JJ

h a n g e Vi h a n g e Vi h a n g e Vi h a n g e Vi
XC e w XC e w XC e w XC e w
F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
! ! ! !er
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
buy buy buy b uy
to to to to
k k k k
lic lic lic lic
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o
c u -tr a c k c u -tr a c k c u -tr a c k c u -tr a c k
INDEX
__________________________________
Module 1
CONTENT PAGE
Present Perfect: Verb to Be 4
Present Perfect: Other verbs 6
Present Perfect or Past Simple 8
Vocabulary: The Media 10
Module 2
CONTENT PAGE
Future with Goin To 13
Present Continuous for Future Use 15
Will or Going To? 16
English Pack Comparative Adjectives 18
Superlative Adjectives 21
Vocabulary: Global Problems 23
Level 2
Module 3
CONTENT PAGE
Word Order: Asking Questions 26
Direct and Indirect Questions 30
Vocabulary: Crime 33
Master TOEFL Reading Skills 35
Finding Main Ideas and Supporting Details 37
Skimming for Specific Information 41
Making Inferences 43
Departamento de Ingls
h a n g e Vi h a n g e Vi
XC e w XC e w
F- F-
PD
PD
er
er
! !
W W
O O
N N
buy buy
to to
k k h a n g e Vi h a n g e Vi
lic lic XC ew XC ew
C C F- F-
w
w
m
m
o
o
PD
PD
er
er
w
w
w w ! !
.c .c W W
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.d o
c u -tr a c k O O
N N
y y
bu bu
to to
k k
lic ~ 38 ~ lic
C C
w
w
m
m
o
o
w
w
w .c w .c
.d o .d o
c u -tr a c k c u -tr a c k
Present Perfect: Verb be

Use the present perfect in two situations:
1) To talk about experiences in the past, when we dont know

or dont say exactly when the experience happened.
Examples:
Have you been to Italy?

Yes, Ive been there three times.
Have you been to Rio de Janeiro?
No, I havent. I dont like hot weather.
Has Diana been to a rock concert?
Yes, many times!
Has your brother been to a big sports event?
No, he hasnt. He hates sports.
2) To talk about an action or state that started in the past

Module 1 and continues to the present.
Examples:
How long have you been married?

Ive been married for five years.
How long has John been a teacher?
Hes been a teacher since last January.
www.espressoenglish.net

XC ew XC ew XC ew XC ew
F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to to
k k k k
lic ~ 39 ~ lic lic ~ 40 ~ lic
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o
Present Perfect: Verb be Present Perfect: Other Verbs

Positive Regular verbs
Full Form Short Form Verb Past Participle Example
I have Ive travel traveled Ive traveled to 15 countries in my life.

You have Youve watch watched She hasnt watched the movie yet.
been to Paris.
We have Weve pass passed Weve passed our English test.
They have Theyve try tried Have you tried restarting the computer?
stop stopped Theyve recently stopped smoking.
He / she / it has Hes / shes / its been to Paris.
Irregular verbs
Negative
Verb Past Past Participle
Full Form Short Form
break broke broken
I have not I havent buy bought bought
You have not You havent do did done
been to Paris.
We have not We havent eat ate eaten
They have not They havent get got gotten
give gave given
He / she / it has not He / she / it hasnt been to Paris. go went gone
know knew known
leave left left
Question make made made
meet met met
Auxiliary Verb Subject see saw seen
take took taken
Have I / you / we / they been to Paris? tell told told
think thought thought
Has he / she / it been to Paris?
write wrote written
www.espressoenglish.net www.espressoenglish.net

F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to to
k k k k
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o
Present Perfect: Other Verbs Present Perfect or Past Simple

Examples: Use the present perfect to talk about a general experience in the
past. Use the past simple to talk about a specific moment in the past.
I cant find my car keys. Have you seen them?
No, I havent. Sorry. Have you seen the new Mission Impossible film?
Yes, I have.
Weve written more than 100 e-mails in the past week. When did you see it?
I saw it last week.
My cousin has met a lot of famous people in her life.
Use the present perfect for unspecified time:
Have you ever broken a bone?
Yes, I have.
Ive seen the new Mission Impossible film.
Has she ever eaten Vietnamese food?
No, she hasnt. |-------------------?--------------|------------------------------------|
past present future
Have you ever thought about moving to another country?
Weve thought about it, but we havent told our kids.
The teacher hasnt given us any homework yet. Use the past simple for specified time:
Camilo has made a lot of mistakes in his life.

I saw the new Mission Impossible film last week.
Have you ever gotten lost while driving?
No, I havent but my mother has! |------------------------- |-------|------------------------------------|
past last week present future
Kristin has never taken singing classes.
Grammar Exercise: Present Perfect

XC e w XC e w
F- F-
PD
PD
er
er
! !
XC
h a n g e Vi
XC
h a n g e Vi W W
F-
ew
F-
ew O O
N N
y y
PD
PD
er
er
! !
W W bu bu
O O
N N to to
u y u y k k
b b lic lic
to to C C
w
w
k k
m
m
o
o
w
w
lic ~ 43 ~ lic w w
C C
w
w
m
m
.c .c
o
o
w
w
.d o .d o
w .c w .c c u -tr a c k c u -tr a c k
.d o .d o
Present Perfect or Past Simple

Use the present perfect to talk about an action that started in the
past and continues to the present. Use the past simple to talk about
an action that started and finished in the past.
Use the present perfect for unfinished time:
Ive lived in Brazil for three years. (and I live in Brazil now)
|----------------|>>>>>>>>>>|------------------------------------|
past 3 years ago present future
Use the past simple for finished time:
I lived in Brazil for three years. (and I dont live in Brazil now)
|-------|>>>>>>>>>>|--------|-----------------------------------|
past period of 3 years present future
Grammar Exercise: Present Perfect or Past Simple?

