5 ZigBee PDF

Parte II
Tecnologias dos sistemas de

comunicação em ambiente industrial
5. ZigBee
Bruno Marques,
Ph.D in Electrical and Computer Engineering
Dep. Engenharia Electrotécnica

bmarq@estv.ipv.pt
Campus Politécnico de Repeses
3504 - 510 Viseu
http://www.estv.ipv.pt/paginaspessoais/bmarq/
Portugal
T +351 232 480 500

F +351 232 424 651
Comunicações em Sistemas Industriais
www.elect.estv.ipv.pt
Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica –
© DEE/ESTGV
novembro de 19 Energia e Automação Industrial
Introduction
What is ZigBee?
–Specification of protocols for small, low-power radios
History
•May 2003: IEEE 802.15.4 completed
•December 2004: ZigBee specification ratified
•June 2005: public availability
ZigBee-Alliance
•Companies developing and promoting the standard
•150+ members
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ZigBee Alliance - Members
and many more....
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Why do we need another WPAN standard?
Decreasing
•Power consumption
–ZigBee: 10mA <==> BT: 100mA
•Production costs
–In the beginning of 2005

–ZigBee: 1.1 $ <==> BT: 3 $
•Development costs
–Codesize ZB/codesize BT = ½
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picture taken from [9]
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Increasing
•Sensitivity
–ZigBee: -92dbm(0,63pW) <==> BT: -82dbm(6,2pW)
•flexibility
–No. of supported nodes
–ZigBee: 65536 (in a mesh) <==> BT: 7 (in a star)
•Security
–ZigBee: AES (128bit) <==> BT: SAFER (64/128bit)
•Latency requirements
–ZigBee: optional guaranteed time slot
•Range
–ZigBee: up to 75 m in LOS condition <==> BT: 10 m
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Usage Scenarios
•Industrial & commercial
•Consumer electronics
•Toys & games
•PC & peripherals
•Personal health care
•home/building automation
 Just everything you can imagine for wireless sensor nodes or in general
short range communications
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IEEE 802.15.4 Frequency Bands
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Protocol Stack
picture taken from

[10]
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Architecture
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ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee Coordinator (ZBC) (IEEE 802.15.4 FFD)
•only one in a network
•initiates network
•stores information about the network
•all devices communicate with the ZBC
•routing functionality
•bridge to other networks
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ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee Router (ZBR) (IEEE 802.15.4 FFD)
•optional component
•routes between nodes
•extends network coverage
•manages local address allocation/de-allocation
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ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee End Device (ZBE) (IEEE 802.15.4 RFD)
•optimized for low power consumption
•cheapest device type
•communicates only with the coordinator
•sensor would be deployed here
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Addressing/Discovering ZigBee Nodes
Addressing ZigBee Nodes:

•optimized unique 64 bit address (IEEE 802.15.4)
•16 bit network address (65536 devices)
•256 sub addresses for subunits
Device Discovery
•unicast (NWK id known), broadcast (NWK id unknown)
•ZBC/ZBR-Response:
•IEEE address + NWK address + all known network addresses
Binding
•creating logical links between 2 or more end devices
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Addressing/Binding ZigBee Endpoints
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Traffic-Types
1. Data is periodic
•application dictates rate
2. Data is intermittent
•application or stimulus dictates rate (optimum power savings)
3. Data is repetitive (fixed rate a priori)

•device gets guaranteed time slot
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Traffic-Modes
1. Beacon mode:
•beacon send periodically
•Coordinator and end device
can go to sleep
•Lowest energy consumption
•Precise timing needed
•Beacon period (ms-m)
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Beacon-Mode
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Traffic-Modes
1. Non-Beacon mode:
•coordinator/routers have to
stay awake (robust power
supply needed)
•heterogeneous network
•asymmetric power
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Topologies - Tree
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Topologies - Mesh
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Implementation
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PHY layer (IEEE 802.15.4)
2400MHz Band specs
•4 Bits per symbol

•DSSS with 32 Bit chips
•O-QPSK modulation
•Sine halfwave impulses Medium
Binary Data Bit Symbol

