHPVROXomR$FLrQFLDH[FOXLDYHQWXUDU
VHSRUHVVDVWHUUDVtQYLDVDVUHOLJL}HVSHUGHPVHQHODVHDVPHWDItVL
FDVGHVLJQDPQDVVHPDVSHUFRUUHUHPDWHQWDVDRYHUVRyUILFR+i
XPPRPHQWRXPSRQWRDSDUWLUGRTXDOGHYHPFHVVDURVQRVVRV
FkQWLFRV6yDOLWHUDWXUDHQIUHQWDDSURYRFDomRH RHVFkQGDOR GR
DELVPR TXH VH DEUH VH SUHVWDUPRV DWHQomR QXP PRPHQWR GH
VLOrQFLRDRQRVVRODGRHQRLQVWDQWHTXHVHVHJXH(HVWDPRVQR
SyORRSRVWRGRPDUDYLOKRVRIDQWiVWLFRHGRVHXULGtFXORHVWDPRV
QRPDLVtQWLPRGDUHDOLGDGH
%DXGHODLUHQRSRHPD/HJRXIIUHFRPHQWDGRSRU%ODQFKRW

(WPRQHVSULWWRXMRXUVGXYHUWLJHKDQWp
-DORXVHGXQpDQWOLQVHQVLELOLWp
$K1HMDPDLVVRUWLUGHV1RPEUHVHWGHVWUHV

(QRXWURGHVVHVSRHPDVHPGRGHFDVVtODERVGH%DXGHODLUHQmR
ERpPLRHPTXHVHPSUHQRVSDUHFHRXYLU5DFLQHHVWHVYHUVRV

&RPPHWXPHSODLUDLV{1XLW6DQVFHVpWRLOHV
'RQWODOXPLqUHSDUOHXQODQJDJHFRQQX
&DUMHFKHUFKHOHYLGHHWOHQRLUHWOHQX

$FRQYRFDomRGR&DRVTXHQmRpSHUPLWLGDjILORVRILDQHPjV
UHOLJL}HVQHPDRVVDEHUHVFLHQWtILFRV VHQmRVREDIRUPDPHWDIyUL
FDGHXPFDRVDEVWUDFWR SHUPLWHjSRHVLD QDVXDGLPHQVmRODUJD
GH SRLHVLV TXH p D OLWHUDWXUD  PHUJXOKDU FRPR XP UHOkPSDJR QR
GHKRUVQHVVDPDWpULDGRRXWURLQDWLQJtYHOLQDERUGiYHOHLOXPLQDU
SRU XP LQVWDQWH R FHQiULR TXH QmR SRGH VHU ROKDGR 3DUD HVWH
OLPLWHWHQGHRFDQWRGH2UIHX0DOODUPp$PDUDYLOKDGHWUDQV
SRUXPIDFWRDQDWXUH]DQRVHXTXDVHGHVDSDUHFLPHQWRYLEUDWyULR

31
Antnio Vieira

FRQIRUPHDRMRJRGDSDODYUD(DFDUWDGH.DINDjVXDLUPm2WWOD
(VFUHYRGLIHUHQWHGRTXHIDORIDORGLIHUHQWHGRTXHSHQVRSHQVR
GLIHUHQWH GR TXH GHYHULD SHQVDU H DVVLP VXFHVVLYDPHQWH DWp DR
PDLV SURIXQGR GD REVFXULGDGH LQ /DPLWLp S   6mR HVWDV
GHVFRQWLQXLGDGHV TXH H[SORUD 0DXULFH %ODQFKRW  D OkPLQD ILQD
GHFDRVTXHVHLQWHUS}HHQWUHDSDODYUDHDFRLVDGHQRPLQDGDHDV
OkPLQDVFDyWLFDVTXHYrPHQWUHRSHQVDPHQWRHDSDODYUDHQWUHR
SHQVDPHQWR H D HVFULWD HQWUH R SHQVDPHQWR SRVVtYHO H R SHQVD
PHQWRGHVHMiYHOHQWUHDLGHLDHDUHSUHVHQWDomRHQWUHDILFomRHR
TXH VH WRPD SRU UHDOLGDGH 3URFXUD R ROKDU HVWUDQJHLUR H LQFRP
SRVVtYHOTXHWUDJDDFKDYHGDXQLGDGHGRPXQGRRXGDVXDILFomR
$VVLP DR WUDGX]LU XP SRHPD GH 3DXO &HODQ QR OLYUR 8QH YRL[
YHQXHGDLOOHXUV S 