XC e w XC e w
F- F-
PD
PD
er
! !er
W W
O O
C h a n g e Vie C h a n g e Vie N N
F -X w F -X w uy uy
b b
PD
PD
er
er
! ! to to
W W k k
O O lic lic
N N C C
w
w
m
m
y y
o
o
w
w
w .c w .c
bu bu .d o
c u -tr a c k
.d o
c u -tr a c k
to to
k k
lic lic
C C
w
w
m
m
o
o
w
w
w .c w .c
.d o .d o
Module 2

F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to to
k k k k
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o
Future with Going To Future with Going To

Use going to to talk about future plans and predictions. Negative:
Full Form Contracted Contracted

Form 1 Form 2
I am not Im not ---

You are not Youre not You arent
going to
He / she is not Hes / Shes not He / she isnt
take a test
It is not Its not It isnt
tomorrow.
We are not Were not We arent
They are not Theyre not They arent
Question:
Am I
Shes going to have a baby Its going to rain soon. Are you
going to take a test tomorrow?
next month. Is he / she / it
Are we
Are they
Positive:
Full Form Contracted Form Dont forget am/is/are!
I am Im I going to buy some new shoes next week.

You are Youre Im going to buy some new shoes next week.
going to take a test
He / she / it is Hes / Shes / Its She not going to watch TV.
tomorrow.
We are Were Shes not going to watch TV.
They are Theyre They going to get married in June.
Theyre going to get married in June.
In fast spoken English, going to often sounds like gonna: Grammar Exercise: Future with Going to
Were gonna take a test tomorrow.

F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to to
k k k k
lic ~5~ lic lic ~6~ lic
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o
Present Continuous For Future Use Will or Going To?

There are two additional ways to talk about the future in English:
Talking about the future in English will/wont and going to.
Many students use only will or going to in Use going to for plans and arrangements:
order to talk about the future. However, its
On my next vacation, Im going to stay in a nice hotel in Paris.
very common to use the present Shes going to look for a new job after her current contract ends.
continuous to talk about the future, in the case Davids going to meet me at the airport at 8:00.
Were going to get married next July.
of arrangements that are planned:
Theyre going to visit Amy next week. They made plans to meet up
on Monday.
+ Im having dinner with friends tonight.
Peter and Paul are going to share an apartment when they move to
+ Shes meeting David at the train station tomorrow. New York.
Note: You can also use the present continuous for the future in these cases.
- He isnt coming to the party.
On my next vacation, Im staying at a nice hotel in Paris.
- We arent seeing our family this weekend.
Davids meeting me at the airport at 8:00.
Were getting married next July.
? What are you doing on Saturday?
? Is Mary arriving at 7:00 or 8:00 tomorrow morning? Use will/wont for promises:
You can use the present continuous for future plans with these words: Ill send you an e-mail.
I wont tell anyone your secret.
tonight, tomorrow, this weekend Hell pay you back tomorrow.
next week/month/year We wont forget your birthday.
this summer/fall/winter/spring
Use will for offers:
on Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday/etc.
Ill buy you a drink.
next Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday/etc. My secretary will help you with the paperwork.
Use will for decisions made in that moment:

Would you like potatoes or rice?
Ill have the rice.
Which shirt do you like?
Well, the red one is cheaper, but I prefer the color blue. Ill take the
blue one.

F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to to
k k k k
lic ~7~ lic lic ~ 31 ~ lic
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o
You can use either will/wont or going to for predictions or general

statements about the future: Comparative Adjectives
My companys going to move its headquarters overseas next year.
My company will move its headquarters overseas next year. Use comparatives to compare two things:
Your wife will love those flowers theyre beautiful!
Your wifes going to love those flowers theyre beautiful!
The economy isnt going to improve much this year.
The economy wont improve much this year. Phil is older than Ben.
He wont pass the test. He hasnt studied at all.
Hes not going to pass the test. He hasnt studied at all.
Ben is younger than Phil.
Use I think will and I dont think will to express thoughts

about the future.
Dont use I think wont. (it doesnt sound natural).
I think you wont like this movie. Its very violent.

I dont think youll like this movie. Its very violent. For One-Syllable Words
Add er
Will/Wont vs. Going to Quiz
Tall Taller
Click here to take the quiz!
Old Older
http://www.espressoenglish.net/grammar-in-use-willwont-vs-going-to#quiz
Fast Faster
Long Longer
New Newer
Linking Words: Reasons and Results
Image source: FreeDigitalPhotos.net
My new car is faster than my old car.
Linking words help you connect the ideas in a
I'm older than my brother.
sentence. In this lesson, youll learn some
common linking words to Traveling by bike takes longer than traveling by motorcycle.
express reasons and results.
Linking Words: Reasons

F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to to
k k k k
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o
Comparative Adjectives Comparative Adjectives
For Words that end in a vowel + consonant For Words with 3+ syllables
Double the last consonant and add er Add more before the adjective:
Big Bigger Expensive More expensive
Hot Hotter Popular More popular
Thin Thinner Interesting More interesting
An elephant is bigger than a cat. A car is more expensive than a computer.

Brazil is hotter than Sweden. Michael Jackson's music is more popular than country music.
My sister is thinner than me. Watching a movie is more interesting than studying grammar.
For Words that end in consonant + y Adjectives with Irregular Comparatives
Remove -y and add -ier. Good Better
Easy Easier Bad Worse
Happy Happier Far Farther
Busy Busier
Eating fruit is better for your health than eating hamburgers.

