PART III

LABORATORY MANUAL

202
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
 Experiment I - Calibration of the Network Analyzer

Objective:
Calibrate the Network Analyzer for Transmission
Procedure:
(i) Turn the Power On
(ii) Set the Frequency for Measurements
MENU (for HP8753ET choose SWEEP SETUP)
CW FREQ
600 M
(iii) Choose appropriate Calkit
CAL
CALKIT
SELECT CALKIT
N 50Ω
(iv) Calibrate the NA with a cable on port #1

(a) HP8752 Network Analyzer

CAL
CALIBRATE MENU
RESPONSE (Connect the cable from port #1 to port #2)
THRU
Remove cable from port #2 and connect a SHORT at the end of the
cable from port #1
SHORT (M)
Connect an OPEN at the end of the cable from port #1
OPEN (M)
DONE RESPONSE
NA calculates cal coefficients

(b) HP8753 Network Analyzer

CAL
CALIBRATE MENU
FULL 2 PORT (Ignore error message)
REFLECTION
FORWARD

203
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
 Connect a SHORT at the end of cable from port #1
SHORTS
SHORT(M) (NA beeps and underlines)
DONE SHORTS
Connect an OPEN at the end of cable from port #1
OPENS
OPEN(M) (NA beeps and underlines)
DONE OPENS
Connect 50Ω load at the end of cable from port #1
LOAD (NA beeps and underlines)
REVERSE
Connect a SHORT at port #2
SHORTS
SHORT(F) (NA beeps and underlines)
DONE SHORTS
Connect an OPEN at port #2
OPENS
OPEN(F) (NA beeps and underlines)
DONE OPENS
Connect 50Ω load at port #2
LOAD (NA beeps and underlines)
STANDARDS DONE
TRANSMISSION (Connect the cable from port #1 to port #2)
FWD TRANS THRU
FWD MATCH THRU
REV TRANS THRU
REV MATCH THRU
(NA beeps and underlines all four)
STANDARDS DONE
ISOLATION
OMIT ISOLATION
ISOLATION DONE
DONE 2-PORT CAL
NA calculates cal coefficients

204
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
 (b) HP8753ET Network Analyzer

CAL
CALIBRATE MENU
ENHANCED RESPONSE
TRAN/REFL ENH. RESP.
REFLECTION
Connect a SHORT at the end of cable from port #1
SHORTS
SHORT(M) (NA beeps and underlines)
DONE SHORTS
Connect an OPEN at the end of cable from port #1
OPENS
OPEN(M) (NA beeps and underlines)
DONE OPENS
Connect 50Ω load at the end of cable from port #1
LOAD (NA beeps and underlines)
STANDARDS DONE
TRANSMISSION
(Connect the cable from port #1 to port #2)
DO BOTH FWD THRUS
(NA beeps and underlines all three)
ISOLATION
OMIT ISOLATION
DONE FWD ENH RESP
NA calculates cal coefficients

(iv) Verify the Calibration

Connect a short at the end of the cable
FORMAT
SMITH CHART
MEAS
REFLECTION
The impedance should read ‘zero’
SCALE REF
ELECTRICAL DELAY
Use the dial move the marker to read a ‘SHORT” on the Smith Chart

205
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
 Prelab for Experiment II -Time Domain Analysis

A 75 Ω lossless line of length 200m, filled with polyethylene (εr=2.25) is terminated by an open
RL = ∞ (Ω). A DC voltage Vg from the network analyzer of the internal resistance 50 Ω is
switched onto the line a t=0. Defining one transit down the line as T=l/v, develop an echo
diagram and plot the voltage at the input of the line, V(o,t) vs time, t, for a time period 0<t<6T

[Note: Since Vg is not given, V(o,t) will be in terms of Vg ]

Rg=50Ω I (0, t)
+
+ Z0 =75 (Ω)
Vg (t) = 150 U(t) V (0, t) (µ0,2.25 ε0), v =2x108 m/s RL=120(Ω)
-
-

z=0 z= ℓ

206
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
 Experiment II -Time Domain Analysis
I. Objective :
(i) Step excitation of a transmission line terminated by resistive, reactive and complex loads
(ii) Monitor the voltage at the input of the ine over a period of time, using a vector network
analyzer in the toime doimain
(iii) Determine the magnitude and the nature of the load from the scope display.