,O\DXUDjF{WpGXQ{WUH
HQFRUHXQRHLO
pWUDQJHUPXHW
6RXVODSDXSLqUHGHSLHUUH

2 PXQGR ODPLQDGR TXH VH LQVLQXD HQWUH IDFWLFLGDGH H ILFomR
WHQWDRDFDGDSiJLQDGDVVXDVDQiOLVHVOLWHUiULDV2Q~FOHR~OWLPR
GDV FRLVDV TXH RV IXOJRUHV GD SRHVLD DIORUDP SRGH WDPEpP VHU
SURFXUDGRQRDELVPRGDPHPyULDHJUDQGHHQLJPDPRVWUDGRDRV
RXWURVFRPRDXPHVSHOKRHDOkPLQDGHVHSDUDomRODQoDGDHQWUH
RVKXPDQRVSRGHVHUHQWmRLOXGLGDHWUDQVSRVWD2XoDPRV3URXVW
 QmR R DXWRU GR JUDQGH URPDQFH GD PRGHUQLGDGH GR URPDQFH
SRU H[FHOrQFLD PDV R QDUUDGRU 0DUFHO JXLDGR HPERUD SHODV
SUHRFXSDo}HVGRDXWRU0DUFHO3URXVWDRSHQVDUQRIXWXURGRVHX
OLYUR H QRV VHXV OHLWRUHV IXWXURV 3RUTXH QmR VHULDP TXDQWR D
PLPPHXVOHLWRUHVPDVOHLWRUHVGHOHVPHVPRVQmRVHQGRRPHX
OLYUR VHQmR XPD HVSpFLH GH OHQWH GH DXPHQWDU FRPR DV TXH R
ySWLFRGH&RPEUD\PRVWUDYDDXPFOLHQWHRPHXOLYURJUDoDVDR
TXDO OKHV SURSRUFLRQDYD R PHLR GH OHUHP QHOHV SUySULRV 'H WDO
PRGR TXH QmR OKHV SHGLULD TXH PH ORXYDVVHP RX GHQHJULVVHP
PDVWmRVyTXHPHGLVVHVVHPVHHUDDTXLORPHVPRVHDVSDODYUDV
TXH OLDP GHQWUR GHOHV HUDP FRPR DV TXH HX WLQKD HVFULWR /H
WHPSVUHWURXYpSS (QRXWURSRQWR6HQWLDPHGLODWDGR

