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CalA - 6 - 11
CalA - 6 - 11
269
2 2 2
1. Calculando as integrais I1 = ∫ x dx , I 2 = ∫ x dx e I 3 = ∫ dx , obtemos:
2
1 1 1
7 3
I2 = , I 2 = e I 2 = 1 . Usando estes resultados encontre o valor de:
3 2
2 2 2
a) ∫ (6 x − 1)dx = 6∫ x dx − ∫ dx
1 1 1
3
= 6. − 1 = 8
2
2 2 2
x3 x2
∫ [2 x(x + 1)]dx = ∫ ( )
2
b) 2 x + 2 x dx = 2 + 2
1 1
3 2 1
7 3 14 14 + 9 23
= 2. + 2. = + 3 = =
3 2 3 3 3
2 2
∫ (x − 1) (x − 2) dx = ∫ (x )
2
c) − 3 x + 2 dx
1 1
7 3
= − 3. + 2 .1
3 2
7 9 14 − 27 + 12 − 1
= − +2= =
3 2 6 6
2 2
d) ∫ (3x + 2)
2
(
dx = ∫ 9 x 2 + 12 x + 4 dx )
1 1
7 3
=9. + 12 . + 4 .1
3 2
= 21 + 18 + 4 = 43
∫ (3x ) (
+ 4 dx ≥ ∫ 2 x 2 + 5 dx )
2
a)
1 1
3x 2 + 4 ≥ 2 x 2 + 5
3x 2 + 4 − 2 x 2 − 5 ≥ 0
x2 −1 ≥ 0
(x − 1) (x + 1) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ∈ (− ∞,−1] ∪ [1,+∞ )
480
Portanto vale para x ∈ [1,3].
−1 −1
dx 1 x
b) ∫− 2 x ≤ −∫2 − 2 − 4 dx
1 1 x
≤− −
x 2 4
1 x 1
+ ≤−
x 4 2
2
4+ x 1
≤−
4x 2
2
4+ x 1
− ≤0
4x 2
2
4 + x + 2x
≤0
4x
1º Caso: 4 x < 0 e x 2 + 2 x + 4 ≥ 0
x<0 e (x + 2 )2 ≥ 0
Portanto vale a desigualdade em [−2,−1].
π
c) ∫ sen x dx ≥ 0
0
3π
2
d) ∫ − cos x dx ≥ 0
π
2
π 3π π 3π
Temos cos x ≤ 0 para x ∈ , . Portanto, − cos x ≥ 0 para x ∈ , .
2 2 2 2
1 0
5
∫ ∫
5 5
3. Se x 2 dx = , calcular t 2 dt
0
7 1
0 1 1
−5
∫ t 2 dt = − ∫ 5 t 2 dt = − ∫ 5 x 2 dx =
5
.
1 0 0
7
481
π π
2
9π 2
0
4 0
π π π
2 2
12 1 9π π
∫0 ∫0 ∫
2 2
− cos θ d θ = − cos t dt = − 9 cos 2 t dt = − =− .
90 9 4 4
1
f ( x) =
x+2
1
≥ 0 ⇒ x + 2 > 0 ⇒ x > −2
x+2
1
Resultado positivo, porque f ( x) = > 0 para x ∈[0,20].
x+2
2π
b) ∫ sen t dt
0
2π π 2π
É nulo pois ∫ sen t dt = ∫ sen t dt + ∫ sen t dt e
0 0 π
π 2π
∫ sen t dt = − ∫ sen t dt
0 π
3
c) ∫ (2 x + 1) dx
2
f ( x) = 2 x + 1
2 x + 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ 2 x ≥ −1
1
x≥−
2
É positivo, pois f ( x) = 2 x + 1 é positivo para x ∈ [2,3].
3
∫ (x )
2
d) − 2 x − 3 dx
−1
482
f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x − 3
x 2 − 2x − 3 > 0
(x − 3) (x + 1) > 0
∴ f ( x) < 0 para x ∈ (− 1,3)
Resultado negativo.
x
3
t + 4)
x
( 2
Vemos que ∫ t + 4 dt =
3
2
2 2
2
=
3
[ 3
(x + 4 )2 − (2 + 4)2
3
]
2
[ 3
= ( x + 4 )2 − (6 )2
3
3
]
d 2 3
dx 3
((x + 4 )
3
2
− ( 6 ) 2
)
2 3 1
= . ( x + 4 )2 = x + 4
3 2
Observamos que o resultado obtido é garantido diretamente pela proposição 6.10.1.
y
d 2x
b)
dy ∫x
3
2
+9
dx
y
d 2x 2y
Pela proposição 6.10.1, temos que:
dy ∫x
3
2
+9
dx = 2
y +9
θ
d
c)
dθ ∫ t sen t dt
−1
483
7. Em cada um dos itens a seguir, calcular a integral da função no intervalo dado e
esboçar o gráfico da função.