Experimental Setup

Network
Analyzer
Time domain
display

Transmission
line terminated
by a load

Network
Analyzer
Port #1 Port #2
ZL
Rg Cable (Z0)

Vg
Z0, εr ZL

z=0 z=l

207
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
II. Procedure :
(i) Turn the Power on
(ii) Set the number of points for measurements
MENU
NUMBER OF POINTS
1601 x 1 (set number of points to 1601 (or 1201))
(iii) Set the frequency range for measurements
START
300 kHz
STOP
1 GHz
(iv) Make note of the change in frequency range
SYSTEM
TRANSFORM MENU
SET FREQ LOWPASS
(iv) Calibrate the Network Analyzer for Reflection at port #1 (without the cable)
NOTE: Follow instructions from Lab #1 starting from CAL, Calibrate MENU, etc.

(v) Verify Calibration. Use ELECTRICAL DELAY if necessary

(vi) Set the NA in the Time Domain Mode

SYSTEM
TRANSFORM MENU
TRANSFORM ON
LOW PASS STEP

(vii) Chose a scale for measurements

FORMAT
MORE (real)
START 0 x 1
STOP 20 ns (change as needed, for different loads)

(viii) Set the scale zero Reference

(ix) Set the velocity factor
CAL
MORE
VELOCITY FACTOR
0.33 x 1 (to read distance directly)

(x) The NA is set to make measurements in the time domain.

Connect a cable to port #1. Terminate it by the following loads and make measurements.

• Resistive load ( R ) - short, open, 100 Ω, 200 Ω and 30 Ω.

Measure 2T for any one of the loads.
In each load, obtain the NA display and SAVE as follows

208
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
Capture Display on the computer with Agilent Intuilink
- click on the Agilent Intuilink Desktop shortcut or
go to START Æ PROGRAM Æ Agilent Intuilink Æ Intuilink Data Capture
Application
- Connect to the Network Analyzer:
o Go to INSTRUMENT menu Æ Network Analyzer
o Select SET I/O Æ Click on FIND PORTS Æ Select AVAILABLE
ADDRESS “GPIB0:: 16: INSTR” Æ Click on SELECT ADDRESS
(You should see the Instrument ID: HP 8752xx…)
o Click OK
- To Capture: Click on the Icon with NA picture “Get Data”
- Save your bmp file (example of filename - short.bmp)

• Take control back of the Network Analyzer

LOCAL Æ SYSTEM CONTROLLER

• Purely Reactive Loads - capacitor and inductor

In each case, measure Δt and save the NA display.

• Complex Load - capacitor and resistor in parallel

Measure Δt and save the NA display.

• Remove the 50Ω cable and connect a 75 Ω cable.

Measure Δt
Plot the scope display.
Calculate and plot V(0,t) vs t (From Prelab)
Compare with measured response.

III. Report
The report should be of the following form

ƒ A title and an objective

ƒ A block diagram
ƒ Calculate the length of the cable using any one NA display.
ƒ For each load using the experimental results calculate the following
(Show all relevant calculations)
- for resistive loads, calculate R
- for reactive loads, calculate C (or L)
- for the complex load, calculate R and C
ƒ For the 75 Ω cable
- calculate the length of the cable
- Plot the predicted V(0,t) vs t (form prelab)
- Compare measured and predicted V(0,t)
(Plot both on the same graph)
ƒ A brief conclusion.
209
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
 Pre Lab for Experiment III – SW Pattern and SWR

Ẑg

~ Z 0 , εr
V g Z$ L

z =-l z =0

For the transmission line system shown,

f = 600 MHz
Zg = 50 Ω
Z0 = 50 Ω
l = 0.75 λ0
εr = 1.0

1. ZL = 0 Ω
2. ZL = open
3. ZL = 100 Ω
4. ZL = ( 25 + j 25 ) Ω
5. ZL = ( 25 – j 25 ) Ω

Using Matlab, obtain the following for each of the loads given above.

