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Univerzitet u Beogradu
verzija 2.2
Sadraj
1 Neodreeni integrali 2
1.1 Metoda smene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Parcijalna integracija . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Integracija racionalnih funkcija . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4 Integracija iracionalnih funkcija . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.5 Integracija trigonometrijskih funkcija . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.6 Integracija transcendentnih funkcija . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.7 Razni zadaci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2 Odreeni integrali 43
3 Nesvojstveni integrali 59
1
Zlatko Lazovi - Analiza 1 - verzija 2.2 29. april 2016.
1 Neodreeni integrali
Definicija 1.1. Neka je data funkcija f : (a, b) → R. Funkcija ϕ je primitivna
funkcija funkcije f ako je ϕ (x) = f (x)(∀x ∈ (a, b)).
0
2) R dϕ(x) = ϕ(x) R+ C ;
3) R kf (x) dx = k f (x)R dx, k ∈ R; R
4) (f (x) ± g(x)) dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx.
Tablica neodreenih integrala
1. x dx = αx + 1 + C, α 6= −1
α+1
Z
α
2. x1 dx = ln |x| + C
Z
3. e dx = e + C
Z
x x
4. a dx = lna a + C x
Z
x
5. sin x dx = − cos x + C
Z
6. cos x dx = sin x + C
Z
7. cos1 x dx = tgx + C
Z
2
8. sin1 x dx = −ctgx + C
Z
2
9. √1 1− x dx = arcsin x + C
Z
2
10.
Z
1
dx = arctg x + C
1 + x2
11. √
Z
1
√ dx = ln |x + x2 ± 1| + C
x2 ± 1
12.
Z
1 1 1 + x
dx = ln +C
1 − x2 2 1 − x
Rexee.
4
√ √
Z Z Z
3 1 − 3x = t 3 dt 1 1 1 t3
1 − 3x dx = = t =− t dt = − 4 + C
3
−3 dx = dt −3 3 3 3
1 4
= − (1 − 3x) 3 + C.
4
4
Rexee.
x
Z Z Z
1 1 1 =t 1 1
√ dx = dx = 1
a = √ a dt
dx = dt
q
2
x ±a 2 a x 2 a t2±1
a
±1 a
√
Z r
1 x x 2
= √ dt = ln |t + t2 ± 1| + C = ln | + ± 1| + C]
t2 ± 1 a a
√ √
= ln |x + x2 ± a2 | − ln |a| + C = ln |x + x2 ± a2 | + C1 ,
gde je C 1 = − ln |a| + C. 4
10'.
Z
1 1 x
dx = arctg +C
a2 + x 2 a a
11'. √
Z
1
√ dx = ln |x + x2 ± a2 | + C
x 2 ± a2
12'.
Z
1 1 a + x
dx = ln +C
a2 − x 2 2a a − x
Rexee.
Z
− dt
Z Z
sin x cos x = t
tg x dx = dx = = = − ln |t| + C
cos x − sin x dx = dt t
= − ln | cos x| + C
Rexee.
Z Z Z
cos x sin x = t dt
ctg x dx = dx = = = ln |t| + C
sin x cos x dx = dt t
= ln | sin x| + C
Rexee.
Z √ Z √ 1 + x2 = t Z √
3 3 2 2 3 2 3 dt
x 1 + x dx = x 1 + x x dx = 2x dx = dt = (t − 1) t
2
x2 = t − 1
Z
1 4 1 3 7 3 4 3 7 3 4
= (t 3 − t 3 ) dt = t 3 − t 3 + C = (1 + x2 ) 3 − (1 + x2 ) 3 + C.
2 14 8 14 8
4
Integral tipa
Z Z
sin x dx i
n
cosn x dx, n ∈ {2, 3, 4, 5}.
Rexee.
1 − cos 2x
Z Z Z
2 1 1 1 1 1
sin x dx = dx = x − cos 2x dx = x − · sin 2x + C
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
= x − sin 2x + C.
2 4
4
Rexee. 1
2
x − sin 2x + C (sliqan kao zadatak 1.20).
1
4
4
Rexee.
Z Z Z
3 2 cos x = t
2
sin x dx = sin x sin x dx = (1 − cos x) sin x dx =
− sin x dx = dt
Z 3 3
t cos x
= − (1 − t2 ) dt = −t + + C = − cos x + + C.
3 3
4
Rexee.
Z 2
1 − cos 2x
Z Z
4 1
sin x dx = dx = (1 − 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x) dx
2 4
Z
1 1 + cos 4x 1 1 1 1
= x − sin 2x + dx = x − sin 2x + x + sin 4x + C
4 2 4 4 8 32
3 1 1
= x − sin 2x + sin 4x + C.
8 4 32
4
Rexee. 3
8
x + 41 sin 2x + (sliqan kao zadatak 1.24).
1
32
sin 4x + C 4
Rexee.
Z Z Z
5 4 cos x = t
2 2
sin x dx = sin x sin x dx = (1 − cos x) sin x dx =
− sin x dx = dt
Z Z
2 1
= − (1 − t2 )2 dt = − (1 − 2t2 + t4 ) dt = −t + t3 − t5 + C
3 5
2 1
= − cos x + cos3 x − cos5 x + C.
3 5
4
Rexee.
Z Z 2 − 5x3 = t Z
5 3 23 3 3 23 2 2 1 2 dt
x (2 − 5x ) dx = x (2 − 5x ) x dx = −15x dx = dt = (2 − t)t 3
5 −15
x3 = 15 (2 − t)
Z 5 8
1 2 5 2 t3 1 t3
= − (2t − t ) dt = − · 5 +
3 3 · +C
75 75 3 75 83
2 5 1 8
= − · (2 − 5x3 ) 3 + · (2 − 5x3 ) 3 + C.
125 200
4
4
Integral tipa Z
1
√ dx
ax2 + bx + c
4x − 3 2x2 − 3x − 1 = t
Z Z
dt
I1 = dx = = = ln |t| + C
2
2x − 3x − 1 (4x − 3) dx = dt t
= ln |2x2 − 3x − 1| + C,
Z Z
dx 1 dx
I2 = =
2x2 − 3x − 1 2 x2 − 32 x − 1
2
h 2 2 i
= x2 − 32 x − 12 = x − 43 − 16 9
− 21 = x − 34 − 1716
√
17 − t
x − 34 = t
Z Z
1 dx 1 dt 1 1
= 17 = = = · ln √4 +C
√
2 (x − 34 )2 − 16 dx = dt 2 t2 − 17
16
2 2· 417 17
+ t
4
√
1 17 − 4x + 3
= √ ln √ + C,
17 17 + 4x − 3
√ √
17 17 − 4x + 3
Z
3x + 2 3 2
dx = ln |2x − 3x − 1| + ln √ + C.
2x2 − 3x − 1 4 4 17 + 4x − 3
4
Integral tipa Z
ax + b
√ dx
cx2 + dx + e
−8x − 3 + 3 + 16 −8x − 3
Z Z Z
1 1 dx
= √ dx = √ dx +19 √
4 4
2 2 2
1 − 3x − 4x 1 − 3x − 4x 1 − 3x − 4x
| {z } | {z }
I1 I2
√
−8x − 3 1 − 3x − 4x2 = t
Z Z
dt
I1 = √ dx = = √ =2 t+C
1 − 3x − 4x2 (−8x − 3) dx = dt t
√
= 2 1 − 3x − 4x2 + C,
√
4 − 2x
Z
1 19 8x + 3
√ dx = 2 1 − 3x − 4x2 + arcsin + C.