2 x + 5, − 1 ≤ x < 0
a) f ( x) = em [−1,1]
5, 0 ≤ x ≤1
1 0 1
∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx
−1 −1 0
0 1
= ∫ (2 x + 5) dx + ∫ 5 dx
−1 0
0
x 2
0 1
=2 + 5 x ]−1 + 5 x ]0
2 −1
= −1 + 5 + 5 = 9
f (x)
x
-1 1
b) f ( x) =| sen x | ; em [−π , π ]
sen x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π
f ( x) =
− sen x, − π ≤ x ≤ 0
π 0 π
484
f (x)
x
-π -π/2 π/2 π
c) f ( x) = 2 | x |; em [−1,1]
2 x, x ≥ 0
f ( x) =
− 2 x, x < 0
1 0 1
∫ 2 | x | dx = ∫ − 2 x dx + ∫ 2 x dx
−1 −1 0
0 1
x2 x2
= −2 + 2 = +1 + 1 = 2
2 −1 2 0
f (x)
x
-1 1
485
| x|
d) f ( x) = x − ; em [−1,1] .
2
x 1
x − 2 = 2 x se x ≥ 0
f ( x) =
x + x = 3 x se x < 0
2 2
1 0 1
| x | 3 x
∫−1 x − 2 dx = −∫1 2 x dx + ∫0 2 dx
0 1
3 x2 1 x2
= . + .
2 2 −1 2 2 0
− 3 1 −1
= + =
4 4 2
f (x)
x
-1 1
-1
486
f (x)
x
-π -π/2 π/2 π
∫
−π
f ( x) dx = ∫ (sen x − cos x ) dx + ∫ (sen x + cos x ) dx + ∫ (sen x − cos x ) dx
−π −π π
2 2
−π π
[− cos x − sen x]−π + [− cos x + sen x]
2 2
−π
2
+ [− cos x − sen x ]π
π
2
= 1−1+1+1+1+1 = 4
f (x)
x
-π -π/2 π/2 π
-1
8. Mostrar que:
π
a) ∫ sen 2 x . cos 5xdx = 0
−π
487
π
1
= ∫π 2 [sen 7 x + sen (−3) x] dx
−
π π
1 1
= ∫
2 −π
sen 7 x dx + ∫ − sen 3 x dx
2 −π
π π
−1 1 1 1
= . cos 7 x + . cos 3 x
2 7 −π 2 3 −π
−1
= (− 1 + 1) + 1 (−1 + 1) = 0
14 6
π
b) ∫ cos 2 x . cos 3x dx = 0
−π
π
1
= ∫π 2 [cos 5 x + cos x] dx
−
π π
1 1
= ∫
2 −π
cos 5 x dx + ∫ cos x dx
2 −π
π π
1 1 1
= . sen 5 x + sen x
2 5 −π 2 −π
= 0+0 = 0
π
c) ∫ sen 5 x . sen 2 x dx = 0
−π
π
1
= ∫π 2 [cos 3x − cos 7 x] dx
−
π π
1 1
= ∫
2 −π
cos 3 x dx − ∫ cos 7 x dx
2 −π
= 0−0 = 0
∫
a
f ( x) dx ≤ ∫ M dx = Mx ] ba = M (b − a ) .
a
488
f (x)
x
a b
∫ f ( x) dx ≥ ∫ m dx = m ∫
a a a
dx = m(b − a )
b
ou ∫ f ( x) dx ≥ m (b − a).
a
f (x)
x
a b
489
11. Aplicar os resultados dos exercícios 9 e 10 para encontrar o menor e o maior valor
possível das integrais dadas a seguir:
Neste exercício tomamos M e m, respectivamente, como o valor máximo e o
valor mínimo absolutos da função no intervalo de integração.