• Calculate the SW pattern

)
V (z)
| ) + | vs z (in cms)
V0

• Normalize with respect to the maximum

• Plot the normalized SW pattern
)
V (z)
[ | ) + | / Vmax ] vs z (in cms)
V0

• Calculate SWR for each load.

210
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
 Experiment III - Measurement of SW Pattern and SWR

Objective :
(i) Measure SW pattern and the SWR generated by a coaxial slotted line terminated by a load
(ii) Measure the wavelength in the transmission line
(iii) Compare measured and theoretical results

Standing wave pattern measurement system

The Network Aanlyzer and the slotted coaxial line for the SWR measurement and the equivalent
circuit are shown below.

Network SW Pattern
Analyzer
Probe Carriage
slotted line GR874-B ZL
Ẑg

~
Vg Z 0 , εr ẐL

z=0 z =l

211
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
Procedure :
I. Network Analyzer Settings
• Turn the Power On
• Set the Frequency for Measurements (600 MHz)
• Calibrate the NA, at the end of the cable, and verify it.

II. Prepare the Automated Slotted Coaxial Line (ASCL) System

• With the power OFF, connect the cable from port #1 of the network analyzer to the
input of the slotted line. Connect the cable from port #2 to the probe carriage. Make
sure all the cables are positioned to allow the probe carriage to travel unrestricted
along the entire length of the machine. Move the probe carriage, manually, down the
entire slot to ensure this. Failure to do this, will result in damage to the motor and
hardware.
• Turn the power ON for the ASCL. The probe will move to the home position if it is
not already there.

III. Generate the SW plot

Turn on computer and click on the halfstep.vi icon. The User Interface Screen will open
The ASCL will automatically record and plot the SW pattern on screen.

(ii) Plot a Normalized SW pattern

• Click on RUN. (→ button in the toolbar ) PC takes control of NA

• From the MODE SELECTION box, choose AUTOMATIC

• Choose RESOLUTION as MEDIUM

• Choose LOAD IMPEDANCE (Z>Z0 or Z<Z0 or Z=Z0 or Complex)

• Set DUAL PLOTTING to OFF

• Click on START.

• Click on OK when Dialog box appears to verify load.

• SW Pattern is generated as the probe moves down the slotted line. The normalized
SW pattern will be plotted on the screen when it reaches the end.

(iii) Save Data

• Choose YES in the dialog box for saving data.
(Ignore any ‘Timeout Expired’ error messages)
• Insert a disk and choose Drive A Name the file (name.txt)
212
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
(iv) Measure SWR on the Network Analyzer

• On the NA panel, do the following

LOCAL
SYSTEM CONTROLLER (ignore message)
MEAS
REFLECTION
FORMAT
SWR (Record the SWR)

(v) To take control of the NA through LABVIEW, click on ‘Control Devices’ button. This can
also done by ABORT and RUN.

IV. Required Measurements

Measure the SW pattern (that is, repeat Step III) for the following loads. Remember to change
the Load Impedance option accordingly
• ZL = 0 Ω
• ZL = infinity
• ZL = 100 Ω
• ZL = 50 Ω
• ZL = ( 25 + j 25 ) Ω (Tee-with- stub terminated by 50 Ω and length of stub = 6.25 cms )
• ZL = ( 25 - j 25 ) Ω (Tee-with- stub terminated by 50 Ω and length of stub = 18.75 cms )

V. Retrieve Data in MATLAB

Open the file in MATLAB.
Delete the comment on the first line
At the MATLAB prompt type the following
- load name.txt
- x = name ( : , 1 )
Redefine x, with reference to the theoretical plot
- y = name ( : , 2 )
- plot ( x , y )