32
O lado de l, em Maurice Blanchot

SRUHVVDREUDTXHWUDQVSRUWDYDHPPLP FRPRSRUDOJRGHSUHFLVR
HIUiJLOTXHPHIRUDFRQILDGR  ,ELGS 
2WHPSRGLVVRFLDGRHPIDL[DVGHVFRQWtQXDVTXHVHFUX]DPVH
VREUHS}HPLQWHUSHQHWUDPLQWHUFDODPHLQWHUIHUHPSHUPLWLQGRR
WH[WRDQLPDQGRDLQWULJDHVHSDUDQGRDGHVVDPHGLGDGHWRGDVDV
FRLVDV TXH p D SUySULD YLGD GR HVFULWRU GR OHLWRU GR FUtWLFR GR
FUtWLFR GR FUtWLFR H DVVLP SRU GLDQWH   HVVH WHPSR UHEHOGH H
LPSUHYLVtYHO TXH D XP SULPHLUR ROKDU SDUHFH OLVR H XQtYRFR p
FRLVDIUDJPHQWDGDeYHUGDGHLUDPHQWHDSURFXUDGRWHPSRSHUGL
GRTXHFRQGX]WRGDHTXDOTXHUILFomRXPWHPSRG~ELRGRHVFUL
WRU H[WUDLQGR GD ODWrQFLDD QDUUDWLYD DR SURFXUDU QRV SRQWRV GH
OX]HVRPEUDGDVXDFRQVFLrQFLDXPWHPSRPtWLFRGRTXHpFRQ
WDGR H VH SHUGHX GD QDWXUH]D XP WHPSR PiJLFR GD OHLWXUD SRU
RQGHVHUHLILFDXPDUHDOLGDGHQRYDHLQGL]tYHO TXHQmRHVWiFRQWL
GDQDHVFULWDPDVUHVVXUJHDFDGDXPGRVOHLWRUHVHDFDGDXPDGDV
OHLWXUDV DLQGD TXH GR PHVPR OHLWRU JXLDQGRVH SRU HVSDoRV H
kQJXORVUHQRYDGRVTXHOKHGmRUHVVRQkQFLDHFRU 3RUTXHDUHOD
omRGRKRPHPOLWHUiULRFRPRPXQGRpDGHXPSUROL[RVLVWHPD
GHILQDVOHQWHVHVSHOKRVSULVPDVGLySWULFRVFULVWDLVTXHVHSDUDP
QDUUDGRUHDXWRUDXWRUHWH[WRWH[WRHQDWXUH]DQDWXUH]DHPHPy
ULDUHPHPRUDomRHPLWRWUD]HQGRVXFHVVLYDVGHIRUPDo}HVDRTXH
HVWiHPMRJR3RUWXGRLVVRRHQWHQGLPHQWRGROXJDUGDOLWHUDWXUD
HGRVHXVHQWLGRHQYROYHVHQXPGRPtQLRGHQpYRDVHSHQXPEUDV
TXHDPDLVILQDIHQRPHQRORJLDDFXVWRGHFLIUD
%ODQFKRWSURFXUDRPRPHQWRDSDUWLUGRTXDODHVFULWDVHWRUQD
SRVVtYHOHPHVPRLQHYLWiYHO1RHQVDLRVREUH3URXVWFRQWLGRHP
/H OLYUH j YHQLU HVFUHYH +i QD VXD REUD XPD LQWULFDomR WDOYH]
HQJDQRVDPDVPDUDYLOKRVDGHWRGDVDVIRUPDVGRWHPSR-DPDLV
VDEHUHPRV H HOH SUySULR 3URXVW  QmR HVWi PDLV HP VLWXDomR GH
VDEHU D TXH WHPSR SHUWHQFH WDO DFRQWHFLPHQWR TXH HYRFD VH VH
SDVVD DSHQDV QR PXQGR GD QDUUDWLYD RX VH DFRQWHFH SDUD TXH
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49
Joo Pedro Cachopo

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50
Como rasgar o firmamento?

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51
Joo Pedro Cachopo

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52
Como rasgar o firmamento?

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53
Joo Pedro Cachopo

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54
Como rasgar o firmamento?

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75
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77
Catarina Pombo Nabais

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Catarina Pombo Nabais

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80
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81
Catarina Pombo Nabais

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83
Catarina Pombo Nabais

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85
Catarina Pombo Nabais

HP%DUWOHE\pSRUWDQWRXPFRQFHLWRGHXPRXWURGRPtQLR-iQmR
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86
Imagens do Fora em Deleuze

%RUJHVD/HLEQL]DOLQKDGLUHLWDFRPRIRUoDGRWHPSRFRPRODEL
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RXWURPXQGRRQGHHOHQmRFRSLD0HOYLOOHDQWHFLSDVHPRVDEHUD
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VXD VLWXDomR OLPLWH QD VXD QmRSUHIHUrQFLD (OH SUySULR Mi QmR
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87
Catarina Pombo Nabais

]HP HP IODJUDQWH DFWR GH IDEXODU 6mR RV SHUVRQDJHQV TXH WrP
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HPIODJUDQWHGHOLWRGHOpJHQGHUpVDLVLURPRYLPHQWRGHFRQVWLWXL
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