4
a) ∫ 5 x dx
3
M = 20
Temos que
m = 15
Portanto,
4
15 (4 − 3) ≤ ∫ 5 x dx ≤ 20 (4 − 3)
3
4
15 ≤ ∫ 5 x dx ≤ 20
3
∫ 2x
2
b) dx
−2
f ( x) = 2 x 2 0.(4 + 2) ≤ ∫ 2 x 2 dx ≤ 32 (4 + 2)
−2
m = f ( 0) = 0 4
M = f (4) = 32 0 ≤ ∫ 2 x 2 dx ≤ 192
−2
4
c) ∫ | x − 1 | dx
1
f ( x) =| x − 1 |
m = f (1) = 0
M = f ( 4) = 3
4
0. (4 − 1) ≤ ∫ | x − 1 | dx ≤ 3 (4 − 1)
1
4
0 ≤ ∫ | x − 1 | dx ≤ 9
1
∫ (x )
4
d) − 8 x 2 + 16 dx
−1
f ( x) = x 4 − 8 x 2 + 16
490
f (−1) = 1 + 8 + 19 = 9
m = f (2) = 16 − 32 + 16 = 0
M = f (4) = 256 − 128 + 16 = 144
4
∫ (x )
4
0. (4 + 1) ≤ − 8 x 2 + 16 dx ≤ 144 (4 + 1)
−1
4
∫ (x )
4
0≤ − 8 x 2 + 16 dx ≤ 720
−1
∫ x (1 + x )dx
3
12.
−1
∫ (x + x )dx
4
=
−1
2
x2 x5 32 1 1
= + = 2+ − +
2 5 −1 5 2 5
81
=
10
∫ (x )
2
13. − 4 x + 7 dx
−3
0
x3 x2 − 27
= −4 + 7 x = − − 2 . 9 − 21
3 2 −3 3
= 48
2
dx
14. ∫x
1
6
2
x −5 −1 1
= = − 1
− 5 1 5 32
31
=
160
9
15. ∫ 2t t dt
4
491
9
5
t
9 2
3
= ∫ 2 t 2 dt = 2
4
5
2 4
2
= 2 . (243 − 32 )
5
4 844
= . 211 =
5 5
1
dy
16. ∫
0 3y + 1
1
1
1 (3 y + 1) 2
=
3 1
2 0
2 2
= [2 − 1] =
3 3
3π
4
3π
sen 2 x 4 1 1 1
= − =0
2 π 2 2 2
4
1
x 2 dx
18. ∫
−1 x3 + 9
1
1/ 2
1 x +9
3
(
)
3 1
2 −1
=
2
3
[ 10 − 8 ] = 2 3 2 ( 5−2 )
2π
19. ∫ | sen
0
x | dx
492
π 2π
= ∫ sen x dx + ∫ − sen x dx
0 0
π 2π
= − cos x ]0 + cos x ]π
= − cos π + cos 0 + cos 2π − cos π
= 1+1+1+1 = 4
5
20. ∫ | 2t − 4 | dt
−2
2 5
= ∫ (− 2t + 4) dt + ∫ (2t − 4) dt
−2 2
2 5
t2 t2
= − 2 + 4t + 2 − 4t
2 − 2 2 2
= −4 + 8 + 4 + 8 + 25 − 20 − 4 + 8
= 25
4
21. ∫ | x 2 − 3 x + 2 | dx
0
1 2 4
( ) ( )
= ∫ x 2 − 3 x + 2 dx + ∫ − x 2 − 3 x + 2 dx + ∫ x 2 − 3 x + 2 dx ( )
0 1 2
1 2 4
x3 x2 x3 x2 x 3 x2
= − 3 + 2 x + − + 3 − 2 x + − 3 + 2 x
3 2 0 3 2 1 3 2 2
1 3 8 12 1 3 64 48 8 12
= − +2− + −4+ − +2+ − +8− + −4
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
17
=
3
4
4
22. ∫
0 x2 + 9 .
4
4
=∫
0 x 9 2
+ .9
9 9
493
4
4
4 dx 2
4 x x
=∫ = 3 ln + + 1
x
2 3 3 3
0
3 +1 0
3
4 16 + 9
= 4 ln +
3 9
4 5
= 4 ln + = 4 ln 3
3 3
0
v 2 dv
23. ∫ (v
−2
3
−2 ) 2
0
(
1 v3 − 2
−1
) −1 1 1
= = +
3 −1 − 2 3 − 2 10
2
=
15
5
24. ∫
1
2 x − 1 dx
5
3
1 (2 x − 1) 2
=
3
2
2 1
1 2
= (27 − 1) = 1 . 26 = 26
2 3 3 3
4
dx
25. ∫
1 x ( x +1 ) 3
u = x +1
1
du = dx
2 x
494
4
( )
x +1
−2
=2
−2 1
(
= − 3 −2 − 2 − 2 )
1 1 5
=− + =
9 4 36
3
26. ∫x
0
1 + x dx
u = x → du = dx
1
dv = 1 + x dx → v = ∫ (1 + x )2 dx
3
=
(1 + x ) 2
3
2
3
2 3 2 3
= x . (1 + x ) 2 − ∫ (1 + x ) 2 dx
3 3 0
3
2x
(1 + x ) 2 − 2 . 2 (1 + x ) 2
3 5
=
3 3 5 0
2 .3 2 2
= .8 − . (32 − 1)
3 3 5
116
=
15
π
2
∫ sen x dx
2
27.