Cancer is worse than the flu.
Reading English is easier than listening.
One mile is farther than one kilometer.
Maria is happier than Dave.
People today are busier than in the past.
Grammar Exercise: Comparative Adjectives

F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to to
k k k k
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o
Superlative Adjectives Superlative Adjectives

Use superlatives to compare three or more things: Examples:
My grandmother is the oldest person in my family.

Russia is the biggest country in the world.
This is the easiest test I've ever taken.
Jim is the oldest person in the family. Barry is the friendliest guy in the class.
Donna is the most beautiful woman I've ever seen.
Kelly is the youngest person in the family.
The most expensive shoes in the world cost 1.5 million dollars.
I like all sports, but I like soccer the best.
Picking up garbage was the worst job I've ever had.
Australia is the farthest I've ever traveled.
Dont forget the!
I read newest lesson from Espresso English.

Adjective Superlative I read the newest lesson from Espresso English.
Old the oldest
Big the biggest Superlatives are often used with the present perfect + ever:
Easy the easiest This is the best sushi I've ever eaten.
What's the most expensive car you've ever driven?
Friendly the friendliest
The longest book I've ever read was 500 pages.
Beautiful the most beautiful Jan is the friendliest person I've ever met.
Expensive the most expensive
Good the best

Grammar Exercise: Superlative Adjectives
Bad the worst
Far the farthest

F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to to
k k k k
lic lic lic lic
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o

XC e w XC e w
F- F-
PD
PD
er
er
! !
W W
O O
N N
buy buy
to to
k k h a n g e Vi h a n g e Vi
lic lic XC ew XC ew
C C F- F-
w
w
m
m
o
o
PD
PD
er
er
w
w
w w ! !
.c .c W W
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.d o
c u -tr a c k O O
N N
y y
bu bu
to to
k k
lic ~ 65 ~ lic
C C
w
w
m
m
o
o
w
w
w .c w .c
.d o .d o
The new Stephen King book, which I borrowed from the library, is very
good.
Without clause: The new Stephen King book is very good.
(sentence is complete. The library part was only an extra detail)
Relative Clauses Quiz
Click here to take the quiz!

http://www.espressoenglish.net/relative-clauses-exercises#quiz
Word Order: Asking Questions

Forming questions in English can be confusing.
Dont worry Im going to teach you a simple formula that works for asking
questions in almost ALL the verb tenses!
Module 3
This formula is called QUASM:
QU estion word
A uxiliary verb
S ubject
M ain verb
Look how QUASM works for forming questions in these verb tenses:

F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to Present Continuous Questions: to
k k k k
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o
Simple Present Questions: QUESTION AUXILIARY SUBJECT MAIN

WORD VERB VERB
QUESTION AUXILIARY SUBJECT MAIN
WORD VERB VERB
What are you doing at the moment?
Where do you work?

Why is he ignoring me?
What does Martha think about the project?

What time are we meeting for dinner?
up
How do you like your new
apartment?
Who is she dating now?
How many does Bob have?

kids
Past Continuous Questions:

Simple Past Questions: WORD VERB VERB

Who were you talking to on the phone?
WORD VERB VERB
What was Jim doing when you called?
How did they learn English so fast?
Why were the children eating candy before
When did you get home from work
dinner?
yesterday?
How was he feeling after the surgery?
What did the manager think about your idea?
Where did you buy that T-shirt?
Present Continuous Questions: Present Perfect Questions:

F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to to
k k k k
lic lic lic lic
Present Perfect Questions ~ 68 ~ ~ 70 ~
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o

WORD VERB VERB Questions with the main verb be also dont follow the pattern:
Are you thirsty?

How much have you spent on clothes this Is she a teacher?
money month? Were your parents angry when you failed the test?
Was her ex-boyfriend a basketball player?
How long has your teacher worked at this school?
What have they been doing all day?

Quiz: Asking Questions in English
How long has the client been for their order? Click here to take the quiz!
waiting http://www.espressoenglish.net/an-easy-way-to-form-almost-any-
question-in-english#quiz
Future Questions:
Direct and Indirect Questions
WORD VERB VERB
What are Indirect Questions?
Who will you invite to the party?
Direct questions are the normal questions that
What will your think about your plan? we can ask to friends, family members, and people
who we know well. You can form direct questions
parents
using the QUASM model that we learned last lesson.
When are you going to clean your room? Example of a direct question:
Wheres the bathroom?
Why is she going to quit her job? Indirect questions are a little more formal and
polite. We use them when talking to a person we
dont know very well, or in professional situations,
and their form is a little different.
Modal Questions: Example of an indirect question:

Could you tell me where the bathroom is?

F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to to
k k k k
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o
Phrases for Indirect Questions The auxiliary verbs have and has can be used in both the direct and indirect
questions but in the direct question, has comes before the subject (he),
Could you tell me
and in the indirect question, has comes after the subject.
Do you know
I was wondering
Do you have any idea
Direct: How much does this motorcycle cost?
Id like to know
Would it be possible Indirect: Id like to know how much this motorcycle costs.
Is there any chance
To form the indirect question, remove does and change cost to costs.
Direct and Indirect Questions in English: Examples
Direct: Where is Market Street? Direct: Can you finish the project by tomorrow?
Indirect: Could you tell me where Market Street is? Indirect: Would it be possible for you to finish the project by tomorrow?
In indirect questions with is/are, the verb (is) comes after the subject For direct questions with can, we can use the phrase would it be possible
(Market Street). to make it indirect.
Direct: What time does the bank open? Direct: Can we change the meeting to Thursday?
Indirect: Do you know what time the bank opens? Indirect: Is there any chance we could change the meeting to Thursday?
In indirect questions, we dont use the auxiliary verbs do/does/did. Also, Is there any chance is another option for forming indirect questions
you can see that the verb is open in the direct question, and opens in the with can.
indirect question.
Yes/No Direct Questions > If in Indirect Questions

Direct: Why did you move to Europe?
If the direct question is a yes or no question (it has no question word such
Indirect: I was wondering why you moved to Europe.
as what, who, when, where, why, or how), then the indirect question will
Again, there is no auxiliary verb did in the indirect question. In fact, this have if.
indirect question isnt even a question its more of a statement that invites
Direct: Does Tom like Italian food?
the other person to give more information.
Indirect: Do you know if Tom likes Italian food?
Direct: Are your parents joining us for dinner?