VI. Report
The report should be of the following form.
ƒ A title and an objective
ƒ A block diagram
ƒ For each load, experimental results and all relevant calculations should be presented
in a comprehensive manner. Calculations should be shown wherever necessary
- A Table comparing predicted and measured SWR (include a sample calculation)
- Computer program for the predicted SW pattern.
- For each load, a ‘One page’ graph of measured and predicted SW pattern, as shown.
ƒ Calculate wavelength using one of the SW patterns. Compare with predicted value.
ƒ A brief discussion
213
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
 SW Pattern for ZL = 0 +j(0) ohms

1.2
Theoretical SWR =Inf Theory
Experimental
Experimental SWR =1000000
ΓL =-1 Offset =-17.5cm
1

0.8
|Vz |/|Vmax |

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
z [cm]

214
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
 PreLab for Experiment IV -Determining Unknown Impedance

(i) Design of a Load using a Transmission Line Circuit

Network
Analyzer

Probe Carriage

slotted line GR874-B ZL

Z$ g
Tee

~ Z 0 , εr Zˆ L
Vg
A

Slotted Line
Stub

For the arrangement shown, Short

design the load (that is, find ZL and l ) so that, at AA l

(a) y T, AA = 1 - j 0.83
(b) y T, AA = 1 + j 1.82

(ii) Determine the Unknown Impedance from the Following Data (f = 600 MHz)

(a) With the Unknown Load (referenced at z = 0)

• Measured SWR = 4.5
• Location of first accessible minimum dmin,1 = - 40.5 cms
Replacing Unknown Load with a Short
• Location of first accessible minimum dmin,2 = - 48.2 cms

(b) With the Unknown Load (referenced at z = 0)

• Measured SWR = 3.4
• Location of first accessible minimum dmin,1 = - 58.2 cms
Replacing Unknown Load with a Short
• Location of first accessible minimum dmin,2 = - 49.4 cms

NOTE: Part #b is independent of Part #a

215
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
 Experiment IV - Determining Unknown Impedance

I. Objective :
(i) To design a load using a transmission line circuit
(ii) To measure the impedance of this load using a co-axial slotted line
(iii) To compare the experimental and predicted values.

Network
Analyzer

Probe Carriage

slotted line GR874-B ZL

Z$ g Slotted Line Tee

~ Z0, ε Zˆ L
Vg
A

Stub
d Short
l

216
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
II. Design of a Load using a Transmission Line Circuit
(i) For the arrangement shown, use the values for ZL and l obtained in the Prelab. That is,
(a) ZL = 50 Ω and l = 7 cms
(b) ZL = 50 Ω and l = 21 cms

(ii) Using the Smith Chart, calculate the total impedance, ZTAA , at plane AA
for each of the above cases.

III. Measurement Procedure:

A. Network Analyzer Settings
• Set the Frequency for Measurements (600 MHz)
• Calibrate the NA to measure Transmission (RESPONSE) in LINMAG format

B. Prepare the Automated Slotted Coaxial Line (ASCL) System

Set up the slotted line and the load as shown in the figure above.
• With the power OFF, set up the transmission line system as shown. Make sure all the
cables are positioned to allow the probe carriage to travel unrestricted. Move the
probe carriage, manually, down the entire slot to ensure this. Failure to do this will
result in damage to the motor and hardware.
• Turn power ON for the ASCL. The probe will move to the home position if it is not
already there.

C. Generate the SW plots

Turn on the computer and click on the halfstep.vi icon. The User Interface Screen will open up.

(i) With value of ZL given above, and l=25 cms (This is the Reference)
• Click on RUN
• From the MODE SELECTION box., choose AUTOMATIC
• Choose OFF for DUAL PLOTTING
• Choose MEDIUM for PLOT RESOLUTION
• Choose Z<Z0 for Load Impedance
• Click on START
Save data to file. (Ignore any ‘Timeout Expired’ error messages)
217
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
(ii) With l=7 cms (Load #1)
• Choose Dual Plotting ON
• Click on Start
• Both SW patterns are displayed, corresponding to REFERENCE (Short) and the
unknown load.
Save data to file. (Ignore any ‘Timeout Expired’ error messages)

(iii) Repeat step (ii) for l= 21 cms (Load #2).

