2013 MariaAlexandrinaSouzaRodrigues PDF

Universidade de Brasília
Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo

Programa de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo
A BRASÍLIA DOS PIONEIROS
Maria Alexandrina de Souza Rodrigues

Tese de Doutorado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Linha de Pesquisa: Teoria, História e Crítica
Brasília, 2013
MARIA ALEXANDRINA DE SOUZA RORIGUES
Tese de doutorado submetida ao corpo

docente do Programa de Pós-Graduação
da Universidade de Brasília como parte
dos requisitos necessários para a
obtenção do grau de doutora em
Arquitetura e Urbanismo.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Flávio René Kothe
Brasília, DF
2013
UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA
FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO
PROGRAMA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM
ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO
TESE DE DOUTORADO
Autora: Maria Alexandrina de Souza Rodrigues
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Flávio René Kothe
Banca Examinadora:
Prof. Dr. Flávio R. Kothe (Presidente – FAU – UnB)

Prof. Dr. Aldo Paviani (GEO – UnB)
Prof. Dr. Benny Schvasberg(FAU – UnB)
Prof. Dr. Brasilmar Ferreira Nunes (SOL – UFF)
Profª Dra. Maria Salete K. Machado (SOL – UnB)
Prof. Dr. Paulo Castilho Lima (FAU – UnB – suplente)
Para meu pai, Argeu Honorato, que não teve tempo de
ver mais esta conquista, mas lutou, bravamente, para que
eu vencesse.
Para os pioneiros Clóvis Sena, José Geraldo P. de Melo e
Maria da Conceição M. Salles que se foram logo após
concederem as entrevistas para esta tese.
AGRADECIMENTOS
A Deus que não me deixou desistir nos momentos de instabilidade e me confortou quando eu
estava sozinha, no momento de criação.
Ao Prof. Flávio Kothe pela orientação acadêmica durante todas as etapas dessa longa
caminhada, sobretudo, pela paciência e dedicação.
A todos os pioneiros entrevistados que me acolheram, acreditaram em meu propósito e
colaboraram para que esta tese existisse.
A minha amiga e incansável colaboradora, Ereni, que caminhou comigo em todos os
momentos, principalmente, nos mais difíceis pelos quais passei durante a elaboração desta tese.
Ao meu marido que não mediu esforços e teve paciência para me ouvir repetindo sempre o
mesmo assunto, reclamando, enfim, aturou meu mau humor por um longo período.
A meus filhos que direta ou indiretamente me incentivaram e auxiliaram durante todo o
tempo.
É difícil, após tantos anos, acontecimentos e luta, agradecer a todos que de alguma forma me
auxiliaram durante essa caminhada, mas gostaria de que os que não tiveram seus nomes citados e
que estiveram ao meu lado de alguma forma não se sentissem esquecidos, vão para esses o meu
muito obrigada. Eu não teria conseguido vencer sozinha, tenham certeza disso!
No cimento duro, de aço e de cimento,
Brasília enxertou-se, e guarda vivo,
esse poroso quase carnal da alvenaria
da casa de fazenda do Brasil antigo.
(João Cabral de Melo Neto)
RESUMO
A Brasília dos Pioneiros irá representar a cultura primordial da capital implantada no

centro do país desde o período de construção até o final da década de 1960. A cultura será
desvendada a partir de uma visão semiótica da história de Brasília, do Relatório do Plano
Piloto de Brasília e da influência da arquitetura e do urbanismo na vivência dos pioneiros
entrevistados, distintas de acordo com a chegada deles a Brasília. Gráficos e tabelas irão
ilustrar a presença dos pioneiros entrevistados no período de construção, na inauguração e
durante a primeira década de existência de Brasília. A vivência desses pioneiros serão
percebidas diante da literatura existente sobre a história de Brasília e da análise dos
depoimentos prestados por eles ao responderem ao questionário aplicado como base desta
pesquisa. O objetivo desse confronto é elucidar a formação da cultura de Brasília diante dos
fatos já estudados e da memória dos pioneiros entrevistados. Esses depoimentos deverão
indicar a origem, a data e com quem o pioneiro chegou a Brasília; com quantos anos ele
migrou; a avaliação dele sobre a construção, os serviços e a convivência estabelecidos em
Brasília; a avaliação do projeto de Lucio Costa e da arquitetura e urbanismo imposta pela
cidade; a questão da criação das cidades-satélites; a ideia de casa-grande e senzala aplicada no
projeto e na vivência da capital e a opinião sobre a interferência ou não do Poder na arte
desenvolvida em Brasília. A título de confirmar as análises semióticas, destacadas ao longo da
pesquisa, serão apresentados e discutidos alguns documentos em que pioneiros entrevistados
demonstram suas percepções sobre Brasília.
Palavras-chaves: Brasília, pioneiros entrevistados, cultura, construção, capital, arquitetura e