Direct: How has he managed to get in shape so quickly? Indirect: Could you tell me if your parents are joining us for dinner?
Indirect: Do you have any idea how hes managed to get in shape so Direct: Do they speak English?
quickly? Indirect: I was wondering if they speak English.

F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to to
k k k k
lic lic lic lic
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w .c w .c w .c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o

F- F- F- F-
PD
PD
PD
PD
er
er
er
er
! ! ! !
W W W W
O O O O
N N N N
y y y y
bu bu bu bu
to to to to
k k k k
lic lic lic lic
C C C C
w
w
w
w
m
m
m
m
o
o
o
o
w
w
w
w
w . c w . c w . c w .c
.d o .d o .d o .d o
c u -tr ack c u -tr ack c u -tr ack c u -tr a c k
Petersons
Contents

Before You Begin .................................................................................. vii

How This Book Is Organized ................................................................... vii
MASTER Special Study Features ............................................................................ vii
Youre Well on Your Way to Success ....................................................... viii
Give Us Your Feedback ........................................................................... viii
Top 10 Strategies to Raise Your Score ....................................................... ix
PART I TOEFL READING BASICS

TOEFL Chapter 1: All About TOEFL Reading .................................................... 3
What Does the Reading Section Contain and How Long Does It Last? ..... 3
To Read or Not To Read .............................................................................. 4
Summing It Up .......................................................................................... 14
PART II DIAGNOSING STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

READING Chapter 2: Practice Test 1: Diagnostic ............................................... 19
PART III TOEFL READING REVIEW

Chapter 3: Developing Reading Comprehension Skills ................... 33
Finding Main Ideas and Supporting Details ........................................... 33
SKILLS Skimming for Specific Information .......................................................... 37
Making Inferences .................................................................................... 39
Understanding Advertisements ............................................................... 45
How Thoughts Are Related ....................................................................... 54
Understanding Contemporary Reading Passages ................................... 67
Reading History Textbooks ....................................................................... 79
Summing It Up ........................................................................................ 103

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Answer

The main idea of the passage is that left-handed people suffer more from stress than

Developing Reading right-handed people.

Comprehension Skills Directions: Underline the main idea and circle the supporting details as you

read the paragraph below. Then write them in note form in the space provided.

Sample Reading Passage 2

OVERVIEW

You ought to know what to do to help a person who is choking.

Finding main ideas and supporting details First, you stand behind the choking victim and put your arms

around his or her waist. Second, you make a fist and place the

Skimming for specific information

thumb side against the persons stomach just above the navel,

Making inferences (5) but below the ribs. Third, grasp your fist with your other hand

Understanding advertisements and press into the victims abdomen with a quick upward

thrust. Repeat this action if necessary.

How thoughts are related

Main idea: ____________________________________________________________________

Understanding contemporary reading passages

______________________________________________________________________________________

Reading history textbooks

Supporting details:
Summing it up

(A) ____________________________________________________________________

FINDING MAIN IDEAS AND SUPPORTING DETAILS

(B) _____________________________________________________________________

The most valuable reading comprehension skill is probably the ability to

(C) _____________________________________________________________________
determine the most important thing an author is saying. Read the following

(D) _____________________________________________________________________

paragraph to see if you can distinguish between essential and nonessential

information and between the main idea and the supporting details.

Answer

Sample Reading Passage 1 Main idea: You should know how to help a person who is choking. Supporting details:

Left-handed people suffer more from stress than their (A) Stand behind the victim and put your arms around his or her

right-handed peers, according to a study of 1,100 adults

waist.

by University of Michigan researchers. As a result, they

smoke and drink more. Fifty-five percent of the lefties (B) Make a fist and place the thumb side against the persons stomach.

(5) smoked, whereas fewer than half of the righties smoked. (C) Grasp your fist with your other hand and press into the abdo-

Furthermore, the lefties consumed more alcohol per men with a quick upward thrust.

chapter 3
year than their right-handed counterparts. (D) Repeat if necessary.

The main idea is _______________________________________________________

Now, read the following paragraph to determine what the main idea means to a passage.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Notice that in this paragraph, it was the first sentence that told you the main Sample Reading Passage 3

idea. This sentence, called a topic sentence, usually appears at the beginning. Whats the best way for you, as an employer, to deliver bad

news to an employee? First of all, you have to break the news

Sometimes, however, the paragraphs main idea is expressed in the last sen-

yourself, face to face with the recipient. You cant write memos
tence, and sometimes readers must determine the main idea of a paragraph by

to tell people they will not get raises this year or that they have

summarizing the authors message themselves.

(5) made an error or are not performing as well as expected. You

33 www.petersons.com

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have to show them how you feel about the matter and that you

Read the paragraphs that follow. Then answer the questions about the authors intent

are personally sorry and sympathize with them. If you indicate and attitude.

that you are ready to listen to their reactions to your bad news,

you will undoubtedly save yourself from their wrath. Above all,

you must be ready for an emotional reaction from the recipient Sample Reading Passage 4

(10)

of bad news. Give people time to digest your news and to control Yogurt has as much nutritional value as a glass of milk, yet

the emotion they invariably feel. Although it is never easy to

dieters and health food fanatics claim that yogurt will prolong

break bad news, if you follow these steps, you will at least soften your life and reduce your girth. Their claims are backed by

the blow.

reports that yogurt eaters over the years have lived longer and

(5) healthier lives than non-yogurt eaters. However, what proof is

1. The authors main idea is that

there that rural life and its ensuing greater physical activity

(A) bad news is hard to impart rather than consumption of yogurt are not the cause of these

(B) all employers have to criticize their employees peoples longevity?