1 − 3x − 4x2 4 2 5
4
Integral tipa Z
cos(ax + b)cos(cx + d) dx,
Z
sin(ax + b)cos(cx + d) dx,
Z
sin(ax + b)sin(cx + d) dx
1 − x2 = t dt
3 (1 − t) −2 dt 1 √
Z Z Z Z
x dx 1
√ = −2x dx = dt = √ =− √ + t dt
1 − x2 t 2 t 2
x2 = 1 − t
√ 1 3 √ 1 3
= − t + t 2 + C = − 1 − x2 + (1 − x2 ) 2 + C,
3 3
1 1√ 1 3
I = x3 arccos x − 1 − x2 + (1 − x2 ) 2 + C.
3 3 9
4
1 − x2 = t2 , t ≥ 0
Z Z
1 x dx
√ dx = √
x 1 − x2 x2 1 − x2 −2x dx = 2t dt
√
−t dt 1 − 1 − x2
Z Z
dt 1 + t 1
= =− = − ln + C = ln √ + C,
(1 − t2 )t 1 − t2 1 − t 2 1 + 1 − x2
√
arcsin x 1 1 − 1 − x2
I = − + ln √ + C.
x 2 1 + 1 − x2
4
Rexee.
√ dx
√ √
u = arctg x ⇒ du = 2√x(1+x)
Z Z
1 x dx
arctg x dx = = x arctg x − √ ,
dv = dx ⇒ v = x 2 x(1 + x)
2t3 dt
Z Z 2 Z 2
x = t2 , t ≥ 0 t +1−1
Z
x dx t dt
√ = = =2 =2 dt
x(1 + x) dx = 2t dt 2
t(1 + t ) 1+t 2 1 + t2
√ √
Z
1
= 2 1− dt = 2t − 2arctg t + C = 2 x − 2arctg x + C,
1 + t2
√ √ √
I = x arctg x − x + arctg x + C.
Rexee.
1
u = (arcsin x)2 ⇒ du = 2 arcsin x √1−x
Z
2 2 dx
I = (arcsin x) dx =
dv = dx ⇒ v = x
Z Z
2 1 2 x
= x(arcsin x) − 2 x arcsin x √ dx = x(arcsin x) − arcsin x √ dx
1−x 2 1 − x2
dx
u = arcsin x ⇒ du = √1−x 2
√
2
= x dx
R x dx 1 − x = t
= − 21 √dtt = − 1 − x2
R
dv = √1−x2 ⇒ v = √1−x2 =
−2x dx = dt
√ Z √
2 1 − x2
= x(arcsin x) − 2 − 1 − x arcsin x + √
2 dx
1 − x2
√
= x(arcsin x)2 + 2 1 − x2 arcsin x − 2x + C.
4
Integral tipa Z
I= Pn (x)sin(ax + b) dx,
Z
I= Pn (x)cos(ax + b) dx,
Z
I = Pn (x)eax dx
Rexee.
u = x2 + 3x − 4 ⇒ du = (2x + 3) dx
Z
2
I = (x + 3x − 4) sin 2x dx =
dv = sin 2x dx ⇒ v = − 21 cos 2x
Z
1 2 1 u = 2x + 3 ⇒ du = 2 dx
= − (x + 3x − 4) cos 2x + (2x + 3) cos 2x dx =
2 2 dv = cos 2x ⇒ v = 12 sin 2x
Z
1 2 1 1
= − (x + 3x − 4) cos 2x + (2x + 3) sin 2x − sin 2x dx
2 4 2
1 1 1
= − (x2 + 3x − 4) cos 2x + (2x + 3) sin 2x + cos 2x + C.
2 4 4
4
√
1.42 Rexiti integral I = x ln(x + 1 + x2 )
.
Z
Zadatak . √ dx
1 + x2
Rexee.
√ √ 1
!
x ln(x + 1 + x2 ) u = ln(x + 1 + x2 ) ⇒ du = √1+x 2 dx
Z
I = √ dx = x
√
1 + x2 dv = √1+x 2 dx ⇒ v = 1 + x2
√ √ Z √ √
= 1 + x2 ln(x + 1 + x2 ) − dx = 1 + x2 ln(x + 1 + x2 ) − x + C.
4
Integral tipa Z Z
n
sin x dx i cosn x dx, n ≥ 2
1
− sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1)In−2 + C,
In =
n
1
cosn−1 x sin x + (n − 1)Jn−2 + C,
Jn =
n
gde je R n
R
In = sin x dx, Jn = cosn x dx, n ≥ 2 .
Rexee.
u = sinn−1 x ⇒ du = (n − 1) sinn−2 cos x dx
Z
n−1
In = sin x sin x dx =
dv = sin x dx ⇒ v = − cos x
Z
= − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1) sinn−2 x cos2 x dx
Z
n−1
= − sin x cos x + (n − 1) sinn−2 x(1 − sin2 x) dx
Z Z
n−1 n−2
= − sin x cos x + (n − 1) sin x dx − (n − 1) sinn x dx
Dobili smo
In = − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1)In−2 − (n − 1)In ,
odakle je 1
− sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1)In−2 + C.
In =
n
Rexee.
Z
ax u = cos bx ⇒ du = −b sin bx dx
I1 = e cos bx dx =
dv = eax ⇒ v = a1 eax
Z
1 ax b ax u = sin bx ⇒ du = b cos bx
= e cos bx + e sin bx dx =
a a dv = eax ⇒ v = a1 eax
Z
1 ax b 1 ax b ax
= e cos bx + e sin bx − cos bxe
a a a a
b2 b2
Z
1 ax b ax 1 b
= e cos bx + 2 e sin bx − 2 cos bxeax = eax cos bx + 2 eax sin bx − 2 I1 .
a a a a a a
Dobili smo da je
eax (a cos bx + b sin bx)
I1 = + C.
a2 + b 2
Na sliqan naqin se dobija
eax (a sin bx − b cos bx)
I2 = + C.
a2 + b 2
4
Rexee.
− cos 2x
Z Z Z Z
2x 2 2x 1 1 2x 1
I = e sin x dx = e dx = e dx − e2x cos 2x dx
2 2 2
= ( zadatak 1
1.44) = e2x −
4
1 e2x (2 cos 2x + 2 sin 2x)
2 8
1
+ C = e2x (2 − cos 2x − sin 2x) + C.
8
4
2
−√
earctg x
1 + x2
−I , odnosno
1 (x − 1)earctg x
I= √ + C.
2 1 + x2
Drugi naqin.
xearctg x et tg t et tg t
Z Z Z Z
arctg x = t
I = 3 dx = dx = 1 dt = 1 dt = et sin t dt
(1 + x2 ) 2 1+x2
= dt | cos t| cos t
i
r r
1 1
cos x = ± sin x = ± 2
, 2
1 + tg x 1 + ctg x
pa je s r
1 1 1
cos(arctg x) = ± =± 2
=√
2
,
1 + tg (arctg x) 1+x 1 + x2
s s r
1 1 x2 |x| x
sin(arctg x) = ± 2
= ± 1 = ± 2
= ±√ =√ .
1 + ctg (arctg x) 1 + x2 x +1 1+x 2 1 + x2
Iskoristili smo to da iz − < arctg x < sledi cos( x) > 0, sin(arctg x) > 0 za x > 0
π π
Prema tome, I = e ( − ) + C =
1 arctg x √ x
2 1+x2
√ 1+ C.
1+x2
4 1 (x−1)e
2
√
arctg x
1+x2
Rexee.
u = sin(ln x) ⇒ du = cos(ln x)
Z
I1 = sin(ln x) dx = x
dv = dx ⇒ v = x
Z
cos(ln x)
= x sin(ln x) − dx = x sin(ln x) − I2 ,
x
u = cos(ln x) ⇒ du = − sin(ln x)
Z
I2 = cos(ln x) dx = x
dv = dx ⇒ v = x
Z
cos(ln x)
= x cos(ln x) + dx = x cos(ln x) + I1 .
x
Dobili smo I + I
1 2 = x sin(ln x), I2 − I1 = x cos(ln x) , odakle je
x x
I1 = (sin(ln x) − cos(ln x)) + C, I2 = (sin(ln x) + cos(ln x)) + C.