urbanismo, cidades-satélites e Poder.
ABSTRACT
A Brasília dos Pioneiros will represent the essential culture of capital implanted in the
central part of the country since the period of its construction until the end of the sixties. The
culture will be unveiled through a semiotics perspective of the history of Brasília, and of the
report of the Pilot Planning of Brasília, in addition to the influence of the architecture and
urbanism in the experience of the pioneer who were interviewed, according to their arrival in
Brasília. The graphs and the tables will illustrate the Pioneers interviewed through the period
of the construction as well as in the inauguration and the first decade of its existence. The
living experience of these pioneers will be perceived in the existing literature about the
history of Brasília and the analysis of the statements given by them when answering the
questionnaire used as the basis of this research. The purpose of this data confrontation is to
elucidate the formation of the culture of Brasília starting from facts that had already been
studied and the remembrances of the interviewed pioneers. These statements should reveal the
origin, the date and who accompany the first pioneer to arrive in Brasília; how old he was
when he migrated; his evaluation about the construction, the services and the convenience
established in Brasília; the evaluation of Lucio Costa’s project of and that of architecture and
urbanism imposed by the city; the issues related to the creation of the satellite cities; the idea
of the masters and the slaves applied in the project and in the living of the capital, moreover,
the opinion about the interference of the political power in regards to the arts developed in
Brasília. With the aim to confirm the semiotics analysis, outstanding throughout the research,
some documents will be presented and discussed, in which the interviewers show their
perception about Brasília.
Keywords: Brasília, interviewed pioneers, culture, construction, the capital, architecture and
urbanism, satellite cities and Power.
LISTA DE FIGURAS
Figura 01 – Missão Cruls ........................................................................................... 41

Figura 02 – Pedra Fundamental da futura capital ...................................................... 42
Figura 03 – Croquis de Lucio Costa para o Projeto Piloto de Brasília (1957) ........... 55
Figura 04 – Plano Piloto de Brasília – DF .................................................................. 55
Figura 05 – JK e seus assessores diretos em discussão .............................................. 56
Figura 06 – Museu do Catetinho ................................................................................ 58
Figura 07 – Construção de Brasília – década de 1960 ............................................... 59
Figura 08 – Os Guerreiros / Os Candangos ................................................................ 60
Figura 09 – Operário durante a obra do Congresso Nacional .................................... 64
Figura 10 – Frases deixadas por pioneiros ................................................................. 65
Figura 11 – Frases deixadas pelo pioneiro Nelson – 1959 ......................................... 65
Figura 12 – Chegada de Pioneiros – 1959 ................................................................. 67
Figura 13 – Cidade Livre ............................................................................................ 68
Figura 14 – JK e Israel Pinheiro recebendo a chave de ouro de Brasília ................... 70
Figuras 15 e 16 – Inauguração de Brasília ................................................................. 71
Figura 17 – A saída do funcionário público do Rio de Janeiro .................................. 101
Figura 18 – A chegada a Brasília ................................................................................ 101
Figura 19 – Museu Histórico de Brasília .................................................................... 155
Figura 20 – Sede do Ministério da Educação e Saúde – Rio de Janeiro .................... 201
Figura 21 – Universidade de Brasília – invasão de 1968 ........................................... 219
Figura 22 – Brasília – quadras 700 da Asa Sul – 1964 ............................................... 223
Figura 23 – Concha Acústica de Brasília .................….............................................. 241
Figura 24 – Jardim Zoológico de Brasília ................….............................................. 242
Figura 25 – Passeata dos Cem Mil no Rio de Janeiro ................................................ 259
Figuras 26 e 27 – Cidade proposta pela Carta de Atenas e o projeto de Lucio Costa 262
Figura 28 – Esplanada dos Ministérios – principal cartão postal de Brasília ............. 266
Figura 29 – Manifestação Popular na Esplanada dos Ministérios .............................. 269
Figura 30 – Cidade Livre durante a construção de Brasília ....................................... 275
Figura 31– Vila Amaury ............................................................................................. 276
Figura 32 – Mapa do Plano Piloto de Brasília ............................................................ 279
Figura 33 – Taguatinga ............................................................................................... 280
Figura 34 – QI 05 – Guará I – Casas construídas por mutirão …............................... 281
Figura 35 – Observatório original da equipe da Missão Cruls – 1892 ....................... 283
Figura 36 – Cidade Livre – atual Núcleo Bandeirante ............................................... 284
Figura 37 – Traçado de LC para a construção de Brasília .......................................... 286
Figura 38 – Plataforma da Rodoviária do Plano Piloto .............................................. 289
Figura 39 – O Porco (1966), de Nelson Leirner ......................................................... 316
Figura 40 – Praça dos Cristais – Setor Militar Urbano – Brasília-DF ....................... 320
Figura 41 – Painel de azulejos, de Athos Bulcão – Igreja Nossa Senhora de Fátima 321
Figura 42 – Tênis com motivos de azulejos de Athos Bulcão .................................... 322
Figura 43 – Construção do Minhocão, principal prédio da UnB ............................... 331
Figura 44 – Capa da Revista Brasília, nº 5, de maio de 1957 .................................... 350
Figura 45 – Homenagem ao poeta Ary Para-raios ..................................................... 352
Figura 46 – Poemas de Nicolas Behr ......................................................................... 352
LISTA DE GRÁFICOS
Gráfico I – Estados de origem dos pioneiros ............................................................. 90