(C) there are ways of softening the impact of bad news 1. The authors intent is to show that

(D) people respond emotionally to bad news (A) yogurt is good for your health

(B) eating yogurt will prolong your life

2. Where is the main idea expressed?

(A) In the first sentence (C) yogurt is the same as milk

(D) there is no proof that yogurt increases longevity
(B) In the last sentence

(C) In the middle of the paragraph

2. The paragraph advises the reader that

(D) Nowhere (A) yogurt will help a person to live to be 100

(B) the author has little faith in yogurt lovers claims

3. The main idea is supported by

(A) examples of employers giving bad news (C) yogurt may be harmful to dieters and health food lovers

(D) people in rural areas eat a lot of yogurt

(B) a list of reasons for having to break bad news
(C) sympathy for both the employer and employee

Answers
(D) instructions on how to soften the blow of bad news
1. The correct answer is (D).
Answers 2. The correct answer is (B).
1. The correct answer is (C).
2. The correct answer is (B).
Most of us believe that the death of a spouse often leads to the
3. The correct answer is (D). premature death of the bereft partner. After twelve years of
study involving 4,000 widows and widowers, Johns Hopkins
University researchers have perceived that it is the husbands,
In addition to finding the main idea and supporting details in a reading passage, it is
also important to understand an authors intent or purpose. When you read critically, (5) and not the wives, whose lives are shortened by the loss of their
spouses. However, the study indicates that widowers who
you must:
remarry enjoy greater longevity than men the same age who
continue to live with their first wives.
Understand what the author is saying
Distinguish fact from opinion 1. The main idea is that
Determine the authors attitude toward the topic (A) men live longer than their wives
(B) widowers live longer than single men
(C) remarriage after a spouses death prolongs mens lives
(D) the death of a spouse shortens the life of the surviving partner
www.petersons.com www.petersons.com

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2. The authors intent is to B. The Commodities Futures Trading Commission today designated four

(A) discuss a medical discovery commodities exchanges to trade options on futures contracts, as part of a

three-year pilot program beginning October 1.
(B) make a conjecture regarding death

Who ___________________________________________________________

(C) correct a generally held misconception
What __________________________________________________________

(D) advise widowers to live alone
Where _________________________________________________________

When __________________________________________________________

Answers

Why ___________________________________________________________


2. The correct answer is (C). C. On October 14, workers at the Lenin shipyard in the Baltic seaport of

Gdansk put down their tools in protest against poor working conditions.

Who ___________________________________________________________

SKIMMING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION What __________________________________________________________

Where _________________________________________________________

It is not always necessary to read every word of a passage. Your purpose for reading

something determines how closely you should read it. Once you know what your purpose When __________________________________________________________

is, skimming is a valuable procedure. Skimming through a passage involves reading NOTE Why ___________________________________________________________

very fast in order to recognize main ideas and supporting details while skipping (not

Titles are often useful Answers

reading) parts that are not relevant to your reading purpose. Although skimming

indicators of what the
should never replace careful reading, it can save you time in deciding what or what not

article is about. A. Mexican conservationists are wondering how to get rid of killer piranhas

to read, in getting the general content of a passage, and in finding the authors main

that were found yesterday in a lake near Puebla.

point without having to deal with details. You read the morning newspaper, for

Who ___________________________________________________________
Mexican conservationists

example, quite differently from the way you read a detective story, an assignment for

a class, or a letter from a friend. Skimming to find a specific piece of information such What __________________________________________________________
trying to get rid of piranhas

as a number or the answer to a question is often called scanning. Where _________________________________________________________
in a lake near Puebla
When _________________________________________________________
yesterday
The readings you will encounter in the next few pages are the kinds of things you are
Why ___________________________________________________________
killers
likely to find in a newspaper. News items are usually set up in such a way that each
sentence is its own paragraph; they normally follow the pattern who, what, where, B. The Commodities Futures Trading Commission today designated four
when, why. commodities exchanges to trade options on futures contracts, as part of a
three-year pilot program beginning October 1.
Here are the opening paragraphs of some news items. Scan them for information about Who _________________________________________________________
the Commodities Future Trading Commission
who, what, where, when, and why.

What ________________________________________________________
designated for commodities exchanges
Where _______________________________________________________
information not given
When ________________________________________________________
today
A. Mexican conservationists are wondering how to get rid of killer piranhas Why _________________________________________________________
to trade options on Futures contracts
that were found yesterday in a lake near Puebla.
Who ___________________________________________________________ C. On October 14, workers at the Lenin shipyard in the Baltic seaport of
Gdansk put down their tools in protest against poor working conditions.
What __________________________________________________________
Who _________________________________________________________
workers
Where _________________________________________________________
put down their tools

What _________________________________________________________
When __________________________________________________________
in Baltic seaport of Gdansk

Where _________________________________________________________
Why ___________________________________________________________
October 14
When _________________________________________________________
to protest against poor working conditions

Why __________________________________________________________

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When you have found the who, what, where, when, and why information in the beginning screwdriver shank and the wire to avoid shock.) Youll see a small spark if the

of a news story, decide whether or not to continue reading. If you do read the rest of the

ignition system is working. No spark? Get help. (Caution: If there is any gasoline

article, skim it by skipping to places where words are capitalized or where there are

on the engine, be sure you let it evaporate before you try this test.) If you see a

numbers, or to any points that particularly interest you. Most importantly, dont get lost

(20) spark, you have eliminated that as a possibility. Move on to the next step.

in all the words; practice reading only what you need to read within a selection.