2 2
4
Integral tipa Z √
I= ax2 + c dx
je q 2
cos arcsin xa = 1 − xa2 .
I= arcsin + x a2 − x2 + C.
2 a 2
4
Odavde je
1 √ a2 √
I = x x2 + a2 + ln |x + x2 + a2 | + C.
2 2
Drugi naqin. Zadatak se moe uraditi smenom x = atg t, t ∈ (− π2 , π2 ) . 4
Odavde je
1 √ a2 √
I = x x2 − a2 − ln |x + x2 − a2 | + C.
Drugi naqin. Zadatak se moe uraditi smenom .
2 2
x = a cosh t
4
Integral tipa Z √
I= ax2 + bx + c dx
Integral tipa Z √
I= x2 a2 + x2 dx
Dobili smo
1 3 1 a2 √ a4 √
I = x(a2 + x2 ) 2 − I − x x2 + a2 − ln |x + x2 + a2 |,
3 3 6 6
Rexee. Z
1 1 x
I1 = dx = arctg + C,
x2 +a 2 a a
1
⇒ du = (x−2x dx
x2
Z Z
1 u = x2 +a2 2 +a2 )2 x
I1 = dx = = + 2 dx
x 2 + a2 dv = dx ⇒ v = x x 2 + a2 (x2 + a2 )2
Z 2
x + a2 − a2
Z Z
x x 1 2 1
= 2 2
+2 2 2 2
dx = 2 2
+2 2 2
dx − 2a dx
x +a (x + a ) x +a x +a (x + a2 )2
2
x 2 x
= 2 2
+ arctg − 2a2 I2 .
x +a a a
Dobili smo 1 x x 2 x
arctg = 2 + arctg − 2a2 I2 ,
odakle je
a a x +a 2 a a
1 x 1 x
I2 = 2 2 + arctg + C.
2a x + a2 a a
4
gde je stepen polinoma P (x) mai od stepena polinoma Q(x) (d P (x) < d Q(x)). ◦ ◦
P1 (x) P1 (x)
=
Q(x) A(x − a1 )k1 (x − a2 )k2 · . . . · (x − ap )kp (x2 + b1 x + c1 )l1 · . . . · (x2 + bq x + cq )lq
A1,1 A1,2 A1,k1 A2,1 A2,2 A2,k2
= + + ... + + + + ... +
x − a1 (x − a1 )2 (x − a1 )k1 x − a2 (x − a2 )2 (x − a2 )k2
Ap,1 Ap,2 A1,kp
+... + + 2
+ ... +
x − ap (x − ap ) (x − ap )kp
B1,1 x + C1,1 B1,2 x + C1,2 B1,l1 x + C1,l1
+ 2 + + ... + 2
x + b1 x + c1 (x2 + b1 x + c1 )2 (x + b1 x + c1 )l1
B2,1 x + C2,1 B2,2 x + C2,2 B2,l2 x + C2,l2
+ 2 + + ... + 2
x + b2 x + c2 (x2 + b2 x + c2 )2 (x + b2 x + c2 )l2
Bq,1 x + Cq,1 Bq,2 x + Cq,2 Bq,lq x + Cq,lq
+... + 2 + + ... + 2 ,
x + bq x + cq (x2 + bq x + cq )2 (x + bq x + cq )lq
sa (x + 1)(x + 2) (x + 3) dobijamo
2 3
1 ≡ A(x + 2)2 (x + 3)3 + B(x + 1)(x + 3)3 + C(x + 1)(x + 3)3 (x + 2) + D(x + 1)(x + 2)2
+ E(x + 1)(x + 2)2 (x + 3) + F (x + 1)(x + 2)2 (x + 3)2 .
0 = A + C + F,
0 = 13A + B + 12C + E + 11F,
0 = 67A + 10B + 56C + D + 8E + 47F.
3
C +E = , 9C + 8E = 8,
4
pa je C = 2, E = − i F = − . Sada moemo izraqunati integral
5
4
17
8
1 1 1 1 5 17
I= ln |x + 1| + + 2 ln |x + 2| + 2
+ − ln |x + 3| + C.
8 x+2 4 (x + 3) 4(x + 3) 8
4
odnosno
x3 (A + C) + x2 (−4C − 6A + D + B) + x(4C − 4D + 13A − 4B) + 4D − 10A + 5B = 1.
imamo
1 1 Ax + B Cx + D
= √ √ = √ + √ .
x4 +1 (x2 + 2x + 1)(x2 − 2x + 1) x2 + 2x + 1 x2 − 2x + 1
Iz identiteta
√ √
1 ≡ (Ax + B)(x2 − x 2 + 1) + (Cx + D)(x2 + x 2 + 1)
qija su rexea A = 1
√
2 2
,C = − 2√1 2 , B = D = 12 . Odatle,
√ √
x− 2
Z Z
1 x+ 2 1
I = √ √ dx − √ √ dx
2 2 2 x2 − x 2 + 1
x + x √2 + 1 2 2
1 x2 + x 2 + 1 1 √ √
= √ ln √ + √ (arctg (x 2 + 1) + arctg (x 2 − 1)) + C.
4 2 x2 − x 2 + 1 2 2
imamo 1 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
= √ + √ + 2 ,
x6 +1 2 2
x + 3x + 1 x − 3x + 1 x +1
Sistem je
A+C +E = 0,
√ √
− 3A + B + 3C + D + F = 0,
√ √
2A − 3B + 2C + 3D − E = 0,
√ √
− 3A + 2B + 3C + 2D − F = 0,
√ √
A − 3B + C + 3D + E = 0,
B+D+F = 1
i ima rexee A = √
6
3
,B = 13 , C = −
√
6
3
,D = 31 , E = 0, F = 13 . Dakle,
√ √
3 1 3 1 1
x + − x +
Z Z Z
6 3 6 3 3
I = √ dx + √ dx + dx
x2 + 3x + 1 x2 − 3x + 1 x2 + 1
√ !
1 √ x2 + 3x + 1 √ √
= 3 ln √ − 2arctg ( 3 − 2x) + 2arctg (2x + 3) + 4arctg x + C.
12 x2 − 3x + 1
4
Metoda Ostrogradskog
1.67 Rexiti integral I = (x − 1) x(x + 1) dx.
Z
Zadatak .
2 3
1 1
x2 + x + 2 x2 + x + 2
− 16
Z
16 1 x + 1
I=− + + dx = − + ln + C.
8(x − 1)(x + 1)2 x−1 x+1 8(x − 1)(x + 1)2 16 x − 1
Integral tipa Z √
n
I= R(x, ax + b) dx
sistem
1 = A + B,
−2 = A − B + C,
0 = 2A − C,
qije je rexee A = − , B = 1 5
= − 12 .
Prema tome, 4 4
,C
t2 − 2t t − 25
Z Z Z
3 3 4 3 2 3 dt 15
I = 3 t −t+ 3 dx = 4 t − 2 t − 4 + 4 dt
t −2+t t−1 t2 + t + 2
= − 43 ln |t − 1| + 158
ln |t2 + t + 2| − 427
√ arctg 2t+1
7
√ +C
7
4 2 √ 2 √
= 43 (2 + x) 3 − 23 (2 + x) 3 − 43 ln | 3 2 + x − 1| + 15
8
ln |(2 + x) 3 +
3
2 + x + 2|
√
3
√ arctg 2
− 427 2+x+1
√ + C.