(iv) Retrieve data in MATLAB and complete calculations as shown in Sec#2.7 in the
‘Transmission Line Notebook’

(v) Measure SWR directly from NA for each load.

D. Impedance Measurements Directly from the NA

(i) Reference the measurements to the plane(AA) of the stub

• Set l = 25 cms
• Measure reflection using the Smith Chart Format
• Adjust the ELECTRICAL DELAY to read a short

(ii) Measure the unknown impedance at plane AA

• Set l to Load #1
• Using CAL ( MORE), set Z0 = 1
• Set Smith Chart to read Admittance (MKR and MKR MODE MENU
Choose G + jB)
• Set Marker to read the admittance and compare with design value
• Measure SWR
• Repeat for Load #2

IV. Report

The report should be of the following form

• A title and an objective

• A block diagram
• For each load,
- Plot the measured SW patterns
- Show all relevant calculations using a Smith Chart to determine the
unknown impedance
-Compare with design value and with the direct measurements made
• A brief conclusion

218
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
 PreLab for Experiment V - Design of a Single Stub Tuner

Design a single stub tuner (that is, find l and d ) to match a 100 Ω load to a 50 Ω
transmission line. Calculate SWR before and after impedance matching.

Z$ g

~
Vg Cable from d Zˆ L
A

Stub

l Short

Preparation for Lab Report (due on the day of the lab)

There will be no take-home lab report for Single Stub Tuner. Come prepared to lab with
the following.

Page #1 : Title, Objective and Block Diagram

Page #2 : Theoretical design on the Smith Chart(prelab)

Page #3 : Predicted SWR values before and after the design

You will complete the report in the lab and will submit it at the end of the lab.

219
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
 Experiment V - Design of a Single Stub Tuner
I. Objective

(i) To design a single stub tuner to match a 100 Ω load to a 50 Ω transmission line
(ii) To measure the SWR before and after matching and to compare with predicted values.

II. The Circuit Diagram

stub
Network
Analyzer
Port Port #2

Collapsible Line ZL

Z$ g
Tee Collapsible
Line
A

~
Vg Cable from NA d + nλ / 2 Zˆ L
A

Stub

l Short

220
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman
III. The Theoretical Design

Design a single stub tuner (that is, find l and d ) to match a 100 Ω load to a 50 Ω
transmission line. Calculate SWR before and after impedance matching.

IV. Measurement Procedure

(i) Network Analyzer Settings
• Set the Frequency for Measurements (600 MHz)
• Calibrate the NA to measure REFLECTION in the ‘normalized admittance Smith
Chart’ format.

(ii) Reference the measurements to the plane (AA) of the stub

• Set l = 25 cms
• Adjust the ELECTRICAL DELAY to read a short.

(iii) Implement the design of the SST

• Set l = 12.5 cms
• Adjust the collapsible line such the distance between plane AA and the plane of the
load is (nλ / 2). Record the admittance, yL and SWR
• Adjust the collapsible line to a length (d + nλ / 2 ).
• Record the admittance, yL,AA ( = 1 + j b)
• Corresponding to the measured admittance yL,AA ,obtain yS,AA and hence, use the
Smith Chart, to calculate the length l of the stub for matching.
• Adjust l to this value. Record the admittance yT,AA and SWR.

(iv) Repeat with the load arrangement of Lab IV

V. Report (To be submitted in Lab)

The report should be of the following form

• A title, an objective and a block diagram

• The theoretical design on the Smith Chart (prelab)
• Predicted SWR values before and after the design
• Measurements recorded ( yL, SWR (before matching), yL,AA , yS,AA , l , yT,AA and SWR
• Smith Chart for calculating l from measured yL,AA
• Comments and conclusion.

221
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines
By Dr. Jayanti Venkataraman