3. Finally, find out if the carburetor is feeding sufficient air and gasoline to

the engine. Remove the top of the air cleaner so you can see the choke plate. If the

MAKING INFERENCES plate is stuck open, push it shut (only if the engine is cold) and try to start again.

Still no start? Hold the choke wide open and peer deep inside as someone else

There are two basic kinds of reading comprehension.

(25) pumps the gas pedal. (Make sure he doesnt crank the engine.) If you cant see gas

1. When you are able to use the authors words to answer a comprehension

squirting, you need professional help.

question, it is your factual comprehension that is being tested.

2. Sometimes, however, the information is not directly stated, so you must
1. This type of passage can be described as

infer a meaning using your own reasoning and logic. This type of under-

(A) scientific reading

standing is sometimes referred to as inferential comprehension.

(B) a how-to article

Imagine that you are at a friends house. It is 11:00 p.m. and your host starts to look at

(C) editorial writing

his watch and yawn out loud. Although he never actually tells you to leave, he implies

and you infer that it is time for you to go home. (D) automobile advertising

2. The authors intent in this article is to

Daily newspapers publish advice columns for everything from successful vegetable

(A) explain why cars break down
gardening to curing yourself of high blood pressure. The following passage answers

questions about car problems. (B) warn you about the dangers involved in do-it-yourself car repairs

(C) describe the method of checking spark plugs

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. (D) instruct you how to deal with a car problem
3. From the context of the word crank (line 16) it must mean
Sample Reading Passage 7 (A) complain
Q. My engine cranks all right. But why wont it start up? (B) start
A. Think twice. Are you following the exact starting procedure given in your (C) turn around
owners manual? Next, pin down the trouble area by checking these possibilities: (D) shut off
(1) gasoline, (2) spark, and (3) air-gasoline ratio.
(5) 1. First make sure you have gasoline in the tank. If thats not the problem, 4. List briefly the steps involved in checking the starting mechanism.
maybe you have flooded the engine. Hold the gas pedal to the floor for 10 seconds (A) ________________________________________________________
(do not pump it) as you crank the engine. (B) ________________________________________________________
Still no start? Maybe the problem is a stuck needle valve. Tap the carburetor bowl (C) ________________________________________________________
lightly near the gas line, using pliers or a screwdriver handle. This should free the (D) ________________________________________________________
(10) valve so you can start. But if nothing has done the trick so far, move to the next step.
5. If you check for a spark and dont get one, what should you do?
2. Check to see if the engine is getting the spark it needs to start. First look
(A) Check the carburetor next.
for loose or broken spark plug wires. Fix what you can.
(B) Get an auto mechanic.
If the wires look all right, make a detailed check for a spark. Twist one
spark plug boot away from its plug. Push an insulated screwdriver into the boot. (C) Clean the gas off the motor.
1
(15)
Hold the shank of the screwdriver about inch away from a metal engine part. (D) Get a shock.
8
Have someone crank the engine. (Be sure you keep your hands away from the

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6. What is the first thing to do when your car doesnt start? 13. If the engine is cold, it is all right to

(A) Check your gas. (A) try to start the car

(B) Flood the engine. (B) close the choke plate

(C) Contact your automobile salesperson. (C) take off the air cleaner

(D) Be sure youre following the rules for starting the car. (D) pump the gas pedal

7. If you are testing for a spark, gas on the engine is dangerous 14. The choke plate is

(A) because it might start the car (A) next to the gas tank

(B) when it has evaporated (B) above the air cleaner

(C) after it leaks out of the carburetor (C) beneath the air cleaner

(D) because the spark might ignite the gas (D) inside the spark plugs

8. You should use an insulated screwdriver to 15. Do you think a person with no understanding of the mechanism of a car

(A) protect the engine could follow these instructions?

(B) avoid scratching the metal Why or why not? ______________________________________________

(C) avoid getting a shock

______________________________________________________________

(D) twist the spark plug boot

Answers

9. You can unstick a valve by


(A) taking it out

(B) hitting it 2. The correct answer is (D).

(C) loosening it 3. The correct answer is (C).
(D) twisting it
4. (A) Make sure you have gasoline.
10. You have to hold the screwdriver shank away from metal to (B) Check the valves.
(A) prevent fire (C) See if the engine is getting a spark. Check the spark plugs.
(B) avoid cutting yourself (D) Find out if the carburetor is feeding enough air and gas to the engine.
(C) avoid getting a shock
(D) check for a bad spark plug 6. The correct answer is (D).
7. The correct answer is (D).
11. Presumably a spark plug boot (line 14) is a
(A) covering 8. The correct answer is (C).
(B) shoe
(C) trunk
(D) plug
11. The correct answer is (A).
12. It can be inferred that a carburetor
(A) is connected to the spark plugs
(B) cranks the engine
(C) regulates gas and air flow 14. The correct answer is (C).
(D) has an open plate 15. The correct answer is no. The author assumes that the reader knows
something about a cars mechanism.


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2. The authors intent is to


(A) describe gourmet restaurants

Questions 110 refer to the following restaurant review.