7 7
4
Integral tipa r !
Z
n ax + b
R x, dx
cx + d
rexavamo smenom = t , t ≥ 0. Z
ax+b
cx+d
n
Rexee.
Z Z
1 1
I = n+1 n−1 dx = 1
1+ n 1 dx
(x − a) n (x − b) n (x − a) (x − b)1− n
Z Z
1 1
= 1 1
−n
dx = q dx
(x − a)(x − a) (x − b)(x − b)
n
(x − a)(x − b) n x−a
x−b
q
x−a
n
x−b
=t
= x(1 − t ) = a − btn n
n
x = a−bt
1−tn
n−1 n )−(a−btn )(−ntn−1 ) n−1 +a(ntn−1 ) ntn−1 (a−b)
dx = −bnt (1−t(1−t n )2 dt = −bnt (1−tn )2 dt = (1−tn )2
dt
ntn−1 (a − b)
Z
1
= n n · dt
( a−bt
1−tn
− a)( a−bt
1−tn
− b)t (1 − tn )2
tn−1 dt
Z
= n(a − b)
(a − btn − a + atn )(a − btn − b + btn )t
tn−1 dt
Z Z
n 1 n 1
= n(a − b) n n
= 2
dt = · +C
(−bt + at )(a − b)t a−b t b−a t
r
n n x−b
= +C
b−a x−a
a odavde mnoeem sa √
1 + 2x − x2 imamo
x3 = (2Ax + B)(1 + 2x − x2 ) + (Ax2 + Bx + C)(1 − x) + λ,
odnosno
x3 = x3 (−3A) + x2 (5A − 2B) + x(2A + 3B − C) + (B + C + λ).
Iz sistema
−3A = 1,
5A − 2B = 0,
2A + 3B − C = 0,
B+C +λ = 0,
dobijamo konstante A = − , B = − , C = −
1
3
5
6
19
3
,λ = 4. Dakle, integral je jednak
x3 √
Z Z
dx
√ dx = − 13 x2 − 5
6
x − 19
3
1 + 2x − x2 + 4 √
1 + 2x − x2 1 + 2x − x2
√ x−1
= − 31 x2 − 65 x − 19
3
1 + 2x − x2 + 4 arcsin √ + C.
2
4
Integral tipa Z √
R(x, ax2 + bx + c) dx
2) Ako je c > 0, onda emo uzeti drugu Ojlerovu smenu √ax + bx + c = tx ± √c;
2
ax + bx + c = a(x − x )t.
1 2
2
1
Rexee.
2t2 + 2t + 2
Z
= dt.
t(1 + 2t)2
Razlagae podintegralne funkcije traimo u obliku
2t2 + 2t + 2 A B C
2
= 2
+ + .
t(1 + 2t) (1 + 2t) 1 + 2t t
Za odreivae nepoznatih A, B i C dobijamo sistem
2 = 2B + 4C
2 = A + B + 4C
2 = C,
qijaZ su rexea A = −3, B =Z −3, C = 2. Odavde je
2t2 + 2t + 2
Z Z
dt dt dt
dt = −3 − 3 + 2
t(1 + 2t)2 (1 + 2t)2 1 + 2t t
4
3 1 t
= + ln +C
2(1 + 2t) 2 |1 + 2t|3
√
3 1 (x + x2 + x + 1)4
= √ + ln √ + C.
2(1 + 2x + 2 x2 + x + 1) 2 |1 + 2x + 2 x2 + x + 1|3
4
√ =
1 − 2x − x2 = xt − 1
1 + 1 − 2x − x2 2
2(1+t )−(2t−2)2t −2t2 +4t+2
x = 2t−2
1+t2
, dx = (1+t2 )2
dt = (1+t2 )2
dt
2
Z −t +2t+1
−t2 + 2t + 1
Z
(1+t2 )2
= t−1 dt = dt.
1+t2
t t(t − 1)(1 + t2 )
1 5 17 3 16
I = − 2
− − ln |t + 1| + ln |t − 1| − ln |t − 2| + C
6(t + 1) 18(t + 1) 108 4 27
√
1 5 17 x2 + 3x + 2
= − √2 − − ln + 1
√
2
+ 1) 108 x+1
6( x x+1
+3x+2
+ 1)2 18( x x+1 +3x+2
√ √
3 x2 + 3x + 2 16 x2 + 3x + 2
+ ln − 1 − ln − 2 + C.
4 x+1 27 x+1
imenioci brojeva m i n.
2) Ako je ∈ Z, onda se uvodi smena a + bx = t .
m+1
n
n imen(p)
Rexee.
m = 21 , n = − 23 , p = −2, a = 1, b = 1
Z √ Z
x 1
− 2 −2
p∈Z
√ dx = x 2 (1 + x 3 ) dx = N ZS{2,3}
(1 + x)
3 2 x = t = t6
dx = 6t5 dt
t8 4t2 + 3
Z Z
4 2
= 6 =6 t − 2t + 3 − dt
(1 + t2 )2 (1 + t2 )2
2
4t + 3 4 1
= = 2 −
(1 + t2 )2 x + 1 (x2 + 1)2
6 5 3t
= t − 4t3 + 18t + − 21arctg t + C
5 1 + t2 √
6 5 1 √ 36x √
= x 6 − 4x 2 + 18 6 x + 1 − 21arctg
6
x + C.
5 1+x 3
4
Zadatak 1.76 Rexiti integral
.
R√
x3 + x4 dx.
Rexee.
Z √ Z p Z √
x3
+ x4
dx = x (x + 1) dx = x2 x−1 + 1 dx
4 −1
m = 2, n = −1, p = 21 , a = 1, b = 1
m+1
∈Z t2
Z
n
= 1 = −2 dt
1 + x = t2 , t ≥ 0
(t2 − 1)4
x = t21−1 , dx = (t−2t dt
2 −1)2
1 1 1 1 1 1
t2 − 32 − 32 − 32
16 32 16
= = + + + + +
(t2 − 1)4 t + 1 (t + 1)2 (t + 1)4 t − 1 (t − 1)2 (t − 1)4
Z Z Z Z Z Z
1 dt dt dt dt dt dt
= + −2 − + −2 +C
16 t+1 (t + 1)2 (t + 1)4 t−1 (t − 1)2 (t − 1)4
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
= ln |t + 1| − + − ln |t − 1| − + +C
16 t + 1 3 (t + 1)3 t − 1 3 (t − 1)3
q q
1 1 r 1 2 1 1
= ln 1 + + 1 − + − ln 1 + − 1
16 x 3 r
3 x
1 1
1+ +1 1+ +1
x x
1
−r + 23 r 1
3 + C
1 1
1+ −1 1+ −1
x x
m = 13 , n = 2, p = 13 , a = 3, b = −1
m+1
n
+p∈Z
=
−2 3
3x − 1 = t ,
1 1
3
1 3
−2 −9t2
x = t3 +1 , dx = 2 t3 +1
2
· (t3 +1)2 dt
61 13 − 12
−9t2
Z
3 3 1 3
= 3− 3 · 3 dt
t3 + 1 t +1 2 t3 + 1 (t + 1)2
61 13 − 12
3t3 −9t2
Z
3 1 3
= · dt
t3 + 1 t3 + 1 2 t3 + 1 (t3 + 1)2
t3
Z
9
= − dt
2 (t3 + 1)2
Z
9 1 3−t 1 t−1 1 1 1 1
= − · − · + · − · dt
2 9 t2 − t + 1 3 (t2 − t + 1) 9 t + 1 9 (t + 1)2
√
1 6t 2 2t − 1
= − − 3 − ln(t − t + 1) + 2 ln(t + 1) + 2 3 arctg √ +C
4 t +1 3
1
1 6(3x−2 − 1) 3
−2 32 −2 1
= − − − ln (3x ) − (3x − 1) 3 + 1
4 3x−2
1
!