QPSK
to to
Mod.
Symbol Chip
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868/915 MHz Band specs
•1 Bit per symbol

•Differential encoding
•DSSS with 15 Bit Chips
•BPSK modulation
•RC impulses (roll-off = 1)
Medium
Binary Data Bit

Diff. BPSK
to
Encoder Mod.
Chip
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General specs and services
•Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) < 35%

•-3dBm minimum transmit power (500µW)
•Receiver Energy Detection (ED)
•Link Quality Indication (LQI)
•Use ED & LQI to reduce TX-power
•Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) with 3 modes
1.Energy above threshold
2.Carrier sense only
3.Carrier sense with energy above threshold
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PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) frame structure

•Frame to be sent via radio
•Preamble for chip and symbol synchronization
•Contains either data or data acknowledgement
•Packet size 8-127 Octets
•Contains MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)
table taken from [1]
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MAC layer (IEEE 802.15.4)
Channel access specification
•Beacon/Nonbeacon
•Define Superframe structure
•Slotted/unslotted CSMA-CA
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Managing PANs
•Channel scanning (ED, active, passive, orphan)

•PAN ID conflict detection and resolution
•Starting a PAN
•Sending beacons
•Device discovery
•Device association/disassociation
•Synchronization (beacon/non-beacon)
•Orphaned device realignment
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Transfer handling
•Transaction based (indirect transmission)
–Beacon indication
–Polling
•Transmission, Reception, Rejection, Retransmission
–Acknowledged
–Not acknowledged
•GTS management
–Allocation/reallocation
–Usage
–Reallocation
•Promiscuous mode
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Frame security
•Provided security features •Available security suites
–Access control –AES-CTR
–Data encryption –AES-CCM
–Frame integrity –AES-CBC-MAC
–Sequential freshness
•Available security modes
–Unsecured mode
–ACL mode
–Secured mode
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New nodes joining the Network
4
1
6
0
5
2
7
3
Problem: How do 6 and 7 talk to coordinator 0?
Solution: Routing (NWK Layer)
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NWK layer (ZigBee)
Distributed address assignment
•Tree structure or self managed by higher layer

•16Bit network space divided among child routers
•Child routers divide their space again for their children
•Depends on:
–Maximum child count per parent (Cm)
–Maximum child-routers per parent (Rm)
–Maximum network depth (Lm)
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NWK layer (ZigBee)
Distributed address assignment - Example
•Cm=2 ; Rm=2 ; Lm=2
Depth in network d Offset Value

0 3
1 1
2 0
0
2
?
6 4
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NWK layer (ZigBee)
Routing cost
•Metric to compare „goodness“ of routes

•Base: Link cost between 2 neighbors
•Path cost = sum of link costs along the path
•Link cost determination:
–Link quality indication from PHY
–Statistical measures
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NWK layer (ZigBee)
Route discovery
•Find or update route between specific source and destination

•Started if no active route present in routing table
•Broadcast routing request (RREQ) packets
•Generates routing table entries for hops to source
•Endpoint router responds with Routing response (RREP) packet
•Routes generated for hops to destination
•Routing table entry generated in source device
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NWK layer (ZigBee)
Route discovery
RREQ
RREP
1 2 3
5 2
1 4
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NWK layer (ZigBee)
Routing
•Check if routing table entry exists
•Initiate route discovery if possible
•Hierarchical routing as fall-back
Route maintenance
•Track failed deliveries to neighbours
•Initiate route repair when threshold reached
•Careful with network load!
•In case of total connectivity loss:
–Orphaning procedure
–Re-association with network
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ZigBee mesh networking example
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Application Level
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Application Level
picture taken from

[11]
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Application Level
Application Support Sub-layer (APS):
•interface to NWK-layer (offers general set of functions)

•Data transmission, binding and security management
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Application Level
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Application Level
Application Framework:
•Specifies Data types

•Devices describe themselves by ZigBee descriptor:
–frequency band
–power description
–application flags
–application version
–serial number
–manufacturer
–...
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Application Level
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Application Level
ZigBee defined Objects (ZDO):
•provides common function for applications