(B) give the reader a price list for dining out

The Banyan Tree, 2 East Monopoly Street (C) recommend good places to eat

A small sidewalk restaurant on a peaceful back street with a

(D) warn people about restaurants

green and white striped awning, rattan chairs, and glass-

topped tables. The menu is limited to exotic East Indian

3. Which restaurant serves the least expensive meals? ___________________

specialties, savory curries of all varieties being featured. Full

luncheon comes to about $25. Open daily for lunch only. 4. Which restaurant is recommended most highly? ______________________

The Boathouse, 433 River Road 5. Which restaurant is the most expensive? _____________________________

A delightful, convivial eating place decorated with sea urchin

lamps, fishermens nets, and seaweed wall coverings. Very 6. Where could you get Indian food? ____________________________________

informal atmosphere. A lighthouse bar. Specialties are, of

course, seafood, my favorite being the moules marinires served 7. Where would you go for shrimp au gratin? ____________________________

in steaming black pots. A five-course dinner at $11. Open daily.
8. Which restaurant would most likely have a guitarist? __________________

Caf Henri, 17 Lorraine Street
9. Which restaurant sounds like a good place for lovers? _________________

Soft lighting and muted decorator shades of beige and bronze

give the dining room an intimate atmosphere. Basically French,

10. You would infer that these restaurants are

the cuisine represents aromatic country fare, with rich, nutri-

(A) in the United States
tious soups and assorted platters of sausages, pats, and cheeses.

Wholesome fare at reasonable prices. Entres $12.50 to $20.75. (B) in Europe

(C) for the wealthy only

Little Old San Juan, 62 Fortaleza Boulevard

A cozy Spanish decor, enhanced by mellow, red clay floor tiles, (D) informal

wrought-iron street lanterns, and walls lined with rows of
painted pottery, gives this 100-year-old landmark an aura of
Answers
romantic old Spain. Gazpacho sprinkled with chopped onion,

green pepper, rice and garlic croutons, and an irresistible array
of Spanish dishes are exceptional. The paella laden with shell- 2. The correct answer is (C).
fish is more than worth the 30-minute wait. Wines both fine and
ordinario from the vineyards of Spain. Entres from $20. 3. The correct answer is The Boathouse.
Closed Sundays.
4. The correct answer is Little Old San Juan.
No starsFair
Good
6. The correct answer is The Banyan Tree.
Very good
Excellent
7. The correct answer is The Boathouse.
Extraordinary
1. You may infer that this guide is
9. The correct answer is Caf Henri.

(A) a paid-for advertisement
10. The correct answer is (A).
(B) written by a restaurant critic
(C) an introduction in a cookbook
(D) None of the above.

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costs of maintenance inthe buyers pur-
EXERCISES: READING COMPREHENSION SKILLS QUESTIONS 613 ARE BASED ON THE
FOLLOWING PASSAGE WRITTEN IN (50) chase price. New car advertisers now
claim that all the buyer has to pay for is
THE 1980S.
Directions: The passages are followed by questions based on their content. gas. To fight corrosion, new coatings
The oil embargoes of 19731975 caused

have been developed that protect against
Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages. vast chagrin among the manufacturers
the havoc caused by road salts, gravel,
of automobiles around the world. In par-

(55) and other materials. Hence, when car
ticular, American companies were
2. The authors intention is to owners are ready to turn in last years
QUESTIONS 15 ARE BASED ON THE (5) obliged to create innovations in produc-

car for a new one, they will find that
FOLLOWING PASSAGE. (A) explain why the cost of tennis clothes ing small cars that would compete in the
their well-preserved used cars will have
The business of tennis clothes has has risen market with those flowing into the
an unusually high trade-in value.
grown astoundingly in the past few years. American market from Japan and Eu-
(B) defend tennis wear manufacturers (60) Fuel efficient, safe, emission free, eco-
Over $250 million is spent annually on rope. No longer could Americans afford
nomical, and beautiful, todays cars are
from complaints about their high (10) ostentatious, gas-guzzling vehicles.

the trappings of tennis. Apparently ev-
prices better bargains than any ever produced
(5) eryone wants to look like a pro, even Of paramount importance to todays
before.
though 20% of the clientele has never (C) describe the means of advertising ex- car owner is the cost of gasoline. Ameri-
even played the game. pensive tennis clothes can manufacturers have collaborated to 6. What significance did oil embargoes have
Manufacturers pay the stars lucrative supply their clientele with small cars
(D) describe the new tennis clothing in the automobile industry?
fees for wearing their brands of clothes (15) that provide the amenities of the stereo-
typed large American car, yet get better (A) Car manufacturers worldwide had to
(10) and wielding their racquets on center
3. A good title for this passage would be

produce fuel-efficient automobiles.
court. Chris Evert-Lloyd, for example, mileage than any other car in the his-
(A) The Stars at Play tory of American car production. It has

was rumored to have signed a five-year (B) Automobile manufacturers had to
contract for $5 million with Ellesse, a (B) Big Business in Tennis Wear become a question of ardently compet- make smaller cars.
producer of fancy, expensive tennis wear. (20) ing with foreign car manufacturers or
(C) The High Cost of Playing Tennis (C) The Japanese exported cars to
(15) John McEnroe received a reported succumbing to the intense competition
(D) Tennis Stars Flamboyant Clothes and losing a lucrative business through America.
$600,000 for playing with a Dunlop
racquet, $330,000 for sporting Tacchini apathy. The American car industry has (D) Americans continued to drive Ameri-
4. It is stated that John McEnroe
clothes, and $100,000 for tying his Nike been rejuvenated. The fuel consumption can cars.