1
√ 2(3x −2
− 1) 3 − 1
+2 ln (3x−2 − 1) 3 + 1 + 2 3 arctg √ + C.
3
4
Integral tipa Z Z
dx dx
√ i 3
x2 ax2 + bx (ax2 + b) 2
se radi smenom x = 1
R2 (x)
R1 (x) + √ ,
ax2 + bx + c
gde su R (x) i R (x) racionalne funkcije. Integral racionalne funkcije R (x) smo
deta no obrazloili ranije, a integral od emo uraditi tako xto R (x)
1 2 1
R2 (x)
Z Z Z
P (x) dx Q(x) dx S(x) dx
√ , √ , √
ax2 + bx + c (x − a) m ax2 + bx + c (x2 + px + q)m ax2 + bx + c
gde je m ∈ N,p − 4q < 0 i polinomi P (x), Q(x) i S(x) polinomi stepena redom m, m − 1
2
i 2m − 1.
Prvi od integrala radi se metodom Ostrogradskog za iracionalne funkcije. Drugi
integral se smenom x − a = svodi na integral prvog tipa. Treim integralom se
1
tg x2 = t
Z Z 2 dt
dx 2 dt 1+t2
= dx = 1+t2 = 2
2 sin x − cos x + 5 2t 1−t2
4t
− 1−t +5
sin x = 1+t2 , cos x = 1+t2 1+t2 1+t2
Z Z Z
2 dt 2 dt dt
= 2 2
= 2
= 2
4t − 1 + t + 5(1 + t ) 6t + 4t + 4 3t + 2t + 2
x
1 3t + 1 1 3tg 2 + 1
= √ arctg √ + C = √ arctg √ + C.
5 5 5 5
4
4
Zadatak 1.85 Rexiti integral RR
.
sin x cos x
dx .
1.86 Rexiti integral
sin x+cos x
Zadatak . √x dx
sin
.
cos x 1+sin2 x
Rexee.
Z Z Z
sin x dx cos x = t dt t dt
√ = = − √ = − √
cos x 1 + sin2 x − sin x dx = dt t 2 − t2 t2 2 − t2
2 2
Z Z
2 − t = u ,u ≥ 0 u du du
= = =
−2t dt = 2u du (2 − u2 )u 2 − u2
√ √ √
1 u+ 2 1 1 + sin2 x + 2
= √ ln √ + C = √ ln √ √ + C.
2 2 u− 2 2 2 1 + sin2 x − 2
4
Zadatak 1.87 Rexiti integral R
.
dx
√
sin x 4 cos 2x
.
− t43 + t45 dt
4u3 du
Z Z Z 2
u du
= q = =
4 −1 + t22 − t14 4 t22 − t14
4 (u4 − 1) u u4 − 1
1 u − 1 1
Z Z
1 du 1 du
= + = ln + arctg u + C
2 u2 − 1 2 u2 + 1 2 u + 1 2
q
4 2 − 1 − 1 r
1 t2 t4 + arctg 4 2 − 1 + C
1
= ln q
2 4 2 − 1 + 1 2 t2 t4
t2 t4
q
4 2 − 1 − 1 r
1 cos2 x cos4 x 1 4 2 1
= ln q + arctg − + C.
2 4 2 − 1 + 1 2 cos x cos4 x
2
cos2 x cos4 x
Za x ∈ (− π
4
+ 2kπ, π4 + 2kπ) vai
q
4 2 1
1 cos2 x − − 1 1
r
cos4 x
− arctg 4 2 1
I = − ln q − + C.
2 4 2 − 1
+ 1
2 cos x cos4 x
2
cos2 x cos4 x
Integral tipa Z
R(ea1 x , ea2 x , ..., ean x ) dx
se radi smenom e = t. x
Rexee.
ex = t t = u6
Z Z
dx dt
= = √ √ √ =
x x x
1 + e2 + e3 + e6 dx = dtt t(1 + t + 3 t + 6 t) dt = 6u5 du
6u5 du
Z Z
du
= 6 3 2
=6 2
.
u (1 + u + u + u) u(u + 1)(u + 1)
Predstav aem poslede podintegralne funkcije pomou pravih razlomaka
Z
du A B Cu + D
= + +
u(u2 + 1)(u + 1) u u+1 u2 + 1
odakle je A = 1
2
,B = 21 , C = − 12 , D = − 21 . Prema tome,
1 1
− 1 u − 21
2 2
I = 6 − + 22
u u+1 u +1
3
= −3arctg u + 6 ln |u| − 3 ln |1 + u| − ln(1 + u2 ) + C
2
√6
√
6 3 √
3
= −3arctg t + ln |t| − 3 ln |1 + t| − ln(1 + t) + C
2
x x 3 x
= −3arctg e 6 + x − 3 ln |1 + e 6 | − ln(1 + e 3 ) + C.
2
4
Zadatak 1.89 Dokazati da vai
.
!
(n)
Pn (x) Pn0 (x) Pn00 (x)
Z
Pn (x)
Pn (x)eax dx = eax − 2
+ 3
− . . . + (−1)n n+1 + C,
a a a a
Rexee. 1 x
2
e (cos x − x cos x + x sin x) + C 4
Rexee.
1
=t
= −1
xa
Z Z Z
dx dx dt
√ = q = √
x x2a + xa + 1 xa+1 1 + x1a + x12a 1 + t + t2 a
− xaa+1
dx
= dt
−1 −1 t+ 1 −1 2 + xa
Z
dt
= q = arctg √ 2 + C = arctg √ + C.
a 1 2 3
(t + 2 ) + 4 a 3 a 3x a
2
4
Zadatak 1.95 Rexiti integral I =
.
R arcsin x
x2
· √1+x
2
1−x2
dx
Rexee.
arcsin x 1 + x2 t(1 + sin2 t)
Z Z Z Z
arcsin x = t t
·√ dx = √ dx
= dt = t dt + dt.
x2 1 − x2 1−x2
= dt sin2 t sin2 t
Z Z
t u = t ⇒ du = dt
dt = = −t ctg t + ctg t dt = −t ctg t + ln | sin t| + C.
sin2 t dv = sin12 t dt ⇒ v = −ctg t
t2
Z Z
t
I = t dt + dt = − t ctg t + ln | sin t| + C
sin2 t 2
(arcsin x)2
= − (arcsin x)ctg (arcsin x) + ln |x| + C
2
(arcsin x)2 cos(arcsin x)
= − (arcsin x) ctg (arcsin x) + ln |x| + C
2 sin(arcsin x)
√
(arcsin x)2 1 − x2
= − (arcsin x) + ln |x| + C.
2 x
U posledoj jednakosti smo iskoristili√ − ≤ arcsin x ≤ , pa je cos(arcsin x) nenega-
π π
Rexee.
ax2 + b bt2
Z Z Z
arctg x = t 2
arctg x dx = dx = (a tg t + b)t dt = at tg2 t dt + ,
x2 + 1 1+x2
= dt 2
u = t ⇒ du = dt
Z
2
t tg t dt = R sin2 t
R 1−cos2 t
dv = tg2 t dt ⇒ v = cos 2 t dt = cos2 t
dt = tg t − t
t2
Z
= t (tg t − t) − (tg t − t) dt = t tg t − t2 + ln | cos t| + + C,
2
Rexee.