•Initializes APS, NWK-Layer and Security Service Specification
•offers services like device-discovery / service-discovery, binding and security
management
•assembles information about the network
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Evaluation
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Pros and Cons
Pros Cons
• Not many end devices available yet

•good extension of existing
• Single point of failure (centralized
standards architecture)
•supported by many companies
•low power consumption
•low cost
•easy implemented (Designer
concentrates on end
application)
•flexible network structure
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ZigBee devices examples
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ZigBee for Home Monitoring and Control
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References
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References
[1] ZigBee Specifications v1.0
[2] “Designing with 802.15.4 and ZigBee”, Presentation Slides, available on ZigBee.org
[3] “ZigBee Tutorial”, http://www.tutorial-reports.com/wireless/zigbee
[4] IEEE 802.15.4 Specification
[5] “Network Layer Overview”, Presentation Slides, Ian Marsden, Embedded Systems Show, Birmingham, October 12th, 2006,
064513r00ZB_MG_Network_Layer_Overview.pdf, available on ZigBee.org
[6] “Designing a ZigBee Network”, Presentation Slides, David Egan, Ember Corporation, ESS 2006, Birmingham,
064516r00ZG_MG_Network_Design.pdf, available on ZigBee.org
[7] “ZigBee Architecture Overview”, Presentation Slides, Oslo, Norway June 2005,
ZigBee_Architecture_and_Specifications_Overview.pdf, available on ZigBee.org
[8] “Low Power Consumption Features of the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee LR-WPAN Standard”,
http://www.cens.ucla.edu/sensys03/sensys03-callaway.pdf
[9] “ZigBee Home Automation Mobile from Pantech”, http://www.i4u.com/article2561.html
[10] “Basic Lecture - ZigBee” http://www.korwin.net/eng/infor/info_zb_01.asp
[11] “Introduction to the ZigBee Application Framework”, Presentation Slides, ZigBee Open House, San Jose, June 15th, 2006,
053340r06ZB_AFG-Overview-ZigBee-Open-House.pdf, available on ZigBee.org
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Parte II

Tecnologias dos sistemas de

Dep. Engenharia Electrotécnica

T +351 232 480 500

and many more....

Why do we need another WPAN standard?

–In the beginning of 2005

picture taken from [9]

Why do we need another WPAN standard?

•Industrial & commercial

•Toys & games

•PC & peripherals

•Personal health care

IEEE 802.15.4 Frequency Bands

picture taken from

ZigBee Coordinator (ZBC) (IEEE 802.15.4 FFD)

•only one in a network

•stores information about the network

•all devices communicate with the ZBC

•bridge to other networks

ZigBee Router (ZBR) (IEEE 802.15.4 FFD)

•routes between nodes

•extends network coverage

•manages local address allocation/de-allocation

ZigBee End Device (ZBE) (IEEE 802.15.4 RFD)

•optimized for low power consumption

•cheapest device type

•communicates only with the coordinator

•sensor would be deployed here

Addressing/Discovering ZigBee Nodes

Addressing ZigBee Nodes:

picture taken from [11]

3. Data is repetitive (fixed rate a priori)

•beacon send periodically

•Coordinator and end device

•Lowest energy consumption

•Precise timing needed

•Beacon period (ms-m)

picture taken from [1]

picture taken from [8]

stay awake (robust power

picture taken from [1]

picture taken from [7]

picture taken from [7]

•4 Bits per symbol

Binary Data Bit Symbol

picture taken from [4]

PHY layer (IEEE 802.15.4)

868/915 MHz Band specs

•1 Bit per symbol

Binary Data Bit

•Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) < 35%

PHY layer (IEEE 802.15.4)

PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) frame structure

table taken from [1]

Channel access specification

MAC layer (IEEE 802.15.4)

•Channel scanning (ED, active, passive, orphan)

MAC layer (IEEE 802.15.4)

•Provided security features •Available security suites

–Access control –AES-CTR

–Data encryption –AES-CCM

–Frame integrity –AES-CBC-MAC