exercises
(A) wore flamboyant clothing on the court
tennis shoes. Obviously, in a bad year, (25) of the new cars has decreased by 49%
(20) these stars would have made more as (B) must have earned over $1 million for since 1977; mileage has risen from an 7. In the second paragraph, there is a state-
fashion models than as athletes. endorsing tennis products average 17.2 miles per gallon to 25.6 ment that implies that
Not only tennis players get free cloth- miles per gallon. These figures are in-
(C) was a fashion model more than he (A) Americans love large cars
ing, but also all the people involved in dicative of a major turnaround in engi-
was a tennis player (30) neering, manufacturing, and design. The (B) American auto manufacturers had
the gamethe referees, linespeople, ball
been indifferent to the need for smaller
(25) boys and girlsare living advertisments (D) had had a bad year in tennis competi- industry has made pertinent use of the
for tennis wear producers. Where, tradi- tion computer by installing a microproces- cars
tionally, conservative white clothing was sor, a thin piece of silicon about the size (C) Americans will not buy uncomfort-
required for the entire tennis coterie, 5. It is implied that of an aspirin, in new cars. This minia- able small cars
changing times have seen a new vogue (A) tennis clothing is bought by the well- (35) ture computer measures engine speed,
(D) All of the above.
(30) in tennis outfits. Flamboyant colors, engine load, and other functions, and
to-do
designers nameplates, geometric fig- sends messages to the fuel system and 8. The microprocessor is
(B) everyone who wears expensive tennis other parts of the cars mechanism, thus
ures, and bold lines distinguish the new
wear plays tennis (A) responsible for the American car
tennis togs from their predecessors. producing lower gas consumption and
(C) tennis officials would prefer to wear (40) cleaner exhaust. industrys rejuvenation
1. It can be inferred from the passage that traditional white clothing By designing sleek, roomy, beautiful, (B) a major turnaround in American car
sporty models, the automobile industry manufacturing
(A) tennis clothing appeals to the wealthy (D) fashion models wear tennis clothing
has enticed both the average-income and

(C) a computer that saves gas and helps

(B) tennis stars get huge sums for en-

the affluent car buyer into purchasing
dorsements create cleaner emission
(45) small cars. In addition to saving on gas,
(C) the price of tennis racquets has re- todays car is built to save on mainte- (D) a pertinent use of fuel consumption
mained stable nance and repair expenses. Further-
more, the manufacturer is including the
(D) bright colors entice people to buy ten-
nis wear

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c u -tr ack c u -tr a c k

9. According to the passage, small Ameri- 12. From the passage you can infer that

can cars are being bought (A) new cars are fuel efficient, sleek, and

(A) by middle-class and rich clientele beautiful

(B) because they save fuel (B) Americans want their cars to be both

(C) because of inflation beautiful and practical in terms of

comfort and cost

(D) by Americans who want to help Ameri-

(C) Americans will continue to buy Euro-

can business

pean and Japanese cars because they

10. According to the passage, new cars are a

are cheaper

better bargain than those manufactured

(D) if oil becomes plentiful and cheap

in years past because they again, Americans will not return to

(A) cost less to run and are built to last buying large cars

longer

13. Another inference from the article is that
(B) have a built-in computer

(A) the most important consideration in
(C) save fuel, have more safety features,

buying a car is the cost of gas

cost less to maintain, and have a

(B) gas shortages caused American manu-

higher trade-in value

facturers to change their production

(D) are a lot smaller and dont rust be-
methods

cause of better coatings

(C) todays cars are more sensible buys

11. From the information given in the read- than those in the past

ing, you can infer that anticorrosive coat- (D) large cars are more comfortable than

ings will not only protect a new cars body,

small cars

but also

(A) make the car run better

(B) increase the trade-in value of the car

(C) increase the cars mileage

(D) make the car safer to drive

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JJ

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Present Perfect: Verb be

1) To talk about experiences in the past, when we dont know

Have you been to Italy?

2) To talk about an action or state that started in the past

How long have you been married?

Present Perfect: Verb be Present Perfect: Other Verbs

Full Form Short Form Verb Past Participle Example

I have Ive travel traveled Ive traveled to 15 countries in my life.

Present Perfect: Other Verbs Present Perfect or Past Simple

Camilo has made a lot of mistakes in his life.

Grammar Exercise: Present Perfect

Present Perfect or Past Simple

Use the present perfect for unfinished time:

Use the past simple for finished time:

Grammar Exercise: Present Perfect or Past Simple?

Future with Going To Future with Going To

Full Form Contracted Contracted

I am not Im not ---

Full Form Contracted Form Dont forget am/is/are!

I am Im I going to buy some new shoes next week.

Present Continuous For Future Use Will or Going To?

Use will for decisions made in that moment:

You can use either will/wont or going to for predictions or general

Use I think will and I dont think will to express thoughts

Dont use I think wont. (it doesnt sound natural).

I think you wont like this movie. Its very violent.

Linking Words: Reasons

Comparative Adjectives Comparative Adjectives

Big Bigger Expensive More expensive

Hot Hotter Popular More popular

Thin Thinner Interesting More interesting

An elephant is bigger than a cat. A car is more expensive than a computer.

For Words that end in consonant + y Adjectives with Irregular Comparatives

Remove -y and add -ier. Good Better

Easy Easier Bad Worse

Happy Happier Far Farther

Eating fruit is better for your health than eating hamburgers.

Superlative Adjectives Superlative Adjectives

My grandmother is the oldest person in my family.

Dont forget the!

I read newest lesson from Espresso English.

Old the oldest

Expensive the most expensive

Good the best

Far the farthest

Relative Clauses Quiz

Click here to take the quiz!

Word Order: Asking Questions

Simple Present Questions: QUESTION AUXILIARY SUBJECT MAIN

Where do you work?

What does Martha think about the project?

How many does Bob have?

Past Continuous Questions:

QUESTION AUXILIARY SUBJECT MAIN

Where did you buy that T-shirt?

Present Continuous Questions: Present Perfect Questions:

QUESTION AUXILIARY SUBJECT MAIN

Are you thirsty?

What have they been doing all day?

Modal Questions: Example of an indirect question:

Yes/No Direct Questions > If in Indirect Questions

Direct: Are your parents joining us for dinner?