√ π π
Z
2 x = 2tg t, t ∈ (− , )
I = (2x + 3x + 1) 4 + x2 dx = 2 dt
2 2
dx = cos 2t
tg2 t dt
Z Z Z Z
2 4 dt tg t dt dt
= (4tg t + 6tg t + 1) 3 = 16 3
+ 24 3
+4
cos t cos t cos t cos3 t
sin2 t dt
Z Z Z
sin t dt dt
= 8 5
+12 4
+2 .
cos t cos t cos3 t
| {z } | {z } | {z }
I1 I2 I3
Rexee. Z 2 Z Z x Z x
2 x x e e
I= 1− e dx = e dx − 4 dx + 4 dx.
x x x2
Parcijalnom integracijom u drugom integralu dobijamo
ex u = x1 ⇒ du = − x12 dx ex ex
Z Z
= = + dx
x dv = ex dx ⇒ v = ex x x2
i zamenom u prvoj jednakosti imamo
ex ex ex 4ex
Z Z
x x x 4
I = e −4 + dx dx + 4 dx = e − +C =e 1− + C.
x x2 x2 x x
4
Zadatak 1.99 Izraqunati integral
.
R
(1 + 2x2 )ex dx
2
.
Rexee.
Z Z Z
2 x2 x2 2
(1 + 2x )e dx = e dx + 2x2 ex dx .
| {z } | {z }
I1 I2
Z Z
2 2 2 2
I2 = 2x2 ex dx = xex − ex dx = xex − I1 .
Prema tome, Z
2 2
(1 + 2x2 )ex dx = xex + C.
Velika klasa funkcija koja ima primitivne funkcije na (a, b) je klasa svih neprekid-
nih funkcija f : (a, b) → R.
Zatim, pokazaemo da postoji funkcija koja ima primitivnu funkciju a nije neprekidna.
Posmatrajmo funkciju F (x) = x0, sin , xx 6== 0;0. Ova funkcija je diferencijabilna
1
2
x
Rexee.
Ze Z1 Ze Z1 Ze
| ln x| dx = | ln x| dx + | ln x| dx = − ln x dx + ln x dx
1 1 1 1 1
e e e
1 Z1 e Z e
u = ln x ⇒ du = x1 dx
= = −x ln x 1 + dx + x ln x − dx
dv = dx ⇒ v = x e
1
1 1
e
1 1 2
= − + 1− + e − (e − 1) = 2 − .
e e e
4
√
Rexee.
√
Z3 dx
u = arctg x ⇒ du = 1+x x2 √3 1 Z √3 x2 dx
2
xarctg x dx = = arctg x −
x2
dv = x dx ⇒ v = 2 2 0 2 0 1 + x2
0
Z √3 √3
3 π 1 1 π 1
= · − 1− dx = − (x − arctg x)
2 3 2 0 1+x 2 2 2 0
√ √
π 1 √
π π 3 π 2π 3
= − 3− = − + = − .
2 2 3 2 2 6 3 2
4
0
2 2 2 dx, a 6= 0 moe uvesti smena x =
a sin t?
Rexee. Moe. 4
0
3 2 dx moe uvesti smena x = a sin t?
Rexee. Ne moe. 4
1, 2, ..., n, pa je
f (x) = 1+x2 0 1 n k n k n
Z1
n n n n dx 1 π
lim + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 = = arctg x = .
n→∞ 2
n +1 n +2 2 n +3 2 n + n2 1+x 2 0 4
0
Rexee.
√
n
r n1 n1
n! n n! n(n − 1) · . . . · 2 · 1 1 2 1
= = = 1· 1− · 1− · ... ·
n nn n · n · ... · n n n n
n
1
ln(1− k−1
n )
P
n
= e k=1 .
Suma 1
n
n
P
ln 1 − k−1
n
je integralna suma funkcije f (x) = ln (1 − x), pri podeli 0 =
= 1, x = i za izbor ε = , pa je
k=1
k k−1
x0 < x1 < ... < xn k n k n
n Z1
1X k−1
lim ln 1 − = ln(1 − x) dx = −1.
n→∞ n n
k=1 0
Prema tome, √
n
n! 1
lim = .
n→∞ n e
4
Zadatak 2.9 Neka je R f (x) dx > 0, gde je f integrabilna funkcija na [0, 1]. Dokazati
.
1
4
Zadatak 2.10 Neka je f neprekidna funkcija na [a, b]. Dokazati da je
.
Zb Z1
f (x) dx = (b − a) f (a + (b − a)x) dx.
a 0
Rexee.
Zb Z1
x = a + (b − a)t
f (x) dx = = (b − a) f (a + (b − a)t) dt
dx = (b − a)t
a 0
Z1
= (b − a) f (a + (b − a)x) dx.
0
0,5
1
x
x+ x1
zato xto emo dobiti t(0, 5) = t(2), a drugi je jer ne moemo jedinstveno izraziti x x
preko t. Zato emo integral rastaviti na dva integrala i u oba uvesti smenu x + = t, 1
x
Z2,5 √ √
et
= √ 4t + (t − t2 − 4)2 − 8 + ( t2 − 4 + t)2 dt
4 t2 − 4
2
Z2,5 √ √
et
= √ 4t + t2 − 2t t2 − 4 + t2 − 4 − 8 + t2 − 2t t2 − 4 + t2 − 4 dt
4 t2 − 4
2
Z2,5 Z2,5
et et
= √ 4t + 4t2 − 16 dt = √ t + t2 − 4 dt
4 t2 − 4 t2 − 4
2 2
Z2,5 Z2,5 √
tet dt
= √ + et t2 − 4 dt.
t2 − 4
2 2
4
2.13 Neka je f neprekidna i periodiqna funkcija na (−∞, +∞) sa periodom
. Tada vai:
Zadatak .
T
a
T
0
b+T
b) a+kT
R
a
f (x) dx = k
a+T
a
R
f (x) dx, za svako a ∈ R, k ∈ Z;
v) R f (x) dx = R
b b+kT
f (x) dx za svako a, b ∈ R, k ∈ Z.
Rexee. a) Vai
a a+kT
a+T
Z ZT a+T
Z
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx.
a+T
Z ZT Za ZT Za ZT
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (t + T ) dt = f (x) dx + f (t) dt = f (x) dx.
a a 0 a 0 0
a+kT
Z a+T
Z a+2T
Z a+3T
Z a+kT
Z
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx + f (x) dx + ... + f (x) dx
a a a+T a+2T a+(k−1)T
a+T
Z a+T
Z a+T
Z
= f (x) dx + ... + f (x) dx = k f (x) dx.
v)
a a a
Zb b+kT
Z b+kT
Z b+kT
Z
t = x + kT
f (x) dx = = f (t − kT ) dt = f (t) dt = f (x) dx.
dx = dt
a a+kT a+kT a+kT
0
. dx
(2+cos x)(3+cos x)
π
2π
na [0, 2π], pa je i Riman integrabilna na [0, 2π]. Funkcija f (x) je periodiqna (period(2+cos x)(3+cos x)
4
Z2π
Zadatak 2.16 Izraqunati integral
.
4
dx
sin x + cos4 x
.
0
0 π 3π
2 2
t = tg x.
na [0, 2π], pa je i Riman integrabilna na [0, 2π]. Funkcija f (x) zadovo ava sledeu sin4 x+cos4 x
jednakost f (x + ) = π
= 1
= f (x), odakle zak uqujemo da je1
π
Z2π
pogledati zadatak 2.13 b)) = 4
Z2
dx dx
4 = ( 4
sin x + cos4 x sin x + cos4 x
0 0
π
Z1
je parna) = 4
4
Z dt
dx 1+t2
= (f (x) 4 =4 t4 1
sin x + cos4 x (1+t2 )2 + (1+t2 )2
− π4 −1
Z1
= 4
t2 + 1
t4 + 1
dt = ( pogledati zadatak ??) = √4π2 .