0
1 − cos 2 x
2
= ∫ dx
0
2
π
1 1 1 2
= x − . sen 2 x
2 2 2 0
1 π
= .
2 2
π
=
4
495
π
2
cos x
28. ∫ (1 + sen x )
0
5
dx
u = 1 + sen x
du = cos x dx
π
1
−4
1 + sen x )
−4 2
( π
= − 1 + sen − (1)
−4
=
−4 0 4 2
1 1
= − − 1
4 16
15
=
64
4
−1
29. ∫ (2 x + 1)
0
2
dx
4
1
1 (2 x + 1) 2
=
1 = 3 −1 = 2
2
2 0
2
30. ∫ 2x ( x + 5 dx )
0
2
=∫ ( 2x 2
+ 10 x dx )
0
2 1
= ∫ 2 x + 10 x 2 dx
0
2
3
x 2
x 2
= 2 + 10
2 3
2 0
2
= (4) + 10 2 (2) 3
2 3
8 5
=2 2+
3
496
2
5x3 + 7 x2 − 5x + 2
31. ∫ dx
1
x2
2
5 2
= ∫ 5 x + 7 − + 2 dx
1
x x
2
x2 x −1
= 5 + 7 x − 5 ln | x | +2
2 − 1 1
5
= 5.2 + 7.2 − 5 ln 2 − 1 − − 7 + 5 ln 1 + 2
2
31
= − 5 ln 2
2
2
32. ∫ x ln x dx
1
dx
u = ln x → du =
x
x2
dv = x dx → v =
2
2
x2 x 2 dx
= ln x − ∫ .
2 2 x 1
2
x2 1 x 2
= ln x − .
2 2 2 1
1 1
= (4 ln 2 ) − (4 − 1)
2 4
3
= 2 ln 2 −
4
−2 2 2
1 1 1
33. ∫ t − dt = ∫ t 2 − 2t . + 2 dt
− 3
− 3
t t t
−2
t3 t −1
= − 2t +
3 − 1 −3
1
= (− 8 + 27 ) − 2 (− 2 + 3) − − 1 − − 1
3 2 3
9
=
2
497
−1
x3 + 8
34. ∫
0
x+2
dx
0
x3 + 8
= −∫ dx
−1
x+2
Dividindo os polinômios, obtemos:
0 0
x3 + 8
−∫
x+2
(
dx = − ∫ x 2 − 2 x + 4 dx )
−1 −1
0
x3 x2
= − − 2 + 4 x
3 2 −1
−1 − 16
= −1 − 4 =
3 3
∫
−a
f ( x) dx = ∫
−a
f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx
0
0 a
= ∫ f (− x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx
−a 0
∫ f ( x) dx = − ∫ f (u) du + ∫ f ( x) dx
−a a 0
a
a
= − − ∫ f (u ) du + ∫ f ( x) dx
0 0
a
= 2 ∫ f ( x) dx
0
498
y
x
-a a
a
b) Se f é ímpar, então ∫ f ( x) dx = 0.
−a
a 0 a
∫
−a
f ( x) dx = ∫
−a
f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx
0
0 a
= ∫ − f (− x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx
−a 0
∫
−a
f ( x) dx = ∫ f (u ) du + ∫ f ( x) dx
a 0
a a
= − ∫ f (u ) du + ∫ f ( x) dx
0 0
=0
É interessante verificarmos geometricamente, conforme ilustra a figura que segue:
499
y
x
-a a
∫ 2 sen x dx = 2 ∫ senxdx =0
−π −π
π
cos x
b) ∫π
−
π
dx
f ( x) = cos x é par
π
2
=
π ∫ cos x dx
0
π
2 2
= sen x = . 0 = 0
π 0 π
∫ (x )dx
4 2
c) + x f é par.
−1
500
1
1
x 5 x 3
=2∫ ( 4 2
)
x + x dx = 2 +
0 5 3 0
1 1 16
=2 + =
5 3 15
501