Gráfico II – Grau de satisfação dos pioneiros ........................................................... 109
Gráfico III – Emprego versus desemprego ................................................................. 118
Gráfico IV – Casa-Grande e Senzala e o projeto de Brasília ..................................... 129
Gráfico V – Com quem os pioneiros chegaram a Brasília? ....................................... 169
Gráfico VI – Condições de trabalho e moradia ......................................................... 173
Gráfico VII – Convivência entre os pioneiros ............................................................ 186
Gráfico VIII – Participação dos pioneiros no projeto histórico de Brasília ............... 193
Gráfico IX – A Revolução Militar interferiu na construção de Brasília? ................... 224
Gráfico X – Havia corrupção em Brasília? ................................................................ 229
Gráfico XI – O Poder influenciou a arte em Brasília? ............................................... 324
LISTA DE TABELAS
Tabela I – Origem, idades e grau de satisfação – 1956/59 ......................................... 93

Tabela II - Origem, idades e grau de satisfação – 1960 .............................................. 100
Tabela III - Origem, idades e grau de satisfação – 1961/69 ....................................... 103
Tabela IV – Por que e com quem vieram, primeira ocupação profissional e
condições de trabalho – 1956/59 …............................................................................ 141
Tabela V – Por que e com quem vieram, primeira ocupação profissional e condições
de trabalho – 1960 ...................................................................................................... 148
Tabela VI – Por que e com quem vieram, primeira ocupação profissional e
condições de trabalho – 1961/69 ................................................................................ 158
LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS
BSB – Brasília
DF – Distrito Federal
EUA – Estados Unidos da América
GO – Goiás
JK – Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira
LC – Lucio Costa
SAM – Semana de Arte Moderna
UnB – Universidade de Brasília

LISTA DE SIGLAS
AICA – Associação Internacional de Críticos de Arte

ANE – Associação Nacional de Escritores
BCE – Biblioteca Central
CAL – Casa da Cultura da América Latina
CEI – Companhia de Erradicação das Invasões
CEMIG – Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais
CEPLAN – Centro de Planejamento da Universidade de Brasília
CIAM – Congresso Internacional de Arquitetura Moderna
CGI – Centro Geral de Investigações
DASP – Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público
DOPS – Departamento de Ordem Política e Social
GEB – Guarda Especial de Brasília
ICA – Instituto Central de Artes
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
MEC – Ministério da Educação Cultura e Saúde
NOVACAP – Companhia Urbanizadora da Nova Capital do Brasil
PSD – Partido Social Democrático
PTB – Partido Trabalhista Brasileira
SNI – Serviço Nacional de Informações
UDN – União Democrática Nacional
UNE – União Nacional dos Estudantes

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Universidade de Brasília

Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo

A BRASÍLIA DOS PIONEIROS

Maria Alexandrina de Souza Rodrigues

A BRASÍLIA DOS PIONEIROS

Tese de doutorado submetida ao corpo

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Flávio René Kothe

A BRASÍLIA DOS PIONEIROS

Autora: Maria Alexandrina de Souza Rodrigues

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Flávio René Kothe

Prof. Dr. Flávio R. Kothe (Presidente – FAU – UnB)

A Brasília dos Pioneiros irá representar a cultura primordial da capital implantada no

Palavras-chaves: Brasília, pioneiros entrevistados, cultura, construção, capital, arquitetura e

Figura 01 – Missão Cruls ........................................................................................... 41

Gráfico I – Estados de origem dos pioneiros ............................................................. 90

Tabela I – Origem, idades e grau de satisfação – 1956/59 ......................................... 93

EUA – Estados Unidos da América

JK – Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira

SAM – Semana de Arte Moderna

UnB – Universidade de Brasília

AICA – Associação Internacional de Críticos de Arte

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