−1
4
Zadatak 2.17 Ako je f neprekidna funkcija na [0, 1], onda je
.
0 0
b) R xf (sin x) dx =
π
0
π
2
Rπ
0
f (sin x) dx .
a)
π π
t = π2 − x R0
Rexee.
R2 R2
f (sin x) dx = =− f (sin( π2 − t)) dt = f (cos t) dt.
dx = − dt
b)
0 π 0
2
Zπ Z0 Zπ
t=π−x
I= xf (sin x) dx = =− (π − t)f (sin(π − t)) dt = (π − t)f (sin t) dt
dx = − dt
0 π 0
Zπ Zπ Zπ
= π f (sin t) dt − tf (sin t) dx = π f (sin t) dt − I,
0 0 0
Zπ
π
I= f (sin x) dx.
2
0
4
Zπ
Zadatak 2.18 Izraqunati integral
.
x sin x
1 + cos2 x
dx .
0
Rexee. Smena π − x = t. 4
Rexee.
π
Z2 Z0
sinm x dx t = π2 − x sinm ( π2 − t) dt
I = = =−
sinm x + cosm x dx = − dt sinm ( π2 − t) + cosm ( π2 − t)
0 π
2
π
Z0 m Z2
cos t dt cosm t dt
= − = ,
cosm t + sinm t cosm t + sinm t
π 0
2
odakle je
π π π π
Z2 m Z2 m Z2 m m Z2
sin x dx cos t dt sin x + cos x π
2I = I + I = m + = dx = dx = .
sin x + cosm x cosm t + sinm t sinm x + cosm x 2
0 0 0 0
Prema tome, I = π
4
. 4
π
Rexee.
π
Z2
u = sinn−1 x ⇒ du = (n − 1) sinn−2 x cos x dx
n
In = sin x dx =
dv = sin x dx ⇒ v = − cos x
0
π
Z2
π
= − cos x sinn−1 x02 + (n − 1) sinn−2 x(1 − sin2 x) dx
0
= (n − 1)In−2 − (n − 1)In ,
2k − 1 2k − 1 2k − 3 (2k − 1) · (2k − 3) · . . . · 1
I2k = I2k−2 = · I2k−4 = ... = I0
2k 2k 2k − 2 2k · (2k − 2) · . . . 2
(2k − 1)!! (2k − 1)!! π
= I0 = .
(2k)!! (2k)!! 2
Ako je n = 2k − 1, tada je
2k − 2 2k − 2 2k − 4 (2k − 2) · (2k − 4) · . . . · 2
I2k−1 = I2k−3 = · I2k−5 = ... = I1
2k − 1 2k − 1 2k − 3 (2k − 1) · (2k − 3) · . . . · 1
(2k − 2)!! (2k − 2)!!
= I1 = .
(2k − 1)!! (2k − 1)!!
4
Imamo 0
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
0 2 0 2 0
(f (x)) dx − 1 = (f (x)) dx − 2 f (x) dx + 2 f 0 (x) dx − 1
0 0 0 0
Z1 Z1
2
= (f 0 (x)) dx − 2 f 0 (x) dx + 2(f (1) − f (0)) − 1
0 0
Z1 Z1 Z1
2 2
= (f 0 (x)) dx − 2 f 0 (x) dx + 1 = (f 0 (x) − 1) dx ≥ 0.
0 0 0
4
Z2
Zadatak 2.24 Izraqunati integral
. x arctg
2x
x2 − 1
dx .
1
4
Z1
Zadatak 2.26 Izraqunati integral
.
(1 +
dx
x2 )(1 + ex )
.
−1
Rexee.
π
Z4 π
Z0 π
−x=t
I = ln (1 + tg x) dx = 4 =− ln 1 + tg −t dt
dt = − dx 4
0 π
4
π π
Z4 ! Z4 √ √ !
π 2 2
sin 4
−t 2
cos t − 2
sin t
= ln 1 + π
dt = ln 1 + √ √ dt
cos 4
−t 2
cos t + 2
sin t
0 0 2 2
π π
4 Z4
cos t − sin t
Z
2 cos t
= ln 1 + dt = ln dt
cos t + sin t cos t + sin t
0 0
π π
Z 4 Z 4
π ln 2
= ln 2 dt − ln (1 + tg t) dt = − I.
4
0 0
Odavde I = . π ln 2
8
4
Z1
Zadatak 2.28 Izraqunati integral ln(1
.
1+x
+ x)
dx. 2
0
Z1 Z1 Z1
ln(1 + x) x = tg t ln(1 + tg t) dt
dx = = = ln(1 + tg t) dt
1 + x2 dx = cosdt2 t 1 + tg2 t cos2 t
0 0 0
4
Zπ
Zadatak 2.29 Izraqunati integral
.
sin nx
sin x
dx, n ∈ N .
0
za n ≥ 2. Prema tome
Zπ Zπ
sin 2x
I2n = I2n−2 = ... = I2 = dx = 2 cos x dx = 0,
sin x
0 0
Zπ Zπ
sin x
I2n−1 = I2n−3 = ... = I1 = dx = dx = π.
sin x
0 0
Za n = 2k imamo
Zπ X
n−1
Rπ sin nx
dx = (cos(n − 1 − 2k)x + i sin(n − 1 − 2k)x) dx
0 sin x k=0
0
Zπ
= (cos(n − 1)x + cos(n − 3)x + ... + cos x + cos −x + ... + cos −(n − 1)x)
0
+i (sin(n − 1)x + sin(n − 3)x + ... + sin x + sin −x + ... + sin −(n − 1)x) dx
Zπ
= 2 (cos(n − 1)x + cos(n − 3)x + ... + cos x) dx
0
π
1 π 1 π
= 2 sin(n − 1)x + sin(n − 2)x + ... + sin x = 0,
n−1 0 n−2 0 0
4
Zπ
Zadatak 2.30 Izraqunati integral
.
cos(2n + 1)x
cos x
dx .
0
Rexee. I = (−1)n π 4
Za
Zadatak 2.31 Izraqunati integral
.
| ln x|
1+x
dx, a > 0 .
1
a
1
Za Za Za Za
| ln 1t | 1
| ln x| | ln t| 1 1
I = dx = − · dt = dt = | ln t| · − dt
1+x 1 + 1t t2 t(1 + t) t t+1
1 a 1 1
a a a
Za Za Za
| ln t| | ln t| | ln t|
= − dt = dt − I,
t t+1 t
1 1 1
a odatle
a a a
Za Zln a
1 | ln t| u = ln t 1
I = dt = = |u| du.
2 t du = dt
t 2
1 − ln a
a
Z0 Zln a
Ako je a > 1, onda je I=
1
2
u du +
1
2
u2 0
(−u) du =
2 − ln a
u2 ln a ln2 a
− =
2 0 2
.
Ako je a = 1, onda je I = 0. − ln a 0
Z 1 Z 1
f (x)g(x) dx ≥ f (x)g(1 − x) dx.
0 0
Rexee.
Z 1 Z 1
I = f (x)g(x) dx − f (x)g(1 − x) dx
0 0
1 1
Z
2
Z 1 Z
2
Z 1
= f (x)g(x) dx + f (x)g(x) dx − f (x)g(1 − x) dx − f (x)g(1 − x) dx
1 1
a) Izraqunati I .
0
b) Dokazati lim I = 0.
n→∞
n
Rexee. a)
Z1 Z1
√
x x = t2 , t ≥ 0 t u = t ⇒ du = dt
I0 = e dx = =2 te dt =
dx = 2t dt dv = et dt ⇒ v = et
0 0
Z1
1 1
= 2tet 0 − 2 et dt = 2e − 2et 0 = 2.
0
Dakle, vai
0 0 0
1 e
≤ In ≤ ,
odakle pomou Teoreme o dva policajca sledi da je
n+1 n+1
lim In = 0.
v) n→∞
Z1 Z1
n
√
x x = t2 , t ≥ 0
In = x e dx = =2 t2n+1 et dt
dx = 2t dt
0 0
Z1 Z1
1
= 2 t2n+1 et 0 − (2n + 1) 2n t
t e dt = 2e − 2(2n + 1) t2n et dt
0 0
2n 2n−1
Z1
u = t ⇒ du = 2nt dt 1
= = 2e − 2(2n + 1) t2n et − 2n t2n−1 et dt
dv = et dt ⇒ v = et 0
0
= 2e − 2(2n + 1)(e − nIn−1 ) = −4ne + 2n(2n + 1)In−1 .
In+1
= o( n12 ).
(2n + 2)(2n + 3)
b) Dokazati lim I = 0.
n→∞
0
n
v) Dokazati I = (n + 1)(n
n
π
−
π
+ 2) (n + 1)(n + 2)
I
2
n+2 .
g) Dokazati I ∼ nπ , kada n → ∞.
n 2
Rexee. cos x
Z
d
cos πt2 dt = cos(π cos2 x) · (− sin x) − cos(π sin2 x) · cos x.
dx
sin x
4
R 2
x t2
R 2
x t2
Lopitalovo pravilo) =
Rx Rx 2
0
e dt 2
2
et dt · ex
2
2 0 et dt
0
lim Rx 2 = ( lim = lim
x→+∞
0
e2t dt x→+∞ e2x2 x→+∞ ex2
(Lopitalovo pravilo) =
2
2ex
= lim x2 =0
x→+∞ e · 2x
4
Zx2
Zadatak 2.38 Odrediti x za koje funkcija F (x) = 1t ln t −9 1 dt dostie minimum
.
na (1, +∞). x
moe rastaviti p(x) = (x − 2)(x + 3x + 5), odakle je p(x) > 0 za x ∈ (2, +∞), a p(x) < 0
9
2
za x ∈ (1, 2). Prema tome, funkcija F (x) je opadajua na (1, 2) i rastua na (2, +∞) i
x = 2 je taqka globalnog minimuma. 4
Zadatak 2.39 Neka je funkcija f (x) neprekidna na (0, +∞) i lim f (x) = A. Nai
.
x→+∞
R1
lim f (nx) dx.
n→∞ 0
3 Nesvojstveni integrali
Definicija 3.1. Neka je funkcija f definisana na intervalu [a, b) i integrabilna
na svakom segmentu [α, β] ⊂ [a, b). Ako postoji limes
Z β
lim f (x) dx,
β→b0 α
gira. a
parametra α.
xα
0
0
dx
1+x2
dx .
Zadatak 3.4 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala R
.
−∞
0
ex dx .
Matematiqki fakultet 59 Univerzitet u Beogradu
Zlatko Lazovi - Analiza 1 - verzija 2.2 29. april 2016.
Definicija 3.3. Neka je a < c < b. Tada integral R f (x) dx konvergira akko konver- a
b
c
b
Rb
2◦ Ako su f i g glatkke funkcije i postoji konaqan x→b
lim f (x)g(x), onda (f (x)g 0 (x)) dx
a
Rb
konvergira akko konvergira (f 0 (x)g(x)) dx. U tom sluqaju vai jednakost
a
Zb b Z b
(f (x)g (x)) dx = f (x)g(x) − (f 0 (x)g(x)) dx.
0
a
a a
R(
Teorema 3.2. Nesvojstveni integral sa singularitetom u x = b konver-
b)f (x) dx
a
gira akko za svako ε > 0 postoji β0, a < β0 < b, tako da za svaki par β 0, β 00, β0 < β 0 <
β 00 < b, vai
Zβ 00
f (x) dx < ε.
0
β
gira integral Rb
a
|f (x)| dx.
1
cos x
x2
dx .
Rb Rb
Teorema 3.3. Neka su i
nesvojstveni integrali sa singularite-
f (x) dx g(x) dx
a a
tom u taqki b, pri qemu je g(x) > 0 i f (x) ≥ 0 za x ∈ [a, b). Ako postoji x→b
lim fg(x)
(x)
=
C, 0 ≤ C ≤ +∞, tada vai:
Rb Rb
2◦ Ako je C = +∞ i g(x) dx divergira, onda divergira i integral f (x) dx.
a a
Rb Rb
3◦ Ako je 0 < C < +∞, onda su integrali f (x) dx i g(x) dx ekvikonvergentni,
a a
odnosno jedan konvergira akko drugi konvergira.
Zadatak 3.8 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala R e dx.
.
+∞
0
−x2
1
√dx
x 1+x2
0
ln(1+x)
xn
nih parametara a i b.
xb
0
a) dx;
0
1
R sin x
x
b) R dx; +∞
1
sin x
x
v) R dx. +∞
0
sin x
x
1
sin x
x
Z+∞
Zadatak 3.15 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala
.
x2 dx
x4 − x2 + 1
.
0
Z+∞
Zadatak 3.16 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala
. √
3
dx
x x2 + 1
.
1
Z+∞
Zadatak 3.17 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala
. √
dx
x3 + x
.
0
Z+∞
Zadatak 3.18 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala
. p
dx
(x − a2 )(x − 1)
2
.
1
Z2
Zadatak 3.19 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala
.
dx
ln x
.
0
Z2π
Zadatak 3.20 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala
.
dx
1 + cos x
.
0
+∞ 1 +∞
a) x dx;αx
b) x dx; αx
v) ex dx. αx
Z Z Z
e e
β β β
parametara α i β:
Zadatak .
+∞ e +∞
od realnih parametara α, β i γ. e
+∞
alnog parametra n. 0
+∞
0
Z+∞
u zavisnosti od realnih parametara a > 0, b ∈ R. Izraqunati e−ax | sin bx| dx.
0
Z1
B(x, y) = tx−1 (1 − t)y−1 dt
0
Z+∞
G(x) = tx−1 e−t dt
0
b) Nai lim I .
n→∞
n
v) Nai lim .
n→∞
In
√
n
Z+∞ Z+∞
I= sin x2 dx i J= cos x2 dx.
0 0
Z+∞
I= xp sin xq dx,
0
π π
iJ=
Z2 Z2
√ √
I= ctg x dx tg x dx.
0 0
Zadatak .
π π
iJ=
Z2 Z2
I= ln(sin x) dx ln(cos x) dx.
0 0
Z+∞
Zadatak 3.39 Ako je h nenegativna, neprekidna realna funkcija takva da
. h(x) dx
1
lim xh(x) dx = 0
n→∞ n
. 0
Z+∞
Rexee. Neka je ε proizvo an pozitivan broj i neka je h(x) dx = M . Iz konver-
0
Z+∞
gencije integrala h(x) dx postoji n 1 ∈N tako da je
0
+∞
Z
h(x) dx < ε .
2
n1
Za takvo n postoji n
1 2 ∈N tako da je
Zn1
n1 ε
h(x) dx < .
n2 2
0
4
Z2π
3.40 Izraqunati
2
(1 + tg x) 3 dx
Zadatak . .
10 2
h i
1 + (1 + tg x) 3 2
cos x
0
Z1
(1 − cos x)α (1 − x)3
dx
ln2 (1 − x)
0
α
x2
(1 − cos x)α (1 − x)3 1 − (1 − 2
) x2α
1 1
2α
∼ ∼ ∼ · 2−2α .
ln2 (1 − x) (−x + o(x))2 x2 + o(x2 ) α
2 x + o(x2−2α )